Coptic language | Wikipedia audio article

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[00:00:01]coptic or coptic egyptian boheric ti.met.rem.n.k.h me and sahidic t mant urm n kheme is the latest stage of the egyptian language a northern afro-asiatic language spoken in egypt until at least the 17th century as official language egyptian began to be written in the coptic alphabet an adaptation of the greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent egyptians sounds the greek language did not have in the first century a.d several distinct coptic dialects are identified the most prominent of which are sahidic originating in parts of upper egypt and boheric originally from the western nile delta in lower egypt coptic and demotic are grammatically closely related to late egyptian which was written with egyptian hieroglyphs coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries and its boheric dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the coptic orthodox church of alexandria it was supplanted by egyptian arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period but language revitalization efforts have been underway since the 19th century topic name the native coptic name for the language is t met rem and k e me in the boheric delta dialect t meant rem n kimi in the sahidic valley dialect the particle prefix me n t from the verb muti to speak forms many abstract nouns in coptic not only those pertaining to language the term ramenkami ramenki meaning egyptian literally person of egypt is a compound of rem which is the construct state of the coptic noun man human being plus the genitive preposition e n of plus the word for egypt kemi keem cf chemit thus the whole expression literally means language of the people of egypt or simply egyptian language another name by which the language has been called is timminkeptayan from the capto greek form timanteguptian egyptian language the term logos ni guptio's egyptian language is also attested in sahitik but logos and iguptios are both greek and origin in the liturgy of the coptic orthodox church of alexandria the name is more officially t aspi n rem n kemi the egyptian language aspie being the egyptian word for language geographic distribution coptic is today spoken liturgically in the coptic orthodox and coptic catholic church along with modern standard arabic the language is spoken only in egypt and historically has had little influence outside of the territory except for monasteries located in nubia coptic's most noticeable linguistic impact has been on the various dialects of egyptian arabic which is characterized by a coptic substratum in lexical morphological syntactical and phonological features influence on other languages in addition to influencing the grammar vocabulary and syntax of egyptian arabic coptic has lent to both arabic and modern hebrew such words as timsa arabic tiemsa hebrew crocodile amsa this subsequently entered turkish as timsa it should be noted however that coptic is grammatically masculine and hence would have been vocalized pemsa or bemsa sahidic boharic hence it is unclear why the word should have entered arabic with an initial t which would have required the word to be grammatically feminine i.e sahidic asterisk boharic asterisk this subsequently entered catalan and spanish via andalusian arabic as tova and adobe respectively the latter of which was borrowed by american english wahawat oasis sahidik wahe boharik wahi this subsequently entered turkish as vahaa few words of coptic origin are found in the greek language some of the words were later lent to various european languages such as barge from coptic bari small boat however most words of egyptian origin that entered into greek and subsequently into other european languages came directly from ancient egyptian often demotic an example is the greek oasis oasis which comes directly from egyptian wt or demotic wage a however coptic reborrowed some words of ancient egyptian origin into its lexicon via greek for example both sahidic and boharik use the word abenos which was taken directly from greek abeno's ebony originally from egyptian hb and j many major cities names in modern egypt are arabic adaptations of their former coptic names tana tantitho assayet siowt phyam pm dhumit tamiyati aswan suwan damanhur timenhor the coptic name pap note from egyptian pyp ter means belonging to god or he of god it was adapted into arabic as babnoda which remains a common name among egyptian cops to this day it was also borrowed into greek as the name pafnushios pafnushas that in turn is the source of the russian name pafnotic pafnati like the mathematician pafnati chebyshev the old nubian language and the modern nobin language borrowed many words of coptic origin history the egyptian language may have the longest documented history of any language from old egyptian that appeared just before 3200 bc to its final phases as coptic in the middle ages coptic belongs to the later egyptian phase which started to be written in the new kingdom of egypt later egyptian represented colloquial speech of the later periods it had analytic features like definite and indefinite articles and paraphrastic verb conjugation coptic therefore is a reference to both the most recent stage of egyptian after demotic and the new writing system that was adapted from the greek alphabet pre-islamic period the earliest attempts to write the egyptian language using the greek alphabet are greek transcriptions of egyptian proper names most of which date to the ptolemaic kingdom scholars frequently refer to this phase as pre-coptic however it is clear that by the late period of ancient egypt demotic scribes regularly employed a more phonetic