INI-CET | MAY-2026 | RECALL SESSION - ANATOMY | DR. HARIHARAN | ADRPLEXUS

Hinzugefügt: 2026-05-24

[00:00:00]Uh friends, good morning. Um I think uh the init exams were over. Um it was pretty a balanced kind of paper.

[00:00:11]Emphasis were given more towards the basic subject. See in my class I used to say you should be thorough in six subjects. Okay. So if you're thorough in six subjects the first three first three year subjects and the second year those three subjects if you are thorough in those six subjects. Okay. any kind of exams whatever it is it starting from USML to the uh neat exams you can rock anywhere okay because the basics are very very important if you're strong in the basics your clinical subjects become very very easy okay so this time anatomy there were a lot of questions arised I think uh more than 15 questions and um almost five of them were mixed kind of an integrated kind of topics okay so There are few bonuses from anatomy which were certainly unexpected but uh sen the questions most of the questions almost 80 85% of anatomy questions from straightforward questions okay so I think without wasting much of the time we'll see the possible questions and what were we collected from different sources and we'll try to discuss those things today okay see the first question was from the abdomen part so they have asked for a muscle and the structure formed by saponiosis. Okay. So here is the muscle.

[00:01:33]Okay. So if you see this this outermost muscle of the abdomen. Okay. This is nothing but the external abdominis muscle. Okay. So this this is nothing but the external oblique abdominis muscle. I hope you all know the fibers of the external abdominis muscle runs downwards and medially. So if you see the direction of the fibers you can very well say this is external object abdominis muscle. Okay. The next muscle that is the internal object abdominis muscle which is deep to this runs in exactly opposite direction in an upward and medial direction. Okay. So this hexobic abdominis muscle when it uh comes down to the lower part of the bone. Okay. It modifies and forms a ligament. Okay. which extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tuber. Okay. So I hope you all know once I set this lama the structure is nothing but the inguinal ligament.

[00:02:33]The structure is nothing but the inguinal li. So you all know that the exonic abdominis muscle and the lower down it forms a ligament an important ligament called as inguinal ligament also called as ligament. Yes. And this uh inner ligament gives certain other extensions forming forming the reflected part. Forming the reflected part. Yes, you know that there is a reflected part and there is an layment of cooper. Okay.

[00:03:00]Which is also called as an idopianial layment. Okay. Layment of cooper. Okay.

[00:03:05]So all these are modifications which are seen uh from the aonosis of extra abdominis muscle. Okay. So if you see the options. Okay. So they very well given that exobic abdonous muscle and ligament as one option introbic yes it forms a conjunct there's no doubt in it transfer abdominis also forms a there's no doubt in rectus abdominis it forms a part of the linear but there is no doubt of it but the muscle mark here is the exonobic abdominis muscle so the right answer for this question is answer a okay so this is a very simple straightforward question if you identify the orientation of the muscle then uh it becomes much much easier for you. Okay.

[00:03:45]So with this note we'll go to the next question. Uh I think this question uh had come in the previous years also.

[00:03:52]Okay. So this is about the order of structures pierce in lumbar puncture.

[00:03:57]Okay. So you all know that uh the lumbar puncture helps in tapping the cerebral spinal fluid and this cerebral spinal fluid runs in a space called a subaroid space. Okay. And you all know suboid space is present within. Okay. Subaroid space is present between is present between the armoid meter and the it is present between the armoid meter. It is present between the aroid m and the pameter. You all know that is present between m and p. So if you want to reach this sub space in the uh spine region we usually do the tapping at the level of L2 to L3 or L3 to L4. So this is the usual level we do the spinal fluid tapping or CSF tapping.

[00:04:44]And when you do this tapping we need to pierce certain structures and when you trace the structures from outside. So you have to pierce the skin. Then you have to pierce the subcutaneous tissue.

