A technically precise but uninspired walkthrough of formulas that prioritizes exam efficiency over genuine physical intuition. It is a functional piece of academic bureaucracy that lacks any creative pedagogical spark.
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V - Learn Digital Classes | 2nd PU Online Class - 01Added:
Hello. Hello. Hello my dear students.
Hello my dear students.
So kindly join the class. I hope I'm audible.
Kindly make your attendance in the live chat.
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sound com.
Okay fine. Let's begin the class.
So in sections already we have completed mutual inductance section.
Fine.
So let's start the class.
Let's begin the class. Last class section I think I AC generator AC.
So last class mutual inductance mutual inductance concept mutual inductance.
Okay. Everyone is busing giving attendance.
mutual mutual inductance the last class.
So we have derived the expression for coefficient of mutual inductance or mutual induction of a coil pair of a coil in the formula. The formula is mutual inductance that is m is equal to mu not n_sub_1 n_sub_2 l into pi r2² p<unk> r2² which is called as area of the secondary coil induc coil area mutual inductance right n1 n2 are the number of turns of primary and secondary coil.
So attendance mutual inductance formula mutual inductance of pair of a coil not l r² right now today's topic is today's topic is generator generator or we can call this as dynamo generator or we call it as a dynamo.
What is a generator or a dynamo? A dynamo or generator is a device used to convert the device which is used to convert mechanical energy mechanical energy into electrical energy energy. The device used to convert mechanical energy into electric energy is called as dynamo or generator.
Can anybody tell me what is the device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy? The reverse.
If anybody knows comment the device which used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
attendance students comment if anybody knows.
Yes.
Uharum.
Okay. Motor. Yes. Super.
Electric motor.
Electric motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Reverse electric generator. Electric generator.
Yes.
The device which converts reverse reverse of this that is electrical energy into mechanical energy is called as electric motor and electric this dynamo. Electric generator or electric dynamo is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. How many uh on which principle it is works? It is very very important.
Again the principle on which electric dynamo generator works.
filling the blanks.
Right? Anybody know the answer?
Important question on which it is works.
Yes, no doubt the name of the chapter itself it is electromagnetic induction.
Yes, it works on the principle of EMI.
Electromagnetic induction principle dynamo generator work. Yes. Good. Good.
Right. Important question.
Fine.
Fine. Super. Now let us talk about types.
Types of dynam.
Types of dynamo generator. How many types we have? We have two types depending on how we can get the output current.
two types known as AC dynamo and DC dynamo. Right. Now let us talk about what is AC generator or AC dynamo. Okay.
First we talk about AC generator, right? AC generator.
So AC flamings right hand.
So before before let us switch to the animation.
Okay.
Animation better so that we can understand in a better way.
Okay, let us talk about how the AC and DC dynamo looks like with the animation.
I hope moisturizer not heavy sticky or no sticky feeling vitamin C fresh and bright to show clearly how the generator works.
One half has been colored yellow.
The armature can be rotated in various ways. For example, using pressurized steam as in a power plant, a flow of water from a dam or a flow of air from a wind turbine.
These parts are called slip rings.
>> They're also made of metal and are connected to the arm.
>> How they are connected?
>> The slip rings and the arm.
>> Look at how these two rings are connected. So this is again we have an very important question on this diagram.
draw the diagram of AC.
So we have a rectangular rectangular coil rectangular coil PQRS rectangular coil.
One end is connected to the one ring and another another end is connected to another ring. As you can see two rings are there. One end is connected to one ring. Another end is connected to another ring. Right? So this is how the AC looks like how the and these are called as brush and are connected to the armature.
>> The slip rings and the armature rotate together.
>> So see this is rotate like this.
>> The rings are connected to brushes made from carbon. The brushes make contact with the rings as the rings rotate. So they provide an electron flow within the system. In order to determine the magnitude and direction of current galvanometer is attached. Look at the how the oscillating.
[clears throat] [clears throat] 58 students are watching.
Right.
Right.
Strength 122 around. We have only few students are watching the class.
Okay. Look at alternating current is generated here.
>> When the armature starts to rotate, an electric current is formed. This is because the magnetic flux changes over time. Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic field that passes through a surface. Notice that electric current is formed not because of the magnetic flux but because of a change of flux. Magnetic flux might be non zero.
But if the rate of change of the flux is zero, there won't be a current.
Formation of electric current depends on the flux which can be calculated by this formula.
>> If the angle between the area vector and the magnetic field is zero, the rate of change of the flux is zero.
>> Okay. When the armature is parallel to the magnets, the rate of change of flux is zero. So that no electricity is generated. But as the aratee rotates, the magnetic flux starts to change.
Electrons in the armature start to flow and an electric current is formed. After a quarter of a cycle, the change of the magnetic flux reaches a maximum and so the current reaches a maximum. The current one direction See what happened here.
How the AC dynamo looks like or AC generator looks like.
Right? AC dynamo generator looks like.
So we have the two magnetic magnets here which produces the radial magnetic field.
So we have two magnets here.
So diagram is very very important again diagram draw the diagram of AC generator AC diagram.
So we lay we have a north pole here we have a south pole and between we have a uniform between we have a uniform electric field like this in between this we have uniform electric field right let us keep the first let us keep the rectangular coil this is a rectangular coil having n number of turns.
Right? So this one end is connected to one ring and this is the another end connected to the another ring and here we have a brushes two brushes and here we get a alternating current. So this is this is B1. This is B2. This is R1. This is R2. And what is this? PQRS is a rectangular coil. P QR S is a rectangular coil having n number of turns. And this entire ring is rotated about this axis.
Eaxis rectangular coil diagram.
I hope you are getting the diagram properly.
Comment if you are getting the class.
Okay. So this is the diagram. PQRS P QRS is a rectangular coil having n number of turns and then N and S are the magnetic field which produce a radial magnetic field and then okay done fine fine fine So NS is a produce a uniform magnetic field. Magnets produces radial magnetic field. Then what is R1? R1 and R2 are the two rings B1 and B2 are the contact brushes which connected to output AC.
Here we get a alternating current. So what happened here? What happened? When the coil is rotated, when the coil is complete half its turns, then the current flows from one direction that is PQRS. This is how the current will flow because in one direction look at the side PQ.
So half max one direction.
Let us take an example. Current is from PQRS induc. But next half cycle in next half cycle the side PQ comes to the south side and next R S R.
So halftation of the coil direction.
This is very very important. So one end of the coil is connected to one ring and another end is connected to another ring. So this is what happened when the current first induces from one direction. The current you can get from both the rings likewise from through the brushes. But when the current when the coil changes its rotation after the next half rotation of the coil what happened?
How you are taking the current is still same but the direction of the current changes. So this is how at every rotation after complete rotation after every half rotation of the coil current changes its direction.
definition. What is AC generator?
What is AC generator? AC the dynamo which generates the current.
The dynamo which generates a current which changes it direction periodically with time is called AC generator.
Right? An AC generator works on the principle of EMI.
The generator which produce or which generates the current which changes the direction periodically is called as AC generator.
So arrangement AC generator. I hope you understand this.
diagram.
Next DC dynamo DC generator.
DC generator. What is DC generator? DC generator is a device which generates the current which does not change its direction periodically is called DC generator.
Okay.
So again let us switch to the video part AC the change of the magnetic flux reaches a maximum. Let us move to the >> this change of the direction of the current is the biggest difference between alternating current and direct current. indirect current in order to prevent changes of current direction.
Only one ring has a >> what is the difference you can separate half ring complete rotation.
So this is how the current will stay only in one direction.
Half semi-ircular ring connect it is used.
>> This is DC dynamo >> in an AC generator. The free >> okay >> this chain only one ring known as a split ring is used.
>> So this is how it is >> in an AC generator the frequency at which the current changes direct.
>> Okay I hope you understand DC.
Okay.
DC.
Okay. DC same diagram just sorry.
Okay. Same diagram.
Okay.
Right.
So here you will get a changes here brushes.
These are the brushes. And here what we got is this here.
direction.
Okay. So AC output variation sine wave current varies first to current zero maximum RL0 direction change maximum zero. So this is how the current will get. This is called alternating current. And here what kind of current we will get? Here the current which does not change the direction. Current will get like this.
0 maximum 0 maximum 0 maximum 0 DC current maximum 0 maximum DC but 0 max capacitor best max.
This is how you'll get the current in one direction.
Okay. Fluctuation.
So fluctuation max value just peak value details.
I hope you understand the working of AC and DC generator.
AC generator. Okay.
What is generator? What is dynamo?
The device which converts mechanical energy into electric energy. Second ACM electromagnetic induction.
Second important first important definition.
Second, next diagram AC. Draw the label diagram of AC generator.
Diagram. Okay.
If I ask you to write three differences, three differences between AC generator and DC generator.
S and if I told you to write three differences any three three differences between AC and DC generator.
Yes.
Fine. Okay. First definition AC generator the the generator which generates the current which changes direction periodically with time is AC and the generator which generates the current but do not change the direction is called DC. Okay. And diagramate.
Okay.
Rotate direction of the current one half.
direction of the current fine.
Okay. Let us move to the most important derivation.
Most important derivation, last topic of the chapter, electromagnetic induction.
The last topic and last derivation very very important. Okay. The question is derive the derive the expression. Sorry. We have the expression for expression for instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator.
Derive the expression for instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator. This is a very important three marks derivation.
Derive the expression for instantaneous emf.
Instantaneous emf. EMF induced at any instant of time.
Sir, maximum zero maximum change.
Okay.
Why the current changes its direction in AC generator?
The answer is the induced emf. After every half cycle of the coil, after every half rotation of the coil, the polarity of induced emf is getting reversed.
half rotation emfarity reverse.
So emf polarity reverse direction of the current reverse change after every half rotation direction of the current change.
Okay.
Direction of the current change AC generatorally. Why the current changes it direction periodically? The answer is the induced emf in the coil. In the rectangular coil, the induced emf after every half rotation of the rectangular coil, the polarity of induced emf changes.
That's why the direction of the current also changes.
Next change induc the emf induced at any instant of time.
Okay.
Dive the expression for instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator.
Right. So, it looks like this.
Okay.
It looks like magnet north and south and this is we have a coil.
This is a coil.
Okay. Now this is I hope you understand. So suppose rectangular.
So it looks like this.
Ether rectangular coil magnetic field.
Sina and uh this is the direction of magnetic field.
Sorry sorry sorry direction of magnetic field magnetic field lines. Right. And this is the normal normal perpendicular to the area of the coil. And this is the angle theta.
Okay. This is the angle theta here. This is the angle theta. Right?
is theta.
So first when the coil is kept in magnetic field magnetic field magnetic flux link magnetic flux link the magnetic flux the magnetic flux linked with the coil Is the magnetic flux linked with the coil is? Anybody tell me what is the expression of magnetic flux of a linked with the coil having n number of turns?
Magnetic flux formula having n number of turns 5b is equal to n a b cos theta. Correct?
N A B cos theta area B magnetic field number of turns and cos theta.
Okay.
Yes.
Pision. Okay. Pions. N A B cos theta.
Cos theta. Fine. Okay. This is the magnetic flux linked with the coil. N is the number of turns of the coil. A is area of the coil. B is strength of the magnetic field and theta is the angle between area of the coil and magnetic field right area vector and magnetic field. This is the magnetic flux linked with the coil.
But when the coil will rotate later on when the coil will rotate here what is theta? Theta is referred as a angular displacement of the coilt.
So here here theta can be written as omega t theta angular displacement angular dis angular velocity into time. Angular velocity omega is angular velocity of rotation of the coil and t is a time.
So angular velocity is nothing but angular displacement by time. Omega is equal to theta t. Therefore theta is equal to omega into t. So theta omega t.
So therefore magnetic flux magnetic flux n a b cos theta theta theta omega t. Now this is the magnetic flux linked with the coil when the rectangular coil kept in magnetic field.
Right?
Right.
Sorry.
Fine. Fine. So the magnetic flux this is the expression of magnetic flux linked with the coil. So when the coil will rotate what happened? When the coil is rotated, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an emf is induced in the coil or the coil magnetic field.