orthography a testament to the increasing cultural contact between egyptians and greeks even before alexander the great's conquest of egypt coptic itself or old coptic takes root in the first century the transition from the older egyptian scripts to the newly adapted coptic alphabet was in part due to the decline of the traditional role played by the priestly class of ancient egyptian religion who unlike most ordinary egyptians were literate in the temple scriptoria old coptic is represented mostly by non-christian texts such as egyptian pagan prayers and magical and astrological papyri many of them served as glosses to original hieratic and demotic equivalents the glosses may have been aimed at non-egyptian speakers under late roman rule diocletian persecuted many egyptian converts to the new christian faith which forced new converts to flee to the egyptian deserts in time the growth of these communities generated the need to write christian greek instructions in the egyptian language the early fathers of the egyptian church such as anthony the great pahomius the great macarius of egypt and athanasius of alexandria who otherwise usually wrote in greek addressed some of their works to the egyptian monks in egyptian the egyptian language now written in the coptic alphabet flourished in the second and third centuries however it was not until sheneut that coptic became a fully standardized literary language based on the sahidic dialect shanota's native egyptian tongue and knowledge of greek and rhetoric gave him the necessary tools to elevate coptic in content and style to a literary height nearly equal to the position of the egyptian language in ancient egypt islamic period the muslim conquest of egypt by arabs came with the spread of islam in the 7th century at the turn of the 8th century caliph abid al-malik ibn marwan decreed that arabic replace coin greek and coptic as the sole administrative language literary coptic gradually declined and within a few hundred years egyptian bishop severus ibben al-mukhofa found it necessary to write his history of the patriarchs in arabic however ecclesiastically the language retained an important position and many hagiographic texts were also composed during this period until the 10th century coptic remained the spoken language of the native population outside the capital persecutions under the mamluk sultanate 1250-1517 led to the further decline of coptic until it completely gave way to egyptian arabic around the 17th century though it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer in the second half of the 19th century pope cyril iv of alexandria started a national church-sponsored movement to revive coptic several works of grammar were published with all a more comprehensive dictionary than had been formerly available the scholarly findings of the field of egyptology and the inauguration of the institute of coptic studies further contributed to the renaissance efforts at language revitalization continue to be undertaken both inside and outside the church and have attracted the interest of copts and linguists in and outside of egypt writing system coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the greek alphabet with the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in demotic egyptian that makes it comparable to the latin-based icelandic alphabet which includes the runic letter thorn there is some variation in the number and forms of these signs depending on the dialect some of the letters in the coptic alphabet that are of greek origin were normally reserved for words that are themselves greek old coptic texts employed several graphemes that were not retained in the literary coptic orthography of later centuries in sahitik syllable boundary may have been marked by a superlinear stroke or the stroke may have tied letters together in one word since coptic texts did not otherwise indicate word divisions some scribal traditions use a diarysis over i and u at the beginning of a syllable or to mark a diphthong boherik uses a superposed point or small stroke known as ajinkam literature the oldest coptic writings date to the pre-christian era old coptic though coptic literature consists mostly of texts written by prominent saints of the coptic church such as anthony the great pohomius the great and shenut chenude helped fully standardize the coptic language through his many sermons treatises and homilies which formed the basis of early coptic literature vocabulary the core lexicon of coptic is egyptian most closely related to the preceding demotic phase of the language up to 40 of the vocabulary of literary coptic is drawn from greek but borrowings are not always fully adapted to the coptic phonological system and may have semantic differences as well there are instances of coptic texts having passages that are almost entirely composed from greek lexical roots however that is likely due to the fact that the majority of coptic religious texts are direct translations of greek works what invariably attracts the attention of the reader of a coptic text especially if it is written in the sauidic dialect is the very liberal use which is made of greek loan words of which so few indeed are to be found in the ancient egyptian language their greek loanwords occur everywhere in coptic literature be it biblical liturgical theological or non-literary i.e legal documents and personal letters though nouns and verbs predominant the greek loan words may come from any other part of speech except pronouns words or concepts for which no adequate egyptian translation existed were taken directly from greek to avoid altering the meaning of the religious message in addition other egyptian words that would have adequately