Organic Chemistry. Four major types of reactions.

Ajouté : 2026-06-04

[00:00:00]We've got to do this wonderful question in organic chemistry. I just want you to follow me clearly and attentively.

[00:00:12]The question is saying some reactions that involve ethanol, which is this one, C2H5 s o h are shown. So, these are the reactions that are involving ethanol. I guess you know that organic chemistry is one of those key topics that don't miss in an exam. So, even as I get to teach you, you need to make sure that you are well prepared, you've studied through, and you've revised through. The first question here is telling us to say, "Give the names of the processes labeled three and four." Where is three? Three is here. This particular process where ethanol is made what? Ethyl methanoate. So, this process is what we are going to call what? So, this particular process is called esterification.

[00:01:19]Have we seen that is called esterification?

[00:01:23]So, that is an esterification. This one is an ester.

[00:01:28]This is an alcohol. So, when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid, we get to form an ester. So, this particular process is called esterification.

[00:01:41]And then, this one where ethanol converted to this ethanoic acid, this one is called oxidation.

[00:01:52]So, this what we get to call oxidation of what? Alcohols.

[00:01:57]So, that is oxidation. So, I'll say oxidation of what? Alcohols. So, that is oxidation.

[00:02:05]This one, have you seen ethanol glucose? This one is called fermentation.

[00:02:15]This one is called fermentation. The reason why I'm writing like this, I want you to get this. We are revising.

[00:02:25]This question came in an exam and you can't find the questions exactly like this ones. This is the reason why I'm just revising. I'm answering everything.

[00:02:36]This one, ethene to ethanol, [clears throat] this one is called hydration.

[00:02:43]This is called a hydration reaction. So, this is what you need to get. Have you seen? So, I've given you all these processes that are here and you need to make sure that you know them. Ethanol to ethyl ethanoate, that is esterification.

[00:03:01]Ethene to ethanol, that is hydration.

[00:03:04]Ethanol to uh uh ethanoic acid, that is oxidation. Then ethanol to glucose, that is fermentation. I guess you are getting it. So, we've answered this particular part. I've also touched on certain questions that you need to get.

[00:03:22]Construct the structural balanced equation for the reaction two. Where is the reaction two? This one that is here.

[00:03:32]So, structural There is a keyword here, structural. So, this is ethene. Ethene can be written like this, CH2.

[00:03:42]There is a double bond. Then we can also write CH2 like this.

[00:03:48]Reacting with what? Steam, which is water. Steam, this one is the a gas.

[00:03:55]Have you seen? So, reacting with a gas.

[00:03:58]So, that is steam. Then, giving us what?

[00:04:02]Giving us this one now that we want, this one that is here, which is C2H uh 5 OH, like this. So, this is the equation that they are talking about.

[00:04:18]Someone can say, "How has this been formed?" You need to get and understand.

[00:04:25]So, there is basic information that is going to help you. We've got C2H4 reacting with steam. So, what gets to happen is that the C2 will remain, then H H4, the one hydro hydrogen here, one hydrogen comes in to make five. Then, here we're just remaining with HO, which is OH. This is how it is being formed. This is the equation that is here. Have you seen? But, you just need to know that when an alkene reacts with the steam, we get to form an alcohol. Have you seen? This is it. This is so simple. I guess you are getting it, isn't it? You're getting it. We go to this one. Describe briefly how ethanol is converted into ethanoic acid.

[00:05:24]So, ethanol is oxidized. So, you need to understand the first thing. You are going to say that ethanol is what?

[00:05:34]Ethanol is oxidized.

[00:05:38]Is ethanol is what? Oxidized either by acidified potassium dichromate uh 6 or uh uh six or by uh oxygen, which is in air. Have you seen? To form what we get to call ethanoic acid. To form ethanoic what? To form ethanoic acid.

[00:06:09]So, briefly, this is how we can talk or this is how we can put it. There are some things that I've used. You can include them. I've said that first, ethanol is oxidized for for example, by warming acidified potassium dichromate six, or we say when it reacts with the oxygen that is in the air to uh in the air to form what? To form ethanoic acid. That is it.

[00:06:45]So, you just have to understand it this way. I know you can put up some things here that can uh enhance uh this particular explanation. I know, and these are the things that I've used.

[00:06:59]When you are answering exam questions, you need to let the examiner know that for sure this particular candidate know this particular topic. We are just revising through, and I guess you are getting one or two things, isn't it? Uh why should you optimal temperature of 37 degrees Celsius be used in reaction one? Where is reaction one?

[00:07:29]Fermentation. Why? Because it is the what? You say it is the optimum. You say it is the optimum what? It is the optimum for enzyme This word here is fermentation. That is the optimum temperature for enzyme fermentation. Meaning that if there is higher temperature, they are denatured.

[00:07:59]If there is low temperature, they get to be slow. So, that is the optimum for enzyme fermentation.

[00:08:08]Which is what? 37° C. So, that is it. That is what you need to put there. It is as as simple as that. I guess you are getting this and everything that I'm teaching here. We go to the last question. State one essential condition for reaction two.

[00:08:32]Where is reaction two? Reaction two is here. So, one essential condition. What catalyst can be used? Here we now get to look at phosphoric acid catalyst.

[00:08:48]So, that one is one of the essential condition that should be there.

[00:08:55]Phosphoric acid is a catalyst that is used. So, you just have to make sure that you put it here.

[00:09:03]Phosphoric what? Acid. For those of you that are looking for tuitions, this is your full-time online tutor. You can get in touch with me on this particular number where I'm going to help you. So, this is my number.

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