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[00:00:15]Just tell your friends that there's a new life. I started another life, please.

[00:00:23]Can you people see me now?

[00:00:27]Can you see me?

[00:00:30]If you can see me, say hi.

[00:00:41]Okay.

[00:00:43]Tell Tell your friends I started a new life. Yeah.

[00:00:48]There was some something went wrong with that other life. I don't know. I just disconnected. Yeah, Deborah, you people can see me now. All right, good morning.

[00:00:57]Yeah, good morning. Tell your friends, okay? So, reshare this link on the WhatsApp platform.

[00:01:03]Gueke, reshare the link on the WhatsApp platform if you are there or on your class platform.

[00:01:11]On your class platform.

[00:01:15]So, I will say the present realities of um clinical linguistics in Nigeria.

[00:01:22]All right, good. The The The present realities of clinical linguistics in Nigeria.

[00:01:28]And I said one is that there's a shortage of specialist.

[00:01:33]Speech language specialists, um therapists.

[00:01:36]Speech language therapists and clinical linguists, there's a shortage.

[00:01:41]Okay? So, we have the shortage of specialist. We also have um >> [clears throat] >> low public awareness.

[00:01:50]Like a lot of people are not even aware that some of their wards or their relatives have um speech language disorder. Okay? They without um taking them to the hospitals, they just believe that the child will outgrow it.

[00:02:05]Okay?

[00:02:06]Please, kindly re-share this link. Okay?

[00:02:08]Then, the fact that we are in a multilingual environment where we have about 500 languages.

[00:02:16]It makes it difficult for a clinician to distinguish between language difference.

[00:02:24]Okay? As a result of multilingualism and a language disorder.

[00:02:30]Okay? So, there's an issue regarding that to make it difficult.

[00:02:35]Then, number four, we have cultural beliefs.

[00:02:38]Cultural beliefs.

[00:02:40]When people believe that some certain ailments are as a result of um what do you call it? Spiritual problem.

[00:02:49]Okay? Cultural beliefs.

[00:02:52]They They believe that some supernatural or causes are responsible for some conditions. So, they ignore such disorders. Then, limited assessment tools. I hope you are writing. Thank you, Mariana.

[00:03:05]Number five, limited assessment tools.

[00:03:09]Limited assessment tools. Okay? Some tools for assessing patients are not present in Nigeria. Okay? They are not present in Nigeria. Then, we have the issue of inclusive education challenges.

[00:03:23]Okay? Inclusive education challenges.

[00:03:26]When some of these um children with some disorders don't have those though they're trying to include them with other schools with other schools where normal or children without disorders go to.

[00:03:43]But, we have some schools lack trained personnel to handle such issues.

[00:03:50]They They lack trained personnel to handle such issues and even some of the pupils, some of the students, um um bully some of these patients with some of these disorders.

[00:04:05]Okay? So, we have some inclusive education challenges. So, these six ideas or these six points are um the present realities of Nigeria regarding clinical linguistics. Okay?

[00:04:21]They're the present realities of Nigeria regarding um regarding clinical linguistics. Okay?

[00:04:30]So, that's that's what clinical linguistics. This morning we want to look at psycholinguistics, introduction to psycholinguistics. We're going to be very fast, okay? Because just an introductory course. We don't have to go too deep. We don't have to go too detailed. But, there are some certain areas you have to um know regarding psycholinguistics so that where um if you're called called upon to discuss psycholinguistics, you will know those basics, okay?

[00:04:54]We're able to give you your bare minimum regarding psycholinguistics.

[00:04:58]Okay? So, our topic for today, having said that about clinical linguistics, the present realities in Nigeria, our topic for today, yes, thank you, Maryanna, introduction to psycholinguistics. Now, the question is, what is psycholinguistics? We have to be very fast. What is psycholinguistics?

[00:05:16]Hit the like button as you come in.

[00:05:17]Thank you. What is psycholinguistics?

[00:05:19]Psycholinguistics is that branch of linguistics that studies how the human mind Psycholinguistics is that branch of linguistics. It's a branch of applied linguistics, really. Is that branch of linguistics that studies how the human mind studies how the human mind Yes, we are writing. I can see you writing. Yeah, I can see you.

[00:05:46]So, buy paper, studies how the human mind acquires That is to obtain.

[00:05:55]How the human mind acquires language.

[00:06:01]One.

[00:06:02]How the human mind comprehends language.

[00:06:07]That is how the human mind gets to know and understand the language. What is happening in the brain?

[00:06:14]Okay? It studies how the human mind acquires language. It studies how the human mind comprehends language. That is how the the brain, the mind understands and gets to know language. Okay? Acquire language, comprehend language or understand the language. How the human mind produces language.

[00:06:39]How the human mind produces language.

[00:06:41]How the human mind stores language. How we gather information about a language. Different aspects of a language and store it.

[00:06:53]Okay? And how the human mind processes language. That is how the human mind handles and manages language.

[00:07:01]Okay? So that's what psycholinguistics looks at. Okay? It's a branch of applied linguistics that studies how the human mind acquires language. How the human mind understands or comprehends language. How the human [snorts] mind produces language.