translated the greek equivalents were not employed as they were perceived as having overt pagan associations old coptic texts employ many such words phrases and epithets for example the word who is in his mountain is an epithet of anubis there are also traces of some archaic grammatical features such as residues of the demotic relative clause lack of an indefinite article and possessive use of suffixes thus the transition from the old traditions to the new christian religion also contributed to the adoption of greek words into the coptic religious lexicon it is safe to assume that the everyday speech of the native population retained to a greater extent its indigenous egyptian character which is sometimes reflected in coptic non-religious documents such as letters and contracts topic phonology coptic provides the clearest indication of later egyptian phonology from its writing system which fully indicates vowel sounds and occasionally stress pattern the phonological system of later egyptian is also better known than that of the classical phase of the language because of a greater number of sources indicating egyptian sounds including cuneiform letters containing transcriptions of egyptian words and phrases and egyptian renderings of northwest semitic names coptic sounds in addition are known from a variety of coptic arabic papyri in which arabic letters were used to transcribe coptic and vice versa they date to the medieval islamic period when coptic was still spoken topic vowels there are some differences of opinion among coptic language scholars on the correct phonetic interpretation of the writing system of coptic differences center on how to interpret the pairs of letters epsilon eta and omicron omega in greek spelling the first member of each pair is a short closed vowel e o and the second member is a long open vowel in some interpretations of coptic phonology it is assumed that the length difference is primary with epsilon a to e e and omicron omega is o o other scholars argue for a different analysis in which epsilon ada and omicron omega are interpreted as e and o these two charts show the two theories of coptic vowel phonology dialects vary in their realization the difference between o and u seems to be allophonic evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that these are distinct vowels and if they are the difference has a very low functional load for dialects that use orthographic for a single vowel there appears to be no phonetic difference from double orthographic vowels are presumed here to be long as that makes the morphology more straightforward another common interpretation is that these represented glottal stop ocmimic is conservative close to what is reconstructed for old coptic there is no length distinction in final stress position but only those vowels that occur long appear there in sahitik the letter epsilon was used for short e before back fricatives and also for unstressed schwa it's possible there was also a distinction between short and uh but if so the functional load was extremely low again length is neutralized in final stress position boherik did not have long vowels i was only written as above it's possible that u and o were distinct vowels rather than just allophones in late coptic that is late boheric the vowels were reduced to those found in egyptian arabic a i u became u became a and became either i or a it's difficult to explain however it generally became in stressed monosyllables i in unstressed monosyllables and in polysyllables a when followed by i and i when not there were no doubled orthographic vowels in mesokimic some representative correspondences with sahidic are it's not clear if these correspondences reflect distinct pronunciations in mesochemic or if they're an imitation of the long greek vowels topic consonants as with the vowels there are differences of opinion over the correct interpretation of the coptic consonant letters particular the letters and is transcribed as j in many older coptic sources and as or lambdan 1983 notes that the current conventional pronunciations are different from the probable ancient pronunciations sahidic was probably pronounced t and was probably pronounced k reinges 2004 p 22 suggests that was pronounced the following chart shows the consonants that are represented in sahidik coptic orthography consonants that are rare or found primarily in greek loanwords are shown in parentheses beside being found in greek loanwords the letters phi theta chi were used in native words for a sequence of p t k plus h as in topic the way f.s.g and the snake m.s.g the letters did not have this use in boheric which used them for single sounds it is possible that in addition there was a glottal stop that was not consistently written coptic does not seem to have had a glottal stop at the beginning of orthographically vowel initial words it's possible that vowels written double were an attempt to indicate glottal stop rather than a long vowel in the middle of a word however there is little evidence for this e.g arabic loans with short vowels and glottal stop are not written with double vowels in coptic and coptic words with double orthographic vowels are transcribed with long vowels rather than hamza in arabic in late coptic ca 14th century boheric sounds that did not occur in egyptian arabic were lost a possible shift from a tenuous aspirate distinction to voice tenuous is only attested from the alveolars the only place that arabic has such a contrast earlier phases of egyptian may have contrasted voiceless and voiced bilabial plosives but the distinction seems to have been lost late egyptian demotic and coptic all interchangeably use their respective graphemes to indicate either sound for