And let us talk about the magnet.
Okay. which is the angular velocity into time. So theta is written as omega t. Therefore theta is equal to omega t magnetic flux. So when the coil will rotate when the coil will rotate then the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and hence emf is induced in the coil. So according to Faraday second law the emf induced in the coil is x1 is equal to minus d5b by dt that is the rate of change of magnetic flux is equal to induced emf right this is the emf induced in the coil due to rate of change of magnetic flux fine so flux Okay. Now, xon is equal to minus d by dt.
What is 5b? 5 is nothing but n a b cos omega t. Okay.
For a given coil, n is constant. Area of the coil is constant and magnetic field strength is also constant. So differentation outside X1 is equal to - N A B come outside what left here d by dt of cos omega t.
So what is differentiation of cos theta?
If anybody know about differentiation differentiation of cos theta comment differentiation of cos omega tiff differentiation of cos 80 a is again a variable not constant.
Yes. Minus signus n a b as it is differentiation of cos omega t is - sin omega t into omega.
Yes. Yes. Better. Nice.
Sus omega t intous.
So exponent is equal to n a omega nome omega sin omega t and here what this term we got what this constant term we got this constant term will decide how much maximum emf should induce in the coil yes better Nice nice sin omega t. Yes.
Super minus sin minus minus sin omega t. Fine.
So differentiation of cos omega t is minus sin omega t into omega. So rearrange into plus n a b omega omega. Now what is this term? This term will decide.
This term will decide how much maximum emf should induced in a coil.
How how it will decide? So the maximum emf induced in the coil is depends on number of turns.
So number of area of the coil rectangular third strength of magnetic field And the last one angular velocity of rotation of the coil omega omega hang depend induc directly proportional.
Uh how does another omega come?
Differentiation of differentiation of cos 80 with respect to t.
Differentation of cos 80 with respect to t formula sin 80 into a sin 80 into a hope you understand now different ectus Sin 80 into a so induce emf will opposes. Yes. Super indend.
mechanical energy electric.
So nature of conservation of energy amount of work.
Yes.
Okay. No issues. So when the coil is kept in magnetic field magnetic flux linked with the coil is 5b is equal to n a b cos theta. When the coil will rotate next then theta becomes angular displacement theta is equal to omega t. Put theta as omega t. It becomes 5b is equal to na b cos omega t.
And now when the coil will rotate in magnetic flux uh sorry magnetic field the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and hence the emf is induced. So this is the emf induced according to farad's second law. Now substitute the value of 5b here and differentiate na b is a constant come outside differentiation of cos omega t is minus sin omega t into omega. Now these three terms and omega terms bring one side and minus into minus get plus this is called as emf induc in the coil instantaneous emf this will decide this term will decide the maximum emf maximum emf F maximum emf peak peak value of emf denoted by explor is not that explor value of induced emf peak value of induced emf omega to peak max number of tside area of the coil B and last angular velocity oftak value of emf.
Important question. The peak value of induced emf in an AC generator depends on the peak value of induced emf in an AC generator depends on name the factors on which the peak value of induced emf depends in the coil. Tell me on which factor it depends. It depends upon number of turns.
Number of turns of the coil first.
Second it depends upon area of the coil.
Third, it depends upon strength of magnetic field.
And the last it depends upon the angular velocity of rotation of the coil.
Angular velocity of rotation of the coil.
Omega angular velocity also called as angular frequency of rotation.
angular frequenc in an AC generator depends on peak value of induced emf in an AC generator depends on depends upon four factors fine good Super super fine.
So therefore, therefore super nice. Nice. Super.
Therefore, xon is equal to xon sin omega t.
So, this is the expression for this is the expression of instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator.
Okay. Where where where this explor is nothing but peak value of peak value of induced peak value of induced emf super super.
So this is called as this expression is called as instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator.
Instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator formula. Okay. Xon is equal to Xon S omega t E instantaneous emf instantaneous emf in AC generator instantaneous emf AC generator alternating voltage alternating voltage AV AC AC alternating current AV and alternating voltage. So the instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator is also called as alternating voltage denoted by simply V. So therefore what the expression is changes as the expression expression s is equal to explor sin omega ton instantaneous emf of AC generator instantaneous emf now alterating voltage denoted by v. So therefore we can write this expression as V is equal to V sin omega T uh area number of turns magnetic field angular velocity super area number of turns magnetic field and angular velocity the peak value of induced emf depends on the four factors super super I hope you understand the concept Alternating voltage. The voltage across AC source.
So AC source across voltage to formula V is equal to V sin omega T. V not peak value of alternating voltage. Vak value of AV AV and alternating voltage. Peak value of alternating voltage.
I hope you understand the concept of generator. or dynamo last topic of the chapter next alternating current.
So important what is generator or dynamo?
What is generator or dynamo? The device which converts mechanical energy into electric energy is called generator.
Right? What is generator?
Second on which principle generator AC or DC on works? The answer is electromagnetic induction.
Sina second question.
Third, what is AC dynamo? What is AC generator?
The dynamo or the generator which generates current which changes periodically with time super em.
Third question in what is AC dynamo? The dynamo which generates the current which changes the direction periodically with time is called alternating current.
Alternating generator. AC generator.
Fourth, what is DC dynamo? The dynamo which generates the current we do not change direction.
Right is called DC. Again AC diagram draw the label diagram of AC generator.
Right.
AC diagram.
I hope you understand. And next to the most important derivation, derive an expression for derive an expression for instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator.
Derive the expression for instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator.
simp.
EMF induc this is emf induc in the coil which is equal to minus d5 by dt 5 put nab cos omega tab is constant for the given coil so d cos omega t so differentation of cos omega t is minus s omega t into omega n a b omega sin omega tiding now what is this term this term term decides the peak value of induced emf.
Peak maximum value of induced emf term decide a peak value explor is equal to nab omega. So the peak value of emf induced in an AC generator depends on four factors number of turns area magnetic field and angular velocity of rotation of the coin. So finally omega is equal sorry x is equal to derivation instantaneous emf induced in an AC generator expon is equal to xon sin omega t where x is a peak value of induc mf. So this instantaneous emf in AC generator is also called as alternating voltage denoted by v. So this expression can be written as like this v is equal to v not sin omega t where v not is a peak value. I hope you understand.
Please tell the difference between AC and DC pointwise.
Tell the difference between AC and DC pointwise.
AC means alternating current. DC stands for direct current.
Alternating current the current which changes the direction periodically with time and DC which just do not change its direction periodically with time.
In DC and AC dynamo there is a slight difference in the arrangements of the dynamo how you take the current right in AC dynamo we use a two separate rings arrangement attached to the coil and in DC dynamo we use two semic-ircular ring attached to the rectangular coil so that the direction of current should maintain in one one direction so the current will maintain in its direction in one. Okay.
Now I hope you understand this. So what is this? Finally we got the expression of voltage across AC source. Voltage across AC source V is equal to V not sin omega T. V is equal to V not sin omega T. If this is the this is the formula of alternating voltage.
What is the formula of alternating current?
Okay. What if both in same direction?
What both?
Both both means AC/DC. If both in same direction, it is called as DC only. No.
Right.
One direction change one change model.
Okay. So this is the expression of alternating voltage V is equal to V sin omega T. And therefore the expression of alternating current the current across AC source is I is equal to I sin omega T. I is equal to I sin omega T where this I not is called as peak peak value of alternating current. peak value of alternating current. So therefore again I V where R is the resistance of the coil.
Yes I is equal to I sme. So V I V again peak value of alterating emf and resistance of the coil.
So expression of alterating voltage expression of alterating current. One the expression of alternating voltage V is equal to V not omega T one that expression of alterating current.
Right?
On what basis diesel engine works in vehicle?
On what basis? Diesel engine.
Okay. Work power concept relatable.
Okay.
On what basis digital engine works? It's not relatable to this topic, right?
Energy work heat energy is converted into mechanical energy and vice versa right engine relatable. I hope you understand. And now finally once again node equation the voltage across AC source the voltage across AC source V is equal to V sin omega T and the voltage across current is I equal to I sin omega T omega omega omega omega can be written as omega can be written as 2 pi by t where t is a time period of rotation or it is also written as 2 pi f where f is a frequency of alternating current alternating voltage.
So alternating source alternating ACT.
Okay. Now alterating source current and voltage both will vine.
Okay.
And last and first.
So let us talk about the variation of emf.
EMF variation.
Okay. Now it will varies like this right.
So it will varies like this. So what is this y-axis represents? The yaxis represents the induced induced emf. y-axis represents the induced emf.
And what is this x-axis represents? The x-axis represents either the phase or time period or time required to complete the cycle. Okay. Now so wave diagram yaxis emf induced emf represent indent so this is v or v or i indage induc so yaxis represent voltage variation of voltage and current and xaxis represent phase phase phase omega t phase Phase phase. What is meant by phase? Phase state of vibration, state of oscillation. State in the particle current phase and also x-axis represents time period. Time period for oscillation oscillation time period.
So when the current it when t=0 tal the phase 0 omega t initial ph okay when the current reach its maximum value peak value here and the current comes here peak When the phase is at when it is here, it is at the phase of by 2 by2 time. Okay.
T by 4 T capital T and time period T by 4 when the current finally comes to T=0 by 2 TX again is P<unk> 180° and T is equal to T= T by 2.
T2 again when the current changes and when comeit here change again phase becomes 3<unk> by 4 3<unk> by 4 3<unk> by 2 3<unk> by 2 time 3 tx Four 34 time period 3/4 3/4 time period. Okay. Again when the one complete cycle will complete when it is comes here. When it is come here what is the phase?
What is phase?
2 pi one cycle complete 360° 2 pi phal t= t.
Okay, I hope you understand this. So this is how the voltage will varies in an AC source alterating source voltage variation.
I hope you understand now I will stop here and this is the end of the chapter called EMI.
Okay.
Numeric special and marks numericals five marks important numerical part. Okay. So this is the end of the chapter. EMI.
Now the chemistry class will start.
Chemistry class.
Listen students everyone.
Chemistry classm is same LBT portion change LBT2 same portion.
Fine. Now chemistry class will start.
Okay. Good morning.
Okay.
Attendance is mandatory.
Next.
>> Okay. Uh, put your name along with your section, right? MV and IVT like Okay. Pratika, Versa, Kuna, Aifa, Aditi, then Ana.
Okay.
Usma, Fatima, Hinduis, Maliga.
Okay. Okay.
Okay.
Okay. So let us start the syllabus. So in your last class in uh regular classes we had discussed about the acidity of alcohol and types of reactions of alcohol means chemical properties of alcohol.
Okay. Next topic acidity of phenol and the reaction of phenol and the commercial importance of alcohol.
Okay. So, so acidity of phenol. Okay.
Acidity of phenol.
Chemistry organic reaction you must write. Okay. The next so acidity of phenol we are discuss about the acidity of alcohol in the last class. Right. So the acidity is because of due to the release of H+ ion. Those species which readily releases H+ ion we call it as acidic nature. Right?
So alcohol is react with the metals right active metals. What are active metals? Is nothing but an sodium then magnesium then aluminium. These are all the active metals. So they readily react with alcohol. They releases the hydrogen. They releases the hydrogen.
That following reaction shows the acidic nature of alcohol. Alcohol active metals.
Same phenol is also react with the active metals such as sodium, magnesium and aluminium. Right? So reaction reactions. Right? So O phenol is the O group is directly attached to the phenol is react with the sodium metal so it form it form O Na O Na I'm taking two moles then liberation of H2 this is the reaction then next then phenol is react with NaOH sodium hydroxide what it form O Na along with the H2O. This is the another reaction. Then the third reaction is so phenol is react with with phenol undergo dissociation under go dissociation to form O Na plus H+. See you see the you see this reaction first reaction phenol is react with sodium right what it form o na means sodium phoxide sodium phenoxide okay then next along with phenol is also react with a base to form sodium phoxide then phenol is undergo autoionization to form to form phen Phenoxide. So the name of the ion is phenoxide. So this all this reaction shows the acidic nature of phen right.
