Lecture 15

Added: 2026-05-09

[00:00:20]Hello viewers, uh welcome to this another session. The title of uh today's lecture is medival Indian literature part one Delhi Sultnut and regional kingdoms. Agenda for today's discussion is set on your screen. Uh what do we mean by medival period? Is medival period only an era of Islamic rule?

[00:00:42]Different forms of knowledge development in medival period and uh what is difference between transcreation and translation and principle literary works. then importance of medival Indian literature.

[00:00:55]So these are some queries we have set for discussion and forthcoming uh uh content or uh uh we are going to involve in uh such kinds of discussion. So let's move towards the very idea of medival period when did it begin in the uh course of history. So actually there's no single universally accepted start date. Historians use different uh periodization, different uh uh basis of uh uh dividing the history on certain basis depending on political, cultural or religious markers. Uh uh some divide on the basis of agrarian structure, some divide on social structure, some divide.

[00:01:38]The most popular division of history is on the basis of the dynasties uh those ruled in the past in different places, different areas. So this period in in Indian history particularly this medival period was highly influenced by external and transborder influence in political cultural socioeconomic and religious structures. So the figure shows you see uh the broad division of medival period is in early medival period and high medival period. In early medival period normally uh in Indian history it is considered that hershana uh hershana's age was just the ending of the ancient Indian uh history uh up to 647 uh Christian era or the beginning of the uh 7th century and then uh uh it goes up to disintegration of Rajput's kingdoms up to 126 this entire period of almost 500 years is known uh better by the term Rajput period because the whole India north India as well as South India and Deken uh uh major division was in the form of the Rajput kingdoms Cholas, Chalikas, Pandas or Gjar, Pratiharas, Rashkutas and so many kingdoms were there. We will just have a glimpse on them. Then actual high medival period begins with the rule of uh Kudbadin Abbak. Uh and that uh the title of that period is uh popularly known in Indian history as Dilli Sultanat starting from 126 and the fall of Mughal Empire uh after the battle of Plasi 1757. Even Mughal period continues up to 1857 up to the age of Bahadu Shaza for second. But uh politically the power uh was uh vested basically in the company rule that is the colonial period begins in Indian history uh from 1757.

[00:03:39]So in all in a nutshell we can say that Delhi Sultanat covers the period of uh uh if we include the pre uh medieval period um and uh the beginning of Delhi Sultnat from uh 12th century or 13th century uh basically in the beginning of 13th century up to the uh 18th century the half part of 18th century then coming towards uh uh the contemporary scenario at a global level what happens it doesn't mean that whatever period is marked in Indian history as medal period the same period is marked in other part of the world with the same characteristics. So that's why we have we have to compare we can compare it that uh uh 800s to 500 uh 1500 in the global context this is called the premodern era in the global context where the age of faith or superstition is there and then renaiss starts in the world history from 1500 up to 1700. So when India was experiencing the medival period the rest of the world was experiencing the renaiss era particularly in the Europe. So we can u have the two ideas whether our characterization of the medival period is wrong because the same uh uh uh characteristics were also being experienced during the mughal period and the sultans. So what were the those points of differences when we are saying that it is the renaiss era in 1500 AD.

[00:05:01]So that's the questions of history and the history. We are not going to discuss these aspects in this particular lecture. We will just concentrate on the literature and the basic characteristics, translation works, transgression works in this particular medival period particularly in the context of India. But just for the sake of comparison, we have these these figures. His enlightenment era begins in Europe in 1700 AD and up to 1800. And then the modern era begins in Europe in 1800 up to 1950s.

[00:05:33]So that was the era in Indian uh uh history. You see that uh medieval period ended almost and uh the uh 1857 that was the first war of independence and as Saw worker says and uh uh that was also known as the gather of 19 1857 and after that you see that the rule of the company u expanded in the whole India and in 1947 the India got independence. So after that we entered into the modern period that period is known as the colonial period or uh postcolonial period right in 1947 but in the global history postmodern era 1960s ongoing. So this is the comparison but coming back towards our original discussion regarding the medival and early medival period in Indian context.

[00:06:25]So characteristics of first of all we have a glimpse of early medival period political fragmentation and regional kingdoms. So these were the pecular characteristics what prompted to establish the new kingdoms across the border across the uh culture and so on.