[00:07:18]How the human mind stores language. And how the human mind processes language. By processing language, we mean how the human mind handles language and manages language.

[00:07:32]What goes on in the brain? Have you ever sat down to think of how you started speaking? How you started talking?

[00:07:39]It's your brain functioning.

[00:07:41]Okay? So psycholinguistics looks at the functioning of the brain.

[00:07:48]Okay?

[00:07:50]In regard to language acquisition and all of that.

[00:07:54]Yes, let's hit the like button, please.

[00:07:56]Psycholinguistics combines knowledge from Psycholinguistics combines knowledge from want to want to um justify why psycholinguistics is um It's um what's that word now?

[00:08:16]I psycholinguistics is what? There's this word I'm looking for.

[00:08:23]Okay. So, psycholinguistics combines knowledge from linguistics.

[00:08:31]It combines knowledge from psychology.

[00:08:34]Interdisciplinary.

[00:08:36]Yeah, thank you. That's the simple word.

[00:08:39]Okay, want to justify why it's interdisciplinary. Okay? It combines knowledge from linguistics. It combines knowledge from psychology.

[00:08:48]It combines knowledge from education.

[00:08:51]It com- It combines knowledge from um cognitive science.

[00:09:00]I can't find the like button on my screen.

[00:09:03]>> [laughter] >> Mhm.

[00:09:10]It'll be there, Bora. You're funny.

[00:09:17]Wait, don't true true Okay. Oh, is that where the like button is?

[00:09:26]Oh, double tap your screen.

[00:09:30]Tap tap, guys. Tap tap tap. Tap your screen. Oh, okay. That's what those those streamers used to say.

[00:09:35]Oh, tap tap tap tap.

[00:09:38]Mm.

[00:09:39]I used to wonder what are they tapping screen. I used to wonder. Tap.

[00:09:43]Tap, guys. Double tap your screen, guys.

[00:09:45]Tap tap tap tap.

[00:09:47]Oh, I see.

[00:09:50]So, maybe I should become a streamer.

[00:09:56]Anyway.

[00:09:58]Okay, psycholinguistics combines knowledge from linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, education. Okay, combines knowledge from all of these field to explain um the functioning of language in the brain.

[00:10:16]To explain the functioning of language in the brain.

[00:10:22]Okay?

[00:10:23]That's how it is um interdisciplinary.

[00:10:27]So, while linguistics studies the structure of language, I want to make a distinction between linguistics and psycholinguistics. While linguistics studies the function of um the structure of language, psycholinguistics focuses on the mental processes behind language use.

[00:10:52]You see the difference? Linguistics studies the structuring of language.

[00:10:56]Looks at the grammar. It looks at the the the words. Looks at the sounds.

[00:11:00]Okay, that's what linguistics does. But, when it comes to um psycholinguistics, it focuses on the mental processes. What happens in the brain? The mental processes during language use or behind language use. Okay? So, psycholinguistics seeks to answer some questions. Let's take down these questions. Psycholinguistics seeks to answer some questions so that you will know how to broaden your discussion when you're talking about psycholinguistics.

[00:11:28]The questions that psycholinguistics answers helps you to understand clearer what psycholinguistics is all about. So, I want to ask give some questions that psycholinguistics focuses on.

[00:11:42]Okay, psycholinguistics studies focuses on. For example, how do children learn their first language?

[00:11:51]How do children learn their first language? When you're trying to answer that question, you are now within the field of psycholinguistics. How do children learn their first language?

[00:12:02]Then we have to now take knowledge from neuroscience, cognitive science, education, psychology, and all of that, and even linguistics to answer such a question. How do children learn their first language? Number two, how does the brain understand spoken and written language? How does the brain understand spoken and written language?

[00:12:28]How does the brain operate? How does the function? What actually happens there?

[00:12:33]Wouldn't you like to know that? What actually happens in the brain in our understanding spoken and written language? Number three, how do people produce speech so quickly?

[00:12:44]How do people produce speech so quickly?

[00:12:46]Just like the way I'm talking, my brain is functioning. How how is it functioning?

[00:12:52]How am I able to put the sounds together, put the words together, make constructive sentences? How how am I able to do that so fast? It is the brain that is functioning. That's why we need to go into cognitive science, neuroscience, and understand what is going on behind the scene of spoken and written languages. Okay, why do people make speech errors?

[00:13:16]Why do people make speech errors? Why do people make speech errors?

[00:13:22]Okay, why is it that they can't pronounce some sounds properly? Why is it that they can't pronounce make correct sentences even when they know what to say. What happens? What's going on? Okay? What happens to language when the brain is damaged? Okay, that will now take us to clinical linguistics.

[00:13:39]Okay? So, there there's somehow an interrelatedness between clinical linguistics and psycholinguistics, especially when it comes to understanding what happens to language when the brain is dysfunctional or when the brain is is damaged. What actually happens? And finally, how are language disorders diagnosed and treated? How are language [clears throat] disorders diagnosed and treated? Now, that that that will now take us to clinical linguistics. Okay? So, all of them are related in one way or the other. Okay? So, psycholinguistics views language as a cognitive ability.