So acidic nature species which readily releases H+ion. H+ nature right. So alcohol metals like that phenol is also react with active metals such as sodium, magnesium and aluminium to form respective phenoxide ion. Respective phenoxide ion.
All the these three reaction shows that acidic behavior of phenol. Okay. Acidic reaction acidic behavior of phenol.
Right. Then next what are all the reason? Right. Phenol is stronger acid because of the following reason. Okay.
Next reason it was supporting reaction phen.
So the next the next phenol is stronger acid. Phenol is stronger acid. Stronger acid than comparison than H2O and alcohol. H2O and the H2O and alcohol. Hold on. So answer between H2O and alcohol which one is more acidic in nature between H2O and alcohol which one is the more acidic in nature?
Out of H2O and alcohol which one is the more acidic in nature? R H there then next to H2O there are more acidic strength H2O is more acidic strength why there easily releases they easily releases the H+ ion as compared to O right oh H alcohol H2O as more acidic O R minus plus H+ this is aloxxide or the H2O is a more acidic. But in case of phenol is more acidic than the H2O and alcohol, right? Alcohol H2O comparison.
Alcohol alcohol is less acidic than water. Water is more acidic. But in phen the following reason is due to the polarity of polarity of H bond. Polarity of O bond polarity phenol has compared to alcohol and the water phenol is more acidic in nature.
Then another one supporting reaction is when phenol undergo resonance right phenol undergo resonance. This is phenol right.
Then the lone pair of electron present in the oxygen atom undergo deoization.
Under go deoization with the benzene ring double-headed arrow. What is double-headed arrow? Means we are writing the resonance. So the double bond character between the oxygen and hydrogen. What is the valency of oxygen?
Two right. There are three bonds. So I put plus here. Okay. Then next the negative charge is an arthroposition.
Then double bond as it is. Then next again this negative charge undergo deoization.
Negative charge under go deoization.
What is the next step? Negative charge is here. The next double bond. Double bond double bond O H oxygen positive charge. Then next again this negative charge under go deoization right shift like this negative charge double bond H then negative double bond and double bond then next this negative charge again shift like this right ultimately ultimately we are getting we are getting O you see the first one and the last one Okay, these are the following resonance structure of phenol.
So following resonance structure you see the first structure and you see the last sture differenceure.
If you see the inside the ring the position of double bond is difference but that lone pair of electron on the oxygen atom undergo deoization then polarity is increases. So for this reason phenol is more acidic as compared to alcohol and the water. Water no between the alcohol and the water water is more acidic but as compared to phenol so phenol is more acidic right more acidic. So these are all the one of the reason okay negative charge O group this position is not having what is the name of the position what is the name of the position. So it is meta position. In meta position there is no electron density. There is no electron density. Okay. Now then next you are already studied in okay. Okay.
Meta position in your first year hydrocarbon chapter there is one topic right. One is aro and par orienting group and meta orienting group means direct influence of substituted group topic basis reaction. So benzene is readily undergo electrofilic substitution reaction. Okay.
Next up phenol phenol undergo electrofilic electrofilic substitution reaction. electrphilic substitution reaction. Why not only phenol then in phenol benzene they are all undergo electrofphilic substitution reaction. Yeah reason. What is the meaning of electrofphilic substitution reaction? Meaning electrofphilic substitution reaction. We are substitute the we are substitute the electrofile to the aromatic ring. Electrit.
So we call it as electrofilic substitution reaction. Okay. What are electrofile? Electrofile is nothing but an electron deficient species. Electron deficient species example electron deficient species.
What is the example of electron deficient species? Anybody comment on chart electrofile electron deficient species.
Okay.
H+ H3O plus H+ H3O plus. The next any example C H3 plus methile free methile carboation.
So these are all the example for electrofile means electrond deficient species that electron deficient species undergo electrofilic substitution towards the aromatic ring. Okay. The next The next topic is The next topic is effect of effect of substituents on effect of substituents on acidic strength of acidic strength of acidic strength of phenol. Right?
What are the effect of substituent on acidic strength of phenol?
phenes sodium phenoxide component formation. So it readily releases H+ like that. What are the effect of substituents? What are all the effect of substituent on acidic strength of phenol discuss effect of substituents now in that first one electron electron withdrawing group electron withdrawing group on on acidic strength of phenol acidic strength of phenol There are the two topic right. What are the effect of substituent on acidic strength of phenol?
First one electron withdrawing group acidic strength like that. The second one is electron donating group or electron releasing group on on acidic strength of phenol.
Acidic strength of phenol. So these are the two important one right. Phenol caroxyic acid salicylic acid solici nitrogic right. So effect of substituent on acidic strength of phenol in that first one what are the effect of electron withdrawing group right phenic strength right so the first one discuss so first of all before going to that what is electron withdrawing group electron withdrawing group So before going to that so we know about the electron withdrawing group. What are electron withdrawing group? Example withdrawing group example.
What is electron withdrawing groups?
NO2 C HO C HO then next CO keto group then CH acid group then CN so these are all the example for nitro group C H group then C right so electron withdrawing group health like that electron electron donating or electron releasing group electron releasing or electron donating group. Example CH3 these are electron releasing group methile Eile right the next group important grouping electating elect group. The next example NH2 NH2 is an example for electron donating group.
Right. Next substituted amine NHR. Then next R2. These are all the example for electron donating group. Right. So difference group. So I'm taking NO2 group. this group electron present in the benzene ring right acidic.
So it increases the acidic strength. So electron withdrawing group is present it increases the acidic strength. The next electron donating group electating group decreases the acidic decreases the acidic strength. Okay.
Right. Electron withdrawing group is present. It it increases the acidic strength. Acidic strength.
Wait. Acidic strength increases. Acidic strength increases. But in electron donating group acidic strength decreases. Okay. But electron withdrawing group electron withdrawing group and par orienting group. Important point already for example example for example Right? Is there arto position is there meta position is there para position is there right? So you got incoming electrofile is move towards which position that decide the O group decide the O group already present in the ring decide the upcoming electro five right so O group that O group is electron wait previous one or paral so this One is meta orienting group. For this one arto and par orienting group. Yeah. Electron donating group. Electron donating group is called arto and par orienting group. N2 is a meta orienting group. again. So, so phen group electron releasing or electron donating electron releasing electron releasing group.
Then next up already it is a electron release electating group that elect either Arthroposition or paraposition, right? Either arthroposition or paraposition. Okay? Not only O group.
Okay. Not only O group, NH2 group, CH3 group, C2H5 group, amines group, substituted amines group.
Upcoming electrofile it influence the upcoming electrofile towards and para position. Arto and paraposition like that. Like that electron withdrawing group. Electron withdrawing group direct or influences the upcoming electrofile towards upcoming electroile towards metaposition.
So example example say I'm taking O I'm taking O then what are the electrofile say for example CH3 CL addition methile chloride in presence of anhydra zinc chloride anhydra aluminium chloride then it form it form Okay.
Either towards or either towards either towards right. So what is the name of this compound?
What is the name of the compound?
What is the name of the compound? This one.
Anybody comment on chart?
Arto cresol. Artores. What about this one in paraposition?
Paracresol. Right. Reaction in indicate.
This O group influences the upcoming electrofile. Electr CH3 CH3 plus. This one is called electrofile.
Electrile.
Why it is called electrofile? They are electron deficient species.
It is towards aro and paraposition.
Right? Like that meta orienting group.
Metaorienting group. Example when CO H group is present this undergo nitration taking place. What is nitration? It was studied in first year addition of nitro group. In HO3 there is NO2 plus is a electrofile. Right? N2 group. This CO group. This CO group is a electron withdrawing group. Electron withdrawing group. This influences the previous O group. O group influence right like that. This C group is electron withdrawing group influences the upcoming electrofile towards meta position. Meta position influence.
Right. product CO H and N O2 metan nitro benzoic acid right what is the nature of co group electron withdrawing group this okay red we cannot use okay I'm using white okay next Wait, wait.
Okay.
Huh. So, metanitro metan nitro benzoic acid.
There are the two orienting group. There are two orienting group. One is aro and para orienting group and another one is meta orienting group. Right.
Metaorienting group. Metaorienting group.
Meta orienting group NO2 CH4 CO like that arto and par orienting group CH3 C2 H5 NH2 right. So electronic right and also it influences the upcoming electrofile towards metaposition. The next electron donating group. Electron donating group decreases the acidic strength and also influences the upcoming electrofile towards upcoming electrofile towards and parosition difference.
Okay.
Next topic. Hope you understand.
Next topic.
Next topic. Okay. Next. Effect of substituent on acidic strength of phenol. Acidic strength of phenol. Then I am taking effect of substituent.
Effect of substituent.
Effect of substituent on acidic strength acidic strength of phenol. Okay already there are two types of substitute one is artho and para orienting another one is meta. Okay then next then I am taking this one what is the name of the compound phenol. Okay. Then next I'm writing NO2. Then I am writing N O2 because if O group is say electron donating group the upcoming group position arthroposition either paraposition then further undergo nitration it it will go to paraposition. Then next under go next under go nitration it will go to arthoposition.
The comp.
What is the name of the compound?
This H N O2 N O2 and NO2.
Anybody give the UPSC name?
Common name on the pic acid.
Common name is pic acid. Anybody? Are you past chart?
Uhhuh. Very good.
2 4a 6 tri nitrphenol.
Try nitrophenol.
Okay. Then next there are the three electron withdrawing group is present. That electron withdrawing group. One electron withdrawing group.
How many NO2 group is present in phen?
There are the three NO2 group is present. Right? 2 46 triityl. Picric acid is a common name. 246 triitphenol is a UPSC name. Right? The common name is pic acid. There are the three electron withdrawing group. That three electron withdrawing group increases the acidity of right. So bond polarity polarity the polarity between the O and H is increases when the electron withdrawing group is present. There are three NO2 group is present. So the acidic nature of enol is increases.
Comparison I'm comparing this one with this compound. What are those? NO2 and NO2 right the next I'm comparing this compound with N O2 the next wait N2 then this one O N2 then I'm taking O H N O2 then O okay you see this examples you see this example what is the first compound it is 246 tritenol then next compound is next compound is 24 d nitrofenol next compound is paran nitrphenol and another one next one is arthritenol Then metanitrofenol and phenol question.
Among these compound which one is more acidic in nature.
Number of electron withdrawing group is increases. Acidic nature increases acidic nature.
In the first compound pic acid is more acidic than among these compound. Why there are the three electron withdrawing group?
In the next comparison is less acidic. Okay.
is more acidic as compared to orthonitrofenol right as compared to metanitrofenol the least is phenol phenol why it is less acidic strength than metanitrofenol and among all these phenols because there is no substituent and phenol is just O group right but this electron withdrawing group intensify the negative charge and also deoization taking place that increases the polarity of the O bond increases the polarity of the O bond delta negative delta positive right so picric acid is more acidic strength than the phenom question okay effect of acidic strength on phenol first one is electron withdrawing group on acidic strength of phenal decreases acidic strength right Next group I'm talking about electron okay there is electonating group CH3 that decreases the acidic strength. Okay, next topic effect of electron releasing means electron donating group on acidic strength of Okay, next topic.
Next topic. Okay, next topic is effect of effect of electron donating group. Electron donating group on acidic strength of acidic strength of phenol. Acidic strength of phenol.
What are all the electron donating group? are the electron donating group.
CH3 methile group is an electron donating. C2H5 is an electron donating.
O group is an electron donating. NH2 is an electron donating. So all these groups all these group increase decreases the All this group decreases the acidic strength of decreases the acidic strength of phenol. Phenol acidic because they are releasing because they are releasing electron electron right that decreases the acidic behavior of acidic behavior of phenol right acidic strength when when electron donating group is present acidic strength increases. Next electd.
Next is example.
Then I am taking phenol.
Then next the next one is C H3 H compound name any compound name. Second compound name.
Anybody? second compound name.
Okay, this one second compound name.
See this is only phenol. Phenol is more acidic, right? Previous case electron withdrawing group withdrawing group is present. Phenol is least acidic. Okay, like that CH3 group the nature of substituent is different.