[00:06:41]So decline of panindian empires of ancient India like Morian, Guptans and Harshwadhana. These are the particular characteristics and on your screen you can have a glimpse of the map uh of 800 to 1200 uh AD. And here you can see the various kingdoms that belong to the uh pre-medal period like rashkutas, cholas are there and solenis are there, chahammans, tors and uh uh palas kingdoms in Bengal, Chandels, Bundal Khan etc. So uh you may have a glimpse these are the particular characteristics on your screen. Many regional kingdoms and disintegration of political power one of the reasons and then powerful Rajput kingdoms emerged. These kingdoms were basically uh Gorja Pertihar in uh and and Kanoj region where Ashwar hashwarana was ruling. Then Chawan uh of Ajimir and Delhi and then Pala and same kingdoms in Bengal. Then Solanki in Gujarat then Kuri and Parmar in the area of Malva plateau and Raja Bhoj is one of the very important and celebrated figure. We will just throw some light on his contribution to Indian knowledge traditions.

[00:07:55]Then Rajkutas, Palavas, Cholas and Chira, Chalukias in South India they were the most powerful kingdoms.

[00:08:02]Then another uh uh aspect of the characteristics of early medival India would include the feudalism tendencies.

[00:08:09]Growth of landed elites, local chieftains, land grants to brahmins, temples and uh feudatorries, rajutras and samanta systems emerged. lands were specifically uh uh devoted to or uh granted to the temples and specific peoples like Agrahar villages were there specifically devoted to the temples and many uh uh uh len grants are there on your screen you may uh see the tamraatras are there and uh uh on some papers around some instruments the grants and the temples on the walls of the temples the grants or the orders by released by the kings. Local chieftains were given uh as a as a form of uh uh the uh uh the land revenue uh concessions or sometimes in the in the form of lands donated to the temples and the specific peoples. So they became in later uh part as the feudal system or the samantas.

[00:09:10]Then temple economy and patronage temples became centers of economic activities, art, literature and social life. So we see that in the south India temples became the very strong source of the literature and dance and music and recreational activities and they contributed a lot in the form of performing arts and so on performing arts and per uh and and and music and and bhnatium came out of the temples of south India. donors recorded in inscriptions, Agrahara, Brahma form of uh these are the forms of the land grants and we can see that uh uh uh certain temples were specifically developed as a center of uh the economic activities too. Then characters another some other characteristics of early medival period would include art and architecture new temple styles Dravidian Nagara and Visara. These three three styles of temple construction architecture developed in this particular period. Huge architecture sculpture temples the the the size was very huge and then trade and maritime expansion. You can see on your screen one of the temples uh in south India uh Minakshi temples uh uh temple was there and Surya temple was there that a konak konak in Odisal there's a sura temple vraadishwar temple raj raeshwar temple so these are the very huge temples in architecture and beautifully uh constructed uh trade and maritime expansion in south India chola maritime activity in Southeast Asia trade with Shijaya China, Arab world. So this was the time when India was coming in the contact of international traders and many people were visiting to India because roots from different parts of the world were open. Arab traders also uh uh uh used to come and they were involved in the trading business and commercial activities with India long before the invasion of Mohammad bin Kasim. Traders came in the contact of Indian uh commerce and economic activities. So first contact with Arab was in the form of traders not in the invaders later on. And then uh we will discuss these aspects in forthcoming slides. Social and political changes, cast practices becoming more structured in some regions and new occupational specializations and skills. Uh autonomous agrarian communities uh became very important. Emergence of Vijayagar and Bahmani kingdoms. These are the very special characteristics of this period. Particularly in the 13th century, these kingdoms emerged as most powerful kingdoms as the regional kingdoms parallel to the Delhi Sultanat.