example coptic for iron appears alternately as and that probably reflects dialect variation both letters were interchanged with and to indicate f and was also used in many texts to indicate the bilabial approximant with coptologists believe that coptic was articulated as a voiced bilabial fricative beta in the present day coptic church services this letter is realized as v but it is almost certainly a result of the pronunciation reforms instituted in the 19th century whereas old egyptian contrasts s and z the two sounds appear to be in free variation in coptic as they were since the middle egyptian period however they are contrasted only in greek loans for example native coptic anzab and ansab school are homophonous other consonants that sometimes appear to be either in free variation or to have different distributions across dialects are t and d r and l especially in the feyemic dialect a feature of earlier egyptian and k and with the voiceless stop consonants being more common in coptic words and the voiced ones in greek borrowings apart from the liquid consonants this pattern may indicate a sound change in later egyptian leading to a neutralization of voiced alveolar and velar plosives when the voiced plosives are realized it is usually the result of consonant voicing in proximity to n though there is no clear evidence that coptic had a glottal stop different orthographic means have been posited for indicating one by those who believe that it did with word initially with word finally in monosyllabic words in northern dialects and in monosyllabic words in achmimic and acidic by reduplication of a vowel's grapheme but mostly unwritten a few early manuscripts have a letter or c where sahidik and boharik have s and akhmimic has x this sound seems to have been lost early on grammar coptic is agglutinative with subject-verb-object-word order but can be verb subject object with the correct preposition in front of the subject number gender tense and mood are indicated by prefixes that come from late egyptian the earlier phases of egyptian did this through suffixation some vestiges of the suffix inflection survive in coptic mainly to indicate inalienable possession and in some verbs compare the middle egyptian form asterisk satipaffa he chooses written stp f in hieroglyphs to coptic sahidic f.s he chooses nouns all coptic nouns carry grammatical gender either masculine or feminine usually marked through a prefixed definite article is in the romance languages masculine nouns are marked with the article p p and feminine nouns with the article t in the sahitik dialect and pi p and t in the boheric dialect though herrick pi r o me the man t d the hand sahidic p r o me the man c the hand the definite and indefinite articles also indicate number however only definite articles mark gender coptic has a number of broken plurals a vestige of older egyptian but in the majority of cases the article marks number generally nouns inflected for plurality end in but there are some irregularities the dual was another feature of earlier egyptian that survives in coptic in only few words such as snow ii words of greek origin keep their original grammatical gender except for neuter nouns which become masculine in coptic pronouns coptic pronouns are of two kinds dependent and independent independent pronouns are used when the pronoun is acting as the subject of a sentence as the object of a verb or with a preposition dependent pronouns are a series of prefixes and suffixes that can attach to verbs and other nouns coptic verbs can therefore be said to inflect for the person number and gender of the subject and the object a pronominal prefix marks the subject and a pronominal suffix marks the object e.g i i have it the ball when as in this case the subject is a pronoun it normally isn't also expressed independently unless for emphasis as in other afroasiatic languages gender of pronouns differ only in the second and third person singular the following table shows the pronouns of the sahidian dialect adjectives most coptic adjectives are actually nouns that have the attribute of particle n to make them adjectival in all stages of egyptian this morpheme is also used to express the genitive for example the boharic word for egyptian ramenki me is a combination of the nominal prefix rem the reduced form of romi man followed by the genitive morpheme n of and finally the word for egypt kemi verbs topic verbal grade system coptic like ancient egyptian and semitic languages has root and pattern or templatic morphology and the basic meaning of a verb is contained in a root and various derived forms of root are obtained by varying the vowel pattern for example the root for build is kt it has four derived forms kate the absolute state grade ket the nominal state grade cot equals the pronominal state grade and kate the state of grade the nominal state grade is also called the construct state in some grammars of coptic the absolute nominal and pronominal state grades are used in different syntactic contexts the absolute state grade of a transitive verb is used before a direct object with the accusative preposition n m and the nominal state grade is used before a direct object with no case marking the pronominal state grade is used before a pronominal direct object and clitic in addition many verbs also have a neutral state grade used to express a state resulting from the action of the verb compare the following forms absolute state grade nominal state grade pronominal state grade for most transitive verbs both absolute and nominal state-grade verbs are available for non-pronominal objects however there is one important restriction known as gernstit's rule or the sterngenstep rule girnstet 1927.