What is the nature of substituent? What is the nature of substituent? Electron electron donating group. If electron donating group is present that decreases the acidic strength right next to next as compared to among four which one is more acidic strength phenol is more acidic strength Phenol is more acidic strength than the metacresol than the metacresol. Then paracresol then least one is orthocresol.
Right? If number of electron donating group is present electron donating group acidic strength decrease right if electron withdrawing group is present electron withdrawing group is present increases the acidic strength of increases The acidic strength of phenol pheng increases electron withdrawing group is increases increases the acidic strength of phenol. The second one conclusion is if electron donating group is present.
If electron donating group is present decreases the acidic strength. Wait.
If electron donating group is present, electron donating group is present that decreases the decreases the acidic strength of that decreases the acidic strength of phenol. Right.
Electron withdrawing electronic strength.
Next electron donating group is present decreases the acidic strength.
Then last one.
Last one. Now I'm comparing the acidic strength between picric acid pic acid then C H3 C and another one is phenolic.
Okay. So among three which one has more acidic strength?
acid. First one is pic acid, right?
Piccid. The next one is acidic acid. The last one is fina.
Okay. First one is more acidic.
electron withdrawing NO2 group is present that intensify the negative charge. So that increases the polarity between the oxygen and the hydrogen of the next priicic acid is more acidic strength than the acidic acid. Acidic acid is more acidic than the Oionic equilibrium Ka and pKa value right. What is Ka? Ka means acid dissociation constant. Ka means acid dissociation constant. What is pKa?
Right? What is P? P is nothing but minus log of Ka value which one is more and which one is less okay value 0.38 for acetic acid the pKa value comes to be 4.75 for phenol the pKa value comes to be 10 right the pKa value acidic Next right among three pic acid has highest acidic strength as compared to acidic acid as compared to phenol.
Okay.
Okay.
See Ka value and pKa value. The differences between Ka value and pKa value. Ka value means acid dissociation constant. Acid dissociation constant. Say for exampid under dissociation. It produces acetate ion and H+. Okay, I'm writing Ka value.
This is concentration of CH3 CO minus and concentration of H+ divided by concentration of CO H. Right?
Equilibrium topic. See you see Ka and H directly proportional. So if K a is directly proportional to the H+ ion. If Ka value increases, H+ ion increases. H+ ion increases, Ka value increases.
Right? H+ H+ ion increases acidic strength decre acidic strength increases. So if Ka value see this expression Ka value increases H+ ion increases. Right?
If acid dissociation constant increases acidic strength but pKa value minus log of Ka instead of P I am writing minus log K right if pKa value increases acidic strength decreases next alihide ketone caroxilic acid very very important right pKa value previous pKa value increases value. Acidic strength increases. Ka is directly proportional to acidic strength. Ka value increases. Acidic strength increases. But what about the pKa value? pKa value increases means acidic strength decreases. Right?
previous. See, see the pKa value.
You see the pKa value. PK value pKa value among three pic acid, acidic acid and the phenol. Which one is pKa value is highest?
PK value for phenol is highest. So there is 10 pKa value.
So acid is 0.38. There is a decrease in pKa value increases the acidic strength. So followed by acidic acid then followed by phenol. Phenol is the least acidic as compared to acidic acid as compared to pric acid. Hope you understand.
PK value.
Okay.
So we will uh discuss next topic. Okay.
Next.
So, next electrofilic substitution reaction reactions of phenols.
Next phenol.
phenol is less acidic than the phenol. Okay.
Electron donating group is more acidic than the artores.
Next topic reactions of phenols.
Okay.
Next. Reactions of phenols.
reactions of phenol.
I hope you understand the direct influence of uh groups that is electron withdrawing group and electron donating.
Okay. First one reactions of phenol reactions of phenol. First one is electrofphilic substitution reaction.
Electrphilic substitution reaction.
Electrphilic substitution reaction.
Yeah. Electrphilic substitution reaction. First one halogenation. What is the meaning of halogenation?
Substitution of hogen towards the aromatic ring is known as halogenation.
Halogenation. Okay.
Reaction of reaction of phenol with phenol with bromine water elect reaction of phenol with bromine water.
And the second one is reaction of reaction of phenol with with bromine bromine in carbon dulfide. Carbon dulfide. There are the two important reaction. Yeah. Though just you are reacting phenol with the bromine water.
The second reaction is you are reacting phenol with the bromine in presence of nonpolar solvent. Right? So low polarity solvent such as carbon dulfate or CH3 CL3 chloroform okay reaction.
So what is Hogen? We substitute the H hallogen towards the aromatic rink reactions. The first reaction is reaction of phenol with bromine water and reaction of phenol with bromine in presence of low polar solvent. What are the low polar solvent? Carbon dulfide and the chloroform. Right? So we see one by one reaction. Okay. What is the first reaction? The first reaction is reaction of reaction of phenol with reaction of phenol with bromine water.
Bromine water broine water the reaction is right. You should write the reaction.
Okay. How paracal is more acidic than okay.
Okay. How cresol is how paracresol is more acidic than arthresol.
Next reaction complete when phenol is react with bromine water. I'm taking three moles right bromine water to form to form O then Br and Br.
So three O group is a O group is a electron donating it is O group is arto and arto and par orienting group arto and paring up dissoc dissociate partially positive partially negative.
This Br is substituted towards a phenol benzin ring right that O group influences the upcoming Br+ towards aro and the par group addition orientation.
Okay. So what is the name of the compound?
Three Br 1 Bril the Bril with the Br. Okay.
2 4 6 tri brooen. What is the name of the compound? 2A 4A 6 tri bromina.
Tri brooen. Okay.
So it form white precipitate yellow PP it forms white PPT. Okay. So what is the important of this reaction? This reaction is used to test the used to test the phenol.
We are following this reaction. We are doing this test bromination reaction.
Phenol is react with the bromine to form 246 trio phenol means white precipitate is formed. Okay.
The next the second reaction is hope you understand.
and par orienting group mean electron donating group electron donating group orienting group Br is substituted towards arthroposition and para position.
The next reaction is The next reaction is reaction of phenol with phenol with bromine.
Bromine in carbon dulfide.
Carbon dulfide. This carbon dulfide and chloroform are the low polarity solvent.
Bromination. We are doing bromination even in the presence of low polarity low polarity solvent. Low polarity solvent means positive negative polarization solvents. Which one? Carbon dulfide and the chlorophy. These two are the low polarity organic solvent. Okay. So reaction when phenol is react with when phenol is react with bromine water in presence of low polar solvent like CS2 at 273 kel this temperature is we are reacting phenol with carbon dulfide and bromine at low temperature 273 kelvin very very low temperature it form it form mixture of product. One is arthroofenol another one is parab brophenol. Right?
So bromine low temperature react parab brophenol.
But when we react phenol with a bromine water so several bromination taking place we are getting 246 tri bromophenol. These are the two important reaction right.
Halogenation. In hogenation one is bromination. In that bromination there are two types. One is reaction of phenols with bromine water. Then reaction of phenols in presence of low polar solvent carbon dulfide at a low temperature. Right. We are getting arto and the para product. Okay. Next question.
How paracresol is more acidic than artores. Okay.
How paracresol is more acidic.
C3 right.
So this group that negative charge means resonance so this intensify the negative charges more as compared to as compared to CH group present in arthroposition. Okay.
And in paranol is more than hydrogen bond because of due to the deoization of electron that intensify the negative charge on the benzene ring. It is more intensify in paracresol as compared to arthresol.
Paracryol is more acidic than the aro.
But next they form intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Arthon nitrofenol. But in paranitrofenol intramolecular hydrogen bond is present that intensify the negative charges more in pariten.
These are more acidic than and this is more acidic than ar. Okay.
Yeah.
It's the action next math class.
So, so acidity of phenols and effect of substituent and acidity of phenol. The next reactions of phenols. First one aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. Now study halogenation.
Halogenation reaction.
Okay. So, okay.
Then you will join at 12.
Okay. Okay. Thank you.
students may audible please mention your name and section.
Let's restart.
So what is con uh concept is uh implicit functions and explicit functions.
So in previous class we learned about uh der derivatives on composite functions.
So here composite function already definition we know that. So that is f is mapping from a to b and g is mapping from b to c. Then function is defined that is go of x that is g / f. G is defined from a to c. Then function is defined as go of x which is equal to g / f of x for all x belongs to a. This is the definition of composite function. So based on that we solve some problems. So that is exercise 5.2. So here there is a exercise 5.3 on the concept of implicit and explicit function. We all know that implicit function is it is y can be expressed in terms of y can easily express in terms of xit explicit functions. So here implicit function. So listen carefully explicit function that function that is y can easily expressed in terms of x. But in a implicit function the function y is cannot easily express easily express in terms of x. There is some method that is a chain rule. So some different types of methods dyit function. There is a question find y= x - y which= x - y which= find dy by dx on the other. Find dy by dx. So this given function it is in the form of implic explicit because it can be written in the form of y that is y = what is that y = x -<unk> shall you write this y = x -<unk> so then we can easily differentiate with respect to x on both side that is differentiate with respect to x on both side so we'll get differentiation of y is nothing but dy by dx.
Differentiation of y is nothing but dy by dx. Differentiation of x is what is that? Differentiation of x is can anyone say that all are joining now friends.
Okay. Okay.
1 g.
Okay. Differentiation of x is 1 and differentiation of pi is differentiation of pi is here pi is a constant constant term constant term. So differentiation of constant term is zero. That's why dy by dx which is equal to 1. So one more function is there that is x + sin xy - y which is = 0 x + sin xy - y which is equal to zero. Can we say that is it explicit function dear students can we say that it is a explicit function is a combination of x and y is a relationship between x and y where x is varying then y is also changes. So that's why it is this equation is namely called as implicit function.
So implicit implicit function why we how to define that is so differentiate just a minute x + sin of xy - y which is equal to zero. So same procedure that is differentiate with respect to x on both side. So dy dx of x next plus dy dx of because we are differentiating with respect to x that's why dy dx of sin xy minus dy dx of y which is equal to dy dx of 0.
Sir, what are the most?
What is that?
There is 6313.
Okay, listen. So doing uh differentiation. So here both combination of x and y and y implicit function. So differentation of sin xy is a composite function function function that is xy. So differentation of xarate again differentation of sin xy next as it is the differentation of y is nothing but dy by dx next dy by dx then we will get in the form of dy by dx that is implicit function in terms of dy by dx. So first implicit explicit function.
Is there any doubt?
Is there any doubt students?
Okay.
So take a question that is 2x + 3 y which is = sin x. So 2x + 3 y which is equal to sin x. So differentate with respect to x on both side. So one step dy dx of what is that?
dy dx of 2x plus dy dx of 3 y which is equal to dy dx of sin x.
Next differentiation of 2x 2 is a constant. So differentiation of x is 1 plus 3 is a constant term.
Differentiation of y is nothing but dy by dx which is equal to differentiation of sin x is what is that?
Differentiation of sin x.
Differentiation of sin x.
Comment the answer.
Yes. Differentiation of sin x is cos x.
So differentation of sin x is cos x.
Here 3 into dy by dx which is equal to cos x - 2. So plus 2 that is - 2. So dy by dx which is equal to cos x - 2 / 3.
So that is the derivative of the given function dy by dx which is equal to cos x - 2 / 3.
Okay.
Right.
Okay.
Next question that is 2x + 3 y which is = sin y. 2x + 3 y which is equal to sin y.
So try it first.
Differentiate with respect to x on both side.
Differentiate with respect to x on both side.
So different again dy dx of 2x plus dy dx of 3 y which is equal to dy dx of sin y. Is it right?
Don't worry about okay.
So solve differentation of 2x that is 2 is a constant term. Differentation of x is 1 plus 3 is a constant term.
