NCERT Economy | From Class 9th to 12th | Day-13 | #upsc #upscprelims #upscpreparation #upscexam

Added: 2026-05-31

[00:04:55]That's I'm 16.

[00:11:02]Check this.

[00:12:12]Yes, good morning.

[00:12:18]So, uh we'll shift to the 11th class NCRT.

[00:12:23]So the Indian economic development the 11th class NCERTT the Indian economic development as of now we have completed two things that is I think we have done ninth class and 10th class right fine so from year 11th and 12th class NCTS for economy very very important uh you will get lot of insights on mains answer writing and prelims as well this is very very important so the Indian economic development ment the 11th class economics look at this what are the subjects that are or units that are present in this first one the development policies and experience the development policies and experience was happened between 1947 to 1990 so development policies and experience that was happened in India can I use the word postindependent Can I use the word post independent?

[00:13:25]Right. Yes. From 1947 to 1990. When I say 1990, can I call this is an LPJ reforms?

[00:13:35]1991 is LPJ reforms till 1990. And can I use the word the post LPJ reforms? What is economic scenario? And after postindependence still economic reforms what can be the policies that are driven Indian economy. Clear everyone? Yes.

[00:13:54]That we will see in this chapter like you know what happened to agriculture, industrial sector, service sector everything what happened during this particular period will be discussed. In fact we'll take a reference of we will take a reference of the colonial period as well. Why? Because during colonial period there was so much economic drain that was happened to India. Sir how the colonial policies have affected Indian economy also discussed in this particular chapter. Clear everyone?

[00:14:25]>> Yes. Second chapter look at this Indian economy on the eve of independence. In fact the same thing because this is a unit number one.

[00:14:36]Within unit number one we have 1.1.

[00:14:39]Clear everyone look Indian economy on the eve of independence at the time of independence. What was happened to the Indian economy? Get me iPad.

[00:14:51]So look at this low level of economic development under colonial rule. We will talk from the colonial period. Low level of economic development under what?

[00:15:01]Colonial rule. For example, there was a drain of wealth theory. Right? And we also discussed during the time of British India merely act like an producer of raw materials or exporter of raw material and importing finished goods from British and India acted like a market which is supplying raw material and this is a selling place of final finished goods and services. Next agriculture sector, industrial, foreign trade, demographic conditions of India.

[00:15:37]You know there was a theory we discussed about demographic transition theory.

[00:15:42]Demographic transition theory. There we have four stages. We'll talk about India was there in which stage right everyone at the time of independence? Before independence what are the stages? We will discuss like occupational structure in India. You all know very well the maximum people in India are there in agriculture. The maximum people were occupied in where agriculture at the time of independence even pre-independence as well. Finally infrastructure during British time there was a development of railways, roadways.

[00:16:19]They're good for India but bad for Indian economy during colonial time.

[00:16:24]They're good for India. They're bad for Indian economy during colonial time.

[00:16:28]Sir, how they are bad?

[00:16:31]How they are bad? They are bad just because of uh when they established railway lines in India, they have penetrated to the rural areas. Hence, there was more drain of wealth because the finished goods they're distributing the they're selling in the rural areas.

[00:16:49]The raw material from the rural areas will be collected. They were sent to British. Do you understand? And without transportation, without communication, communication is also part of infrastructure, right? So without transportation and communication, so the British cannot export more raw material and cannot import maximum finished goods, right? They can earn money from export of raw material. They can earn money from selling finished goods in Indian market. So development of infrastructure also played vital role in drain of wealth during British time.

[00:17:28]During British time clear everyone?

[00:17:32]Chapter two Indian economy 1915 1990 and chapter one he said about 1947 to 1990 mostly we're talking about what low level of economic development under colonial role agriculture sector industrial foreign trade demographic conditions occupational structure and infrastructure mostly we talk about during In British time what was happened in India clear second chapter Indian economy that is from 1950 to 1990 we'll talk about the goals of fiveear plans you know five year plans I'm just giving you syllabus insights now generally after independence India adopted the model of fiveear plans after independence India adopted the model of fiveear plans. When I say model of fiveear plans, this model we have inspired from USSR.

[00:18:42]Total in India we have began fiveear plans from 1951. They were ended by 2014.

[00:18:52]They were ended by 2014. This is the period where we have designed five-year plans for the development of Indian economy. Sir, this is the first five-year plan and the last five-ear plan was 12th five-year plan.

[00:19:10]The last five-ear plan was 12th five-year plan. In this five-year plans, what are the various objectives, developments, programs, policies that were made by Indian government for the development of economy, social development, not only for economic development, they also meant for economic development, social development, minimizing social injustice among the people. In fact, I would say it is a overall development not merely focusing on growth.

[00:19:45]The five-year plans were not merely focusing on growth. They also focusing on growth and development in economic aspect, political aspect and social aspect. Right everyone?

[00:19:58]>> Yeah.

[00:19:59]Then we see here we talk about the agriculture again industrial and trade again trade policy that is imports substitution this is about your second unit then second unit lo we talk about look at this economic reforms since 1991 sir what happened in 1991 >> we know this already sir in the year of 1990 India was suffering with balance of payment crisis. India was suffering with balance of payment crisis.

[00:20:36]Even 1989 in fact 1991 during this period we have suffered with balance of payment crisis. There are so many reasons but one reason is again gulf force and gulf.

[00:20:52]>> Gulf force we discussed already in the previous classes right? Yes. This will be a continuation of your previous classes. NCERT allow class by class depth will be varied. Clear?

[00:21:06]We'll talk about economic reform since 1991. So 1991 LP reforms reforms Indian economy that will be discussed here. Next third chapter liberalization, privatization, globalization and this chapter is completely on what?

[00:21:26]>> LPG reform.