[00:25:26]present tense sentences cannot be used in the nominal state grade thus sentences in the present tense always show a pattern like the first example above absolute state never the second pattern nominal state in general the four grades of coptic verb are not predictable from the root and are listed in the lexicon for each verb the following chart shows some typical patterns of correspondence it is hazardous to make firm generalizations about the relationships between these grade forms but the nominal state is usually shorter than the corresponding absolute and neutral forms absolute and neutral state forms are usually by syllabic or contain a long vowel the corresponding nominal state forms are monosyllabic or have short vowels topic tense aspect mood inflection coptic has a very large number of distinct tense aspect mood categories expressed by particles which are either before the verb or before the subject the future i na is a preverbal particle and follows the subject in contrast the perfective a is a pre-subject particle there is some variation in the labels for the tense aspect mood categories the chart below shows the labels from reinjes 2004 lambda 1983 plumley 1948 where they agree only one label is shown each form lists the morphology found with a non-prenominal subject and a third-person singular masculine pronominal subject an approximate range of use for most of the tense aspect mood categories is shown in the following table second tenses an unusual feature of coptic is the extensive use of a set of second tenses which are required in certain syntactic contexts second tenses are also called relative tenses in some work topic prepositions coptic has prepositions rather than postpositions pronominal objects of prepositions are indicated with enclitic pronouns arrow equals k to u m.s.g naw equals n for use many prepositions have different forms before the enclytic pronouns compare ept oy to the ship arrow equals f to him topic syntax topic sentential syntax coptic typically shows subject verb object svo word order as in the following examples the verbs in these sentences are in the absolute state grade which requires that its direct object be introduced with the preposition n m this preposition functions like accusative case there is also an alternative nominal state grade of the verb in which the direct object of the verb follows with no preposition dialects there is little written evidence of dialectal differences in the pre-coptic phases of the egyptian language due to the centralized nature of the political and cultural institutions of ancient egyptian society however literary old and middle classical egyptian represent the spoken dialect of lower egypt around the city of memphis the capital of egypt in the old kingdom later egyptian is more representative of the dialect spoken in upper egypt especially around the area of thebes as it became the cultural and religious center of the new kingdom coptic more obviously displays a number of regional dialects that were in use from the coast of the mediterranean sea in northern egypt south into nubia and in the western oases however while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic namely phonological and some lexical variation they mostly reflect localized orthographic traditions with very little grammatical differences upper egypt sahidic sahidic also known as the baik is the dialect in which most known coptic texts are written and was the leading dialect in the pre-islamic period it is thought to have originally been a regional dialect from the area around hermopolis coptic shmoonan around 300 it began to be written in literary form including translations of major portions of the bible see coptic versions of the bible by the 6th century a standardized spelling had been attained throughout egypt almost all native authors wrote in this dialect of coptic sahidic was beginning in the 9th century challenged by boherek but is attested as late as the 14th while texts in other coptic dialects are primarily translations of greek literary and religious texts sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts because sahidic shares most of its features with other dialects of coptic with few peculiarities specific to itself and has an extensive corpus of known texts it is generally the dialect studied by learners of coptic particularly by scholars outside of the coptic church topic akmic akmic was the dialect of the area around the town of akm greek panopoulos it flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries after which no writings are attested akhmimik is phonologically the most archaic of the coptic dialects one characteristic feature