Understanding the FETAL SKULL 👶| Core fundamental concepts | by Rokalized medicine 🩺

Ajouté : 2026-05-25

[00:00:00]Hey everyone, uh my name is Satan Ruka and as of today I'll be teaching about the fetal skull. So uh without further ado, let's just get into it. To understand the fetal skull, first we need to understand that the medicine terms are mostly from the Greek or Latin origin. So if you were to look at these two words fetus and skull. So the fetus is literally meaning the offspring of a pregnant lady and the skull refers to the word scaly. Scally means bald head.

[00:00:27]So we are going to basically observe the bald head of an offspring in a pregnant lady. So let's just start. So uh let's just start with the fetal skull. In the fetal skull you can see it's quite aesthetic but then again if it uh is medicine it everything has a purpose. So all of this will be decoded one by one.

[00:00:44]So these are the two figures I have here. This one here is a figure which is let's say from over the top of a child.

[00:00:52]So if this was over the top then the eyes would come again somewhere around here. So the eyes would be here.

[00:01:01]There's the nose. There's the ears.

[00:01:04]Okay. So this is this is basically telling us that this is the anterior one. This is the posterior one. These are the lateral ones. And in this one this is basically going to be your lateral one. So these are the introduction to both of these diagram.

[00:01:17]Now let's just dive into what we're going to start talking about is the bones. Now what are the bones we're going to talk about in the fetal skull.

[00:01:25]So if you look closely you can see these are quite well demarcated bones. The first bone is the frontal one. So this is the frontal bone. So the frontal bone is located here. Then the there are pair of parietal bones. So this was the frontal bone altogether. This is the parietal bone. So if I was to see it in lateral part, this is the right bone.

[00:01:50]Similarly, we have the occipital bone.

[00:01:52]We have the oxy bone. Oxipital bone here. And then there's the spinoid bone here. Spoid bone here. So this is the introduction to the different bones in the head. Now let's just uh dive into these four topics. Now these are let's say the uh bird's eye view of what we'll cover. Now first thing we'll be covering are the sutures. So let's just talk about the sutures. So first thing we need to note is that there is total of four sutures. There's total of four sutures which are important. Now before we get into these sutures I would like to just teach what are the sutures. Now if we are to imagine the skull. Now skull is made up of all flat bones. So when we are studying the flat bones all the joints coming between the two bones are known as the sutures. Now these sutures are type of joint which have membrane in between them and they later oify into a bone. And the literal meaning of suture as I told you it is quite easy to decode them and study because it's basically derived from Latin. So suture comes from the word sutura. Now what does sutura mean? Sutura literally means like a seam like a stitch right like if I was to stitch these two together like stitch in my t-shirt. So sutura means stitch. So suturas are basically stitches between the two bones. stitches between the bone stitches. Sutes are the stitches. Okay.

[00:03:15]So let's just learn the stitches. Now we can we're going to use this diagram and we can also correlate with this for understanding sutures. This is better.

[00:03:24]Let's say so let's just start with the sutures. Now how do I explain this? To explain this first I'll have to teach you about the general anatomy in which we learn about the different axis in our body. Now when we studying the general anatomy let's say u when we studying anatomy we come across different planes.

[00:03:41]Now what are those planes and why are those important? Why are those important? Because I'll give you like an example. If you were to take India, right? So this is let's say India and if I was to locate somewhere let's say Mumbai. So if I was to locate here what will I do? I will take the two axises. I will take a latitude and longitude and I will tell exactly this is where it is.

[00:04:01]So similarly anatomy is similar to geography. Okay, anatomy which we study with relation to human body is literally geography.

[00:04:12]So what do I mean by that? I mean that if I was to do the same thing but to a human body, if I was to locate the exact part in a human body, I will use something known as the different planes.

[00:04:23]Now to teach the planes, I'll uh use a trick.