[00:21:27]>> LPG reforms. LPG reforms. What is the background for LPG reforms? What are the reasons? Why India was why India was took a step of new industrial policy or LPJ reforms? What are the reasons that have driven Indian economy during 1989 90 and 91? Then what is liberalization? Privatization, globaliz. You know the meaning of them.

[00:21:57]>> You know the meaning of them. So what do you mean by liberalization? Liberalizing which is nothing but freeing freeing the licensing policy. And can I use the word less restrictions, flexible rules and regulations for promoting what? Investments in India, imports, exports, tax, everything, right?

[00:22:20]>> Yes.

[00:22:21]>> What is privatization?

[00:22:25]>> Simple. Giving more importance to private sector and the government of India. Is there any loss making industries? These industries can be sold to private people that is comes under privatization.

[00:22:40]Privatization like ownership is transferring from government to what >> private sector. What are the significance? What are the challenges of this? Why we have done this privatization right now? What is happening in India? We will see. Last law globalization. What is globalization?

[00:23:00]>> Free flow.

[00:23:01]>> Exactly. Free flow of goods and services from one country to another country is nothing but what?

[00:23:10]>> Globalization. Then Indian economy during reforms complete assessment.

[00:23:17]Next, current challenges facing the Indian economy. What are the current challenges facing Indian economy?

[00:23:26]That is one chapter. Next one, what?

[00:23:28]Poverty. I think you know meaning of poverty.

[00:23:32]What is the meaning of power day?

[00:23:54]You know something there is a point that you have to buy out some of the definitions. So that means my dear please be in dreams but don't come to reality. If you come to reality accept you have to struggle a lot. You have to work a lot. Do you understand?

[00:24:17]mean that definitely changes you right. Yeah. So next point what is a poverty? You know poverty it is a socioeconomic situation where a section of the population or a group of the people or a part of the country unable to satisfy their basic needs or necessities such as food, shelter, clothes, education, electricity and there were many more because we have given you assignment that there is something called uh there is something called multi-dimensional poverty. index kunda sir >> who will release this multi-dimensional poverty index >> UNDP along with Oxford UNDP along with >> but I say multi-dimensional poverty index is released by UNDP United Nations development program United Nations development program so when I say poverty here is sir poverty is nothing but the people who are unable to satisfy their basic facility facilities or needs. Fundamental definition what are the basic facilities? Uh originally we said food, shelter, cloth, education and all but right now there was 10 there was 10 basic necessities that will be discussed in multi-dimensional poverty index. Who are the poor and how are the poor people identified? How are the pe poor people identified?

[00:25:54]based on their income and consumption.

[00:25:58]Previous NC based on two things. One is income and consumption level. I told right we can estimate poverty based on income and consumption. You said poverty line that poverty line can be drawn based on income and consumption only. Right? Yes.

[00:26:17]So how how are the poor people identified? It is based on income.

[00:26:24]Income and a consumption basis. The number of poor people in India. Of course, what is the percentage of poor people in India? I would say 28%. 28.9% is the poverty in India according to one committee Sachin Tendulkar committee rangarajan committee there was committees on poverties.

[00:26:45]Who will estimate poverty in India? NSO.

[00:26:50]And that's why is a government institution. Apart from this, government appoints so many committees.

[00:26:56]Apart from this, government appoints so many committees. Clear everyone? Yes.

[00:27:01]Next. What causes poverty? What are the reasons for poverty? Then policies and programs towards poverty alleviation and removal of poverty. What are the programs and policies that are made by government? Few programs we discussed.

[00:27:17]Service bay.

[00:27:20]MGNR GA midday meals Swarna Janti Grant Swarrojari Yojana we also discussed about PDS public distribution system food corporation of India right buffer stock we are storing the food grains right buffer stock would be maintained by FCI food corporation of India then poverty alleviation programs and their critical Critical assessment. What is a critical assessment?

[00:27:54]Program discuss critically analyze uh MGRA program. MG NRGA program in the light of rural unemployment and poverty.

[00:28:11]In the light of rural unemployment and poverty such a type of mains questions can be picked up from this statements.

[00:28:18]Right everyone?

[00:28:20]>> Yes.

[00:28:22]>> Then come chapter five. Human capital formation in India. I think you already know what is a human capital. India is having largest human capital in the world.

[00:28:35]Express.

[00:28:37]Yes. The working the work or I would say the people who are eligible to work. I mean to say the age groups are between >> 15 to 59 years. Age group population 15 to 59 years age group population 15 to 59 years age group population. Is it clear everyone? Yes. They're called as what capital?

[00:29:04]>> Working capital.

[00:29:05]>> Working capital. I can say what capital is this? Human capital. India's biggest advantage is now you know having human capital. Sir, what is the human capital and then what is the human capital and sources of human capital? Human capital and human development and India.

[00:29:25]Next the human capital formation in India and what are the great prospects and then education sector in India and the future prospects. See human capital human sunaru but without skilling there is no use of the human capital. Right?

[00:29:45]For example, there are thousand members but nobody don't know how to operate the gun. But enemy is coming. Then what is the point? Enemy know how to operate all the equipments. He is only two or three people who are wellkilled off. You are thousand peoples but don't have any skill. Definitely defeat is there or not. I'll tell you best case study here.

[00:30:05]What is the role of education and how many were there Britishers when they came to India? How what is the strength of British army in India was very less.

[00:30:15]It was 1,000 2,000 maximum 3,000 not more than that in their initial days.

[00:30:21]What was the Indian population by the time? What was the army of Indian kings by the time? Then one of the reason why Indians defeated by the Britishers is technology. What is that technology?

[00:30:35]They use the arms and ammunitions very skillfully. But we are using only swords right. So technology wise they're a forehead. The human who knows the technology how they know technology through education. Through what?

[00:30:51]>> The human capital powerful education.

