Anita Williams' Zoom Meeting

Added: 2026-05-26

[00:00:53]Hello.

[00:00:59]As you're coming in, please be muted.

[00:01:04]Be muted. Be muted. Be muted. Everyone be muted as you're coming in.

[00:01:23]>> So, there are my reps.

[00:01:29]Where are my rats?

[00:01:30]>> Good morning ma.

[00:01:32]>> Where are you?

[00:01:34]>> No, ma'am. Good morning, ma'am.

[00:01:36]>> Good morning. Okay, don't mood. Is it a day?

[00:01:42]>> Yes, ma'am.

[00:01:45]>> Okay.

[00:01:53]Good morning, ma'am. Good morning, ma'am.

[00:01:56]Okay. Who else?

[00:01:58]Where is right?

[00:02:04]>> Yes, ma'am.

[00:02:05]>> Good morning, ma'am.

[00:02:07]>> Okay.

[00:02:09]>> Good morning.

[00:02:11]>> Good morning, ma'am.

[00:02:13]>> Good morning.

[00:02:14]>> Good morning, ma'am.

[00:02:16]>> Good morning, ma'am.

[00:02:17]>> Good morning.

[00:02:20]>> Good morning, ma'am.

[00:02:21]>> Morning everyone.

[00:02:24]Yeah, we to another day. Who is another female?

[00:02:31]She's not here. Okay, so let's continue.

[00:02:34]Others should please join the YouTube.

[00:02:36]Revs, put the YouTube channel on the general platform so others that couldn't enter here can join on YouTube. So, you're welcome to another class. This my may likely be my last class with you and today we'll be looking at how to name organic compounds and if you know that you have questions as regarding the previous classes don't hesitate to ask your questions I hope I'm trusting God that you should be able to finish before 10 so they can use the remaining minutes before 10 to take your questions. I want you to be very pay attention to this naming because it's very very simple and also you can make mistake and fail it. Okay.

[00:03:23]See this is something you must be sure of having in your exams. So listen very well.

[00:03:29]Attendance is compulsory reps. The way you did it last time please do it again for me. Thank you. So when we talking about organic compound we're talking about compound that contains carbon and hydrogen. So compulsory there must be carbon and hydrogen for a compound to be organic compound. Then there can be also other things like oxygen. There can be hogens and and sulfur and other compound nitrogen that can be added to but there must be carbon and hydrogen. That's why they call it hydrocarbon.

[00:03:59]Okay. So organic compounds are typical compound that have carbon hydrogen skeleton added with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, hogen, sulfur and sulites. But the most common ones you're going to see is nitrogen, oxygen and hogen.

[00:04:21]Now whenever we want to name organic compounds, you have to have three things in mind. The organic compound must have three parts. It must have a prefix, must have the parent and it must have a suffix. Prefix is like substituent.

[00:04:38]Surface is like a functional group. Then the parent compound is the measure carbon hydrogen skeleton. I come again.

[00:04:46]Organic compound in naming must have three sections. It must have a prefix which might be which which are the substituent. It must have a parent compound which is the major carbon hydrogen skeleton and it must have a suffix which are the functional groups.

[00:05:01]So so whenever you're naming a whenever you see a compound it should be able to divide it into these three parts.

[00:05:07]Remember not all organic compound is going to have a suffix like hydrocarbons might not have a suffix but they will have a prefix because they are naturally hydrocarbons. So they their own ends in hydrogen. There's no suffix.

[00:05:23]So when we continue, you're going to understand why and how.

[00:05:28]Now substitute are anything that is added. Whenever you substitute it means you're removing hydrogen and replacing with any other thing. Your substitute can be hydroxy group, it can be halogens, it can be nitro compounds.

[00:05:43]All these are called substitent because they are being substituted with hydrogen. Remember the basic skeleton of organic compound is carbon and hydrogen.

[00:05:53]So when whenever this hydrogen are being replaced with any other atoms we call them substituent then these substitent are are what we are calling prefix from our major three sections in naming organic compounds.

[00:06:08]Now if I have say a compound I want to name it the first thing I must I must look at is what is the number what is the highest number of carbon the longest carbon chain remember carbon bond with each other forming catenation by process of catenation forming a long chain so whenever I want to name a compound remember I'm going to divide into three section in that division I must consider the longest carbon continuous chain it must be continuous the one that longest and is continuous as in caffination process number one then when I do that then I go and that's the parent compound I will circle it then I will look for the functional group remember functional group is that group of compound that tell us the identity of a of of the particular compound now if I have a if I see somebody dressed I'll start looking at the functional group not these days as even male can wear the functional group or female normally when you look at a lady want to look at the ear whether is perforated whether she's wearing she braided her hair okay or at times you can't look at her chest whether she's busty and stuff so that's the functional group of a female so that's what say this is a girl >> and when you see a guy you can see the body is muscular and stuff like that so functional group is that aspect of that compound that defines the compound that gives the compound it unique character and reactivity now we're going to look at the functional group of that compound Then whenever I'm looking at the functional group remember functional group identifies shows the uniqueness of this compound. So my naming will start from that carbon that is close to the functional group or the carbon that connects the functional group.