Differentation of y is dy by dx which is equal to differentiation of sin y is cos y again differentiation of y is dy by dx. Listen here in case here sin y in place of sin y sin x differentation of sin x is cos x differentation but here in place of x here y is there that's why differentiation of sin y can be represented as differentiation of sin y is cos y again differentiate with respect to x on both side the term is y that's why we are writing again dy by dx so dy by dx that is 3 into dy y by dx - cos y into dy by dx which is equal to - 2 is that right? So then dy by dx is a common term 3 - cos y which is = -2.
So dy by dx is equal to - 2 / 3 - cos 5.
Okay.
Okay.
The next question.
So we discuss So don't worry about that just concentrate on class concepts.
So next uh take next question that is ax + b y² which is = cos y.
Try this problem. A x + b y² which is equal to cos Right.
So different with respect to respect to x with respect to y differentiate with respect to y mira.
differentiate with respect to y.
So here differentiate with respect to x on both side. So differential with respect to x. So dy dx of ax plus dy dx of b y² which is equal to dy dx of cos y.
So here a is a constant term. So differentiation of x is 1. So again b is a constant term. Differentiation of y square is 2 y. So as a chain rule that is differentiation of y square is 2 y.
Again differentiation of y is dy by dx which is equal to differentiation of cos y is differentiation of cos y is okay.
Next difference differentiation of cos by ising differentiation of cos y Okay.
So differentiation of cos y is so minus sin y. Again differentiation of y is dy by dx. Is that right?
Okay. Okay. So here uh a + 2 b y dy by dx which is equal to - sin y into dy by dx. So dy by dx terminal. So it is 2 b y + sin y into dy by dx which is equal to - 8. So final answer is dy by dx which is equal to - a / 2 b y + sin y. So raise your hand.
Are you forgetting your students? Are you forgetting? Is there any doubt?
Okay. S because Okay. Is there any doubt?
Shall we move to next problem?
Okay. Okay. Next question that is xy + y² xy + y² which is equal to tan x + y x y + y² which is equal to tan x + All right. Primarily Okay. Same difference with respect to x.
Final answer.
Okay.
Differentiate with respect to x on both side. Here two functions are there that is x and y. So here we have to use which rule?
XY is there.
only this is XY is there.
So products.
So differentation of UV rule that is as it is first function differentiation of second function plus as it is second function differentiation of first function. So here x is a first function y is a second function. So as it is first function differentiation of second function I'm writing directly. So that is differentiation of y is nothing but dy by dx as it is first function differentiation of second function plus as it is second function differentiation of first function differentiation of x is 1. So again next plus differentation of y square. So differentation of y square is nothing but 2 y. So y is there that's why again differentiate y with respect to x that is dy by dx which is equal to differentiation of tan x is secant² x plus again differentiation of y is dy by dx.
What are foretting? So here x dy by dx + 2y dy by dx again - dy by dx which is equal to secant² x - y.
Can we write this like this? Yes. So you have common part is dy by dx x + 2 y - 1 which is equal to sec² x - y.
So dy by dx which is is which is equal to sec² x - y / x + 2 y - 1.
So how many of you got the answer?
Okay.
Next.
Okay. Because all of getting right. Is there any doubt for you?
Okay.
Okay. Our next question that is x² + xy x² + xy + y² which is equal to 100.
Do it fast. x² + x y + y² which is equal to 100.
These are all implicit functions. The combinations of both x and y.
Very good.
Do this problem.
x² + x y + y square which is equal to 100. So same here differentiate with respect to x on both side.
Differentiate with respect to x on both side.
So differentation of x square is 28. So x so different because again differentiation of x is 1.
So here we are not writing that. So here xy function is there multiplication. So product as it is first function differentiation of second function plus as it is second function differentiation of first function plus.
So differentation of y squareation of y square.
Okay.
Cross differentiation of y square.
Differentiation of y square is because 2 y 2 y again 2 y differentiation of y square is 2 y into dy by dx super dy 2y into dy by dx which is equal to differentiation of constant that is 100 differentiation of constant is Okay.
Differentiation of constant is zero.
Super. So 2x + x dy by dx + y + 2y dy by dx which is equal to z. So, dy dx 1 that is x + 2y into dy by dx which is = - y - 2x.
So, dy by dx which is = - y - 2x / x + 2 y + 2x / x + 2 y.
Okay. Okay.
on the next question.
Sin² y + cos xy which is = k sin² y + cos xy which is equal to k.
Anybody?
Okay.
Differentiate with respect to x on both side.
So here differentiation of sin square y is you know the differentiation of sin square y it's a chain rule differentiation of sin square y differentation of sin square Y 2.
Okay.
Super correct to the next 2 sin y cos y again. dy dx of what is that?
sin^ 2 sin square y so it is in the form of x^ n different can ^ n -1 that's why differentation of sin square y first different 2 sin y that is differentation of xn is nothing but dy dx of xn is nothing but n into x ^ of n -1 by using this formula.
So differentiation of sin square y is nothing but 2 sin y again differentiation of sin y that is cos y here y is there that's why dy by dx 2 sin y into cos y into dy by dx plus so differentiation of cos xy so in place of xy just assume here x so differentiation of cos x is nothing but differentiation of cos x - sin x. But here cos xy is there. So differentiation of sin xy uh cos xy is nothing but - sin of xy. Again differentiation xygetting is a composite function. So function.
So first so dy dx of xy which is equal to differentiation of constant is differentiation of constant is zero right?
So 2 sin y cos y dy by dx plus -.
So sin xy as it is here. So again differentiation of xy is nothing but as it is first function differentiation of second function plus as it is second function differentiation of first function.
So comes to separate final answer.
So first sin xy 2 sin y cos y dy by dx - x into sin of xy into dy by dx - y sin of xy which is equal to z for getting so yeah dy by dx is Common term dy by dx 2 sin y cos y - x sin of xy which is equal to y sin of xy can we write like this y sin of xy okay sin y Super.
So last dy by dx which is = y sin of xy divided by we know that the formula sin 2x that is sin 2x is equal to 2 sin x into cos x. So here in place of x y is there that's why sin 2 yus x sin of x sin of xy.
So answer your hand.
Okay.
Next.
Next.
Okay. Is there any doubt?
Okay. Coish So repeat once again.
Okay. So listen here uh there is a question sin square y + cos of x y which is equal to k. It is a given question.
So differentiate with respect to x on both side we are doing differentiation with respect to x on both side. So here sin square y is there. So that's why it is in the form of x^ n. So x is nothing but here sin y power n is 2. So differentiation of x^ n is n into x ^ nus 1. Here we using this formula. So differentiate sin square y. So differentiation of sin square y is 2 into sin y. Again differentiation of sin y is cos y. It is a chain rule. So 2 into sin y into cos y into dy by dx. So again plus here it is in the form cos of x y. We know that the differentiation of cos x that is minus sin x. So here in place of x xy is there. So differentiation of cos x is minus sin x.
In place of x here x y is there. So again differentiate xy. So differentiation of constant is zero.
So 2 sin y as it is cos y as it is dy by dx minus plus into minus minus sin xy as it is there. So differentiation of xy what is that? It is a product rule as it is first function differentiation of second function plus as it is second function differentiation of first function which is equal to zero. So here first step as it is 2 sin y cos y dx minus so sin of xy first. So sin xy into x dy dx that is x sin of xy dy by dx. So - y into sin of x y which is equal to 0.
So dy dx 2 sin y cos yus x into sin of xy which is equal to - y sin xy right side. So this y sin of xy. So again dy by dx which is equal to y sin of x y / 2 sin y cos y 2 sin y cos y sin 2 y because we know that the formula that is sin 2x sin 2x = 2 sin x into cos x but here in place of x y is there that's why sin 2 yus x sin of xy is it Yeah.
Okay. Next question that is y = sin inverse the question. Y = sin inverse.
Y = sin inverse 2x / y = sin inverse 2x / 1 + x² y = sin inverse 2x / 1 + x² before going to this problem. So take a question that is sin square x + cos² y which is = 1.
sin² x + cos² y which is equal to 1.
Solve this one.
Sin² x + cos² y which is equal to 1.
Going fast.
Okay. Okay.
students join.
Don't miss the class.
Everyone raise your hands.
Yes. Yes. Okay.
Super sin 2x 2.
Okay.
So different uh direct differentiate with respect to x on both side. So differentiation of sin square x is 2 sin x. So differentiation of sin x is cos x.
Is it okay? Next differentiation of cos square y is 2 cos y. Again differentiation of cos y is - sin y into dy by dx which is equal to differentiation of one is zero.
I forgetting so 2 sin x cos x - 2 sin y cos y into dy by dx which is equal to zero. So dy by dx which is equal to 2 sin x cos x divided by so term again uh minus 2 sin y cos y sin 2 y is it Okay.
Minus number sin 2x / So 2 y - 1.
Okay.
So inverse trigonometric function sin inverse.
Okay. Okay.
So it is a derivative on inverse trigonometric function inverse trigonometric functions.
So yeah uh we know that differentiation of sin x that is y= sin x differentation of sin x is dy by dx which is equal to cos x Is that right? So what about a differentiation of sin inverse x?
Differentation of sin inverse x.
Okay. Lakmi sin 2x by sin 2 y.
Differentation of sin inverse x.
Think all of you know the formula.
Differentiation of sin x is cos x. The differentiation of sin inverse x is This is - sin x sin x 6 the differential minus sin x then oh differentiation of sin inverse x is cos inverse x super Next.
Okay.
1x roo<unk> 1 - x².
So listen here. uh differentiation of sin inverse x is 1x roo<unk> of 1 - x².
So differentation of sin inverse x is 1x roo<unk> of 1 - x². So how it comes? So because the differentation of sin x is cos x by using first principle method differentation of sin x cos x3 correct.
So here differentation of sin x 1 - x² so here any function that is indicated by y or f ofx y = sin inverse x y = sin inverse x.
So inverse function sin x= y inverse function inverse function.
So next inverse function.
So y = sin inverse x. So sin inverse function sin x= y sin x= y.
So= sorry sin y which is = x sin x= y sin y= x properly sin y= x differentiate differentiate with respect to x on both side what you will get. So that is the differentiation of sin y is cos y again dy by dx differentiation of x is 1. Is that right?
So then dy by dx which is equal to 1 by cos y dy by dx is nothing but 1x cos y.
So dy by dx cos yin x 1 - x² is right that is sin square y + cos square y= function.
Is that right?
Hello.
Okay.
Okay. So denominator cosmin students differentiation of sin inverse x differentation of sin inverse X differentiation of sin inverse X is nothing but 1x roo<unk> 1 - X² formula I yes okay yes multiple of P multip cos y is angle by 2 + y is nothing but sin inverse x sin inverse x function by 2<unk> equal.
Is it okay? Are you forgetting sin inverse xus by 2 by 2?
So -2 by that is not equal to -1 to do.
So y= sin y= x differential with respect to x.
So differentation of sin y is cos y into dy by dx which is equal to 1. So dy by dx which is equal to 1x cos y but 1 - x square y is an angle y is nothing but sin inverse x sin inverse X -<unk> by 2 by 2.
So sin inverse X is angle. So X2 is it belongs to -1 to 1.
When x belongs to -1 to 1 sin of sin inverse x which is = 1.
When x belongs to -1 to 1 sin of sin inverse x which is = 1 sorry 1 sin of sin inverse x which is = x.
So inverse belongs to open.
So there is one question.
So the dative of sin inverse x in the interval.
So normal of the functional of the function inverse of the function closer to 1 but they're asking inverse options.
So that is the wrong answer. So question what is the interval the derivative of the function that is sin inverse x sin inverse x that is x belongs to open interval.
So function a 1 / roo<unk> 1 - x² I question is it okay foretting don't worry y = sin inverse x that implies x = sin y. So differentiate with respect to x.
Differentiate with respect to x on both side 1 is equal to differentation of sin y is cos y dy by dx. dy by dx which is equal to 1 by cos y. But dy dx of sin inverse x 1 / 1.
So that is cos y not equal to z. So cos y is an angle sin inverse x that is not equal to sorry sin inverse x not = - by 2 + by 2. So that is x -1 this is the main intention. So xus one property when x belongs to -1 to 1 sin of sin inverse x which is = x sin of sin inverse x which is equal to x cos² y we know that the identity sin square y + cos² y which is equal to 1. So I am asking Just cos square y is nothing but 1 - sin square y.