[00:30:54]>> Education that we will discuss. Next one. Rural development. Why this chapter is important? rural development for example 75% on an average India is like a rural India on an average 75% of India is rural India sir what is the difference between rural and urban areas infrastructure is different cultural difference and other social aspects will differ from rural to urban areas. But maximum people were there in where?

[00:31:34]>> Rural areas. Maximum unemployment was there in where?

[00:31:38]>> Rural areas. Maximum poverty was there in where?

[00:31:43]>> Maximum illiteracy was there in whereas.

[00:31:46]>> So maximum social economic challenges were there in >> rural areas. That is why Gandhi G said when he wanted to say India is a developed country, we can say only when there was a development in >> rural areas.

[00:32:00]We can say only when there is a development in rural areas. Is that clear everyone? Ardaminda. Hence this chapter is important. So what is a rural development? Credit and marketing in rural areas. All right? You know credit right? Yes sir. We are getting credit in rural area through money lenders informal sectors. Do you understand that agricultural market system diversification into what? Productive activities. Because rural areas we have something called disguised unemployment.

[00:32:38]Rural areas we have something called disguised unemployment and extra production. zero disguised unemployment it's a marginal productivity is zero when I say disguised unemployment their marginal productivity is zero sir lab and overall productivity was reduced right that is the problem in a rural area we have more labor but their productivity is less reason is disguised unemployment ment and diversification into productivity, sustainable developments and organic farming. Today we are living in what agenda?

[00:33:30]>> You know there was sustainable developmental goals. UNDP has adopted sustainable developmental goals. Why we need this sustainable developmental goals? Population is increasing but resources are dayby-day depleting. That is the reason why we need always sustainability in everywhere we look for sustainability. So what are the sustainable development in rural areas and what is the importance of organic farming? Right now everybody is looking for organic farming to protect health to protect soil health human health right everyone rural development. Chapter 7 employment where we see growth next informal informalization and other issues we'll talk about employment growth informalization clear everyone dinlo workers and employment participation of people in employment when people are participating in employment we call them as workforce we call them as workforce self-employed and hired workers.

[00:34:44]Employment in firms, factories and offices growth and a changing structure of employment. Right now there was a change in structure of employment. Best example I say gig employees.

[00:34:58]Gig employment.

[00:35:01]Right now we are moving forward gig employment growth and changing IP. Next informalization of Indian workforce, unemployment, government and employment generation like you know government started so many programs for employment generation right skill India right then what is unemployment basically can we define what do you mean by unemployment >> willing to work correct the people are willing to work at market wages is the people are willing to work at market wages but they unable to get the work. Such a situation is known as what?

[00:35:46]>> Unemployment.

[00:35:47]>> Unemployment. We have a separate chapter in your economy. Poverty and unemployment.

[00:35:54]There is a separate chapter called poverty and unemployment will be the chapter. Clear everyone?

[00:36:03]Last infrastructure.

[00:36:05]See right now you know in our main syllabus there is something called infrastructure. Have you know that main syllable last that there is a chapter called infrastructure clear mention railways roadways energy have you seen right we'll talk about infrastructure ninth environment and sustainable development environment and sustainable development and then development experience of India comparison with neighbors neighbors means what India with Sri Lanka India with Pakistan Bangladesh, Nepal and other countries.

[00:36:45]Comparative development experience of India and its neighboring same chapter.

[00:36:51]This is what about syllabus. So 11th class NCR mains prelims questions right let us go for them now. First unit development policies and experience 1947 to 1990.

[00:37:12]Then the first one Indian economy on the eve of independence at the time of independence. What was the situation of Indian economy?

[00:37:25]At the time of independence, what was the situation of Indian economy? very very important slo because 11th and 12th is very very important. Serena Indian economy on the eve of independence sir what do you mean by on the eve of independence? Look at this 1947 what exactly happened? I would say 1947 to 1950 what exactly happened? You know India had very bad partition.

[00:37:59]India had very bad partition. In fact the 15th August 19 uh 47 will be the darkest night.

[00:38:09]It was the darkest night. It was the darkest night because of there was a bloodshed across the boundaries.

[00:38:18]Across the boundaries lacks of people were killed in communal violence.

[00:38:24]Communal violence is nothing but the Hindus attacking on Muslims and Muslims attacking on Hindus at the time of partition. Hence India had very bad partition very bad partition but at the same time after getting independence our economic conditions was very unstable.

[00:38:43]Why sir we got independence after more than 200 years we were under the colonial rule.

[00:38:51]After that we got independence. It was very hard time economically, politically, socially. That was very tough time for India where people are migrating from Pakistan to India and there was a food scarcity in India. No surplus of economy in India, right?

[00:39:11]Everyone and no economy, no political stability, there was communal violence, poverty, unemployment was very severe, very severe.

[00:39:22]one side both countries opened the boundaries like Pak if the people who are there in Pakistan they can come to India for settlement or Indians can go to the Pakistan to settle there both the countries opened their boundaries for few times during the time maximum people from Pakistan they migrated to India to settle down providing them food shelter was the challenging task for India that is the time where we have severe food shortage.

[00:39:52]Because of that reason, 1951 the first five-year plan major objective was development of agriculture. Development of agriculture. Why? Because we had severe poverty. We had severe poverty.

[00:40:08]People are suffering due to hunger.

[00:40:11]People are suffering due to hunger. That is the reason why at the time of independence we are suffering with severe economic crisis, political crisis, food crisis, there is no proper shelters, rehabilitation problems and there was a bad partition from Pakistan.

[00:40:31]Clear everyone? Yes.

[00:40:33]back end story after studying this chapter the learner's will they become familiar with the state of Indian economy in 1947 the year after India's independence exactly at the time of independence like familyar We were very poor at the time of partition and similarly at the time of independence. Indian economy was so bad.