[00:07:56]So we are going to see in subsequent slide what I meant by I don't like noise in my class.

[00:08:04]Everybody must be muted including the rep please.

[00:08:09]So whenever I I want to name I must make sure the functional group is going to have the least number of I must I must give it the preference. So I'm going I'm going to follow the route that will give that functional group the least number.

[00:08:24]Either the functional group is going to be carbon number one in terms of caroxilic acid or it's going to have the least number depending on where the functional group is. Please anybody that is m that is not m please remove the person I will delete every moot yourselves now or I remove you from this class anybody that is not mooted please reps co-host remove that person from this class I don't want any distraction now after considering the functional group giving it the least number I will look at the substituent. Now whenever there is functional group like in caroxilic acid my other functional group will take will be secondary after considering my functional group it means that carbon that bears a caroxil is carbon number one so then I'll name substituent in that respect but if I see a compound like hydrocarbon my the functional group is going to be giving priority so I'm going to number the functional group following the route I'll give the sum the minimum number meaning that there is no functional group so what I need to consider if I go by my right or by my left the sum of the substituent which one will be the least that is the route that will take the priority. So if I follow my right and my substitute is 2 + 3 + 4 and I follow my my my left is 1 + 2 + 3 I have to follow my left because it's going to give the list sum of all the functional groups.

[00:10:00]So now the functional group become the prefix and the compound is named according to the functional the substant become the prefix. Then the functional group is being named as a compound like caroxilic acid I can say ethaninoic acid propanoic acid. So what is the propanic in that propaninoic acid I have two chloro. So my sub my prefix become the two because that prefix that chloro is carbon number two. Then the functional group which is caroxilic acid becomes the name of the compound become propanoic acid because the carbon total carbon number is three. We're going to see it in in examples.

[00:10:41]Now this is the basic skeleton of hydrocarbon.

[00:10:47]Now whenever we dealing with this we making use of our kane the saturated compound.

[00:10:54]can when N is one we are going to have methane when N is two ethane propane you're going to have this slide so you have to understand it at least from 1 to 10 you should be able to understand how to use carbon 1 to 10 in naming organic compounds then we talk about this is the same thing we talking about number of carbon and the name the same thing so now we are talking about functional groups now this is a typical example in organic chemistry Functional group is very vast but it's very simple to understand. When you talk about functional group you can talk about an atom or group of atom.

[00:11:34]Okay, it can also be multiple bonds but it's going to show us the characteristic nature or the distinctive property of that particular compound. So what that means how a compound react is the functional group. Okay. Now from this thing from the example we can see we can see N O2 NH2 as a functional group which is called amine and when I have hydroxil at terminal it becomes alcohol. Now this hydroxil can when you have two functional group like if I have caroxil and hydroxil caroxil takes priority of the of the functional group of the compound while hydroxil become a substitute. So when I have more than one functional groups the higher functional group takes priority becomes the baba while the the other one becomes. So in this case because my hydroxy group is only functional group this compound becomes alcohol. But if I have caroxil caroxil functional group and hydroxil the compound become caroxilic acid having hydroxil as a substituent.

[00:12:42]Now if I want to name this compound because I don't have any prefix I just have only suffix the suffix is a functional group. So you can see I I can only I was only able to divide into two.

[00:12:53]One is functional group. The other one is skeleton. That's the parent compound.

[00:12:58]Now when I want to name I have to give that compound that connect that carbon that is connected to this functional group. Carbon number one. So my carbon number one is one that is bearing the amine functional group and hydroxy functional group. I will name I have 1 2 3 4 5. The parent compound have five.

[00:13:15]Okay, because it's five, we call it pence.

[00:13:19]Now look at this other one. The parent compound also have the same five. So we have this one with this one is what?

[00:13:26]Alcohol. So what whenever you're naming this compound, you name it with respect to the skeleton and the functional groups.

[00:13:36]So let's continue so you can understand better.

[00:13:40]Now look at the common functional groups we have.

[00:13:44]Alan is a functional group because it's talking about saturated. Whenever you see alkan you're telling that this compound is saturated can only undergo reactions of subscription because there's nothing to add. Alen is a functional group talking about unsaturation.

[00:14:02]So whenever I I see a compound that has double bond I realize that this compound can undergo addition reaction because the identity is the functional group which is double bond. Alkine is a functional group talking about triple bond.

[00:14:17]Ho alkan is talking about halogenated hydrocarbon because that hogen has changed identity of this alkan and the reactivity of the alkane. Alcohol is a functional group. Alihide and ketone they are similar but the position of the ketone functional group changes the identity of the compound. In alihide we have ketone to be terminal while in ketone we have carbonic to be terminal in aldihide while carbonide is internal in ketone. Then we have caroxilic acid.

[00:14:55]We have silic chloride. As chloride is CO. When hydroxy group of caroxilic acid is replaced with chlorine becomes si chloride. So we have amide. Amid is CO NH NH2 that is am. You can look at the functional groups if you can see them.

