CTS 158: 802.11w Management Frame Protection

802.11w (Management Frame Protection) secures wireless networks by protecting management frames (disassociation, deauthentication, and certain action frames) from forgery and spoofing attacks using cryptographic integrity checks, thereby preventing denial-of-service attacks that cause legitimate users to disconnect; this protection is negotiated after authentication and key establishment, and is required in WPA3, though it must be explicitly enabled on enterprise-grade equipment and requires compatible client devices.