[00:11:50]And uh these are the different uh on on your screen you may see that these are the three basic forms of temple construction. Dravidian, Nagara and Visra. You can pause the screen and you can have a glimpse of the differences among them. Then emergence of medival period we just enter into uh from the pre-medal characteristics to the medival period how it emerged. So on your screen there is a map of 14th century and 15th century India. Uh what was the situation at that time? Medival India uh is post 126 at Sultanat and it is known as the later medieval period onwards. 126 onwards. and political landscape particularly regional kingdoms replaced panindian empires and regionalization temples local courts and vernacular lectures uh literature'ses grew strongly in local languages regional languages the rise of the Delhi sultanat marks a major political turning point but regional or non-Muslim politics uh continue to uh flourish in many parts many people have a uh uh uh misapprehension mention that medival period or the Dilli Sultanat or the Mughal period that period means the dominance of Islamic rule or dominance of Muslim kingdoms only. But uh on the canvas of history you may see that parallel uh establishments of the regional kingdoms by the non-Muslim rulers were also there. Rajput kingdoms were also there. Vijayagar Samraj was also there and so many other kingdoms in Gujarat in Bengal were also there. So both uh because only the uh central ruler's religion was Islam, it doesn't mean that the uh whole of the area was dominated by the Islamic rule. Even the followers in many instances we find that even the emperors or the sultans did not follow the basic principles of Islam and they ruled according to their own uh uh attitude and they wherever they uh liked uh in favor of their kingdom or in favor of their own uh achieve a achievements or uh aims of politics. they changed and manipulated the regional principles uh re uh uh uh the religious principles also. So we can have some certain examples and forthcoming discussions also the uh and then another point is Vijayagar and Bahmani empires we have already discussed it these these are the very uh powerful empires emerged during medival period rise of regional vernaculars that's very important characteristics that regional languages were developed uh Sanskrit remained prestigious language for scriptures because in ancient India Sanskrit was the uh uh fundamental or the main language of the scriptures and other religious discussion. But here regional languages grew as literary media for biitri literature. Tamil karnada, Telu, Marati, Bengali, early Hindi dialects became popular and Udu also emerged as one of the most popular Indian languages. Emergence of one form of Hindustani in northern India known as the Zavani Hindavi. Later on it is known as uh Raa or Udu.

[00:15:04]And uh Ramcharit Manas is one of the important contribution of this period.

[00:15:09]It was written in uh one of the dialects of Hindi that is in Avadhi. Uh Persian as the court language. Turkish, Persian and Arabic were used in the Sultanat and Mughal empire for literary writings.

[00:15:23]Persian became court language and received royal patronage. Major Indian literature was translated in Persian. So certain other characteristics of medal period would include religious ferment and devotional movements like bacti, vashnava and shava saints and temple cults across south and north. Shakism emerged in Bengal. The shakti puja where the dvi dura is the principal dity. Then tantricism, tantric system uh in Buddhism, revival of puranic Hinduism. Buddhism declined in many areas but survived in some areas like Bengali and Himalayan regions and uh uh you may see on your screen certain uh symbols of the shaki shakti puja and sufi influence was another important characteristic of medival period. It arrives later especially after 12th century but syncricatic trends begin before sultanat periods. Uh even during the 9th century sufis came to India.

[00:16:18]Sheh Ismile was I think one of the earliest Sufis who visited India. Later on uh Kajaman Chishti reached to Ajmir and he settled there and so on and Lahor was at that part of India. Then Shikh Kusman Ali Hushiri we have already discussed in uh one of the earlier lectures uh the compositions of Sufi literature. Then spiritual unity and harmony among spiritual cults was another important characteristic. and regional religious literature for the masses in vernacular languages and Ram charitwanas is one of the best examples where Sanskrit Balmiki's Ramadan who was originally in Sanskrit was uh transcreated by uh Goswami Tulsias in Awadi then uh other major literary development like Sufi and vernacular minglings rise of udu hindavi forms early lea or hindavi poetry begins to appear alongside persian fusion of Persian vocabulary with local idioms. Classical Telugu and Kanaka, Canada uh in quotes in the regional codes. Literary uh Florences under Vijayagar Empire in southern courts. Bengali Vashnava literature, sik literary corpus begins, himes of guru nanak and uh successive gurus later compiled in the guru gran sahab in the guru muki and then uh courtly persian pros and history chronicles, biographies and official literature for example mammoers uh uh and of the mughal courts and histories and administrative manuals. Then Mughal era gazetiers were very important documents of the Mughal courts. Mughal era historioggraphy and pros high quality court histories and administrative works and style aspersian pros chronicles and biography. So these are all the different forms of uh knowledge expansion in modal India. It was the expansion of ancient Indian knowledge traditions. Apart from the scriptures and the religious and spiritual literature'ses, the political, administrative, economic, commercial, technological, scientific areas were uh uh the vast arenas where uh these developments took place and in this particular lecture we are just concentrating on the literature related to these developments in Mughal and uh in in medival period. Mughal is just one uh the the part of fragments of this medival period. Then poetic forms and genres like gazal, masnavi, casida in persian and devotional padawali like kan and narrative retellings in vernaculars.