[00:15:12]So the CO NH2 is the amide. We have Esther. Essa is when hydrogen of caroxilic acid is replaced with another alkal group. we call it esester. We have nitral, we have amine which is when we have NH2 hydrogen is replaced with NH2. Now how do we form functional groups? If you look at this you realize that is hydrogen of alkan that is replaced with all those functional groups. When one hydrogen of alkan is replaced with caroxil become caroxilic acid. So that's what will first of all give you the general formula of arrow. So when H is replaced with hogen becomes alkalhalide when H is replaced with O become alcohol. So that is how you form your all the functional groups. Replacing hydrogen of alkan with another either a an atom or group of atoms. In terms of hogen we are replacing with atom. In terms of hydro alcohol we replacing with a group of atoms which is hydrogen and oxygen. So these are the functional group. Now in terms of this functional group I told you that the greater one take a priority. So if I have hydroxy group and caroxilic acid the compound is named as caroxilic acid why hydroxy group becomes a substituent remember substitute are pre prefix. So these are the common functional group you're going to be it should be conversant with as long as this course is concerned should be conversant with saturated that's alkan double bond alkine triple bond ho alanes am means nitri nitral is carbon connected with nitrogen we have alcohol we have it is inert compound when a is connected with oxygen So R O R is a functional group of nitri. You can see you can see what I talk about alihide.

[00:17:10]In alihide we have C H. Why? In ketone we have C R. Ketone is internal while alihide is terina.

[00:17:20]We have nitro compound. We have amide.

[00:17:23]We have chloride. We have esta and we have caroxilic acid and sulfonic acid.

[00:17:28]Soponic acid you should not bother for your level. They should be able to know where when we have nitro compound. You should be able to know what is asychloride. Should be able to know esester. Esester is the result of estrification when alcohol react with caroxilic acid.

[00:17:44]So you're going to know much of them in other classes but today we want to for you to understand the basic skeleton of naming and functional group. So that whenever you're talking about alcohol it will not be strange to you. Whenever somebody tell you that ah this is amide not ketone you should be able to understand why it is amide and why it's not ketone. Okay now we are talking about that all our substituents are called prefix and we name them before the parent compound and functional group. So common prefix that you're going to be seeing is a group. Now when I have my aran remember the basic alkan is CH4. So when when hydrogen is removed they become a so all methane ethil propel they are all alan that lost one hydrogen that hydrogen they lost is what they're going to use to bond remember in substitution we are going to lose one thing to get another so our kid is going to our kid is going to lose one hydrogen to become a substituent to be able to substitute hydrogen in alkane or in any of the compound you're talking about. So we have a the common one is metal when carbon is one is metal. When carbon is still become ethil and propel also have isopropil.

[00:19:08]So and we normally call them metal. So normally abbreviated and me but whenever you're writing it as a compound you're going to use metal. Don't use me. M is like maybe when you're writing your notes to make short hand you can use me as your material.

[00:19:34]You can see from the alkaline group we're going to have metal, we have ethil, normal prep. N is normal, normal propel and isopropil. Difference between normal propel and isopropyl. If you can see that isopropyl is like secondary while normal propel is just primary. So we have nbutil and secondary butil. We also have iso or tertiary butil. We have tertiary butil and we have phenile.

[00:20:01]Pheni is very very important to know.

[00:20:03]Phen is when my benzene loses one hydrogen becomes phenile. So you can just write it as C six H5 plus remember all the substituent must have plus because they lost something. Whenever you lose you're going to be plus whenever you receive it becomes minus okay so that's why we call them substituent.

[00:20:23]So how do we use this? This is a basic skeleton of a compound.

[00:20:28]Now look at this compound and let's go closely. If you look at this compound, we have first section and second section. Now when I when I'm giving a compound, remember the first rule, take the longest continuous carbon chain.

[00:20:42]Looking at the longest continuous carbon chain, I counted eight but the second structure is giving me seven. So in that exam in in whenever you see see a question use your pences to draft count the place that is going to give you the highest number. Then after counting you can see the first one is a straight line not the not the other second column. Now after getting the longest continuous carbon chain you circle any other thing that does not fall within that chain.

[00:21:12]They are substitutent they can be carbon they can be any other atoms in this particular structure we have there is nothing like suffix we have only prefix which is a substituent. So whenever I if I want to name this compound I have to follow the route that will give my substitute the minimal sum. Now if I follow from my own right so I'm going to have substitute at position number three position number four and position number seven.

[00:21:45]Okay if I follow my left I have position number two five and six. So which of them is longest h total sum that will give me the route to follow in naming my compound.

[00:22:01]Okay, let's continue.

[00:22:06]Now remember if another thing you need to understand is that whenever I have more than one substituent I will consider alphabetical order irrespective of their position on the longest continuous carbon chain.