is the retention of the phoneme x which is realized as in most other dialects similarly it uses an exceptionally conservative writing system strikingly similar to old coptic lycopolitan lycopolitan also known as subak mimic and acidic is a dialect closely related to akhmimic in terms of when and where it was attested but manuscripts written in lycopolitan tend to be from the area of a sayat the main differences between the two dialects seem to be graphic in nature the lycopolitan variety was used extensively for translations of gnostic and manichaean works including the texts of the nag hamadi library topic lower egypt boheric the boheric also known as memphitic dialect originated in the western nile delta the earliest boheric manuscripts date to the 4th century but most texts come from the 9th century and later this may be due to poor preservation conditions for texts in the humid regions of northern egypt it shows several conservative features in lexicon and phonology not found in other dialects boherek is the dialect used today as the liturgical language of the coptic orthodox church replacing sahidic some time in the 11th century in contemporary liturgical use there are two traditions of pronunciation arising from successive reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries see coptic pronunciation reform modern revitalization efforts are based on this dialect topic feyemic feyamich also written as feyumic in older works it is often called bashmuric was spoken primarily in the fiam west of the nile valley it is attested from the third to the 10th centuries it is most notable for writing which corresponds to l where other dialects generally use are probably corresponding to a flap in earlier stages of egyptian the liquids were not distinguished in writing until the new kingdom when late egyptian became the administrative language late egyptian orthography utilized a grapheme that combined the graphemes for r and n in order to express l demotic for its part indicated l using a diacritic variety of r topic oxirincide oxyrinkite also known as mesochemic or confusingly middle egyptian is the dialect of oxyrincus and surrounding areas it shows similarities with feyimage and is attested in manuscripts from the 4th and 5th centuries topic see also british library coptic language collection coptic alphabet coptic orthodox church of alexandria egyptian language egyptian arabic nag hamadi library list of coptic place names topic references topic further reading topic general studies able carl 1855 on the coptic language transactions of the philological society 5. emel stephen 1992 languages coptic in the anchor bible dictionary edited by david noel friedman vol 4 of 6 vols new york doubleday 180-188 guessman a.m 1976 the birth of the coptic script university of south florida language quarterly 14 2-3 gignik frances thomas 1991 old coptic in the coptic encyclopedia edited by aziz suriel atiya volume 8 of 8 vols new york and toronto macmillan publishing company and collier mcmillan canada 169-188 casser radalf 1991 dialects in the coptic encyclopedia edited by aziz suriel etia volume 8 of 8 vols new york and toronto macmillan publishing company and collier mcmillan canada 87-96 wolfgang cossack lerbic des coptician telai coptice grammatic teal 2 coptisch grotz 1974 loprino antonio 1995 ancient egyptian a linguistic introduction cambridge cambridge university press polotsky hans jacob 1971 coptic in afro-asiatic a survey edited by carlton taylor-hodge jana linguerum series practica 163 s gravenhidge and paris mouton 67-79 topic grammars and grammatical studies chain marius 1933 aylamont's de gramer dialectal copt boherik sahidic acmemek feumiq paris paul guthner eberle andrea and regine schultz 2004. coptis ein lightfaden durch da sadish l-i-n-c-o-m languages of the world materials 07 munich l-i-n-c-o-m europa gernstet peter v 1927 das koptische prasins un di angnufungsarden des naheran objects comptas rendus de la catamesche des sciences de lunion republique sovietique socialistais 2 69-74 lamdan thomas odin 1983 introduction to sahidic coptic macon mercer university press layton bentley 2000 a coptic grammar sahidic dialect with a christomathy and glossary portalinguerum orientalium ns 20 wiesbaden harrisovitz layton bentley 2007 coptic in 20 lessons introduction to sahidik coptic with exercises and vocabularies peter's publishers isbn 90-429-1810-1 mallon alexis 1956 gramer copt bibliography chrestomathy et vocabulaire 4th edition baruth mudder nabeel 1990 a study in boherek coptic pasadena hope publishing house plumley john martin 1948 introductory coptic grammar london home and van thal polotsky hans jacob 1987 grundlogen