[00:18:52]So spiritual literature also experienced uh new forms of the new genre of literature where uh padas and uh uh literary uh compositions in the form of poetry were composed and uh created.

[00:19:07]Then other specific characteristics of the period would include political centralization and under Mughal's administrative systems like mansabdari and zupti that was the new administrative ideas. Then Indo-Persian culture and court patronage Persian language etiquates and aesthetics dominated court life. Patronage encouraged arts, architecture and literature because it was a new culture introduced to India. So it affected the entire social etiquates and manners in in the area of languages in the area of social life and also lifestyles. So everything uh just got uh uh uh what you say that uh uh the new styles emerged in Indian social life. So syncratism and religious fermentss coexistence and interaction between bacti sufism and emerging sikism because new religion was also uh introduced within the religion certain sects were there certain cults were there a spiritual arena was changed spiritual unity was remained so sufi took interest and Indian spiritual traditions and Indian uh opanishadic traditions mysticism and also came in the contact of the uh uh uh religious literature. nature of India and that's why in the later period the translation works started so that uh the new religion could be in contact of the uh uh the culture and religion and spirituality of the land where they were ruling. So that's why some criticism uh took place. Then administrative and revenue innovations in standardized land revenue system recordkeeping and larger bureaucracies in the administrative aspects economics and commercial aspects. Then monumental architecture and painting everything was influenced.

[00:20:54]Rise of mogul monumental architecture and court miniature paintings. New visual culture that was a new innovative idea where uh the literature was associated with the miniatures or the paintings the pictographic method was used while writing the poetry and pros.

[00:21:11]So books were uh associated with or uh full of the pictures the pictorial depictions of the story was there. So we will see the examples in forthcoming slides. Patronage networks imperial and regional courts patronize poets, history, historians, painters and architects. Then social mobility for service classes, legal pluralism, cultural standardization and elitist. So selective literature if we talk about uh some uh from the languages of Hindi, Udu or Persian, Hindi and Udu language uh emerged and developed. Udu is specifically the Indian language that came out of the contact of many people from different uh uh socio uh cultural backgrounds. Udu literally the word udu means the ha or the military camp in Delhi snnas the people from soldiers from the different backgrounds they used to live in one tent. So that's why in the course of interactions one common language emerged. So that for the sake of the facility of communication. So that came to be known as the udu. The udu literally means uh the military camp. That's why the udu emerges in the military camp for the sake of communication.

[00:22:23]And zafur nama by sharpin yazdi uses first time the term hindi in 1424.

[00:22:30]Uh on on your screen uh the three books are there. One is the safarama and uh uh the if you have to study or if you are interested in u uh wanting more about the origin of udu on this land because this is purely Indian language so you may go through the history of udu literature uh written by Ram Babu Sakina one of the most authentic books on the history of Udu literature then translation and transcreation that's very important aspects we have to understand the difference between the translation and transgression. So what is translation meaning and purpose? We have a glimpse because we have to understand that what uh many books of ancient India were translated in Persians and Arabic and regional vernaculars. Raman was translated by Prativas in Bangla. So in that perspective not only the Persian and Udu translation rather in regional languages many ancient Indian knowledge traditions were translated and practices were also uh transformed in into the regional flavor. So that's why we have to understand these two terms. Definition of translation would include translation as a process of rendering text from one language into another while uh preserving its original meaning, tone and structure as closely as possible. It aims for accuracy and faithfulness to the source. The purpose is to ensure that the target audience understands the same content as the source audience. So typical use particularly for academic works, legal documents, scriptures, technical manuals and historical text.

[00:24:04]For example, satam of ji this comes from the mundakopishad. The translation is truth alone triumps. So this is a literal translation of the term. But on the other hand, if you have a glimpse of transcreation meaning and purpose would include transcreation combines translation with creative adaptation, there is a scope for some changes. uh the artistic changes. It goes beyond literal meaning to recreate the emotional, cultural and contextual impact uh of the original uh message in another language. Uh the focus of transcreation is on resonance and effect not a strict linguistic equivalence. It doesn't mean that word by word you have to uh convey the same meaning. Purpose is to make the content emotionally and culturally relevant to a new audience.

[00:24:53]uh particularly its use is in advertising, poetry, literature, subtitles, religious, philosophical text uh where emotional tone matters. For example, the same um uh satv ji from kopnishad. Now transcreation would be different only the power of the truth prevails. So that is the emotional difference or the the difference between transcreation and the translation.