[00:14:24]Psycholinguistics sees language. It views language as Mariana is doing an excellent job. When I mean excellent, I mean excellent job.

[00:14:36]Excellent job.

[00:14:38]Mariana.

[00:14:40]A for you in this course.

[00:14:43]If you no get A, me I know why.

[00:14:46]A for you in this course, Mariana.

[00:14:52]Thank you.

[00:14:53]All right. So, psycholinguistics views language as a cognitive ability Dolly is saying amen on your behalf, Mariana.

[00:15:03]As a cognitive ability that depends on the interaction.

[00:15:09]Psycholinguistics, I'm saying that psycholinguistics views language as a cognitive ability.

[00:15:17]Views language as a cognitive ability that depends on the interaction between a cognitive ability.

[00:15:27]When we talk about cognition, we are talking about mental processes, okay? A cognitive ability that um that depends on the interaction between memory, between the brain, between perception, how you perceive language. So, we see the interaction between memory, between the brain, and perception, thought, okay? Thought and attention.

[00:15:57]Attention.

[00:15:59]So, we see the interaction between all of these, okay? So, having psycholinguistics views language as the ability, the cognitive ability that depends on the interaction between the brain, memory, thought, attention, perception, and all of that, okay? So, quickly I want to look at the nature of psycholinguistics, the nature of psycholinguistics.

[00:16:25]Psycholinguistics is scientific. We are looking at the nature of psycholinguistics. So, you you will really have a a lot to write if you are asked to discuss um what psycho what you understand What do you understand by psycholinguistics? By the time you look at what I've said so far, we'll look at how it is multidisciplinary, we'll look at those questions that need to be answered. Now, we now want to look at the nature of psycholinguistics. So, you you you you you arrange your answering in such a manner, okay? Just arrange it in such a manner briefly because you Of course, you'll not be given um more than two pages, or maybe more than Anyway, it depends. During our AOC, I'll let you know all of that, okay? So, the nature of psycholinguistics is that it is scientific.

[00:17:15]Okay? It is scientific, it is experimental.

[00:17:21]When we say scientific, we mean that it uses theories to study how the human mind study how the human mind processes language. We are studying how the human mind processes language. That's why psycholinguistics is scientific. So, if you are asked justify or examine why psycholinguistics is scientific, to what extent can we say that psycholinguistics is scientific? These are likely exam questions.

[00:17:48]Now, you will now let us know that it [clears throat] uses theories, it uses a method, objective method to study, to look at, to examine how the human mind processes language. Then before we now start talking about some other areas we're going to look at.

[00:18:05]Okay? So, that's why psycholinguistics is scientific. Okay? It is experimental because we test hypotheses. It is experimental. We test We test hypotheses relating to language comprehension.

[00:18:19]How well can the brain >> [clears throat] >> comprehend language? We test hypotheses.

[00:18:24]Okay? That's why we say that it is experimental. So, we test hypotheses relating to language comprehension, language production, memory, and perception. We test hypotheses relating to language comprehension, language production, and memory stroke perception. Okay? Then we say that psycholinguistics is interdisciplinary like we mentioned before. Remember we are looking at the nature of psycholinguistics. It is interdisciplinary. That is it integrates knowledge from those places I mentioned.

[00:18:58]Okay? It integrates knowledge from language, that is linguistics, integrates knowledge from psychology, from cognitive science, from neuroscience, from education.

[00:19:08]Even it goes as far as computer science.

[00:19:11]Okay?

[00:19:12]To understand language processing. So, it takes ideas, it takes knowledge, it takes a lot from all of these places just because we want to understand, um, language processing in the brain, okay?

[00:19:27]So, it is interdisciplinary, it is cognitive. It is cognitive. Okay, just tap your screens. Tap, tap, tap.

[00:19:35]It is cognitive because it focuses on mental processes involving We say that psycholinguistics is cognitive because it focuses on mental processes that involve acquiring, understanding, producing, and storing language. The mental processes involved in acquiring, understanding, producing, and storing language. It looks at those mental processes that are involved in these processes, okay? Then, finally, um, psycholinguistics is evidence-based.

[00:20:15]It's based on evidence before we can draw our conclusions regarding how the brain functions, okay? So, psycholinguistics is evidence-based. Its conclusions are often supported by empirical data.

[00:20:31]Conclusions. When it gives conclusions, it is supported by empirical data.

[00:20:37]Okay?

[00:20:39]That is you collected data from some clinical studies to justify your conclusions. So, that's why we say it's evidence-based instead of just assuming, instead of just walking by intuition, okay? We collect evidence from data, clinical, um, studies, and now draw conclusions in the field of psycholinguistics. So, we're saying that regarding the nature of psycholinguistics, it is what? It is scientific, it is experimental, it is interdisciplinary, it is cognitive, and it is evidence-based.

[00:21:15]Okay? This evidence-based.

[00:21:18]Okay, so that's that with the nature of psycholinguistics. Now, we'll now move over to major areas of psycholinguistics. There are some major areas of psycholinguistics that should not be excluded from your discussion of what psycholinguistics is, okay? Major areas of psycholinguistics. I think we have up to three major areas or thereabouts.

[00:21:44]Or more.