[00:04:54]Okay. Then you have to pierce the uh supraspinus ligament. Yes. Then between the spinus process you have got the intus. You have to pierce it. And when you go deep to it you have yellow colored ligament. Okay, rich in elastic fibers which is called as layment of flavor. You have to pierce it and then you have to pierce the durometer and then you have to go into the act and you enter into the subnite space. Okay. So you all know that outside the durometer is the epidural space between the durometer and the arachnoid matter is the subdural space. So when you go and look into this option, okay, when you go and look into this option, if you [clears throat] want to pierce the or if you want to tap the fluid, okay, you have to pierce the epidural space first, then you have to cross the subdural space, then you have to reach the subordinate space, okay? So that would be an much much better option. Okay, so there are certain options which are incomplete or missing. So whatever we gathered from the students and whatever uh the knowledge we apply here. So if you can see a particular order uh the options with the particular order in this then you can go about it. Okay.

[00:06:11]There is no wrong in it. Okay. So please make sure that the uh structure spears from outside to inside. You should have an idea and you put that in the options and you'll get the right answers for it.

[00:06:22]Okay. Fine. So with this note we'll move to the next question. So this was a question which was pretty uh much asked several times in the exams. Okay. And we've discussed this also in the uh workbook sessions. Okay. So this uh the question like goes like this. The muscle response for abduction of vocal cord um uh in the larynx and the picture was given uh a similar kind of picture was given okay like this and they have marked various muscles in this. Okay. So before going into the options okay before going into the correct answer just we'll see what are these muscles first see this is a muscle which extends from the thyroid cartilage to the so this muscle what we have shown here is thyroarit thyroarit okay so if you know from the classes what we've discussed the innermost part of the thyro which is getting attached to the true okal c is called as vocalist muscle so this is called as analis muscle okay and there is a muscle which is kept outside the larynx. Okay. So that is an extrinsic muscle. Okay. So this muscle which is pres outside the larynx is the muscle which is marked here. This is nothing but the cricothyroid muscle. Yes. This is muscle which is actually a tensor of the oal curve which is actually tensor of the oal curve. Okay. Which is actually tensor of the oal curve. And the muscle which is marked here. Okay.

[00:07:47]which is marked here is called as the uh oblique art. Yes. Is called as an oblique arinance.

[00:07:56]Okay. And the muscle which is marked as a here is the posterior crical. Okay.

[00:08:01]Posterior.

[00:08:03]Okay. Posterior line. Okay. So if you see a schematic diagram what we have drawn in the class. If you take the vocal cord the vocal cord has got an membranous portion. The vocal part has also got a cartilagenous portion. The OKAL part has also got a cartilagenous portion. And there is a muscle which is pretty much attached to the uh muscular process of the on its posterior aspect.

[00:08:30]Okay. So if this muscle contracts, okay, if this muscle contracts, it makes a vocal cord to go like this. Okay. And uh a diamond shaped ear or a fully abducted portion. So this is called as an abduction of OKAL curve.

[00:08:47]This is called as an abduction of vocal curve. Yes. This is called as abduction of OKAL curve. And this action is produced by this muscle which is called as posterior.

[00:08:57]Which is called as posterior which is called as posterioritinoid which is called as posterior. This muscle is called as post. When it contracts it causes a diamond shaped remmoitis.

[00:09:13]Okay. Or it causes abduction of the opal. In other words, we can say this is an abduction of opal. And we have also discussed that this is the muscle which is called as safety muscle of the safety muscle of the larynx. Okay.

[00:09:27]Safety muscle of the lary because bilateral posterior paly or paralysis causes adduction of the vocal part means the vocal part gets adducted then the patient will have difficulty in breathing. He can land up in strider.

[00:09:41]That is why this muscle is called as a safety muscle of the lang. So if you see the options the main abduct of the opal is option that is nothing but the posterior cricoid muscle. Okay fine.

[00:09:52]Yes. Yes. So next question is uh which muscle shown in the diagram attaches to the cartilage portion of the east tube and also blends with the soft pallet. So they have given a a simple clue here.

[00:10:05]Okay. So if you see the muscles of the soft pallet there are few muscles. Okay.

[00:10:10]Tensor Palin learis partolosis and parto these are the muscles of the soft pal. So of this they have given only two muscles here tensor val.

[00:10:23]So which obviously rules out the other two muscles because styophares is a muscle of the ferings. Parangis is a muscle of the fings again. Okay. So they don't come into this option because they have clearly asked a muscle which is extending from the cartilagenous portion to the soft part. So you got two muscles only. One is tensor val of this. If you see the main muscle which arises from the cartilage portion is the tensor palin muscle. tensor val and if you remember if you remember very well I think in the classes we have discussed that the east cube is a uh derivative of the first first approach.