[00:22:20]What do I mean by that? Look at the structure we have here. We have the longest continuous carbon chain to be seven. Okay. Now, it is glaring that if I follow my right, I'm going to have the highest number because the substituent are tilted towards the left. So, I have to stand my naming from the left. Then from the left, I have carbon number two and carbon number three. Carbon number two is metal because it's one carbon.

[00:22:47]Carbon number three is eil because it's two carbon. In alphabetical order, which one comes first? Metal or ethil? Eil come first? So I'm going to have two eil. Three eil. Before I talk about before I talk about two metal.

[00:23:04]Okay. Because irrespective of their position. Thank you. Irrespective of their position on the on the on on the continuous carbon chain, I must maintain alphabetical order. So I must name two eil threeil before going to two metal.

[00:23:20]Then another thing we need to note in naming despite the alphabetical order there's another rule that follows.

[00:23:31]Okay I've talked about the number that follows the least number. So that's what we have two and three. Now this another typical this is a different example entirely. Now, if you look at this example, you realize that my substitutes are far apart. If I follow my right, I'm going to have position two, position two, one to position three, four, and seven. If I follow my left, I'm going to have position two, position five, and position six. So, when I sum them up, you look at the one that gives you the minimal sum. That is the the route you're going to follow in your naming.

[00:24:11]Like I said in initially that after that I will look at the position of these substituent then I'll follow alphabetically maintaining their number in terms of their position in the longest continuous chain. I will not say because my material here is number two and six. I will say metal cannot come for because e must come for I'm going to name five eil before I talk about two six dimeil.

[00:24:44]Now another thing you also need to notice that whenever I want to talk about number and letter I will separate them by hyphen. So if I want to talk about my my five I will write five hyphen ail. Okay, another hyphen because I'm I'm calling about two two hyphen two comma. So when I'm having number and number together, I will separate them with comma. When I'm having number and letter together, I will separate by hyphen. So if I want to name this compound, I'm going to call it five-phen 2, six dimethyl. after that six I'll put hyphen again because letter is coming dil then the longest continuous carbon is eight octane so that is how to name the compound whenever I'm talking about number remember first look at the longest continuous carbon chain secondly if there is functional group consider the functional group and give it priority make sure it has the least number of carbon so you have to follow the route that will give that functional group either carbon carbon number one or list number because some functional group can be internal like in in ketone. So you cannot give ketone carbon number one but it must you must make sure that you follow the I give that carbon that bears carbon the minimum number after which when there are functional group functional group takes priority and substitent will take the position wherever they fall as long as the functional group is concerned but when there is no other suffix that we just have substituent then I don't think about I have to consider the minimal sum the route that will give me the minimal sum of the substituent in my naming. So that's the route I'll follow. Then I'll also consider the position of the substituent in pairs of alphabetical order I will name them alphabetically irrespective of their position on the chain. And lastly whenever I'm naming when there is number and letter I'll separate by hyphen when there is number and number I separate by comma. With this I'm going to name my compound and I will not mess it up. So when you're given a compound draft that compound divide them into partition. Does it have a suffix? That's a functional group. If it has some functional group and it has prefix divide them. What is the longest continuous carbon chain of this compound? Note it then you understand others are substitent. circle the substituent. So I circle the functional group then start naming from that carbon that bears a functional group in caroxilic if it's caroxilic acid that carbon of caroxiline is carbon number one then start naming the that direction then also the substituent irrespective of the position they occupy make sure you name them maintaining their position on the continuous carbon chain.

[00:27:45]So they said this another example. So I want us to go and and look at typical example where we're going to name.

[00:27:52]So these are the same thing.

[00:27:55]Okay. I've said some of those things.

[00:27:57]Name the substitent as I've talked about all those ones. I've summarized them so much before. Now okay let's let's look at this.

[00:28:08]If you look at this compound you look at it. We have the total number eight of eight carbon and in that eight carbon we are talking about following my left or my right my carbon number two have substitute carbon number five have substitute and carbon number six have substituent that's following my left so if I follow my my my right it should be carbon number four carbon number carbon number four no carbon number three carbon number four and carbon number So which one is going to give me the least sum? That is the one I'm going to take. Now remember I have met in two places carbon number two and carbon number six. So because of that you can see two comma because number and number are connecting. Then six D there must be a hyphen because number and letter is connecting. So I separate by hyphen material. Now 26 is but before I name I should name first. So my 58 will come that's the naming my 58 will come before I talk about 26 dimethyl because there's no other sub suffix the N becomes a functional group remember saturated is a functional group. So I name it as five ethyl five hyphen ethyl hyphen 2 comma 6 hyphen dimethyl octane octane because the highest carbon is eight making it o and because there is no suffix the functional group becomes saturated so I have named my compound let's let's look at some other examples now functional group other functional group like remember we just talk about the alkan now so other functional group can change the identity of this compound suffix will change to reflect functional group now some functional group have high priority over others I talk about it so when I have alcohol alcohol is going to have priority over all the unsaturated and alkan and and or alihalide.

[00:30:33]But when I have something like caroxilic acid, caroxilic acid will have priority over all including alcohol.

[00:30:40]Okay.

[00:30:43]Let's continue.