This is nothing but 1 - sin y².
So 1 - sin y sin inverse x² so that is 1 - sin of sin inverse x can written as x in the interval x belongs to -1 to 1. So 1 - x² cos square y is nothing but 1 - x² cos y is nothing but square root of 1 - x².
So that's why differentiation of sin inverse x is nothing but 1 / roo<unk> 1 - x² differentiation of sin inverse x is 1 - x² y= x given question x= I differentiate with respect to x on both side. So differentate with respect to x on both side that is 1= cos by dy dx. So dy by dx 1 by cos yen denominator y= cos y inverse xus by 2 by 2.
So that is x value x belongs to open interval 1.
Clear because cos y is equal to roo<unk> of 1 - x².
So here is the last step.
Okay.
Sin y cos square y which is equal to 1 - sin square y. So sin square y sin y square.
So here 1us 1 sin of sin inverse x² x belongs to open - 1.
So x belongs to open 1 - x² y is nothing but 1 - x² cos y is nothing but square roo<unk> of 1 - x² is that clear sin y which = sin of sin inverse x.
Okay.
Y is nothing but sin inverse x.
Okay. Next.
Okay.
So that's why differentiation of sin inverse x is nothing but 1 / roo<unk> 1 - x² is it clear okay last two What is that question? y = sin inverse 2x / 1 + x² y = sin inverse 2x / 1 + x² so inverse function is there so inverse function y= 2x this is a lengy procedure So sin inverse second sin 2x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x sin 2x is equal to what is that in terms of tan in terms of tan 2 tan x / 1 + tan² x sin 2x = 2 tan x 1 + tan² x.
So y = sin inverse of 2 tan x 1 + tan square x. So 2 tan x 1 + tan square x sin 2x just observe here. So y = sin inverse of sin 2x because put x = tan theta.
Put x= tan theta that is sin 2 theta. So y is equal to we know that the property sin inverse of sin theta which is equal to theta.
Sin inverse of sin theta is equal to theta.
Sin of sin inverse theta which is equal to theta.
which is equal to 2.
Y= 2. So X= tan inverse X. That's why Y = 2 tan inverse X.
So here differentiation of tan inverse X is nothing but differentiation of tan inverse X is nothing but 1 by 1 + X². So direct dy by dx which is = 2 / 1 + x² it is the solution. So again next is it okay?
Okay next class biology.
So continue next class. Is there any doubt? So first discuss my next question.
Thank you.
Yes, very good afternoon for everybody.
Yes, just put a attendance mark from both IBT and as well as NBT sections.
Let me start with the today's topic with the DNA fingerprinting for the IT session. One more topic was there. It was of human genome project. I'll be completing in the next session for you.
For the both the sessions what is the topic was common is DNA fingerprinting.
For that I'll be taking here.
Yes, please try to mention your sessions also IT or NT.
Let us start with the topic of GDNA finger friending.
This is the topic of today's sessions.
Yes.
Yes. Shall we start with the Yes. Cara, very good afternoon.
Let me start with the today's sessions.
What do you mean by DNA fingerprinting?
Where and all you can see the applications means you can see the applications of DNA fingerprinting in the foreign science. All of you are aware about the foreign science right?
Four and six science. You can see the applications of DNF fingerprinting in the foreign science. You can see the application of G uh genetic genetic bio biodiversity.
You can see in that also applications of DNA fingerprinting and you can see in the uh evolutionary biology also. What do you mean by evolutionary biology?
It's nothing but evolving of animals due to what? Evolving of animals due to what? There is a change in their DNA or there is a change in their genome that leads to what? Evolution in animals.
where and all you can see the applications of DNA fingerprinting that is first is what foreign science what do you mean by foreign science if any c uh any criminal activities will takes place at the end who will come and suggest to check their uh samples for example in the foreign science what they collect here means they'll collect the blood sperm saliva uh and even bone also bone and Even skin part also you can have if you are having skin also they can detect what they can deduct your DNA from these things they collect the samples what are the samples they'll be collecting in the forens skin blood sample sperm saliva and bone tissues also being collected for the for what purpose for finding out who is the victim who is the exact victim for this uh case can be easily solved by taking these other samples and what There is a one more applications for the DNM fingerprinting or genetic biodiversity.
In the upcoming biodiversity sessions like ecology will coming to know what is the detail importance of that and one of the most important is is nothing but evolutional biology. The one of the important you can see the importance of DNA fingerprinting in evolution biology.
What do you mean by evolution? There is a change in organism. How does the organism changes? Due to what? Due to the change in their genome. What do you mean by genome? It's nothing but changes in their genetic sequencing. What do you mean by sequencing? What is the meaning of sequencing? It's nothing but the What do you mean by sequencing? Sequencing of genome. What do you mean by sequencing of genome? It's nothing but what?
Nitrogen base. ATG. It's nothing but what? Nitrogen bases. How it is arranged? What type of sequence will leads to? What type of mutations? That is nothing but it leads to what?
Mutation. Mutations leads to what?
Evolution. Let me go and study about detail about DNA fingerprinting. In let me start with here. As I said in the human genome project you came to know that 99.9% how many% 99.9% of the base sequence among all the human beings are safe. How many% is safe?
99.9% of human human base sequence base sequence will be same in all of you only your differ in what you are differ in only 1.1% your differ will contains what it will contains your ancestor history disease histories and so on this.1% contains what it contains about your parental history, parental history and disorders. What do you mean by disorders? Like diseases, family diseases and so on. You're very in only in.1% you are exactly about 99.9% all the bases in all the human beings are what? Same. And what is the number of human genome present in one cell? In one cell, how many nitrogen base pairs or how many nucleotides will be present in one cell? In one cell, in one cell, how many nitrogen base pair will be present? That is nothing but 3 that is nothing but 3 into 10 ^ of 9.
What do you call that? 3 into 10^ of 9 billions. 3.3 billion base pair. Is it not in one cell? How many base pairs will be present? 3.3 billion base pairs.
If you sequence the 3.3 billion base pair as I said 99.9% of human sequence are said. If you consider here 99.9% if you consider 99.9% you are differing from where you are differing from 1%. How do you differentiate this.1 into if you multiply this one it will give you what your different how many base sequence are different here 3 million base pairs that.1% will have how many base pairs that.1% will be showing 3 million base pairs are different from each human beings that 3 billion base space. What do you call this? 3 billion. Sorry. Sorry, it's not billion. 3 million. 10^ 6 it's called as what? 3 million.
Which one to V? Which one? It's not getting Please repeat me once again.
Yes. Which is the point? As I said, 99.9% of human base are C. What do you mean by basis? It's nothing but ATGC arrangement are same in all human beings that you call it as what that you call it as repetative sequence. What do you call this part as? We call this part as repetitive sequence as if IBD sessions uh human genome is not been completed for them because due to on the Thursday sessions the class was suspended for taking the both the session MBT and IBT which is the most common topic it's nothing but the DNA fingerprinting I'll once again I'll once again I will repeat when you come back in the on offline session also if you have any doubts regarding that I'll be clearing for you is Is it okay ma'am? Voice clarity is not much. I'll try to resolve these things.
You please try to come in the where in the what network session ba?
Okay.
Let me come from here. 99% 9. What is 99% 9? What is same? Base sequence are same in all human beings.
Only.1% are different. This.1% will carry what? This will carry the parental history. Parental history. And what is the one more thing it will be carrying?
It will carrying the disorders.
Disorders is nothing but what? Disease history which is coming from the parents. And how do you mention this.1% in 3.3 billions? It will give you how many base means? It will give you 3 into 10^ 6. What do you call that? 10^ 6 as 3 million base pairs are different in in 100% how many are different it's nothing but 3 million base pairs are different okay if you see how do you differentiate these 99% from 1% how you differentiate totally what totally 100% of DNA in that 100% of DNA 100% of DNA is made up of what 100% of DNA. It's made up of repetative sequence. It is made up of repetative sequence plus this.1%.
How do you differentiate this repetative sequence plus this.1%. What do you mean by.1%? That is the character you are different from each other. How do you differentiate this one means? By the mean of centrification. By mean of what?
By the mean of centrification. How do you centrification? What type of centrification it is that? That is nothing but density based centrification. What do you call that one as density based centrification? What do you mean by uh density? What is the meaning of density?
What do you mean by density? It's nothing but what do you mean by density?
The density is nothing but based on the molecular weight. We weight on the molecules. You can separate the uh molecules based on weight. How do you separate the molecules here? If you take a test tube for this test tube, what do you add? You add a DNA.
And what is the fluid we'll use here?
For the density means you we will use CCM chloride. We'll use fluid we will use CCM chloride. DNA plus CCM chloride.
will take it in a tube and that tube will be put it into where we'll put it into the centrification after centrification will result in the tube type.
Uh just a second I'll try to resolve this. I'm just my voice is right now it's audible right for all of you.
Karuna Bhna and uh Vasha it's audible.
So I'll just it's no issue I think. Please try to come over on the network regions.
See your mobile try to increase your volume.
Okay. [clears throat] Yes. How do we separate our DNA? We'll take a test tube. In that test tube, what we are adding? We are adding the DNA.
DNA means what? DNA is made up of what?
How many%? 99.9% it is made up of repetitive sequence and.1% it is made up of different region. This different region contains what? This different region contains your parental history as well as disorders. How do you separate this 99.9 from 1% by centrification? What is the meaning of centrification? It will it will uh it will what do you mean by centrification? It's nothing but it will uh uh as I said in the previous sessions. What do you mean by centrification? It's nothing but uh based on the density the molecules will get the molecules will get distributed.
How does the molecules get distributed?
By nothing but by adding what? By adding the CCM chloride. CCM chloride plus DNA.
Listen once again. Yes. Once again listen here.
It's nothing but CCM chloride plus DNA in a tube. What is that tube called? A friend of tube. And if you put it in the centrification, if you put it in the centrification machine, it will distribute the molecule based on what?
Based on the density. The lighter molecule will be coming in the low and heavier molecule will be sorry lighter molecules will be coming in the up and heavier molecule will be settling in the lower part. The lower part will be having what? The lower part will be of heavy heavy molecules and heavy molecules and above part will be lighter. The above part will be what? Lighter. Is it okay? Fine. Caron visible or audible?
Both is coming. I think it's audible for you. Some of you guys who are saying, "Ma'am, your voice is not so clear.
Please.
Yes.
In density base centrification as a result you'll get two types of result in that one result shows high peak and one result will show small peak. One result shows what? One's result shows high peak and one's result shows small peak. That high peak result, what do you call that?
High peak result has major major bulk. You call it as what? Major bulk DNA.
And what do you call that smaller peak as? What do you call that smaller peak as repetitative?
Repetitative DNA or what is the one more name of repetitative DNA? It is called as satellite DNA. What do you call that one as satellite DNA?
Okay.
When you put the DNA to the DNA, what you are adding? You are adding CCM chloride. After the result, you get a two types of result. One result shows a high peak. What do you call that? I peak as major bulk DNA. One more pig shows that small pig. What do you call that small pig as satellite DNA or what is the one more of name of satellite DNA?
It is called as repetative DNA. Let me see the what are the characters of satellite DNA or what is repetitive sequence.
Satellite DNA. It is called as satellite DNA. The satellite DNA has been classified into two types. The satellite DNA has been classified into how many types? It has been classified into two types. One it is called as microatellite.
One it is called as what? Micro satellite.
One it is called as mini satellite.
Because I'll revise it once. Listen till now. I'll revise it. One it is called as mini satellite. One it is called as micro satellite.
one it is called as what mini satellite one it is called as micro satellite what I'm discussing here till here it is clear as I said 99.9% DNA sequence are in all the human beings are same only you are different in what you are different in.1% that.1% how many means it shows 3 million's base pair it shows how many base pairs 3 million base space in of 3,000 sorry in of three billion base in 3 billion base space you are what is the amount that is 0.1 is very it shows it shows three million base pairs are different all of you will be having 3 million base pairs are different in all the human beings how do you differentiate this DNA from that one by making a centri centrification. In the centrification, what do you add? DNA plus cummium chloride. DNA plus cmium chlor chloride.