[00:41:20]You will understand in this chapter understand the factors that led to the underdevelopment and the stagnation of Indian economy.

[00:41:30]What are the reasons?

[00:41:33]What are the reasons?

[00:41:35]What are the reasons that are responsible for What are the reasons that are responsible for underdevelopment and stagnation of Indian economy?

[00:41:47]Under development and stagnation of India. Here was a good Indian economy was growing but almost for three to four decades Indian economy was stagnated, underdeveloped. What was the reason? At the time of independence we are underdeveloped. After 1991 Indian economy is developing economy and before 1990 Indian economy was stagnated place under >> underdeveloped. After 1990 Indian economy become developing. What is that?

[00:42:19]Developing. Now we are moving towards developed status. Right.

[00:42:25]So let us say introduction of this chapter. The primary objectives of this book Indian economic development. It is familiarize you with basic features of Indian economy. Chapter Indian economy. Okay. Basic features and its development. How Indian economy got developed and as it is today in the aftermath of independence. However, it is equally important to know something about country's economic past even as you learn about the present state and the future perspectives.

[00:43:07]Present Indian economy future Indian economy but you must know about it past Indian economy past is very very important. Why we when you know the past you'll understand what are the mistakes we have committed and what are the changes we have brought and what else we can bring in the future right so knowing past is very very important and then I don't want your past I want your present I want the future with you and there is nothing knowing past is not wrong not wrong because there You'll understand the mindset, you'll understand their activities, you'll understand their intentions and there were many more things.

[00:43:55]Right?

[00:43:57]So knowing past of Indian economy is also important or not. Yes.

[00:44:02]So so let us first look at the state of Indian economy prior to the country's independence and what happened before >> 1947. 1947 and form an idea of various considerations that shaped Indian po Indian post independence development strategy and a postindependent development strategy depending upon pre-independence economic policies pre-independent economic Right?

[00:44:47]So why we are knowing about the past pre 1947 the reason is you will understand why we have adopted some policies after independence right 1947 decisions and everything is under 1947 all economic decisions are based on >> our past. our past that is during colonial rule.

[00:45:28]The structure of Indian uh present day economy is not just a current making it has its roots steepened in what history see Indian polity got influenced by British policies right good Indian labor laws are made during what colonial rule no labor laws British law and meaning when you wanted to know the present it is essential to know about past because the present history or present development is deep rooted in the past particularly in the period when India under British rule you got it right. So British economic policies influence over independence economic policies.

[00:46:23]Right?

[00:46:25]So British rule which lasted almost two centuries before India finally owned its independence on 15th August 1947.

[00:46:36]Clear everyone? Simu? Eve of independence.

[00:46:41]colonial time for the development of Indian economy will be understood easily. Clear? So all the decisions are having two reasons.

[00:47:04]One is the past, another one is the future.

[00:47:10]past reasons, >> future perspectives, future it influence two things. Today your decision will decide your future perspectives and today this decision is because of your previous experiences.

[00:47:28]Do you understand?

[00:47:41]future perspective that's where the present decision is the Indian economy 1947 47 this chapter will be explaining you what happened to the Indian economy during 1947 before or during colonial rule or British rule. Clear?

[00:48:05]>> Yes.

[00:48:06]>> Everyone?

[00:48:07]>> Yes sir.

[00:48:08]>> Good. Let us go to the story now. The sole purpose of British the sole purpose of British colonial rule in India was to reduce country to bring a what? feeder economy for great British own rapidly expanding modern industries as it is mains important point the sole purpose of British is like you know they wanted to change India as a raw material supplier explain British industrial revolution start British industrial revolution Start out they brought new technology. They brought new technology. Bringing new technology is called industrial revolution.

[00:49:04]Okay. Now can you please repeat this?

[00:49:14]So Japan British solo purpose they came to India as a traders. They came to India as a traders and of course they turned India into a raw material supplying.

[00:49:29]In British there was industrial revolution. Industrial revolution means they brought new technology.

[00:49:37]In the industrial revolution they required more raw material. They required more raw material. That is the reason they turned India into a raw material supplier to British.

[00:49:50]So that they're exporting raw material from India and making goods in British and dumping finished goods in India because India has a large market right and India is merely supplying raw materials but not supplying Indian andiccraft products into other countries.

[00:50:11]They're just India is supplying raw material to British. British making finished goods in their industries and they're dumping those goods into India and they use India as two things. One is a raw material supplier. Next one a big market for their finished goods for their finished goods. Adavinda look at this. The sole purpose of British colonial rule in India was to reduce the countries to being a what? feeder economy for a great Britain's own rapidly expanding modern industrial base and a British law industrial revolutionar they need more raw materials they need market for selling their final goods they use India as a supplier of raw material and they use India as a market for selling their >> finished goods arawinda and the British used India as a supplier of raw material And they use India as a market for their finished goods.

[00:51:18]Is it clear everyone?

[00:51:23]British policy.

[00:51:25]Indian products there will be high export duty.

[00:51:31]Raw material export low export duty.

[00:51:36]Foreign products India import low import duty and import spend less tax. Export of raw material is less tax. Yes. But export of Indian finished goods into other country will be higher tax. And they wanted to discourage Indian handiccraft industries so that the entire India will be feed on British products. Am I right? And who destroyed India's agriculture? Who destroyed India's anticcraftraft industry? British.

[00:52:10]Once upon a time, Indians produced more food items in the agriculture. We produce a rice, wheat, barley, right?

[00:52:18]Yes. But British changed Indian agriculture from producing food crops to commercial crops. food crops too.

[00:52:32]Commercial crops like tobacco, like joot, cotton, sugar cane. Do you understand? Because that industries in British require what? Raw material. So they turned India into a simply a a producer of raw material and they use India as a market for their finished goods. Clear everyone? You point? Okay.

[00:52:54]Yes sir.