[00:25:19]Now the role of transcreations would include the works uh of this period 12th and 15th centuries majorly uh transcreation that shapes the life society and knowledge tradition in a uh it shapes the knowledge tradition in a new and contemporary context. on your screen two books are there. One is the nata shastra. Originally it was written by bharat money in ancient India. But Abhinav Gupta of the Kashmir Kashmir shamism he transcreated Nat Shastra on on on the rules and uh this pattern of transcreations what we have just um understood and another is Amir Husru who transcreated the Indian culture Indian Indian spiritual unity and Indian symbols in the form of poetry in the form of paheli in the form of spiritual compositions gori so sage permar D case.

[00:26:17]So this was the copate what Amirus uttered just on the demise of his shehaminia.

[00:26:26]In the same way the very famous popular Sufi song.

[00:26:34]So these are all the transcreations of the Indian symbols in his poetry. So these two are the best examples and another most important example is Shri Ramcharit Manas Kitivas Ramayana Abinav Guptas Natish Ramir Khosro's Hindavi compositions. So two we have uh taken uh these are the best Ramcharit manus is the transcreation of the uh Rama and it is not the translation of Ramra the transcreations because uh in the contemporary scenario uh Tulsias put his ideas also then prominent writers uh and literature of Hindi would include Amir Husru Jaso Malik Mohammad Jai known for Padmawat Tulsias Ramcharit Manas Kabir Duhas and songs suras and miraay vidyapati and raviidas dadu dal namas.

[00:27:27]These are the prominent writers in Hindi. Then major early medival literature would include Rajtarangi by Kalhar in Kashmir 11th century. Siddha hima shabdanosuhasana grammar and proodi was very uh important book and early uh mangal cavias this was a tradition emerged in Bengal and Orisa regional devotional narratives emergent uh in later sena period in 11th and 13th century Bengal then gowind by jayv uh it was originally written in Sanskrit in 12th century is an epic poem in Sanskrit that portrays the divine love story of Krishna and the gopies So uh here is Raja Bhoj Permar a legend in uh uh the Rajput period particularly Raja Bhoj of the Permar dynasty was a scholar king renowned for his monumental works in architecture, literature and engineering in Indian traditions and Indian society. One uh pro uh one proverb is often very popular Raja Bhoj and Ganguti. So he is the same Raja BJ who was also a man of letters, a man of wisdom and a and and the mo one of the most abless administrators and writers, poet and and uh uh he was a very important uh uh ruler of that time. Also he wrote books on architecture and built numerous temples including the unfinished Bhojeshwar temple in Bhpur that is on your screen. And then he is also credited with constructing the vast Bhoji uh Tal lake in Bopal uh which was created by daming the uh Kolans river and this is the Bhala uh he founded the Bhala a Sanskrit college at Dhar. So he was also known as the Saraswati Kabana.

[00:29:15]He used to sing also and uh because of his immense knowledge uh uh used to say that even goddess Saraswati lives in the uh throat or in the heart of Raja.

[00:29:29]So these are some books on your screen books by Raja some saranga sutrahar these are the very precious literature of Indian knowledge traditions during the medival period that's why in the very beginning I told you that med Indian knowledge tradition is not confined only to the ancient India neither through the that corpus of vic literature lot of things are there that emerged in the uh uh medival period also by different uh uh uh types of people different uh uh ability And from different calibers, people from different calibers and Raja Bhj was one of them. Samsarang sutrahar a comprehensive treatise on architecture and engineering. Then Saraswati kabhana a work on Sanskrit grammar and uh apart from panini grammar this is the uh I think uh none to uh uh means cannot be compared with any other level. This is the same level of the panein grammar you can say. Uh Raj Maharandanda a commentary on the yoga sutras of Patanjali. Then uh uh Shingar Percasha that is a treatise on aesthetics. Some other books what he has composed is the Siddhant Sangre Yog Sutrai Vidya Vinod Yupti Kalpataru Charua and Ayurveda Sarvaswa. So these are the certain books they all continued uh they all carried forward the traditions of ancient Indian knowledge traditions.