[00:11:05]It is a derivative of the first approach and you also remember tensor valid palatin tensor val palatin is also a derivative of the first arch is also a derative of the first arch. Okay. So if you put together so it gives you more relevance. Okay. So tensor is the best answer for this. See in the books if you go to reference see the Keith Mo book says that tensor both they have their origin from the cartilage portion that is a little bit tricky question but if you see the embryological aspect and if you apply the embryological aspect the much best answer and uh the biggest origin from the east tube is tens. So my best preferred answer for this question will be tens. Okay. So we were not sure about the options. Okay guys those who given the exams I hope you know very well. If you can able to recall if there is any mistakes if there is any option to be changed you can just uh message us in the comment section so that we'll also know what exactly they have asked in the exams. Okay. Fine.

[00:12:15]Yes. With this note we'll move to the next question. So this is an astrology uh emological based question. So they want us to match their emological origin. If you see the options given here, the thyroid gland as you all know it is an derivative from the endodm. It is derived from the uh base of the tongue from the foram and seeum thyroid diverticis. Yes. So it obviously is derived from the endodm. Adal medula very well. uh we have discussed this several times which is a derivative of neural crystals and kidney which is uh uh an important structure that is derived from the intermediate misodum.

[00:12:53]So if you see the options for this question. Okay. So um here A is three.

[00:13:00]Yes. It comes to the option B. Okay. It comes to option B. So this is the right answer for this. Okay. So this is a question purely based on the endological tissue of origin. Okay. So in the thyroid gland if you see uh there are certain cells called as parapholic C cells. I hope you all know the parapholic C cells are the cells which are derived from the fingial bi. Okay.

[00:13:22]which is also forming the altimo branch body which is also forming the alimo branch body. Okay. Cells and branch body they are all they are all seen till the tag but gland is derived from this structure that is endodm. Okay. So the next question what they asked is an histoological based question.

[00:13:42]Okay. So this histoological points also we've discussed several times. Okay. So if you see em got an important lymphoid aggregation and these lymphoid aggregations get enlarged and get inflamed especially in typhoid fever. Okay and that lymphoid aggregation is nothing but the patches.

[00:14:05]Yes, they are payes. PES is a classical future of EU. Okay. They are lying aggregations. Okay. In the EU. Yes. And you all know the important distinguishing future between small intestine large intestine is the presence of tenia. So if you see transpor which is a part of large intestine tenia is present in the transverus colon. What do you mean by tacol? T is nothing but the aggregation of longitudinal muscle layer. They form three bandlike structures. They form three band-l like structures. Those three bandlike structures are called they are called. Yes, they called. And if you see the esophagus esophagus is lined by the nonstified nonus.

[00:14:56]So the esopus. Okay. The most of part of the issues epithelium. Yes. And diodenum it contains long bies and the gigum they contain long leaf like processes. These processes are called as the delay. Yes. So if you match all this the best option would be the best option would be okay. So the best option will be the option. Yes, the best option will be the option A. Yes. So this is an pure histoological based question. So it's a simple straightforward question. I hope you guys would have rocked all this questions. Okay. So there's no wait note uh to the next question. This is a simple bouncer guys. This is a simple bouncer. This was not asked in the previous year exams. Okay. So you all know that the hindut. Okay. So the hindut uh it is divided into two portions by means of an septum. The anterior portion forms the vasico urethral canal and the posterior portion forms the primitive rectum. The posterior portion forms the primitive rectum. The posterior portion forms a primitive rectum and the anter portion forms a vico urethral camera. Yes, you all know this fine but the question is not this. They're asking for an embryological remnant in the preacral space. So you have the sacrum here. You have the sacrum here. We all know that sacum is a bone which is derived from the scooto which is derived from the scoto. Okay from the paraxial misa means they derived from the parax misa parox misuma. So between the sacrum okay in the preacral space between the sacrum and the rectum you have an embryological remnant and this embryological remnant which is present in this space is nothing but the tail gut system. It is nothing but a tail cut. So please remember it is the tail cut which is present in the presc.