[00:52:55]>> Clear?

[00:52:55]>> Yes sir.

[00:52:57]>> Second an understanding of exploitative nature of the relationship is essential for any assessment of the kind and the level of development which the Indian economy has been able to attain over the last six decades. We need to understand what are the economic relations in India. What are the developments happened in India in last six decades.

[00:53:25]Okay, clear everyone. This one point is important for you. Clear.

[00:53:31]Next, low level of economic development under colonial rule within one chapter one 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.9 S. So low level of economic development under British rule British rule economic development reason they destroyed Indian market they destroyed Indian handiccraft market.

[00:54:03]The imposed Jimandari system exploited peasants right because of their revenue settlement pattern.

[00:54:12]They also imposed high tax on Indian exports, Indian exports like they changed the agriculture from production of food items to commercial crops. Commercial crops during the British time there was home charges.

[00:54:31]There was home charges. Home charges British employees revenue.

[00:54:48]World War I, World War II, India. And this is how during British time there was a low level of during British time there was a low level of economic development under what?

[00:55:05]Colonial rule. Look at one by one heading county low level of economic development under colonial rule. What are the reasons?

[00:55:22]low level of economic development under colonial rule.

[00:55:27]What is the reason?

[00:55:33]Look at this.

[00:55:35]India had an India had an independent economy before advent of British rule.

[00:55:41]Undoubtedly, right? India had an independent economy before advent of British rule.

[00:55:48]Before that we have so many kingdoms.

[00:55:50]Every kingdom is independent. They do a lot of imports and exports. We never dependent on any colonial rulers.

[00:55:58]Right? So before advent of Britishers, Indian economy is what? Independent.

[00:56:04]Though agriculture was the main source of livelihood for the most of the people. I told during medieval India, during medieval India, during ancient India, what is the one biggest tax that are collected by all the rulers? Tax on agriculture products. Tax on agricultural products. Medival India.

[00:56:28]India is dominant of agriculture. The maximum part of revenue for kingdoms are from >> agriculture. Bali bagology.

[00:56:38]Clear everyone? Yes.

[00:56:41]So what is the point here? During British time, Indian economies independent and that was largely dependent on agriculture as a source of livelihood for many people. Right? And before colonial rule, Indian economy was independent but predominantly depending upon agricultural activities and agriculture as the main source of livelihood for maximum people. Right?

[00:57:09]>> Yes. Yet the country economy was characterized by various kind of manufacturing activities and our time low agriculture is the biggest dependency we also had so many manufacturing sectors like jewelry making, beads making, handiccraft making. Am I right?

[00:57:30]>> And before colonial time, what is the biggest economy in India? Agriculture.

[00:57:36]largely depending upon agriculture and some of the manufacturing industries like pot making. It is that pot making and all kind of things.

[00:57:48]Is that clear up to this point everyone?

[00:57:51]No sir.

[00:57:52]>> So Indian economy before independ sorry before British rule before the advent of the British rule Indian economy is independent largely depending upon agriculture and there was a differences of manufacturing activities clear such as pottery jewelry right we can write right? Yes, India was a particularly well known for handiccraft industries in the field of cotton and silk textile, metals and a precious stone works etc. Very important.

[00:58:36]Even you take indust valley civilization they're known for making bead jewelry copper jewelry indust valley civilization there was references of using terra cotta figures they used reports they made jewelry out of beads copper bronze right everyone yes and meaning India was particularly well known for its what handiccraft craft industries in the field of cotton, silk, textiles, metals, precious stone works etc. These products enjoyed worldwide market based on the reputation of fine quality.

[00:59:27]Fine quality of material used and the highest standards of craftsmanship seen in all imports from India.

[00:59:49]Indians worldwide coins worldwide demand only because of that architecture that we made on that and meaning Indians are very good in What?

[01:00:13]>> Handiccraft industries such as making cotton related, silk textiles, metal related, precious don jewelries. Are you getting it right? Reason why Indian products have worldwide demand? Because of what fineity quality of material used and high standards of craftsmanship worldwide there was a demand for Indian handiccraft industries colonial rock.

[01:00:53]Can I go for next?

[01:01:20]done 10 right let us go textile industry in Bengal clear we have east India west India right Bengal comes under what east part of the India right so Bengal is always known for what textiles Bengal includes today the west Bengal in India and Bangladesh these two commonly called Bengal province Bengal province Bengal province was the world's largest jude producer today Bangladesh is the largest jude producer in the world because once upon a time Bangladesh was a part of India or not yes textile industry in Bengal and Bengal is known for what >> textile industry in fact the silk that we get from Bangladesh. Dhaka we call it as Dhai Muslin. Dhai Muslin you know Masuli British established their temporary factory at Britishers.

[01:02:32]That is the reason why British established their temporary factory at Masuli Patanam. Masuli is nothing but what? Masuli. Today Masuli earlier it is masuli. What is a masuli? Means muselin cotton export. What is that? Cotton export. They started exporting cotton from this machiri patnam to other countries. Clear everyone?

[01:02:56]Look, muslin is the type of cotton textile which had its origin in where?

[01:03:02]Bengal. Particularly the places in and around Dhaka. In and around Dhaka. Today Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. But Bangladesh was a separate country. But at the time of 1947 India Pakistan partition was appended.

[01:03:19]In the partition there was two things.

[01:03:21]India this side we have West Pakistan.

[01:03:25]Bangladesh earlier was East Pakistan and before 1971 Bangladesh was under Pakistan.

[01:03:45]Vindi 19 1971 Bangladesh was called East Pakistan and after independence India Pakistan separated Pakistan two provinces west provinces east provinces but 1971 with the help of India east Pakistan got independence and they declared as Bangladesh the capital of Bangladesh was Dhaka the Bangladesh is known for What?