If you take that one, based on what?
Based on the density, it distributes the molecule. The lighter molecule will be settling up and the heavier molecule will be settling down. As a result, you can see the two types of result it will be coming. One is higher peak, one is low peak. The high peak result will show the major bulk DNA and the smaller peak will show the smaller peak will show us what? The smaller peak will show us the repetative DNA. The smaller peak will show what repetitive DNA and it is also called it as what? Satellite DNA. Let me study about the satellite DNA characters. Okay. How many types of satellite DNA you have? You have two types of satellite DNA. One is micro satellite and one is mini satellite. How many types of satellite DNA are there?
One is micro and mini. On what basis? It has been classified into two types.
Means it is classified based on the based on the base composition.
Based on what it has been classified into based on the base composition and length of the length of the segment and what length of the segment. Satellite DN has been classified into micro and mini. on what basis they have been classified micro and mini based on the base composition and the length of the segment of the DNA. For example, this is the length of the DNA in this length. How many base composition? For example, how many 80 are rich in this length or how many GC are rich based on this 80 GC rich and this length of the segments. How many it contains ADA or how many it contains GC.
Based on that we have classified into two types. One is micro and one is called as mini satellite. In your MCRT textbook they have not given about the micro satellites. Let me go in detail about what in detail about the mini satellite. In mini satellite there is a one of the satellite type. What do you call that one of the satellite type as V NTRS?
What do you call that one as V and NTRS?
What do you mean by V and T RS? Means variable number of tandem. What is the full form of V and TRS? Variable variable number of tandem tandem repeats. What is the meaning of V and TRS? Full form of V and TRS it's nothing but it's nothing but variable number of tandem repeats. What do you call it in short form? V N TRS this is the short form of it. Yes. Let me see the what is the character of V and NTRS.
Let me see the what is the character of V and TRS. Now this V and NTRS shows what is the I'm saying now what is the character of V and RS? V RS shows it shows the high degree high degree of variation means what do you mean by high degree of variations? Let me explain in detail. It shows what? It shows high degree of variation in DNA polymorphism.
All of you know the meaning of DNA polymorphism, right? What do you mean by DNA polymorphism? It's nothing but changes in genetic level or variation in genetic level. That to what? That to in maximum that to in what maximum percent what do you call that maximum percent as high degree? High degree in DNA polymorphism.
What is a one more character or what is the meaning of VNTRS? What is the meaning of UV and TRS means it's nothing but in a segment of DNA if you imagine this is the segment of the DNA the sequence are arranged the sequence are arranged for example ATG this sequence is arranged one beside the other in many number of copies this sequence it is called as this sequence it is called as V ntrs What do you mean by VNTRS? A small DNA a small DNA sequence. A small DNA sequence is arranged is arranged tandemly tandemly in many copies of it.
What do you mean by tandemly? What is the meaning of tandemly? Means the sequence which is arranged one beside the arrange one below the other. For example, 80 GC 80 GC 80 GC one beside the one more sequence will be arranging one beside the other. It is called as standup. Repeat mean it is repeated in so many numbers in variable. How many times it is repeated? It is repeated in variable condition. It is called as variable number of tandem repeats. V N TRS.
It is called as what? V NTRS. What do you mean by V and NTRS? A small DNA sequence. If small DNA sequence, the sequence are arranged in tandem repeats in many number of copies. What do you mean by tandem? It's nothing but the sequence which is arranged one beside the arrange. Let me see. This is one sequence. This is one more sequence. And this is one more sequence. These sequence are arranged one beside the other. That is the meaning of tandem.
What is the full form of V and eras?
Variable number of tandem repeats. These sequence are arranged in many times in variable numbers. It may be present in 100,000, 500. It varies from person to person. That is how you are different from one person to another person.
that.1% as I said the.1% will will be having what will be you are different from each other right what is that.1% it's nothing but V and TRS as I said 99% 9% all of you are what all of you are same you are different from each other by what you are different from each other this.1% this.1% is made up of what type of DNA it is made up of satellite DNA in that satellite DNA Which is the type you will be having?
You'll be having what? You'll be having mini satellite. In mini satellite you'll be having one type of mini satellite. It is called as V NTRS. It is called as what? VNTRS. This VNTRS is different from each of you. That's why you are unique. What do you mean by ENTRS? V and TRS it's nothing but the sequence of the DNA where the tandems repeats in many number of copies one person will be having 80gc 80 gc in 100 times one more person will be having 200 times one more person may be having 50 times or one more person will be having thousand times it changes from person to person that's why you are unique which part of the DNA is unique here Z and TR RS sequence are unique that's why it is unique for all the human beings and this will be having the character of what this will be having the character of your parents history you can find from here this.1% and what is one more thing you'll be able to find out your family disease also in this.1% disorders also be present here let me go in detail about what we'll go in detail about the characteriz ization of satellite DNA. What are the characters of satellite DNA? Let me see here.
What is the next topic? Satellite DNA.
What do you mean by satellite DNA or what are the characteristics of satellite DNA? The first thing you have to remember in the satellite DNA is nothing but what they do not they do not quotes for they do not what they do not for any protein. What is the first point you have to remember about the satellite DNA? They do not quote for what? Any protein. That is the first point you have to remember. And here entire DNA is made up of what or you can say what is the one more word. You can say what is the your entire major portion of your DNA is made up of larger portion. I write it here as larger portion of your DNA is made up of is made up of what means is made up of satellite DNA.
Is made up of what? Is made up of satellite DNA. And this satellite DNA this satellite DNA shows what? It shows the It shows the high degree of what? High degree of variations. It shows what high degree of variations.
For variations, which is the sequence is responsible? DNA polymorphism.
Yes, trap DNA. What is the first thing you have to remember? It does not code for any protein. And next part is what the major portion of your DNA is made up of what type of sequence? It is made up of satellite DNA sequence. And it shows what? If the satellite DNA shows what it satellite DNA shows the high degree of variations that is nothing but high degree of variation is nothing but what variation in the genetic level that variations in the genetic level is nothing but it leads to what DNA polymorphism and which is the basic unit. And this is the basic unit of DNA fingerprinting is which is the basic unit of DNA fingerprinting is what do you call that one as satellite DNA. This is the basic unit. If you have this satellite DNA then only you can find out what you can find out the DNA fingerprinting. This is the basic unit of DNA fingerprinting. In examination they will ask you one question regarding this which is the basic unit of the DNA fingerprinting.
What is your answer? Your answer should be what? It's satellite DNA. What are the characters of satellite DNA? The first point what you have to write it here. They do not do not quotes for what? They do not codes for any protein.
They do not codes for any protein. That is the first point you have to remember here. And the the larger portion of the human genome it is made up of what? It is made up of satellite DNA. That is the second point. The larger portion portion of the DNA is made up of satellite DNA. And what is the third point? You have to remember it shows the high degree of variation. It shows what?
Satellite DNA shows what? High degree of variation. That high degree of variations leads to what? DNA polymorphism.
It leads to what? DNA polymorphism. What do you mean by DNA polymorphism? It's nothing but it's nothing but its variation in genetic level. How does the variation in genetic level happens? Due to variation in the sequence and last point is what you have to remember which is the basic unit for DNA fingerprinting. It's nothing but satellite DNA is the basic unit of DNA fingerprinting. Put a star mark for this question and underline this one. which is the basic unit of DNA fingerprinting.
They will ask you what type of DNA should be there. Uh repetative DNA, repetative DNA and satellite DNA are both the same. And they may give the options like genomic DNA. So and so what is the answer? What is the one more name of satellite DNA? It is called as repetitive DNA which is the basic unit of fingerprinting. It is nothing but satellite DNA or repetitive DNA. Let me go for next part here.
As I said uh the satellite DNA it will show what? It will show the DNA polymorphism.
Satellite DNA shows what? Shows the polymorphism. All of you know the meaning of polymorphism. Right? What is the meaning of polymorphisms? Variations in genetic level that leads to what?
That leads to the evolution. How does the evolution happens? By the mutations.
What is the characters of DNA polymorphisms? Variations.
Variations at genetic level.
How does the variation happens in the genetic level? Due to what? Due to the uh unpropering sequence. That unpropering sequence leads to what? It leads to the mutations. Is it not? It's lead to what? It leads to the mutation.
In mutations you have so many types of mutations here in this DNA fingerprinting will have a mutations like this. You can see the mutations in the germ cells also is it not? And you can see the mutations in somatic cells.
What do you mean by somatic cell?
What do you mean by somatic cell?
Somatic.
Somatic cell.
Yes. One is germ cell, one is somatic cell. What do you mean by germ cell and somatic cell? Germ cell is nothing but the representations of sex chromosome that is X and Y and somatic cell other than the sex chromosome. It is called as somatic cells. You can see the mutations in germ cell as well as somatic cells.
Let me see the mutation in germ cell. If you see the mutation in this germ cell, you can spread the offsprings can have what mutation. This offspring can spread entire community. If the entire community is spread, what will be uh solving? You can see the mutations in entire population of that community. If the community is having is having more than more than.1% or 1% this leads to what? This leads to inheritance inheritable mutations. This leads to what? This leads to inheritable mutations. What do you mean by inheritable mutations? Yes. Listen here.
What I was saying? I was saying about DNA polymorphism. What do you mean by DNA polymorphism? It's nothing but variation at genetic level. If variation at the genetic levels, it leads to what?
It leads to mutation. You can see the mutations is nothing but what? You can see the mutation in germ cell as well as in somatic cells. Is it not? What do you mean by germ cell? It's nothing but the sex cells that is X and Y somatic cells other than the germ cells. Germ cells.
If you see the mutations in germ cell it will obviously uh affects what it affects the entire community. If what you if what if affects the entire community what do you call that one as inheritable mutation. What do you call it as initable mutation? It is passing from one generation to other generation and it's affecting the entire population. That's why it is called as initable mutation. If the inevitable mutation crosses 001% or 1% it leads to what? It leads to affect the entire community. It leads to affect what? It leads to affect the entire community. What is a percentage?
If it cross the percentage about 001% or or 1%. If it is cross this percent it affects what? affects the entire community because the entire community will be having what type means it will be having the mutations in where in the mutations in the germ cell if the mutation is germ cell it will be forwarding to and it will be affecting the entire community if you see one more type of mutation if you see in the non-coding part you all all of you know that the DNA will be containing what the DNA will be containing coding coding and non non-coding regions is it not the DNA will be having what the DNA will be having coding and non-coding regions if you see the non-coding mutations what will be happening let me see here if you see the coding sorry if you see the mutations in non-coding regions let me see what happens there if you see the mutations in non-coding regions the effects will not be immediately but later on the effects will be here this non-coding mutations if you See finally it will affects the entire DNA sequence and leads to what it leads to the mutation. Which part leads to the mutations means non-coding parts.
Non-coding parts directly which will not affects the offsprings but it goes on collecting the uh defect sequence and finally expresses into what? Expresses into the new organisms.
That new thing you can see in there in the non-coding regions.
Non-coding mutations.
Non-coding mutations. Non-coding mutations will affect what? It will not affects the offspring. But it will later on collect the sequence. It will passes from one generation to next generation, next generation to next generation. And finally, it affects what? It finally affects a community.
community and that leads to what? It leads to evolution.
It lead to what? It leads to evolution.
I'll conclude from from first to here.
Listen carefully. As I said DNA fingerprinting, DNA fingerprinting which is you can see in where and all you can see in the forensic science and what is the one more thing you can see in the genetic biodiversity. and see from where it leads to what evolution 99% 9% of the DNA is made up of all the bases are what all the sequence are same and only you are different from each other how many% are different from each other only% are different from each other that's why you are uniqueness is present this.1% what do you call this.1% as different region what do you call this.1% as different region or you can call it what is a one more name you can call this as satellite DNA. You can call it as what the satellite DNA. What is the character of satellite DNA? How do you came to know how do you separate this 99.9% from one person? How do you differentiate by the centrification? If you put the DNA in the centrifugation, if you put the DNA in centrifugation machine, how do you put the DNA into the centrification machine? By taking a tube to the tube, what is the solution you added there? You have added a cium chloride solution. To the cium chloride solution, what you are adding? We are adding the DNA entire DNA. And if you put it in the centrification machine based on the density, it distributes the molecule. The heavier molecule will be settling where heavier molecule will be settling in the below and lighter molecule will be settling in up. Based on that, you'll be getting two picss.