[00:30:48]This is another example. If you look at this example, you know we can have we have a and we have chloro.

[00:30:55]in terms of function alphabetical order chloro come before metal. Now it remember that is no for other functional group except saturated. So it's alkan.

[00:31:06]Now if I want to name this compound I will make sure that my chloro maintains its position. Now if I follow my my right I'm going to have two and five.

[00:31:16]But if I follow my left I'm going to have 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. So my right is shorter. So I'm going to have two and five. So it become two chloro two hyphen chloro hyphen 5 methyl heptine because the longest carbon chain is seven making it. Please I want you to go and name and study how to know all the carbon from when n is one to when n is 10.

[00:31:46]methane, ethane, propane, butane, heptine, hexane, octane, exane, heptine, octane and others. So we have when N is one is methane, N is two, Ein three, propane four, butane five, hept heptine.

[00:32:12]Oh, sorry.

[00:32:15]So you have to know all this. Five is pentane, six hexane, seven heptain, eight octane, nine, then 10. So you have to be familiar with this first thing especially in your naming. It's going to help you very well. And whenever whenever the hydrogen goes it become a metal eil propil but pentil and others but the common one should be conversant by v of your level is metil and that's the commonant Okay. Now you in this one we have alcohol we have hydroxy functional group like look at now we have substituent and we have we have prefix and we have suffix.

[00:33:14]Now our prefix is our metal which is a functional group. Our suffix is our alcohol which is hydroxy. But because there is no other functional group here, this compound is named as alcohol.

[00:33:28]If there is other functional group, if there is caroxil, now we're going to name this compound as caroxilic. Both metal and hydroxil become functional group. But because remember we talked about in previous slide that hydroxil has priority over methyl over chloro and every other thing. So because it is here it becomes a baba. So how do we name this compound? Following the protocol the longest carbon chain is there the hydroxil is going to be given the minimal number you can see now when I'm naming I'm not going to consider a kill again I'm going to consider giving hydroxy group the least number on the carbon so I'm going to favor the route follow the route that's going to favor hydroxy group in numbering so that's why we have three to be hydroxil and five to be metal I cannot say because if I follow my left I'm going to have two and four this is shorter no in this case I'm not considering short I'm considering hydroxy group in my naming so I will have five pentil three hex and all I can also call it five pentil hex and three all any of the method is fine you have to be conversant with the two protocol so that anyone that comes in your CBT you will not be h you will not be confused so whether I talk about three hs means by my my all is a carbon number three or I can say that five hyphen metal hex whenever I talk about metal hex I'm not put any hyphen I'm not putting any comma hexan after before you put all you put hyphen three hyphen all so I can call it five hyphen metal hexan hyphen 3 hyphen all or I'll call I'll put metal hyphen 3 hyphen hexa null whatever any of the method is fine in that case my in in alan is replaced with all.

[00:35:23]My inane is that we call it hex and all instead of hexane. Remember hexane is e.

[00:35:29]So I replace that to all. Talking about the functional group.

[00:35:38]Now I can also have functional group in a I can also name a compound cy.

[00:35:43]Remember this cy is not benzene. When a cycl is benzene is when it is saturated maintaining the C6 and H6 carbon structure. So in that case in this case because it's not S is cy compound because there is no complete saturation as in examine. So we are going to talk about it as a cy compound. Now whenever I want to name this cy compound I will consider hydroxy group. Okay, giving it a minimal number. So I'm going to talk about my hydrogen to be carbon number one. So I'm going to follow the route that will favor this substitute to have it minimal number. So I cannot go clockwise rather I am going anticlockwise to make sure that my material is not going to have the highest number. So the same thing with the other the second structure. So that's why I have three metal because preface come before the suffix. Then cycl because it's in a ring hexanol.

[00:36:50]Why is he hex? Because the number of of the ring carbon in the ring is six.

[00:36:56]That's why it's hexa all because it's hydroxy group. Three metal. If you don't put cycl in this and you and you put three metal heads and all you have failed it. Cyclone makes it to be unique telling you that this compound is in a ring and is not aromatic. When you talk about aromatic compound is the likeness of benzene.

[00:37:18]Any compound that have the structure of benzene is called aromatic but this one is not aromatic compound is a cylo compound.

[00:37:25]If you look at the second structure we're going to still follow the same protocol. Hydroxy group is carbon number one. Then follow the route that is going to give me the other substitute the minimal number. Then when there are more than one similar substitute, we going to use a D for two, try for three. If you can see, you can see we have three metal and they're in different position. That's why we use metal for them. Cycl because it's in a ring. Hexanol because the number of carbon on the ring is six carbons.

[00:37:59]I'm going to share this slide. I want you to go and study it and ask your questions please. Nomenation is what you must study just like mathematics and be conversant with it.

[00:38:10]Okay. Now I can also have like you can see this example I have more than one hydroxy group that's the normal ethylene glycol that you know. So the Iopac name is 12 DI or EN12 DI 12 DI or EN12 DI. So the other one is 1 2 3 propend or propan 1 2 3 trial.