[01:04:14]Museline. Muselin is a kind of cotton textile. Look at this. Muslin is a type of cotton textile which had its origin in where? Bengal particularly places in and around Dhaka. Dhaka.

[01:04:29]Now the capital city of Bangladesh that muslin is called Dhakai Muselin had gained worldwide fame as a as a aquasite type of cotton textile. The finest variety of muslin was like called what?

[01:04:48]>> Malm.

[01:04:48]>> Malmal.

[01:04:50]The best quality of cotton in Dhaka was called Malmal examur. But Dhaka is known for what? Cotton textiles. Sometimes the foreign travelers also used to refer to it as malmal malmal shahi or mmal car implying that it was worn by or fit for the loyalty and dark cotton is a finest quality cotton symbol of loyalty in the UCS coach.

[01:05:36]The best cotton was there in where?

[01:05:38]Bengal which is called muslin. What is that? Muselin. Muslin.

[01:05:43]So Bengal is known for what industries?

[01:05:46]Textile industries. Today Bangladesh is known for production of finest textiles in the world like a jut and cotton.

[01:05:55]Bangladesh shipping indry Bangladesh very poor country Bangladesh is Bangladesh harbor yes the small small boats will come they'll come on a small small boats they'll work on your deck they'll work on your deck food items but for a very least price they work on your deck for 3 to 4 days as long as you are there in Anchorage they'll take some money as a salary and they'll go off but the cloths in Bangladesh are cheapest because they're producing world's finest textile the cotton and jot clear everyone Let's look the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India were concerned more with what protection and promotion of economic interest of their home country rather than development of Indian economy and simple whatever the economic policies that were brought by British during their rule.

[01:07:18]During their rule they introduced railways. Yes. They introduced high tax on exports, low tax on imports. They introduced Jamandari system, rywari, mahalwari. They forced to cultivate indigo, commercial crops. What are all this? They introduced railways. They introduced roads. They constructed roads. Why they did everything? To promote their economic interest, NOT THE ECONOMIC INTEREST of India.

[01:07:49]So one point is write down the economic policies of colonial government in India.

[01:07:57]The economic policies of colonial government in India.

[01:08:06]The economic policies of colonial government in India.

[01:08:12]The economic policies of colonial government in India.

[01:08:18]are more concerned with are more concerned with are more concerned with the protection and promotion of the protection and the promotion of the protection and the promotion of the protection and promotion of the economic interest of their home countries.

[01:08:51]Their economic interest of protection and promotion of the economic interest of their home country, their home country.

[01:09:05]Then then then then the Indian economy whatever the economic policies that are brought by the British their major goal is promoting their own economic the interest of their country's economy but not India's but not >> so when all their economic policies benefited to their country not India but what happened here in India exploitation. What happened in India?

[01:09:38]>> Ardamunda. Yes. Next. Such a policy is brought about fundamental change in the structure of Indian economy. So we can write British policies brought British policies brought British policies brought fundamental changes in the structure of Indian economy.

[01:10:05]In the structure of Indian economy.

[01:10:09]In the structure of Indian economy.

[01:10:15]In the structure of Indian economy like like transforming the country into transforming the country into a net supplier of raw material.

[01:10:32]transforming country into net supplier of raw materials. Japa they just changed India as a raw material supplier and they use India as a market right they're transforming the country into net supplier of raw materials and a consumer of final and consumer of finished goods from British consumer of finished goods from British consumer of finished goods from British Babuarda and meaning what the British policies benefited more to >> their own country rather than Indian economy. Whatever the policies they have brought in India, what happened that they brought fundamental changes in the structure of Indian economy by transforming India as a netwater raw material supplier and market for their final products. Market to sell their final products. Ardaminda the colonial government never made any sincere attempt to estimate India's national and per capita income they never made any sincere attempt to calculate India's national and per capita income why national perap income right everyone which is not good for them and they never did any sincere attempt colonial government never made any sincere attempt to estimate India's national and per capita income why because That will be bad for them. That is the reason they never did any sincere attempt. But some individuals attempted which were made to measure such as income yields conflicting and inconsistent results but results are not consistent. Not consistent.

[01:12:55]They tried but not a sincere attempt but got not a constant results.

[01:13:02]Fake report clear.

[01:13:05]Next Indians among the notable estimates dada gi you know dada known for what?

[01:13:13]Drain theory.

[01:13:15]>> Drain of wealth theory. Dada Naruji.

[01:13:17]Next William Dick Bay. Next Finlay Shares and Mr. RA and RC they say these are the people who calculated what >> national and per capita income.

[01:13:32]These are the people who calculated.

[01:13:47]Which of the following individuals calculated national income and national income and perapat income during colonial period? Option 1 2 3 4 kind 1 and two 1 and 3 1 2 3 all of the above paper was so tough. This year it is so tough. I literally accepted. Even UPSC accepted that this time UPSC chairman gave a Twitter a tweet and he said like yeah it is difficult. UPS never gave such an official statement in the history of UPS. First time that gave important dabuji, William Digb and Finlayas and RV Ros and RC Desai. These are the people who estimated national and per capita income during colonial rule.

[01:15:05]Yes. Is that clear up to this point?

[01:15:08]Prelims three four names important and it was Raalo Mr. Harvey Rao like whose estimates of national and per capita income during the colonial period were considered very significant but appoint but these are the people who calculated national and per capita income India during colonial rule because colonial rulers never made any sincere attempt sincere attempt however most studies did find that country's growth of aggregate real Output during the first half of the 20th century was less than 2% coupled with the merger of the merger of percent growth per capita output for the year not required for any exam clear everyone neither Berlimson or for mains not at all important let us go to 1.3 1.1 done 1.3 agriculture British time agriculture right chap British economic policies not benefited to India instead they benefited to their own country right their economic policies turned the fundamental nature of Indian economy into what a merely net supplier of raw material and India used as a market for their finished goods during British time there was a drain of wealth they never made a sincere attempt in order to >> calculate or estimate national and per capita income but among a few individuals did this right agriculture very important India's economy under British colonial rule remain fundamentally what agrarian British agrarian economy British law agrarian economy >> Indian economy is known as what agrarian economy because a large part of the portion of the Indian population depending upon agriculture in rural India. Hence, Indian agriculture is known as sorry Indian economy is known as agrarian economy. Agrarian economy.