[00:04:27]Just have to imagine. So if I was a human specimen for you, this is a plane, right? So you are just going to follow this. So if I tell you there's a sagital plane, it means a plane passing this way. Okay? This is a sagital plane. This is the midsagal plane. This is the other planes. These are other saggal planes.

[00:04:44]Now similarly, if I was to take this section, this is a coronal plane. If I was to take this section, this is a transverse plane. So a horizontal plane.

[00:04:52]So these are the different planes. Now what we're going to do is that to learn the sutures we are going to just name them based on the plane they lie on.

[00:04:59]Right? For the first one there's the sital seral suture.

[00:05:07]So the serital suture now I explained to you this is what will look like if you look from head on from above. So if this was the mid segal then this is after you cut it this is the mid sagal here. So this is the saggal suture. You can see this part. This is two suture. Next one is the coronal suture. Coronal suture. So what is the coronal suture? Again the plane passing this way and cutting the head. So coronal basically means the crown and the crown lies in that area. So that is the coronal. So next thing is the frontal suture. Frontal suture. So what is the frontal suture? Now you see you see one line here that is the sagital.

[00:05:53]You see one line there that is the coronal. Now the other one which lies anteriorly to this area. Now what is this? This is a fontinal. This is a gap.

[00:06:01]It's basically a gap between the bones.

[00:06:02]We'll come to that later but for now we just need to understand this suture which is at the frontal area correlating to the frontal bone. This one is known as the this this suture is known as the frontal suture. And finally we have uh the three sutures. And the finally we have and lastly we have the lambo suture. Lambo suture. Lambo suture. To understand the Lambert suture we have to understand that medicine can be easily learned when we learn that the words in the medicine used are basically from Greek or Latin origin. So if I was to trace down the Latin origin of the word lambo, it comes from the word lambda.

[00:06:49]And lambda literally means this lative sign. So this is lambda.

[00:06:55]This is lambda. Okay. So if you were to look in this area, this area after it fuses all together forms this suture known as the lambo suture. Now what is the uh relation of these sutures. So if you were to study the relation of these sutures, you would study that the serietal one lies between the two parietal bones. The frontal one lies between the two frontal bones. The coronal one comes between the frontal and the parietal. And finally the lamboid lamboid is here. So if you were to uh see properly it separates the two parietal bones and the one occipital bone here. Got it? So that is basically the sutures. Uh just to point out that it's easier to study medicine if we would just trace down the origin of the words and then understand the meanings because you see medicine was more predominantly uh active in the western culture. Right? So in the western culture all books we have and all the uh evidences we have of the previous work was from the western world. So the western world they what they did is that they try to simplify for themselves. But the problem is that we are not quite aware or acquainted with the words that they use to simplify their language. Let's say uh a patient having ammoic liver absess will have absis and if you were to aspirate that absess you'll find something known as in the books it's known as the enco sauce or paste like so if you were to aspirate you would find something known as ankovi sauce which is quite famous but the meaning behind this is that ankovi is a famous fish. It's a famous fish in Europe and the paste is also quite common and you find it in supermarkets.

[00:08:43]So it basically means for us if you were to relate it something like if you aspirated it you'll see something like ketchup. So when you say ketchup you can imagine but then if we are not acquainted with these words it's quite hard but let's just say it's quite something you have to m it up. So let's not do that. Okay. So the next thing is that we cover the sutures. Now similar to uh geography when we learn one landmark it's easier to learn the other one. Let's say this is the river A and this is the river B. So any land between these two level rivers are easy to explain. Similarly we are going to study the different areas. So we are going to study the different areas. So what are the different areas we are going to come across. So the first area we are going to come across is known as the vertex. It's known as the vertex.

[00:09:35]Now vertex, what does vertex mean? If you were to see a room, then the top of the room or the roof of the room is the vertex. If you were to see a summit of a hill, that is the vertex. And if you were to see the scum, this area is the vertex. So let's just say the vertex lies in the topmost area of the head.