[00:16:58]Okay. So this is a bouncer question. So unless otherwise you have studied this it will be slightly difficult but easily you can rule out because you would have seen all the other options you can easily rule out uh the other options.

[00:17:11]Okay. Uh so so you would have easily root out the other options and you would have got this question like yes because if you have seen the previous yes card all they are derived from all the three gem dice. So that gives you another clue and you can easily rule out the other options and you could have got the best option here. Fine. Yes. Next is they given an histoological section and they asked you what u actually the structure is. Okay. Or what actually the uh organ is. So if you see this uh histoological picture, you can see a duct here. So if you see the duct which is obviously must be an gland and if you see the glandular portions. Okay. So these are all the various asin. And if you look the asenex carefully these have got peral shaped cells and these primal shaped have got nucleus at the bases. Okay. And uh these are stained in pink color which means they are eos of flick. Okay. So if it is flick it must be cirus as it must be cirrus as yes it must be cirrus as okay.

[00:18:21]So which means cirrus and the main cirrus salivary gland which is given in the option is the parotin gland. Okay is the parotin gland. You all know that sublingual gland is almost a predominantly mucus secretion gland where you have more of a white color but here it is totally pink color which says that it's a strong cousin. So the best option for this question is you all know that liver g will have external shaped loles which is not seen in the picture and you all know that pancreas will have the eyelet of langans in between. Okay which is also not seen in this silary gland you can easily go out because it is an predominantly mutinous gland. So the best option will be the parotic gland for this. Okay fine. So this is an simple straightforward question. Okay.

[00:19:11]And uh the next question is from neuronatomy which is again bound here.

[00:19:16]So they asked you for a new term here.

[00:19:20]So a process called as neurogenesis. See neurogenesis is the development of new neurons. Okay. So usually the neurons multiplication happens in the uh embryionic period not after the child is born except in few areas. Except in few areas. So the generation or the production of new neurons is called as neurogenesis. So the what is the what is the process called as the production of or the multiplication or the formation of new neurons is called as neurogenesis. That actually happens in the alpha bulb region. Okay. alact region. Okay. So the affected nerves they got an capability to regenerate. So which actually happens in alact and apart from the affectable it also happens in the dented gus of the hypoc campus. You all know hypoc campus is related to the memory circuit papis circute. Yes. So uh it is in this portion of the dentic there is especially the subgranular layer. If you see the dented gas, there are several layers in it. Especially the subbranular layer. Okay, sub granular layer you see the formation of new neurons. Okay, so the dentic of hippoc campus is the best answer for this is the best answer for this. Okay, in grace they have given the neurogenesis also takes place in certain portions of cerebral cortex but if you ask me the best option for this will be the dental kitus. Okay. And there is a subvascular zone where you can also see the neurogenesis taking place. Okay. In certain portions of the cerebellum.

[00:20:55]Okay. Where you have a granular sense you can see the neurogenesis taking place. But the best option from this question will be the dented gas of the hippocampus. Dented gas of the hippo campus. Okay. So the next question is an embryological question. Okay. We have discussed this a lot in the the in the headexation. So the failure of fusion of maxillary process with the medial nasal process during embriionic development results in which type of cliff anomaly.

[00:21:25]Okay. So you all know that there are certain processes in the face. Okay. So you know that there is anal process. In the frontal process you have a depression. Okay. Which is called as a nasal blood. And around the nasal cord you have got the elevation which is called as media nasal process and the lateral nasal process. Okay. So on the lateral side of the face you have the maxillary process and below the face you have the mandibular process. You all know that the mandibular process on the two sides joins to form the mandible.

[00:21:54]Yes they join to form the mandible and the maxillary process. Okay. uh on either side they try to grow towards the midline and when they try to grow towards the midline they fuse with the medial nasal process. Okay. So if you see the formation of the upper lip the two medial nasal processes so MNP stands for medial nasal processes the two medial nasal processes fused form the midline of the upper lip which is called the filter which is called the film. And if this fusion does not takes place what an how many you will have? You will have a median cliff lip. You will have a median cliff lip. You have a median clip lip. Yes. Fine. So the maxillary process the maxillary process the maxillary process actually fuses with the medial nasal process and it forms the lateral part of your upper lip. Lateral part of the upper lip. lateral part of your upper lip. And if this fusion doesn't takes place properly, then you'll have an oblique cleft lip. Oblip also called as an asip.