[01:17:24]During British time also Indian economy is what?

[01:17:27]>> Agrarian economy. About 85%age of the country population lived mostly in villages or rural India derive livelihood directly from >> agriculture. and a British time low 85%age of Indian population are depending upon agriculture and they're living in where during colonial rule online.

[01:18:05]Teacher, right?

[01:18:22]So during during colonial period 85%age of country's population depending upon agriculture depending upon agriculture and they lived in rural areas and they lived in rural areas and they lived in rural areas.

[01:18:53]And they lived in water.

[01:18:55]Okay. Now fine boys. So during British time, Indian economy is what economy?

[01:19:00]>> Agrarian economy. Agrarian economy.

[01:19:05]Despite being occupation of such a large population, the agricultural sector continued to what? Experience stagnation.

[01:19:15]During British time, there is no development in agriculture sector.

[01:19:19]Despite 85%age of population is depending upon agriculture. But still agriculture was what? Stagnated. What is stagnation means no further growth?

[01:19:32]No further growth. Why? British exploited. British exploited they collected >> they collected 10 by 11th or >> 11 by >> 11 percentage of tax they used to collect then 1 by 11th is for >> jamandas 10 by 11 is for Britishers clear everyone because of that exploitative tendency Indian agricultural economy was stagnated during rule >> during colonial rule During colonial rule, agriculture sector experienced stagnation.

[01:20:15]During colonial rule, agricultural sector experienced during colonial rule. Agriculture sector experienced Agriculture sector experienced what?

[01:20:33]>> Stagnation. Very very important.

[01:20:36]Agriculture sector experienced what?

[01:20:38]Stagnation. Stagnation means no growth in agriculture sector. The sector experienced some growth due to expansion of aggregate area under cultivation. The Britisha the cultivable area increased or not? Why sir? They need raw material.

[01:20:55]They need raw material. They forced us to cultivate more commercial crops and the more area was under agriculture. Right?

[01:21:04]>> And during British time little more area was brought under cultivation. Brought under cultivation. This stagnation in the agricultural sector was caused mainly because of various systems of like what land settlements that were introduced by colonial governments.

[01:21:23]And the stagnation The stagnation of agriculture sector was caused by The stagnation of agriculture sector was caused by caused by various systems of land settlements.

[01:21:48]was caused by various systems of land settlements.

[01:21:56]Land settlements introduced by colonial government.

[01:22:05]Colonial government.

[01:22:08]Example Jandar system. Examples.

[01:22:14]Examples. Jindar system. Write system.

[01:22:18]Mahal system.

[01:22:26]They brought permanent settlement act.

[01:22:30]They brought permanent settlement act.

[01:22:34]They brought permanent settlement act.

[01:22:40]They brought permanent settlement act.

[01:22:44]Okay. Now, so why Indian agriculture got stagnated despite of large people depending on it during colonial rule?

[01:22:56]>> Due to various land settlement systems.

[01:23:00]What are the various land settlement system? Jandari, Raywari, Mahalwari.

[01:23:05]Clear everyone? Look, particularly under Jamandari system which was implemented in Bengal presidency comprising parts of India present days eastern India the profit occurring out of agriculture sector went to Jindas instead of cultivators but Jandar system mahalwar system rwar system you moved into high taxes British jandaras and British cultivators very less. That is the reason why though you are cultivating good, though you are cultivating maximum land but agriculture is still stagnated because of British land settlement policies where they collected high tax where the Jindar and British getting benefited but cultivator is getting losses.

[01:24:00]Yes sir.

[01:24:03]Jindar system, system example system assignments.

[01:24:15]You have to browse those additional information.

[01:24:19]I have info with me.

[01:24:34]These are part of these are part of you know the revenue settlement tax. Revenue settlement tax 1 by 11 part would be given to the zimindar. 10 by 11 tax would be given to Britishers. The cultivator remains zero. Hence they're suffering with poverty, hunger, underdevelopment. Hence agriculture sector was under stagnation even though they brought more land under cultivation. Clearations clear next. However, the considerable number of Jimnars and not just a colonial government did nothing to improve the conditions of and Jandaras Ghani Britishers. They did nothing for the development of agriculture. The main interest of Jandars was only collect rent regardless economic conditions of taxes.

[01:25:48]We call it as revenue settlement.

[01:25:52]There is something called sunset law. Sunset law. everyday.

[01:26:02]British cultivator don't want to lose their position. Hence they're torturing pe cultivators to pay more tax. That is the reason why agriculture was stagnated during British time. Ardaminda everyone.

[01:26:33]This caused immense misery and social tension among among the latest the later agriculture people. Right? to a very great extent the term of revenue settlement were also responsible for Jandaras adopting such an force tax collected >> revenue settlement and even I lost my jamari position I don't want to lose then I'll torture you what is the reason for jamanda torturing pe >> revenue settlement acts that are brought by British or Dinda.

[01:27:14]The rude behavior of zindars on Indian peasants is due to harsh revenue settlement act brought by British.

[01:27:27]Next.

[01:27:28]Yeah. So dates for depositing the specified sum of revenue are fixed and the failing which Jindar were lose there.

[01:27:42]British you lose your rights.

[01:27:48]So Jindar don't want to lose their rights. That is the reason they're forcing peans to collect more taxes.