[00:21:49]Okay? So, look at these major areas of psycholinguistics briefly. We'll just touch on them briefly. It'll now be left for you to go and dig deep and make up your notes.

[00:21:59]And make up your notes. Okay?

[00:22:04]All right. So, the first major area is language acquisition. Hit the like button. Tap your screen, guys. Tap tap tap.

[00:22:11]Tap your screen. Tap your screen, guys.

[00:22:17]Are we following? You people should thank Mariana. She's doing a wonderful job.

[00:22:21]She's just taking everything I'm saying word for word.

[00:22:27]She's doing a wonderful job.

[00:22:29]As if she's with my laptop here.

[00:22:32]Mariana, are you sure you're not with my laptop here?

[00:22:39]Okay, language acquisition.

[00:22:41]Language acquisition.

[00:22:43]This studies how people learn language, especially children. Okay? So, one major area of language of psycholinguistics is language acquisition. Here, we look at how people learn language, especially children. How babies learn their first word. Why do children learn grammar without formal teaching? Has Has ever occurred to you that without formal teaching, children learn to speak? The brain things are going on in the brain.

[00:23:05]Things are going on. Processes are going on in the brain. Okay, so language acquisition is one major area of psycholinguistics.

[00:23:13]Language acquisition. Number two, we have language comprehension. How do we comprehend? How studies how people understand spoken and written language.

[00:23:22]So, we have language comprehension.

[00:23:24]Language acquisition, language comprehension.

[00:23:27]Okay? Language comprehension that looks at how people understand spoken and written language. Then, we have language production. How do we produce language?

[00:23:36]Studies how people transform thoughts into speech. As you are thinking, you transform it into speech. Your brain is working. So, we have language um acquisition, language comprehension, language production.

[00:23:50]Acquisition.

[00:23:51]Am I too fast?

[00:23:54]I want to finish what I have.

[00:23:58]Language skill on playing game.

[00:24:00]Language acquisition, language comprehension, and before the network time is behaving.

[00:24:07]Before the next network time is that means behaving. That's one fast.

[00:24:12]Language acquisition, language comprehension. Good. Look at Mariana's notes. Language comprehension, language production. That is how people transform their thoughts into speech.

[00:24:25]How we transform our thoughts into speech. Is it not amazing? Is God not amazing?

[00:24:30]Mhm?

[00:24:31]How you just be thinking in a matter of milliseconds, you have transformed that thought into speech.

[00:24:39]You are thinking about something and you speak it out.

[00:24:41]The brain is awesome. The brain is awesome.

[00:24:45]Yes, the brain is awesome. Okay? So, language production. That is how people transform their thoughts into speech.

[00:24:53]All of these happening in milliseconds.

[00:24:57]I should easy on you.

[00:25:00]All of this happens in milliseconds.

[00:25:04]We are looking at the goals. We are looking at the major areas of psycholinguistics, and I said language acquisition. And you already know what it means to acquire now. Mhm. That is how people learn language, especially children. Okay, how people learn language, their language comprehension.

[00:25:22]Okay, language comprehension. Studies how people understand spoken um and written language. How to comprehend now. You know how to comprehend, to know, to understand. Eh?

[00:25:32]They have language production. That is how people transform their thoughts into speech.

[00:25:39]Then, we now have um Okay, a language production. How people transform their thoughts into speech.

[00:25:46]Okay? That is how they form ideas, how they choose appropriate words. You know You know there are some settings. You guys are doing pragmatics now. There are some places that you don't just speak anyhow. You choose your words. Formal and informal speaking, how to arrange these words grammatically, how to pronounce, how to pronounce a word correctly, how to coordinate your speech muscles so that you can speak. These all have to do with language production.

[00:26:12]Okay?

[00:26:13]Language production. Then, number four is speech perception. Speech perception.

[00:26:19]Number four is speech perception. That is how listeners recognize speech sounds despite differences.

[00:26:30]How listeners recognize speech sounds despite differences in accents. We are We are number four now. Speech perception. Speech perception.

[00:26:44]Speech perception. That is how listeners recognize speech sounds despite differences in accents.

[00:26:55]You are able to perceive and know a British speaker from an American speaker from an Italian speaker from a Russian speaker. You are able to recognize okay, how a Yoruba speaker different from a Hausa speaker from an Igbo speaker. You are able to recognize. What what's what's going on in the brain?

[00:27:16]Okay, so speech perception okay? Speech perception number four, then number five.

[00:27:23]Mental lexicon. Mental lexicon. Number five, mental lexicon.

[00:27:30]Wanita Bakare, I've seen you. Hi. Thank you for always typing hi. Obi Deborah, thank you for always typing hi.

[00:27:37]Okay, it helps the engagement of this live when you're always typing something even if you just say hi. It helps the engagement.

[00:27:46]Okay?

[00:27:47]Thank you for helping me engage this live.

[00:27:51]Mental number five is mental lexicon, okay? It has to do with the brain's internal dictionary. The brain's internal um dictionary is the mental lexicon.