[00:09:51]But then I want you to be anatomically very correct because you see anatomy is quite risky. If I tell you a person uh a cricketer to tore his biceps and you would always think oh my god he may be balling or something or he got injured but then I haven't specified which biceps it may be bicep femoris or biceps break. So anatomy is tricky. So let's try to be very accurate with anatomy which because it's basically geography or um something which we cannot take it so lightly. So we have to be very accurate. So to accurately define where is the vertex we will use what we already have resources that is the first thing the sagital suture. So the area between the sagital suture anteriorly and the lamort suture posteriorly. So this area or this area is known as the vertex. Right? It's quite easy. It's the vertex. It's the roof. Vertex is the roof.

[00:10:57]Next thing we have is the bro. We are okay. So bro to understand the bro we have to beh able to understand what is the meaning of it and where do we apply it. So most common place we apply is the eyebrow. The eyebrow what we do is that we say the eyebrow is the area here. So this is next to the eye and the literal meaning of a bra is the edge. So this is the edge next to the eye. So this is the edge. Literal meaning of bra is edge. Eg edge. So you've understood the edge. Now if you were to find the brow area here, it lies always from sagital area all the way to the brow. So where is the bro? If your eye was here, this area is the block. And this in anatomically accurate way to explain is the superior superior region of the superbital ridge.

[00:11:49]So superbital ridge and the area above that from the um coronal suture onwards is the bro. So this is the bro. So next thing is the next area we're going to cover is known as the face. Now what is face? So face literal meaning is to appear for something. Let's say you face your problems. When you face your problems, you appear to the fact that you are going to uh face that problem. So you appear to some event which is a problem.

[00:12:19]So you face that problem. So face when you see a person the first thing you see after they appear is the face.

[00:12:27]So that's the face right? So the face literally means appearance. So appearance.

[00:12:36]So appearance. So they're going to appear. So when the person first appears, this is the area you'll see.

[00:12:41]And the area from super orbital ray onwards downward to the joint of the uh jaw is known as the face. So this one till now is the vertex. This one is the brow. This one is the face. What is left is the occiput. What is the occiput?

[00:13:00]Occiput. Now you see the word occiput.

[00:13:02]If you break down the word occiput, you will learn that it is derived from two words. OBS.

[00:13:09]What does it mean? OB means to oppose something. If you are going to oppose the capital, the head. If you go oppose the head, if you sleep, which is the part that you're going to oppose the most, this area, if you sleep properly, this area will be opposed the most. It will touch the area most. So, it will oppose the head. This is the occiput.

[00:13:30]It's quite easy. Next to the occipital bone, this area is the occiput.

[00:13:37]Similarly, the last area is known as the syncip. Last area is known as the siput.

[00:13:46]Now, this is again derived from two words that is semi caput. Semiap. What does it mean?

[00:13:55]Semi means half. Semi solid semi membranous tissue semi semi means half.

[00:14:01]So semicaput means the half head. So if you were to take the whole head if you see just the anterior part then this part is known as the semicap. This is the occiput and this is the semiciput siput.

[00:14:17]Next next up we have the fontals. Now what are the fontinals? Fontel literally means fonti. Fontel fontelli. Now what is the literal meaning of this is in Latin? It means like a stream. Stream or a waterfall. Stream or a waterfall.

[00:14:37]Now what does that mean? Stream or a waterfall. Waterfall or the stream here is used to denote the fact that when you look into this gap is the fontel. These are just the gaps between the bones. So this area is the fontinal. It's just a gap. So if you had previously when people used to look into it they used to see the pulse or the blood flowing through the veins and it used to come like a stream. So it was going to be derived on that basis but is not quite actually used in today's uh world. So fontell or meaning the area from which you could see inside the head or the gap between the bones are six in number.