[00:30:56]Then Ferros Toglak another name uh apart from his political uh uh whatever he has done for the expansion of his kingdom when he reached to uh in 1361 invaded the fort of Nagarot modernday Kangala in Himachal Pradesh he found there a temple of Jalamuki Dvi. Inside the temple there was a huge library in which a lot of Sanskrit manuscripts were there. So he brought uh all the Sanskrit manuscripts to Delhi and later on uh the acquisition and translation of books work was done. The library the Jolamaki temple housed a vast library of Sanskrit manuscripts. Then sources vary on the number with figures ranging from 300 to,300 volumes were there of the manuscripts. So what he did with these books after bringing the manuscripts to Delhi, Ferosia who was interested in his scholarship commissioned their translation. Apart from a ruler administrator, he was also a lover of the books and lover of the uh writers too. He gave the task to a renowned scholar named Izuin Khalith Khani. Uh he's also called as the Azizuin Khan in some sources. So what Azizuin Khan did he composed uh he translated uh from Sanskrit to Persian and composed a book by the title the Dalai Ferro Shahi with the help of the contemporary scholars of Sanskrit 2. The translated work was titled Dalai Ferro Shahi. Its meaning is the proofs of ferrosa. It was a treatise that drew on Hindu scriptures and manuscripts on philosophy and divine nation found at the temple. So these works are equally important that add to the knowledge uh traditions of medieval India that was restored and preserved by such ways by the translation works also Delhi Sultanat or some other regional kingdoms emerged during 13th to 15th century. Vijayagar Empire, Bahmani Sultnat, Bengal Sultanat and Gujarat Sultanate and Malva and Jonpur and Rajput estates also. So these are the certain uh regional kingdoms where uh the literary works continued. Bengal royal patronage to translations 12th to 15th century uh number of uh uh sultans of Bengal also uh gave the patronage to the translation works on your screen.

[00:33:25]Laxshman scene if he starts with the Lakshm scene from the 11 18th cent 12th century Git Govind by Jay Dave so he was not a courtier of Lakshm but he was a contemporary to this period. U then Ruknodin Barbakshia he was the Sultan of Bengal. uh he uh allowed or he patroni patronized the Maladhar Basu and many other scholars uh uh who adapted version of Bhagwat Puran was translated or written in uh uh the Bengali or other languages too and then Sultan Alawudin Hussein Sha his period is considered as the golden age of Bengal uh literature Bengali literature where a number of Sanskrit literature us translate it into the vernacular that is Bengali. U some books or some translated versions are on your screen. You may pause and you may see kavindra mahabharata. It is the Bengali mahabharat and manasa vijay and adapt it. It is the adaptation of the padmma puran and bipraas chandidas kavindra peshwar. These are the very important scholarly names that contributed to uh the translation from Sanskrit to the Bangla. And then in Canada literature you can see in Deken India Adipurana by Adikavi Pampa. Pa is one of the very uh celebrated poets of Karna language in 10th century. Then Vikram Arjuna and Vijaya Pa Bharata.

[00:34:59]Then uh uh Sahasima Vijaya also Rana is another important uh poet who uh wrote this book sasabaya and then the shanti purana by puna. So pampa puna and raana these three are the very important karnada uh poets who contributed to this literature in Canada language. Then in Vijayanagar uh empire uh on your screen you can pause it and you can see that uh a vast uh uh creation of Sanskrit literature was done during Vijayanagar Empire uh 1336 to 1646 that is around uh 300 years. literature flourished in Sanskrit. Telgu, Canada and Tamil with the patronage from the rulers and Raja Krishna Devay was one of the most powerful and most uh uh noble uh rulers of Vijayagar Empire who himself was a uh scholar who also uh wrote and composed the many books in Telugu uh and Sanskrit also. Jambati kalyan is there. Usha Parinam is there and the Ras Mjari Amukt Mallaya is very important book by Raja Krishna Devra and so many other Vidyaran and S were the two brothers and two Vidyaran the credit goes for Sir Daran Sange we have discussed earlier it that we find the details of Indian schools of philosophy almost the orthodox and uh uh the uh traditional schools heterodox schools 16 schools were there vehanta vanta schools also emerged in 8th century onwards and earlier schools of six schools and uh three schools from Buddhism Janism. So all these details are available in servants sanre which was composed by the vidyar and he's also known as the madvachara.

[00:36:56]So uh some other Telgu literature is also on your screen. You may have a glimpse. Then Vijayagar Empire, Karnada, Tamil and transliteration works are also there. Uh this is also on your screen.

[00:37:09]So you can have a glimpse. The vast literature the great of literature was composed during medival period. So this is the end of the part one. So uh see you all the best uh in the next see you in the next part of this literature.

[00:37:22]Thank you very much.

[00:37:24]>> [music]