[00:28:02]Okay? It has to do with the brain's internal um dictionary. How the brain stores words, meanings, and pronunciation, including grammatical information. How the brain The brain has a an internal dictionary. You We all have internal dictionaries in our head head. Yes, mental lexicon, okay? Is the brain's internal dictionary. How the brain stores words how the brain stores different meanings, how the brain stores pronunciation of different sound, how it stores grammatical information. All of these is within the mental lexicon, which is the internal dictionary.

[00:28:48]Okay? So, psycholinguists investigate how words are stored and retrieved rapidly.

[00:28:56]How words are stored and retrieved rapidly.

[00:29:02]Okay? [snorts] So, that's the job of psycholinguists. How are these words stored? Okay, if they are stored, if we have internal dictionary, how are these retrieved rapidly in a matter of milliseconds when we are communicating?

[00:29:17]Okay? Then number six, reading and writing processes.

[00:29:22]Do you know your brain is functioning when you are writing? As you are writing now, your brain is functioning. As you are typing now, your brain is functioning. As you are making your notes, your brain is functioning.

[00:29:33]Okay? So, reading and writing. Even as you are reading Mariana's comments now, your brain is functioning. So, psycholinguists psycholinguistics studies reading comprehension, word recognition, spelling, writing processes.

[00:29:51]Okay?

[00:29:52]It looks at all of these. It examines how the brain converts letters into sounds and then meaning.

[00:29:59]It looks at how the brain converts letters into sounds and meaning. Okay?

[00:30:03]Then number seven is language and memory. Language and memory. Okay?

[00:30:10]Language depends heavily on memory. So, psycholinguistics looks at the working memory.

[00:30:19]It looks at the memory, how we are able to store and keep information stored in our brain for such a long time and bring it out, retrieve it for use later on. Okay? So, psycholinguistics looks at working memory. It looks at long-term memory. It looks at your attention span.

[00:30:42]Okay? And information retrieval. So, under language and memory, we have um the fact that psycholinguistics looks at um working memory.

[00:30:54]Okay? Um long-term memory.

[00:30:57]Um attention. There are some people's attention span is so short. So, they divide.

[00:31:04]Okay? Um attention and information retrieval. How fast we can retrieve information from our internal dictionaries. Okay? So, poor working memory memory may reduce sentence comprehension.

[00:31:18]For example, poor working memory may reduce sentence um comprehension. So, our next topic now is goals of psycholinguistics. What are the goals? What are the form What What does psycholinguistics aim to? What is the aim of psycholinguistics?

[00:31:36]Quickly want to look at that briefly.

[00:31:38]I'm just going to list them one after the other. Okay? The goal of psycholinguistics.

[00:31:44]The goal of psycholinguistics.

[00:31:46]>> [snorts] >> One, to explain language acquisition.

[00:31:51]To explain language acquisition.

[00:31:56]To explain language acquisition. Two, to explain language comprehension. You can see we are now relating it back to the major areas of psycholinguistics. Okay?

[00:32:07]So, you're going to You're going to discuss this in relation the goals and the areas in relation. Okay? How they are interconnected. So, explain language acquisition. The goal is to explain language comprehension. The goal is to explain speech production. The goal is to explain speech production.

[00:32:24]The goal also is to understand the function and functioning of the brain regarding language disorders. The functioning of the brain regarding language disorders.

[00:32:38]Um psycholinguistics also aims to improve language teaching. It aims to improve language teaching.

[00:32:48]To improve speech therapy. To improve speech therapy.

[00:32:56]And to understand how language is presented in the brain. To understand how language is presented in the brain.

[00:33:06]To understand how language is presented in the brain.

[00:33:15]To understand how language is presented in the brain.

[00:33:22]Okay, so those are the goals. So, the fourth The fourth one is the Mariana's written is to understand the functioning of the brain regarding language disorders.

[00:33:36]To understand the functioning of the brain regarding language disorders.

[00:33:52]Okay.

[00:33:54]So, having looked at the goals, having looked at the major having looked at the nature of psycholinguistics, the major areas of psycholinguistics, and the goals of psycholinguistics, I I believe that we're already having a clear picture of what psycholinguistics is all about. The workings of the brain. To understand how language is presented in the brain. How language is acquired, how language is perceived, how language is stored up, long-term memory, and all of that. You have a whole lot to say when it comes to psycholinguistics. But now, we want to look at the relationship between psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics. The relationship between psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics. Relationship between psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics. The relationship between >> [snorts] >> psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics.

[00:34:54]Relationship between psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics.

[00:34:59]That's the next subtopic.

[00:35:01]Relationship between psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics.

[00:35:08]Now, both of them are closely connected.

[00:35:11]Both psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics are closely connected.

[00:35:18]Because if you are if you are asked to look at psycholinguistics in relation to um what happens during language disorders, you will need to make reference to clinical linguistics and some of those syndromes and disorders that we looked at in our last class.

[00:35:40]So, you're going to you you will need to make reference to that. I think last session a question like that was asked.

[00:35:45]I can't really really remember, okay?

[00:35:47]So, you have a full grasp of psycholinguistics and have a full grasp of clinical linguistics. So, if a question is asked regarding either areas, you'll be able to tackle them.