[00:15:14]What are they? So you can see these well aesthetically made areas. These are the fontenants. So the first fontinal is the anterior fontinal which is this area. Second fontinal is the posterior fontinal which is here. Third is the and third and fourth are in pairs. So let's say the uh mastoid and the spenoid fonts are paired. So that comes to a total of one here, two here, three, four here this and five six here.

[00:15:51]So there's total of six font nails. Now let's just go through one by one.

[00:16:00]So the first fontal we're going to talk about is known as the anterior fontal.

[00:16:08]also known as the bregma. Bregma is a Latin word, Latin German word which literally means the top of the head or this area which is the top of the head after this uh s fontel was to fuse properly then it would form a area in the skull known as the pgma. Right? So next thing is the posterior quenal or the lambda which we know why right.

[00:16:44]Third is the pad and this also paired. This is single.

[00:16:53]This also single.

[00:16:56]So this is the uh third one and the fourth one are the pad mastoid because the mastoid bone is here part of the temporal bone and then uh the spenoid spoid bone is here right so there's the mastoid font and the spenoid fun so these both are more obstetrically important now what are the reasons for these. Um they can be very very useful in different cases like if you were to uh make sure that the head passes through the maternal pelvis properly that is the molding occurs properly then you will need proper sutures and there will be different degrees of uh molding which will be determined whether the sutures are joining or crossing together or stuck. So that's what is uh the importance of the sutures and the importance of fontel as well is for the molding for the expansion of the head or uh in some of the cases we can also see if there is hydrophilis or if there is dehydration.

[00:18:06]So if the fontinals is raised it's hydropherus if it's uh dropped and it's dehydration. If you see a pit in the head and similarly we have to also understand that I've already explained to you they later form the bone they form this bone and all of them fuse together to form the brema in this area right so if I was to form a bone here now you have to remember your uh fundamentals of anatomy that you have to you learn that to make a bone you have to start with either a membrane or a cartilage age, right? So from the cartilage when you make a bone, those are going to be mostly the long bones. Long bones, right?

[00:18:55]Such as the uh femur, let's say, okay, or the humorus, okay? Or the tibia.

[00:19:07]So these are going to be long bones. But if you were to make from the membrane, you're going to make all the flat bones and so the anterior fontel will fuse to the membrane in between and form a brema area. area is brema. The fusion of this membrane will form a bone and those are the flat bones of the head mostly the frontal bone and the parietital bone and that membrane is going to make mostly the flat bones and the duration when this bone is made or when the membrane fuses is very important. For example, the anterior fontenel must close within 18 months and this posterior fonten must close within 1.5 months.

[00:19:55]If not then it's a problem. You see there's two ways this problem can occur.

[00:20:00]One is the bone does not fuse. Okay, the bone does not fuse. Second thing is it fuses early. What do I mean by that? It means that whatever we are studying here in some cases does not exist. It means that the sutures don't exist. The fontinals don't exist. The brain the fetal skull is already fused when it comes out of the pelvis. It means that there's no area for expansion of the head and it means that the child will later on in the long term suffer from hydrophalis. So when the child suffers from hyperalis the head will get irregularly sized and there will be abnormal bulging of the head and those all things can happen premature. So if I'm going to write it here the premature fusion will lead to Cranio sinotois.

[00:21:10]Craniocyosttosis.

[00:21:11]Cranium meaning the skull. Cranium meaning the skull.

[00:21:19]Sino meaning the joint and stois meaning the fusion of the bones.

[00:21:25]So preoccinotois is a case in which all of this does not exist in a child.

[00:21:31]Basically the child's head is smooth. No landmarks, no sutures, no gaps, no fonts, nothing. So this is the uh basically the fetal skull. This is going to be uh more or less almost everything.

[00:21:44]We have left the diameters for which we going to be having a different uh video to explain. It's quite lengthy. But then again, these are the fundamentals of the fetal skull which a person studying medicine must know. And it's quite interesting if you were to break down the reasons for the names. Thank you.

[00:22:00]See you.