[00:23:05]Also called as an asip. Yes. Okay. And if you see very well here, the eyeball the orbit is connected to the nasal cavity by means of an oblique facial clip. Okay. By means of a nasol group.

[00:23:19]So we call this as a nasol group. Nasol lacrimal group. Nasolacrimal group.

[00:23:26]Okay. So if the maxillary process if the maxillary process if the maxillary process and the lateral nasal process fails to fuse fails to fuse then that results in an oblique facial clip.

[00:23:42]The results in an oblic facial clip.

[00:23:45]Okay. So please remember all these are uh very very important uh embryological aspect in the formation of the uh phase.

[00:23:54]Okay. So please this is a very simple topic is we have discussed a lot. Okay.

[00:23:58]So the best option for this question will be uh the failure of fusion of median nasal process with the maxillary process will results in a cliff clip will result in an oblique clip. Yes.

[00:24:12]Fine. So with this we'll go to the next question. Okay. So again we have discussed this a lot in the uh workbook sessions. So patient present with tossis neiosis andosis which means the patient is suffering from horners syndrome. We have discussed this in detail when we were discussing about the brachial plexus palacy. The no um leg breaky will classically result in an intrinsic uh minus that is a clunky types of pency with harness syndrome and in harness syndrome main positive agent is the injury to cervical sympathetic chain is the injury to the cervical sympathetic chain. You cannot go for sympathy press which is more of a generalized option. Abdus nerve it causes lateral galaxy which is not related tois or miois and interosal nerve is a nerve supplies the inner side of the arm which is not a right option for this and the one best option for this question is cervical sympathetic chain. Okay. Yes. Right. So with this we'll move to the next question. Cranial nucleate is seen at the level of sensory depreciation of the medula. Sensory deposition of so if you see the medula medula can be studied at three levels.

[00:25:27]Okay. One is called as a motor deposis.

[00:25:30]Next is the level of sensory deposition and next is the level of the inferior nucleus. Inferior nucleus. So you got certain classical features in each one of this. And in the exam what they asked is this section. Okay. So this is a section where you can see the fibers from the nucleus graious and the fibers from the nucleus cuniatus they decisate in the midline. These are sensory fibers. So this deposition is called as an sensory decisation. This decisation is called as sensory decisation which ultimately forms a medial limb miscus which ultimately forms the medial limbiscus. Yes. Which ultimately form the medial lemiscus. No doubt on it. And after sensor exposition what are the nucleus which are present? Okay. Okay.

[00:26:13]So if you go to the options yes at the level of sensor deposition nucleus gra is present at the level of sensor deposition da motor nucleus of vagus is present. At this level you will also see spinal region nucleus and the hypoglossal nucleus. So the best option for this question will be the option C.

[00:26:32]Okay where you will see all this nucleus at this sensor depation level. All this nucleus at the sensoration level. Okay.

[00:26:40]So this is an uh straightforward question but an important identic questions. Okay. So I hope you guys would have done this well. Fine. So next is um this is an more often physiological integrated question. So so if you see the speech center you know that the motor speed center is called as block area. The sensory speech center is called as in a veric case area. Okay.

[00:27:03]But this question is a bouncer here.

[00:27:05]What they have given is an emotional procity of speech is controlled by area.

[00:27:10]What is mean by emotional pro of speech?

[00:27:12]See when you speak you can alter the words using your emotions. You can say a simple word in an soft manner in an very aggressive manner. So when you change the tone according uh to your emotions.

[00:27:28]Okay. So that emotional part of the speech is controlled with which part of the brain. Okay. So there were uh uh several books which we were referred but only through the article reference we were able to get the answer and the best answer for this question is posterior superior temporal gyus. Okay. They have also given inferior frontal gyus also as a part of emotional pro of speech. But the best option which is given in the option here is the posterior superior temporal layers. Poster superior temporal layers. Okay. Right. Yes.