[00:36:00]You'll be able to marry them somehow.

[00:36:03]You should be able to marry them, okay?

[00:36:04]So, it is that marrying is is that interrelatedness now that I want to look at, okay? Regarding psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics. And I said that both of these areas are closely connected.

[00:36:17]Okay?

[00:36:19]So, they are connected because cli- while clinical linguistics applies knowledge about normal language processing to understand and treat language disorders.

[00:36:35]I said, "While clinical linguistics applies knowledge about normal normal or look at that word, normal. While clinical linguistics applies um knowledge about normal language processing to understand and treat language disorders."

[00:37:06]That sentence is not complete, right?

[00:37:11]Okay. Okay, let me say the sentence again. Psycholingu- Psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics are connected because clinical linguistics applies knowledge about normal language processing to understand and treat language disorders.

[00:37:32]Psycholinguis- linguistics and clinical linguistics are closely connected because clinical linguistics applies knowledge about normal language processing.

[00:37:50]Knowledge about normal language processing is under psycholinguistics.

[00:37:55]Okay?

[00:37:56]Because clinical linguistics applies knowledge about normal language processing to understand and treat language disorders.

[00:38:07]To understand and treat language disorders. So, you can see the connection. Knowledge from psycholinguistics which looks at normal language processing is used that knowledge is used by the clinician.

[00:38:25]Is used by a clinical linguist to understand and to treat language disorders.

[00:38:33]Okay? So, psycholinguistics asks how language how does language normally work in the human brain?

[00:38:44]That is psycholinguistics. How does language normally work in the human brain? How does language work in the human brain? That is psycholinguistics.

[00:38:54]Compared to clinical linguistics that ask what happens what happens when normal language processing breaks down?

[00:39:06]What happens when normal language processing breaks down?

[00:39:11]Okay?

[00:39:12]So, psycholinguistics, how does language work normally in the brain? Clinical linguistics, what happens when this normal language breaks down?

[00:39:22]Okay? So, you can see how they are connected. So, therefore, psycholinguistics provides psycholinguistics provides the theoretical foundation.

[00:39:35]Therefore, psycholinguistics provides the theoretical foundation while clinical linguistics applies that knowledge while clinical linguistics applies that knowledge in diagnosis, treatment, and intervention.

[00:39:58]Okay? So, therefore, psycholinguistics provides the theoretical foundation.

[00:40:05]Psycholinguistics provides the theoretical foundation um while clinical linguistics applies that knowledge provided by the psycholinguistics in diagnosis, in treatment, and in intervention of language disorders.

[00:40:27]Okay.

[00:40:29]So, these two areas are connected.

[00:40:35]In terms of language acquisition, psycholinguistics explains normal language development.

[00:40:43]In terms of language where we are still looking at how they are connected, okay?

[00:40:48]By looking want to look at some areas of connection, why how they are connected.

[00:40:51]So, we are going to another paragraph.

[00:40:53]How they are connected. So, when you say all of these in the first paragraph, which is like an introductory paragraph, what follows is these areas of connection, trying to justify what areas are they connected.

[00:41:05]What areas they are connected.

[00:41:11]So, if someone say give an example, if someone has a language disorder, okay? Delayed speech or something, and that person is taken to a clinician, the clinician will it he will he will refer back to what is normal.

[00:41:27]He will refer to what is the norm, okay? And ask what areas was there a breakdown.

[00:41:34]He needs knowledge of the of what function or what happens in the brain.

[00:41:40]He needs the knowledge of what happens in the brain before he can now make a diagnosis.

[00:41:47]Okay? Before he can now assess the child, already with the knowledge that he has from psycholinguistics, he will now assess the child and know whether the area of dysfunction is in acquisition, is in production, is in comprehension. He will now know the areas to now focus on after having knowledge, a background knowledge of psycholinguistics regarding any of those areas in psycholinguistics.

[00:42:13]Okay?

[00:42:22]All right. So, maybe as we as we explain further the areas of connection, you will get now you will now get the distinct the connectedness.

[00:42:31]Okay? You now get the connectedness.

[00:42:33]Okay? So, in terms of language acquisition, the psycholinguistics explains normal language development.

[00:42:41]What the psycholinguistics is doing.

[00:42:44]What the psycholinguist is doing, he is explaining normal language development.

[00:42:51]What the clinical linguist is doing, he is explaining a breakdown in that normal um in that normal development.

[00:43:02]He's the clinical linguist is explaining the breakdown.

[00:43:06]He's assessing the patient. And after assessing the patient, based on his knowledge produced by the psycholinguist, he now makes his diagnosis and he now provides treatment if there is or an intervention of managing.

[00:43:24]Do you get now, Victory? Okay. So, um in terms of language acquisition, the psycholinguist explains normal language development, but the clinical linguist studies children, for example, whose language development is delayed or whose development is unusual or different.

[00:43:45]Okay?

[00:43:46]Okay. So, the clinical linguist compares the child's language.

[00:43:51]The clinical linguist compares the child's language with a typical development pattern, with a normal development pattern.

[00:44:01]Okay? It makes such a comparison.