How many results you'll be getting here?
Two picss will be uh getting your result here. Higher peak will show what major bulb DNA major bulb DNA and smaller peak will show as what? The smaller peak will give the results of repetative sequence.
This repetative sequence is nothing but what is the one more name of repetative sequence? It's nothing but the satellite DNA. If you how many types of satellite DNA are there? There are two types of satellite DNA. Based on what it has been categorized means based on the based on the base composition. Based on what base composition and length of the length of the length of what? Length of the segment of DNA. In that segment for example in this length of the segment of the DNA, how many base composition? For example, how many AT are rich? How many GCR? Based on this you have two types of satellite DNA. One it is called as micro satellite. One it is called as what?
Mini satellite. Once again you have one more type of mini satellite called as VNTRS. What do you call that one as V NTRS. What is the full form of VNTRS? It is nothing but variable number of tandem repeats. What is the full form? Variable number of tandem repeats. This variable number of tandem repeats sequence. What is the character of VNTRS means? It shows what? It shows the high degree of DNA polymorphism. What is the first character? It shows high degree high degree of DNA polymorphism. What is the meaning of DNA polymorphism?
What do you mean by DNA polymorphism?
It's nothing but variation at genetic level. What is the first point?
Variations at genetic level. And this variation in the genetic level leads to what? It leads to the mutation.
What do you mean by DNA polymorphism? It shows an high degree of high degree of genetic variations. And what is an ex?
If shows high degree of variations in genetic level, it shows what? It shows the mutations. That is the meaning of DNA polymorphism. Okay.
And after this, let me study about what?
We'll study about the character of DNA satellite. What are the what are the characters of DNA satellite? It's nothing but what is the first character?
They do not quotes for any protein.
Sorry, they do not for Yes, they do not for any protein. That is the first point you have to remember the entire DNA. How many% it is made up of? It is percent is made up of repetative sequence only. And uh third point is it shows an high degree of DNA polymorphisms and which is the basic unit of DNA fingerprinting is nothing but satellite DNA. Next next after this I was saying about what after this I was saying about the mutations you can see the mutations in two regions. One you can see in the six chromosomes it's nothing but the germ cells. You can see there the mutations also you can see here in one more cells you can see the mutations that is nothing but the somatic cells. somatic cells. If you see the mutations in germ cells, if the mutation it can easily pass from one generation to the next generation and it it easily spreads what? It easily spreads the community.
If it is easily spreads the community obviously what is affected at the finally the community will be affected.
What do you call that type of mutations as inheritable mutations.
Why you call it as inheritable mutations? because it is passing from one generation to the next generation.
That's why you call it as initable mutations. If the society or if the community has more than 001% or more than 1% it affects the community and what do you call that affects as alilic alilic sequence mutations. What do you call that one as alilic sequence mutations?
If one more type of mutations you can see here in non-coding region this non-coding regions will directly will not affect the offspring but later on it will show in the evolution. How it later on shows in the evolution because from one generation to next generation what is passed the mutation will be passed and the accumulation of what accumulation of these sequence goes on.
If the accelation of these sequence goes on and finally in the one of the generation it will express and that leads to weight that leads to the evolution the non-coding mutation will not directly affects the next generation but the sequence will be going on be collecting and finally in the one of the generation it will be expressed and that's lead to what that leads to the mutation this is about the DNA fingerprinting and next how do you isolate the DNA fingerprinting from a cell. All of you know that how do you isolate the DNA fingerprinting from the cell? What is the first step? How do you get isolated? If you take a cell, this is a cell. In that cell where you have the DNA, the DNA will be present in the nucleus. How do you take the fragment of the DNA from the nucleus? By using an enzyme by enzyme, what is the name of that enzyme? Enducleus enzyme. What is the full form of endonucleus? I'll be saying in the biotechnology full name is restriction restriction endoule enzyme what is the full form of this enzyme what is the character of restriction endonucleus I'll be saying in biotechnology by using this enzyme we'll cut what we'll cut the DNA what do you call the cut piece of the DNA as fragments what do you call that cut piece of the DNA as what fragments and the fragments will be cuted and after taking this frag fragments which will be cuted. Some fragments will be shorter and some fragments will be longer. Is it not?
While cutting which some pieces of DNA will be shorter and some pieces of the DNA will be longer. How do you arrange these DNA? By using a machine by using an apparatus. What do you call that apparatus as gel electrophorosis?
By using help of a apparatus. What is apparatus means gel electrophorosis.
What is the importance of gel electrophorosis means? It will help in arranging the DNA sequence based on their size and length. Based on their what? Based on their size and length. They will arrange these by using what type of machine? By using the gel electrophorosis.
Here the smallest size the smallest size DNA will be arranged near the anode and larger size will be arranged near the cathode. It will be arranged near where? Cathode. The cathode contains larger sides or lengthier size and the smaller DNA will be arranging which side in the anode region.
After arranging the DNA and anode and uh cathode the finally you'll form what?
Finally you'll form a band. Finally you'll form what band is formed by using what band is formed by using the gel electrophorosis. What do you mean by gel electrophorosis is nothing but the making an arrangement of what? Making an arrangement from smaller DNA and larger DNA. How does the smaller DNA is arranged? At which region it is arranged near the anode and largest DNA gets arranged in which side? At the cathode side and finally it gives what? It finally gives a band. After this band you have to remember one point here. Let me write it in the next slide.
Yes. What is formed now? The bands are formed. After forming a band, these bands has to be broken down. These bands has to be what? These bands has to be broken down by treating with the solution. What do you call that solution? As alkaline solution. By using what? By using the alkaline solution. We are breaking down what? We are breaking the hydrogen bonds which is present in the strands. And finally, we got it as a single stranded DNA. This single stranded single stranded single stranded DNA is transferred into where? Is transferred into the is transferred into the is transferred into is transferred into a membrane. What do you call that membrane as what do you call this membrane as nitrous membrane?
Nitroillus membrane. Yes, what I said after gel electrophorosis. From gel electrophorosis what you got? You got a band and from the band you are break we are breaking the band by using an alkaline solution. From alkaline solution if you broken down the band you got what? You got a single standard.
This single strandard is transfers to a membrane. What do you call that membrane as you call nitrous membrane or nylon paper. What is the one more name of that nitrous paper? It is also called as nylon paper.
After transferring the single stranded DNA into the membrane, what do you call that technique as southern blotting?
What do you call that technique as southern blotting?
Yes, from this southern blockchain you can call this as a temporary DNA fingerprinting. Why it is called as temp temporary DNA fingerprinting? I'll let you know in the next slide. What do you mean by temporary DNA fingerprinting?
The single strandard will be transferred into where it will be transferred into membrane. What is the membrane? You have two types of membrane. One it is called as nitroas membrane or it is also called it as nylon paper. If you transfer the single stranded on the nylon paper what do you call that technique as southern blotting. It is a temporary what temporary DNA fingerprinting. After this you have to make a permanent DNA strands. How do you make a permanent DNA strands? Let me see here.
All of you know that as I said if you want to cut the DNA the DNA will be cuted by using what? By using an enzyme.
What is that name of that enzyme? It is nothing but restriction endonucleus.
That restriction enducleus will always cut in which region means it will always cut in the V and NTRS region. This is the point you have to remember. What is the character of this enzyme? I'll be saying in detail in biotechnology. What is the function of this enzyme? It is an uh DNA cutting enzyme. It cuts at which region? It always cut at the V NTRS regions. This is a point you have to remember here. After cutting this region VNTRS regions will be cuted. All of you know that VNTR uh region will carries what? It will carries the parental history and the disorders. All of you know it.
In the lab, you'll synthesize a complimentary for this B and TRS sequence. You'll synthesize what? You'll synthesize a complimentary stand for B&D RS. How do you synthesize the complimentary stand? Means complementary strand is synthesized in the lab. How do you synthesize the complimentary stand in the lab means? By using a radioactive elements. By using what? Radioactive elements to the complimentary stand. To the what?
Complimentary stand. And what do you finally call that one as radioactive probes?
What do you call that one as radioactive probes?
In lab what do you synthesize?
Complimentary stand is synthesized.
Which is the complimentary stand? For which stand you have synthesized the complimentary? For VNTRS stand you are synthesized the complimentary. For the VNTRS we have synthesized the complimentary by adding what? By adding the radioactive elements. What do you finally call it as radioactive probes?
This radioactive probes. What is the how it functions means? Let me see here.
Nitrosilus nitrillus plus radioactive radioactive probes. What do you mean by radioactive probes? It's nothing but the complimentary stand plus uh radioactive elements. That is called as radioactive probes. What do you have in nitroas strand? Single stranded single stranded DNA single stranded DNA plus radioactive probes.
This will give you what? This will give you the hybrid.
This will give you what? Hybridization.
What do you mean by hybridization? It's nothing but making of two molecules. How many molecules are present here? Single standard DNA which is present on nitrolysis sheet plus radioactive probes. Finally, you got it. What? You can get a hybrid molecule. This hybrid molecules. If you present it on X-rays, if you put it on the X-rays, it will blink will be there. That blink shows that this is the victim's DNA. when you compare with the uh when you compare this DNA with what uh with the daughters in the case DNA fingerprinting you can be seeing in which cases in the parenting issues some person will say this is not my uh baby or the kid you can match the baby's kid with the victim's kids finally get it what you can get the radioactive probes will be blinking here his sequence and your baby sequence will be matching because B and TRS S V and T RS will be having what will be having the parents history that sequence and your baby sequence will be matching here finally from this you can understood that which is the basic unit of the DNA fingerprinting it's nothing but it's a BNDR region that BNDR region is most important for the DNA fingerprinting because it contains what it contains.1% the.1% means how many base sequence are present 3 into 10^ 6 P space are there in point one. It will be having a character of what? It will be having the character of your family history and disorders. What do you mean by probes?
Probes is nothing but uh radioactive probes. What do you mean by radioactive probes means it's nothing?
Listen, I'll say what do you mean by probes?
Probes. It's nothing but what? The single standard DNA. the single stranded DNA see I'll be writing here the single stranded single stranded DNA plus radioactive elements radioactive element it is called as radioactive radioactive probes okay radioactive probes single strand DNA Radioactive elements probes nitro sheet single strand DNA.
Single strand hybridization.
You can match what? You can match the uh kids with their victim persons. In the some of the cases like the parenting cases the kids they mention that this is the kid it is not mine and the health can match that things in while doing the DNA fingerprinting it's not so easy to get the DNA fingerprinting in nowadays it because it is so expensive this is not so easy to do that also this cost more than lakhs together it's not 50 60,000 costes more than lakhs together so it's not so easy even the court needs a permission for This also do for doing the DNA fingerprinting.
When you come back for the offline sections once again I'll revise it about the DNA fingerprinting. For the technical issues I could not do the PPT uh basic thing you have to learn. What is the most most basic about DNA fingerprinting and what is its application? That is the first point.
What is application of DNA printing? V and dog. You can see here in the forensic science you can see the genetic biodiversity all of what is the meaning of biodiversity what is the meaning of biod diversity having the variations variations what type of variations variations in the organisms how does the organisms variations means through genetic how does the genetic variations to organisms it leads to what it leads to evolution if the variations in the genetic level uh it can leads to what it can leads to change in human organisms by the change in DNA sequence.
I hope it is clear.
See you in the next sessions and uh try to see the groups follow the instructions for login and log out time.
I hope it is clear. If you have any doubts regarding this when you come back to the offline sessions, I'll be repeating these things. Need not to be worried for this for DNA fingerprinting.
only for the DNA fingerprinting little bit it's a quite difficult topic I'll come back when you come back for the offline I'll revise this topic
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