[00:38:39]So whatever you're naming however method you want to name please be conversant with that and be consistent with that.

[00:38:46]Okay. But I always advise to know both protocol so that anyone that is going to use in your exam you will not be thrown off balance.

[00:38:55]So this is another compound like we name there. Now whenever you see a compound that has a stress substitute and another one that is dotted we talking about they are not on the same configuration we call them trans. But if I have both of them stress we are going to call them C's. And if I have both of them dotted, I'm going to call them C's. So the the only difference in this compound is going because of the isomer. So we are using trans because one of the hydroxy group is stressed and the other other one is dotted. So we call it this. They are not in the same configuration. So they're in trans. When you talk about trans it means that the substituent are facing on opposite direction.

[00:39:44]When you're talking about mean that the substitute are on the same direction. So this one they opposite because of the stress and the dotted line. So we put trans remember letter and number is hyphen. So trans hyphen one, two because we have two diol. So cyclopentane diode whenever you're there that's something you have to understand whenever you're talking about cylo compound that's something you notice that unlike the alifhatic compound we normally remove in to put all but in the compound we we are putting all the aline the way they are and just add so that's another thing you have to notice if you've not noticed Continue.

[00:40:35]Continue.

[00:40:38]Okay. Now whenever I want to name a compound that has double bond, the method changes, the narrative changes. Now it means that the functional group now is the double bond.

[00:40:52]Remember unsaturation which is double bond and triple bond are all functional group. So whenever I want to name this compound what I supposed to do is to follow the route I'll give this functional group the minimum number just like any other any other functional group. So the double bond gives that gives you direction of where to name from. So other ones follows just consider the double bond give it the minimal number and start nameing. So any other thing that does not connect to the double bond becomes a substituent. So I have to consider like we did in our the longest continuous carbon chain that connects with the double bond then other thing outside becomes a substitute that's why we have the continuous carbon chain and my substit being at carbon number two number three and number five and they all the same material and because my unsaturation double bond is carbon number two so it become two hexane or hex 2 remember hex 2 in or two hexane.

[00:41:57]Now my substitute are carbon number 2 3 5 because they're similar I'll say 2 comma 3 comma 5 in trimethyl that is three metal in so trimethyl 2 hyphen 2 hyphen or trimetil hyphen 2 hyphen in I hope that's them.

[00:42:31]I would have loved to the program of assignment in this class is because of the number please attendance is taken at the end of the class. Whenever I say any question and I said okay the class has ended please take the attendance people that leave before will not be captured as being present.

[00:42:53]See please whenever you have a class make sure you available. If you don't have issue of h if you have issue of network challenge go and look for somebody you can share with make sure you are available.

[00:43:06]Okay let's continue. This is another example. Remember our longest continuous chain cannot be.

[00:43:14]Now look at look at something you have to understand. If you look at the column one and column two column two has the longest chain of eight. But the problem is that that eight does not connect with the double bond. That is why it cannot be correct. Seven is lower but it connected to the double bond. So whenever you considering a compound that is unsaturated, please make sure you cover the longest continuous will cut across the double bond. It means that that carbon that is connected by double bond must be represented in your longest continuous carbon chain. So every other thing is the way we name it. Please we have only one sub which is ethil. So it's and it's carbon number two and my double bond is carbon number one. So I will say two hyphen eil hyphen heep one hyphen heptine heptine or I will call it hyphen one I'll call it a hept one hyphen one hyphen in so either my in will come before either my in either my one can come and the other one is named as a a complete compound or I'll put my in in in between the heads. So any of the method is fine but make sure the coco here is for you to know how to connect the double bond to form your longest continued chain and now also to align the substituent when there are more than one in order of the alphabetical order.

[00:44:52]Now look at this. Now I can have unsaturated alcohol. We call it arenol.

[00:44:58]Alenol. So my alcohol I can have double.

[00:45:02]I remember the one we know before is alan. When I have my saturated and double and alcohol this one is I have unsaturated alcohol. So in that case my alcohol takes the priority of carbon number one because alcohol has higher priority in functional group over unsaturation.

[00:45:22]So whatever I'm going to do I'm going to give alcohol the priority in naming in the first structure alcohol is the carbon that bears the alcohol is terina in the second one the carbon is second carbon so irrespective of one or first or second carbon when when is first carbon I'll just name it as prop propen one or remember in in all so when it is two in all two into all then I'll put the position of the substituent as indicated in the structure. So the most important thing is that I can I can have double bond and hydroxy group in the same compound.

[00:46:02]So this is another alken leure remember now we going to talk about the stereochemistry stereochemistry is when I have a compound that is substituted they can either be on the same side which is C or on on adjacent side which is TR. Now remember I said that TR can also be represented when I have one stressed and one dotted and C can be rep represented when I have both of them stress or both of them dotted so they are the same TR and C's.

[00:46:33]So let's take a typical example of alkan and the mainure the s and trans isomer sis isomer is also represented okay see now s can be also represented as z is why trans is represented as e is okay if remember trans means that the substituents are in opposite direction.