[00:44:05]I said [snorts] we are looking at areas of connection. And in terms of language acquisition, the psycholinguist explains normal language development.

[00:44:17]But the clinical linguist, for example, I'm giving an example, looks at children with delayed speech.

[00:44:24]For example, okay? He looks at children with delayed speech and now compares the norm with this abnormality.

[00:44:34]He compares the child's language with a typical developmental pattern already established by the psycholinguist.

[00:44:43]So, that's where they work. That is how they operate.

[00:44:48]Okay?

[00:44:49]The in way that the clinical linguist looks at the normal or the typical development pattern already established by the psycholinguist, so that he can make his correct assessment and also make correct diagnosis.

[00:45:07]Okay? So, I can make correct diagnosis.

[00:45:10]All right.

[00:45:11]Now, in terms of language processing, excuse me.

[00:45:16]In terms of language processing, >> [clears throat and cough] >> psycholinguistics studies how the brain handles language.

[00:45:25]In terms of language processing, psycholinguistics studies how the brain handles language, but the clinical linguist he examines what happens when this processing is impaired.

[00:45:37]Sure, you can see the relationship now.

[00:45:39]Language processing. Mhm?

[00:45:41]The psycholinguist studies how the brain processes language, how the brain handles and manages language.

[00:45:49]But the clinical linguist will look at how what happens when there is a breakdown in this processing. When the processing of language is impaired. That is what the clinical linguist will look at.

[00:46:04]Okay?

[00:46:09]Then in terms of speech production, we have looked at it in terms of um language acquisition. We have looked at it in in terms of We have looked at um it in terms of um language processing. Okay? Acquisition, processing. Now, in terms of speech production, the psycholinguist explains how speech is planned.

[00:46:30]Okay? The psycholinguist, he explains how we how an individual plans to speak.

[00:46:37]What happens in the brain?

[00:46:40]The functioning of the brain of the different parts of the brain. That's what the psycholinguist explains. But the clinical linguist investigates disorders regarding speech production.

[00:46:54]Okay? Such as the if there's fluency disorder.

[00:47:01]No. The psycholinguist does not give any diagnosis or evaluation because he's not looking at disorders. He's looking at a normal typical pattern. Okay, victory.

[00:47:12]He's looking at a normal typical pattern compared to the clinical linguist that is looking at disorder, a breakdown of those normal patterns.

[00:47:22]Okay? He's looking at a breakdown. The clinical linguist looks at a breakdown um of the normal pattern, but the psycholinguist looks at the typical and normal developmental pattern. Okay? So, in terms of speech production, the psycholinguist looks at how speech is planned, but the clinical linguist investigates disorders affecting speech production.

[00:47:47]Okay?

[00:47:50]Such as okay?

[00:47:53]It looks at disorders. So, you will now go into um making diagnosis. He will ask questions. Okay? When he asks questions regarding or ask a patient questions. When he asks a patient questions, of course, he will eventually know where the problem is coming from. Okay? So, that there's some disorders I mentioned in the last class.

[00:48:15]Those of us that were in the last class.

[00:48:16]Okay? I I mentioned stuttering, repetition or prolongation.

[00:48:22]He will be able to know what is um what um is causing stuttering or apraxia or dysarthria.

[00:48:31]Apraxia.

[00:48:33]I don't want to go into clinical linguistics. Okay? So, just know that the clinical linguist looks at these disorders, a breakdown in speech production. We look at some of these diseases and syndromes in our last class. I don't want to go into that right now. Number four, comprehension difficulties.

[00:48:50]The psycholinguistics or psycholinguistic studies sentence comprehension, but the clinical linguist examines why some individuals cannot understand language efficiently.

[00:49:04]Okay?

[00:49:06]In terms of comprehension difficulties, the psycholinguistic studies looks at sentence comprehension, what the brain the functioning of the brain, the processing of the brain regarding sentence comprehension. Okay? Compared to the clinical linguist that examines why individuals cannot understand.

[00:49:24]So, you can see that um clinical linguist looks at an abnormality.

[00:49:31]Okay? Clinical linguist looks at at abnormality. I also gave a few examples here concerning the autism um spectrum disorder patient, aphasia patient and developmental disorder patients here.

[00:49:45]So, you will need to make reference to your clinical When you are When you are studying, you have to make reference to some of these disorders to justify Okay?

[00:49:53]To justify your uh when you are discussing the areas of interrelatedness between clinical and this linguistic and psycholinguistic, you need to make reference to that class.

[00:50:07]Okay? You need to make reference to that class.

[00:50:13]Now, in terms of um in terms of what now?

[00:50:19]Memory and language. In terms of memory and language, hm?

[00:50:23]In terms of memory and language, psycholinguistic studies it studies working memory during language processing. Okay? It studies how your memory is working.

[00:50:35]As in as we are speaking now.

[00:50:38]Hm?

[00:50:39]Some people's memory is going back to those diseases that we mentioned in the last class. Your working memory, okay?

[00:50:45]And psycholinguistic studies working memory during language processing.

[00:50:50]And even long-term memory, okay? Working memory during language processing.

[00:50:54]But [clears throat] clinical linguistics examines how memory deficits affect communication.