[01:27:55]Right everyone besides this low level of technology of course right why there was a low productivity why there is a stagnation of agriculture during colonial rule >> one reason is >> technology low level of >> another reason is >> British exploitation through Jandar by introducing land settlement acts and British policies such as Jandari Mahalwar chapi What are the two reasons as of now for low level of agricultural development during British time or stagnation of agriculture during British time?

[01:28:36]>> Low level of technology. Next one.

[01:28:40]>> British exploitative tendency through their policies and programs such as revenue settlement system such as permanent settlement system such as Jamandari, Raywari, Mahalwari. This resulted into British forcing zeindar zindar forcing >> peasants. Hence the peasants were stagnated. Low level of income, hunger, poverty, miserable conditions, miserable.

[01:29:09]Yes.

[01:29:11]So yeah, another one, lack of technology, lack of irrigation.

[01:29:17]Reasons why there was a low level of economic development during colonial rule. Why there was a stagnation of agriculture. One is a British policies.

[01:29:26]Next one, low level of technology. Next one, lack of irrigation facilities.

[01:29:34]Lack of irrigation facilities. Next, negligible use of fertilizers.

[01:29:42]Negligible use of fertilizers.

[01:29:46]Negligible use of fertilizers all added up to aggregate the plight of farmers and contributed to dismal level of agricultural productivity. These are the reasons why agricultural product was less and there was a stagnation of agriculture during colonial rule. Right?

[01:30:20]These are the reasons for low productivity of agriculture and stagnation of agriculture during colonial rule. Clear up to this point.

[01:30:28]Yes, there was of of course some evidences of uh relatively higher yield as what cash crops in the certain areas of the country due to commercialization of agriculture.

[01:30:44]Write down British commercialized agriculture.

[01:30:48]British commercialized agriculture by forcing Indians to cultivate.

[01:30:58]by forcing Indians to cultivate.

[01:31:01]By forcing Indians to cultivate commercial crops, commercial crops instead food crops because they have more demand for commercial crops in England because there was an industrial revolution. There was an industrial revolution.

[01:31:25]next. But this could hardly help farmers to improve their economic conditions as instead of producing food crops. Now they were producing cash crops but it is commercial crops Indians because food crop shortage only right that too when you collect more when you produce more that is taken by the British and Jim in the name of taxes and the British forced Indians to cultivate commercial crops instead of food crops.

[01:31:59]Example indigo, indigo, cotton, jute.

[01:32:08]Examples, tobacco. These are the examples not there in the book, but we can add them.

[01:32:15]Finally, look this. Now they were producing cash crops which were to be ultimately used by British industries home back. Why? Because Indian cash crops they act like a raw material for British industries. Cotney is a cash crop. Jut is a cash crop. These are like exported to British to make final products and dumping into India and Indian cash crops more benefited to British industries rather Indians rather Indians. This is what about agriculture of Indians during what time?

[01:32:48]>> Colonial rule. India's agriculture production received a further setback due to country's partition at the time of independence because a sizable agricultural land was went to Pakistan was went to you know Pakistan region that was most fertile land because the you know the Indas river system will form deltas in the Pakistan some deltas in east Pakistan called Bangladesh after independ dependence because of partition the most fatile soil India lost the Pakistan one is in Bangladesh another one is in east west Pakistan synindra region Ardamunda the sizable portion of undivided countries highly irrigated and a fertile land went to Pakistan >> Pakistan this had an adverse impact upon Indian output from agriculture sector particularly affected India's jot industries because e largest jot producer Bangladesh Bangladesh was east Pakistan right now we lost control on joot then since almost the whole of the jud producing area become a part of east Pakistan present Bangladesh India's jud India's jud goods industry uh India's jud good industry suffered heavily lack of >> Indians Pakistan Pakistan is a part of India production.

[01:34:32]The reason we don't have raw material because Pakistan won't export to India.

[01:34:37]It will export to some other countries.

[01:34:39]That is where Indian agriculture affected even after independence because of partition. Because of partition the most fertile soils India lost to Pakistan.

[01:34:52]Which industry severely affected? Joot industry. Java.

[01:34:56]These are the reasons how Indian agriculture got affected after independence. How it got stagnated? How it got stagnated? Next industry service.

[01:35:09]We'll see them next. Right.

[01:35:12]the point.

[01:35:25]So background concept assignment roari mahalwari browse about impact of colonial rule on Indian agricultural system is the browsing impact of colonial rule on Indian agricultural system.

[01:35:56]That is one point. Next one.

[01:36:12]is how colonial policies critically analyze how colonial policies affected affected and shaped Indian economy affected and shaped Indian economy.

[01:36:39]The source is only internet. Source is only internet.

[01:36:47]That will be wonderful. I think you know why agriculture got affected during colonial rule, right? Like less fertilizers, low technology in >> low irrigation facilities, British exploitative policies such as an example.

[01:37:05]We lost the more fertile soils to Pakistan after partition that also affected Indian agriculture in India. That's all for the day.

[01:37:27]Max, I'll tell you one reason. this year.

[01:38:13]What should I do more? How should I browse? In what perspectives examiner can ask critical thinking focus levels is it clear everyone focus don't keep more friends limited time One or the next question.

[01:39:06]Come on.

[01:39:14]A critical thought process, analytical abilities, core concepts, definitions, right? Writing on the spot.

[01:39:39]So, in the preparation will definitely affect wholesome.

[01:39:48]So that definitely benefit wholesome. So you will set as a bad example as a good example.

[01:39:57]I'm not saying you don't enjoy your life. Enjoy your life.

[01:40:07]that confidence satisfaction will gives you uh better happiness than you are chit chatting with your friends or somebody else. So keep that in mind and work hard. See you assignments.

[01:40:25]Have a nice day.

[01:40:28]See you online.

[01:40:31]Very good response online. Keep it up.

[01:40:47]Study well.