[00:28:05]Right. Next is the hand eye coordination. Okay. This we have discussed in the one book sessions. The hand eye coordination is done mainly by the parietal lo. It is mainly done by the parietal lo. Okay. It is mainly done by the paral lobe here. Yes. So if they have asked uh uh what is present or where the frontal field is present uh then you could have gone to the frontal but hand eye coordination which involves the sensory component and uh the visual component which is mainly integrated through the paral. So best option for this is the parental loop. Okay. And uh this is an a question from lower more of an ortho integrated question. So there was an athlete who presented with an suspected at least tendon rupture. Okay.

[00:28:52]So on squeezing the muscle when the patient is prone to when the patient is on prone they failed to elicit a normal reflex. See this is what they are doing.

[00:29:02]So the patient is on prone portion they squeeze the cough and they know the ankle movement. So this test is called as an Thompson test. This test is called as an Thompson test. This test the integrity of the Achilles tendon. Okay.

[00:29:16]When you do this test, the ankle should go in for plantar flexion. The ankle should go in for plantar flexion.

[00:29:24]The ankle should go in for plant flexion. When you do this, the ankle should go in for plant flexion. So please remember Thompson's test which is using or which is testing the tendon to check whether the ankle is plant flexing or not. So obviously when the Achilles tendon works the best movement is the plant of flexction moment. So this is what they're checking and this test is called as an Thompson test. I hope you remember there is a sign called Thomas sign and this Thomas sign is used to deduct the f of fixed reflection deformity of the okay so we might get confused between certain named test like Thomas Thompson's test and like trendenber trendenber test. So please be clear in whatever you study. Make a note of all the small small things at the back of your uh workbooks so that it will be easy for you to revise at the end of the exams. Okay. So the next question was which of the following arties involved in the inferior wall. So it is very simple. The base of the or the the inferior wall of the ventricles okay is supplied by which arteries? This is an indirect question but the uh way you need to understand from anatomical view is the inferior part of the ventricular wall is supplied by which you all know that we have studied in the class that inferior part of the ventricle the inferior portion of diaphragmatic portion of the ventricle is supplied mainly by the posterior intervententricular artery and this posterior interventricular artery is a branch of right coronary artery and we have also studied very well in the classes the artery which gives rise to post inventricular artery forms the coronary dominance coronary dominance.

[00:31:07]So most of the vessels or most of the arterial pattern in uh the daytoday's things we saw is the right dominant heart is a right dominant heart. Okay.

[00:31:18]So if the postular artises from the right coronary artery then we call it as an right dominant heart. We call it as a right dominant heart. R if it has arrived from R it is derived from the left car then we call as a left dominant we call as a left dominant. Okay. So please uh please be clear please remember here the uh option best option for this question is the right is the right colon. Okay. So post is the direct best answer but if they have not given this the next best answer is right supplies the inferior wall or the inferior portion or the diaphragmic portion of the ventricles. Okay. So with this note we'll move to the next question. Um here is a question where a child ended a toy and it is formed the right bronus which of the following statement are regarding this explanation. So if you see is right bronus is shorter and wider. Yes that is true. Right lung has three loes. That is also true. Right bronus is longer. This is not right. Okay. This is not right. Okay.

[00:32:20]So, right broncus is shorter and wider which was seen in the first option. So, you can easily rule out the third one.

[00:32:26]Right broncus is in line with the tra.

[00:32:28]Yes, it is in line with the tra. If you see this picture, okay, if you see this picture, the trachea is in line with the right bronchus rather than the left bronus. Left broncus makes an uh acute turn. Okay. So if any foreign body enters the trachea it goes more towards the right shape because of the alignment of the right bronus with the trachea and moreover the right bronus is broader and shorter also. So any foreign body which we enter it goes to the right side.

[00:33:00]Okay. So if you take the options here and if you see the options the first second and the fourth options are the right answers here. Okay. The first, second and the fourth are right here. So you can change this here and this will be the right answer for this question.

[00:33:15]This will be the right uh option for this question. Okay. So guys, these are the three questions we were able to collect and um I think hope you guys have done well. So uh what I would advise is you keep uh you keep your pace you keep studying keep revising so that uh the forthcoming exams uh will also be easier for you. I hope you will drop this exam and you will get good marks in this. Thank you.