[00:51:02]How memory deficits affect communication. For example, remember in last class we talked about dementia or traumatic brain injury, okay? How the memory is affected. And people with dementia they um they have memory loss.

[00:51:17]And is degenerative to the extent that after some time they can no longer recognize their family members.

[00:51:25]People that are close to them, okay? So, clinical lingu- linguistics examines how memory deficits affect communication, okay? And I mentioned dementia and traumatic brain injury and some of these injuries to the brain, how it affects memory.

[00:51:41]But psycholinguistics looks at the workings, the operations of memory language processing. Okay? So, it's not making any diagnosis or is not empowering anything because you know.

[00:51:54]All right.

[00:51:58]All right.

[00:52:02]So, I want to summarize today's class.

[00:52:07]In our AOC class in our AOC, I will give us some likely likely I said exam questions. So, you won't want to miss that class. I can't give it here now.

[00:52:19]I can't give it here now.

[00:52:25]Okay, so I want to summarize today's class.

[00:52:29]Psycholinguistics is the scientific study of the relationship between language and the mind. Language and the mind. Okay? Relationship [snorts] between language and the mind.

[00:52:40]So, even when you ask even when they ask an exam questions without even making reference to Okay.

[00:52:47]Even without making reference to the word psycholinguistics. When you hear language and the mind, your mind should just go to psycholinguistics.

[00:52:53]This question is about psycholinguistics. You just know immediately. Okay? So, it's a relationship between language and the mind. It explains how people acquire, understand, produce, and process language.

[00:53:04]Okay? So, if there is a course there is a course of psycholinguistics alone not applied linguistics. It's a course of psycholinguistics alone. Now, in that course then we go deeper into the functioning of the brain, the parts of the brain, the left hemisphere, the right hemisphere, the whatever lobe, all of that. But, we are not doing here doing that here. We are just introducing this course. Okay?

[00:53:26]I think [snorts] it's the set the set before I think present 300 level. They did psycholinguistics in their first semester.

[00:53:33]They did psycholinguistics in their first semester. Okay? [snorts] So, it looks at this explains how people acquire, understand, produce, and process language.

[00:53:43]That is what psycholinguistics generally is all about. So, you should be able to relate it to clinical linguistics.

[00:53:52]All right?

[00:53:56]Okay?

[00:53:57]All right. So, we've come to the end of today's class. So, I will need you to drop just your math numbers. We are all act students here, okay?

[00:54:06]Not your surnames, please. Just your math numbers.

[00:54:11]Drop your math numbers.

[00:54:19]Drop your math numbers. So, you save all your questions, you save all your interrogations concerning all we have looked at from the beginning of the semester.

[00:54:33]Okay, you save all we have looked at your questions regarding all we have looked at from the beginning of the semester, second language acquisition, clinical linguistics, psycholinguistics, language um language planning and policy, forensic linguistics. You save all of that.

[00:54:52]You save all of that for our final live stream AOC.

[00:55:00]Okay?

[00:55:02]You save all of that. So, that during that live stream you can ask all your questions and I will also give you areas of concentration.

[00:55:10]By then, I think we would have set questions. So, I will give you area of concentration. So, I don't have to stress yourself on read everything, okay? I don't believe in student reading everything. You just focus. Okay, thank you very much. Just drop your math numbers at Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you for today's class.

[00:55:28]Drop your math numbers, okay?

[00:55:36]Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

[00:55:39]Okay, >> [clears throat] >> so This is our last class, guys.

[00:55:47]This was our last class. See you in our AOC video.

[00:55:59]All right.

[00:56:11]All right, guys.

[00:56:15]See you guys.

[00:56:30]>> [singing] >> Yeah, clock it, precious clock it.

[00:56:38]Okay, see you guys later.

[00:56:44]Brush, brush, brush.

[00:56:50]So, unless you need us to explain, the live class is over.

[00:56:59]Yeah, thank you.

[00:57:06]I've even closed up. What was the fourth?

[00:57:11]The fourth relationship.

[00:57:14]This speech and therapy.

[00:57:17]Speech memory.

[00:57:21]Let me see.

[00:57:30]Yeah, I deliberately skipped social linguistics.

[00:57:38]I deliberately skipped social linguistics.

[00:57:44]It was deliberate.

[00:57:50]Okay, the fourth relationship comprehension difficulties.

[00:57:56]Yes, yeah, comprehension difficulties.

[00:58:03]Bye, guys.

[00:58:19]Yeah, thank you, Mary and Nayaba.

[00:58:22]Gift Ogiva, Funaya Onyema.

[00:58:28]Martin, yeah. Thank you. Have a nice day, too.

[00:58:37]Thank you, guys.

[00:58:40]All right.

[00:58:42]So, you discuss with your class rep when you like to have um you like [snorts] to have your AOC live.

[00:58:50]So, you get back to me on that.

[00:58:56]You like to have your AOC live.

[00:59:10]Okay. Bye, guys.

[00:59:16]Namaste.

[00:59:18]Yeah, have a lovely day, too.

[00:59:36]>> You both should leave now. You both stay here. Bye-bye.

[00:59:46]Bye-bye, who? Mhm, yes, you are leaving.