des coptician satspouse american studies in paperology 28 decatur georgia scholars press reinjus chris h 2004 coptic egyptian sahidic dialect a learner's grammar cologne rudiger kopp verlag isbn 978389645-570-3 reinjus chris h 2010 coordination converbs and clause chaining in coptic egyptian typology in brill isabel claus linking and clause hierarchy studies in language companion series 128 amsterdam john benjamins isbn 9789 shisha halevi ariel 1988 coptic grammatical christomothy a course for academic and private study orientalia lavoniencia analecta 30 luven peters shisha halevi ariel 1986 coptic grammatical categories structural studies in the syntax of shenuti and sahidik analecta orientalia 53 roma pontificium institutum biblicum isbn 887653-255552 shisha halevi ariel 2007 topics in coptic syntax structural studies in the boheric dialect orientalia lavoniencia analecta 160 leuven paris dudley m.a peters isbn 97890-429-18757 tatum henry a compendious grammar of the egyptian language as contained in the coptic sahidic and bashmeric dialects london 1863 till walter c 1994 coptice dialect gramatic berlin walter de greiter vergote yosef 1973-1983 gramer copt leuven peters yunnen sammay 2005 so you want to learn coptic a guide to boharic grammar sydney saint mary saint bakomius and saint genoda coptic orthodox church topic dictionaries surni yaroslav 1976 coptic etymological dictionary cambridge new york cambridge university press crum walter ewing 1939 a coptic dictionary oxford clarendon press reprinted by sandpiper books limited london and powell's books chicago 2000 wolfgang cossack copticis hand lexicon des boeherian coptis deutsch arubish verlag christophe brunner basel 2013 isbn 9783-95240189-7 bicycle werner 1983. dictionar etymologique de la long copt leuven editions peters westendorf wolfheart 1965 1977 copticis handwarterbike heidelberg carl winter topic phonology depict leo 1993 on coptic sounds orientalia 62 new series 338-75 greenberg joseph h originally published 1962 the interpretation of the coptic vowel system on language selected writings of joseph h greenberg eds k denning and s kemmer stanford stanford university press 1990-428-38 grossmann eden and martin haspelmuth 2015 the leipzig jerusalem transliteration of coptic egyptian coptic linguistics in typological perspective e.d.s eaton grossman martin hasbelmoth antonio sebastian richter berlin munich boston walter de greiter 145-56 loprino antonio 1997 egyptian and coptic phonology phonologies of asia and africa including the caucasus volume 1 ed allen s k winona lake eisenbrounds 431-60 pust karsten 1999 egyptian phonology an introduction to the phonology of a dead language monographian zur egyptian sprash 2.

[00:41:51]goodingan pust and gutschmidt topic bibliographies camera winifred compiler a coptic bibliography ann arbour university of michigan press 1950 reprint new york kraus reprint co 1969 wolfgang cossack der koptische heiligen calendar deutsche koptisch arubish natch den besten kwellen neue berbete und volstandig heroskijben mit index sanctorum coptischer heiliger index der neyman alf coptis coptice patriarchalist geographish listae christophe brunner berlin 2012 isbn 9783-9524018 wolfgang cossack chenout vana tripe de judicio finale papyruscodex 63000 iv i'm museo iguisio di torino ein lighting text barebiting und ubersetzing wolfgang cossack christophe brunner berlin 2013 isbn 9783-952401859 wolfgang cossack basilios de archangelo michael cecidus pseudo eugodios de resurrection sohidus psudo euhodios de dormation mariai virginis sohitis and boharis nest variant in un fragmente in parallels island ediart comentirt unde ubersetst von wolfgang cossack christophe brunner berlin 2014 isbn 9783-906206 o2 8 wolfgang cossack novum testamentum coptus neues testament boharish edirt von wolfgang cossack novum testamentum boharis kurovit wolfgang cossack wolfgang cossack newey osgabe kristof brunner basel 2014 isbn 9783-9062 04 2 external links by alan susha a blog on coptic literature and manuscripts france dashcopt.net by mikhail david french coptic site coptic sounds a resource for the study of coptic phonology coptic language internet links and bibliography coptica.ch online library of coptic texts at university of geneva sitetext in french new athena unicode font includes the new coptic range online coptic tutorial a comprehensive coptic language resource rimenkime coptic block in the unicode 4.1 standard heike belmer selected bibliography on the coptic language coptic texts and manuscripts at leiden university library ifaon kopt a professional coptic font for researchers a set of coptic fonts new freefont freeserif face includes a coptic range