[00:46:58]Now look at the structure.

[00:47:00]If I want to name this compound, I have to talk about longest continuous carbon chain that connects to the carbon that bears the double bond. And remember the stereochemistry is happening between the two carbon that are connected by double bond. So whenever I'm giving a compound, I want to do stereochemistry. Circle the compound that bears the double bond together. So when you circle it then look at the any other thing around these two compounds where they are how they are facing are the substit facing on the same side or opposite side. Now how do I know the substitute to choose the the atom or group of atoms that have the highest atomic number takes priority. If you look at this compound you can see where they labelled one and two on the first compound. The one you label one it means that this one becomes my priority on the second carbon. The one I lab I lab one becomes priority. So carbon number one is less priority. So the first one I have my my carbon number one is methyl. Second one the carbon number one one is ethil. So meaning that this compound is an opposite direction calling them calling them trans and that trans is e isomer. So now I can also look at as I've rearranged it and make my one is in opposite the same direction my my one one two two so because my one my the substitute that are on the opposite direction on the same direction have the highest atomic number that is why my metal and on the same side that is why I'm going to call this compound Z or C's remember On carbon number one, on the first carbon I have met and hydrogen.

[00:48:51]On the second carbon I have ethil and metil. So on the first carbon hydrogen has the least atomic number. So metal takes priority. On the second carbon ethyl has the highest atomic number. So it takes priority. So that's why the second compound is z is calling it se on the same side.

[00:49:14]our kind the same thing we do in our we're going to do in our kind meaning that the list number should come from the functional group of alkine I'm I'm going to name it as an alkine because that's the nature of the compound this example I have three hexa dine this dine 13 hexa 1 three is that my my triple bond is at carbon number one and three and the longest Continuous carbon chain is Hex and because it's three is two it become D and because it's d is triple bond it becomes iron. So 1 three hexa dion that is it then we can see here I have double bond and I have triple bond in the same compound meaning that the priority is the parent compound which is one. So the parent compound is iron while others become substitutes. So I'm going to start naming by giving my car number one to be then others 2 3 4 5. So I have five metal. The compound is six. Now whenever you have a compound like this look very well you can see the terminal carbon is having metal number two. So you are expected to spread it out. So you can understand that one of the material is a substituent another one is is the end of the carbon. So that's why we're going to have six. And on carbon number five, we have meth. That's why we have five methine, four hexine, one i because we have a double bond at position number four.

[00:50:56]And being at position number four, total number of the carbon is six. And in carbon number one, which is a functional group, we have so we call it one.

[00:51:11]Now you can also draw this structures using strokes.

[00:51:16]Instead of putting my carbon I can use strokes but this is very very dicey. So don't go and use strokes when you're not conversant with the carbon except your is indicated in exam but each of the dots each of the angle represents carbon. So that's how to use if you're not some some people will just use it and marble it up and then they mess the up. So if this is something you need to write pen and paper I advise you use carbon except is indicated that you must use stroke. In that case you can use carbon and translate to stroke. So you don't make mistake but this is people always mess up when it come to stroke by making small small mistakes.

[00:51:58]So this is my stroke. Remember if every every angle point is is carbon. So in that case wherever I have an angle point I have carbon. So remember a carbon is connected to two hydrogen in the chain and connected to three hydrogen at the terminal. So with that I can know the number of substituent that is going to replace those two hydrogen. So there's no soft sub more than two internal and more than three external in terms of hydrocarbon except that when there is presence of double bond when remember when there is presence of double bond if the carbon is supposed to have supposed to it will end up having one because double bond have taken the place of one or one of the hydrogen reducing the number of substitution that will be available.

[00:52:50]I think I'm done see finish. So I think we can ask our question now and done with the slide. Ask person ask your question. We still have time for question in nomenclature. Let me summarize. Whenever you want to name a compound in summary you have to consider the three sections. We have the prefix which is the substituent. Substitute is any other thing that does not fall within the longest continuous carbon chain. So we have the parent compound which is a compound that bears the basis carbon hydrogen skeleton. Then we have the suffix. Suffix is a functional group. Then I said before you name make sure you use your pencil to trace the longest continuous carbon chain in terms of unsaturation. This longest continuous carbon chain is going to cover the carbon that connects to the double bond.

[00:53:39]Okay. Then when you consider that and then you talk about the surface which is the functional group the functional group can be alkan which is saturated can be alkine can be alkine can be alcohol can be caroxilic can be amide.

[00:53:54]So all these things are functional groups.

[00:53:57]Now then I'm going to name the compound as if with respect to the functional group like somebody saying h I'm your name is h David mark. So that mark is like your parent the parent name and your name the functional group. So I cannot name if I said David I say which of the David so that mark makes me to know the exact David. So that's the functionality. So I want you to understand that. Then when I I'm done when I have whenever I want to name consider the longest carbon continuous carbon chain then any other thing that fall out become a substituent consider the functional group and give this functional group the minimal number on the longest continuous carbon chain and when you have in the absence of functional group make sure you follow the r that will give the sum of the substituent the minimal number okay then when I have more than one substituent like hydroxy group and caroxilic group.

[00:54:54]Caroxilic group becomes a substituent and hydro group become a subst caroxilic group become the functional group. Why hydro group become the substituent? Because caroxyic group take highest priority and when I have hydroxy group and hogen hydro group takes priority of the functional group while hogen becomes substitute and when there is no other functional group except hogen hogen becomes a functional group meaning I'm going to name the compound as a hall compound then we talk about cylo compound that when you have a cylo compound you have to follow the route around the ring clockwise or anticlockwise to measure that the minimum sum of the substituent is lower and in that case I must consider the functional group giving it a priority before moving right or left to make sure the my substituent have a minimal sum so we also talked about that alcohol can be unsaturated we can have a alkenol alkenol means that my alcohol is not saturated it's unsaturated so in that same manner I name alcohol alcohol or alkenol I can also name are kenol. In that case I have to indicate the position of of unsaturation and the position of alcohol in my naming and I also said that in this class in this naming instead of using carbon you can also use strokes in using strokes each of the angle represents carbon and I also advise not to use this method if you're dealing on pen and paper and you're not conversant and whenever you're given a question inity that has to do with strokes what you need to do Use your barrel or whatever to put on those angle. Each of the angle from terminal to the terminal represent carbon. So you have to name to know the number of con because this thing can be very dicey in exam hall. You can see this two different options that are similar except you have an ego eye you will not know the differences. So that's why it's very very important for you to understand this so as not to make mistake. So ask your questions at this stage. We have just 5 minutes to go and ask some questions.

[00:57:16]Any questions so far?

[00:57:20]>> Okay. Um, good morning ma ma. I would like to I would like to have more knowledge on the sis and um trans.

[00:57:30]>> Okay.

[00:57:32]Now when you talk about and I think at this level they might not like to use Z.

[00:57:37]Let me use normal C and TR for you.

[00:57:39]Let's go back to the slide of the se and trans.

[00:57:43]I think if you go to my channel there's a place I treated our king.

[00:57:51]I don't know whether in your syllabus you're going to be treated dealing with our king. On the slide I treated on our king the season and trans was detailed.

[00:58:00]Okay. Now when you have a compound when you have a compound that is unsaturated what you have to ask yourself is that what are the carbon that connect to this unsaturation. The two carbon that is connected by double bond is the carbon you have to consider. When you look at those two carbon then look at the substitute around them.

[00:58:29]Now this carbon the total number of the longest continuous carbon shown here is 1 2 3 4 5 making it P. Now on that five carbon number two and three are where my substituent my double bond is which is a functional group. Now I will circle that two and three then I will circle also with another bro the other substitutant on each of them. Remember if you look at the first structure if I divide these two things into two one will have they will have different things. So whenever I see those two h carbon connected by double bond use your pences to divide them into two. So meaning that they are separated. So if I want to consider a the first carbon I have metal and hydrogen for it. The second carbon I have metal and eil for it. So now each of the carbon is going to bring out something. They say this is my my best bet and the best bet is supposed to be determined by the uh highest atomic number. So the first carbon is have hydrogen and metal. So it's going to donate metal as the highest bet. The second carbon has metal and eil. So it highest bet is eil. It's going to denote eil. If I look at the two compound metal and ethil they are not on the same side of the double bond they are on opposite side that's why I'm calling this isomer to be a c a trans isomer because the substitute are on opposite direction in the same manner on the second structure by my right you can realize that the same carbon the first carbon connected the first carbon being connected to the double bond still have metal and hydrogen. Then in second carbon the metal the ethil has been up no more down why metal is down. So meaning that both priority because the best bet of second carbon is and is and the best bet of first carbon is met. So both of them are facing on the same side.

[01:00:42]>> Okay, that's what we call them.

[01:00:45]That's why we call them S is or they can be represented by Z or Z is that answer your question?

[01:00:55]>> Yes, ma'am. Thank you very much, ma'am.

[01:00:57]>> Thank you. Any other question?

[01:01:02]Okay, I'm going to share the slide with you. Please make sure you go through the slide today. Don't postpone it tomorrow.

[01:01:09]Make sure you go through the slide and if there's anything you don't still understand it can be shut me but don't overcrowd my dear with plenty shot please let it be something that you know you've gone through you did not understand okay so by Wednesday is for holiday there's no class on Wednesday by Friday another lecturer will be taking you up okay I think we have like three or four lecturers to go but you're going to enjoy the class make sure you're taking your notes. Make sure you're not absent from the class apart from attendance.

[01:01:43]Chemistry is not something you can understand without being available no matter what it takes. That's why we made it made it online that wherever you are you can connect. Make sure you connect and make sure your network is stable. So do enjoy the rest of your day. Thank you very much.

[01:01:59]Cost reps share attendance with me.

[01:02:02]Thank you.

[01:02:03]>> Thank you ma'am.

[01:02:05]>> Thank you. Bye.

[01:02:07]>> Thank you. my back.