General English Lecture 02 Finance Accounts Assistant

[00:00:00]As we were discussing about verbs, so in this lecture we we are going to continue that same topic, right? Let's recap a bit quickly. We were discussing that verb, you know, broadly categorizes into two.

[00:00:18]One is finite verb, second is non-finite verb. Finite verb is any verb which changes according to the three parameters, while as non-finite verbs do not change, right? And they do not care about the tenses, number of person. They never change, right? Then I said that Wait a second.

[00:00:46]Then we discussed that finite non-finite verb has types.

[00:01:00]One of the type was gerund.

[00:01:04]Second was infinitive.

[00:01:09]And the third one participle.

[00:01:15]Gerund is already discussed. Gerund is V4 functioning as noun. Okay, V4 only functioning as noun, right?

[00:01:24]I would write it here. V4 when functions as noun.

[00:01:31]Usually V4 functions as verb because this is V4, one of the forms of verbs.

[00:01:36]It always should function as verb, but in some cases V4 functions functions as noun, we call that gerund, okay? Gives us the meaning of noun, that is gerund.

[00:01:46]Now, today we'll be talking about infinitives. This is already discussed in the in yesterday's lecture.

[00:01:52]Infinitive.

[00:01:54]Now, we have to remember the structure of infinitive.

[00:01:57]>> [snorts] >> Infinitives.

[00:02:05]Okay, before dealing with uh infinitives, I'm going to talk about infinitive key.

[00:02:15]Do you remember bare infinitive?

[00:02:18]What is a bare infinitive?

[00:02:21]Mhm?

[00:02:23]When I was discussing verb forms with you, I discussed bare infinitive.

[00:02:29]Yes, V1 is known as bare infinitive.

[00:02:32]V1. V1 is called a bare infinitive. But, what is infinitive?

[00:02:37]Obviously, infinitive is not bare infinitive. Okay?

[00:02:41]So, basically, what is infinitive?

[00:02:44]It's V1 preceded by to.

[00:02:51]The permanent structure of infinitive is to plus V1.

[00:02:57]I got calling V1.

[00:02:59]Bare infinitive. That is root word.

[00:03:02]I got you. V1 is a bare infinitive. To.

[00:03:06]That is infinitive.

[00:03:08]Okay? To plus V1.

[00:03:12]This structure, this particular structure, wherever you see this structure, you have to say this is infinitive.

[00:03:19]Okay?

[00:03:20]I will go by the telling to plus V1 I have to say sentence me. Right? This to plus V1 always functions as noun.

[00:03:35]V1 is verb, root word of verb, right?

[00:03:39]Placing to in front of it lets it function as noun.

[00:03:46]I will go by the V1 to the guy in here. V verb but noun come back to that. This particular structure is as functions as noun.

[00:04:02]Verb verb function as it will always give us the meaning of noun. It will function as noun.

[00:04:16]Do you understand? For example, I like to drive a car.

[00:04:31]I like to drive a car. Now, see.

[00:04:35]2 + drive.

[00:04:39]Let's analyze it. 2 plus Is this V1 or V2 or V3?

[00:04:47]V1.

[00:04:49]I will follow this structure.

[00:04:51]Okay? And when you have this structure in any sentence, it would always function as noun. It would give us meaning of noun. Okay? Remember, we translate noun as any word ending with noon alif.

[00:05:08]Okay?

[00:05:10]So, now jagna chalna These are all nouns.

[00:05:19]Right? Any word in Urdu end ending with noon alif is noun. Okay? Now, if you translate this sentence in Urdu, translate this and see whether to drive gives us meaning of noon alif in Urdu.

[00:05:33]Try the meaning.

[00:05:36]I like to drive a car.

[00:05:47]Noon alif.

[00:05:49]This is the meaning of to drive.

[00:05:54]Okay?

[00:05:56]To drive. Okay, if I write see This is verb, but if I write to see This is infinitive.

[00:06:06]Okay?

[00:06:08]And and this is no longer verb now.

[00:06:11]By appearance, in form, this is verb, but it always functions as sorry, noun.

[00:06:18]Right? Whenever you have this kind of a structure, you will have to close your eyes and say this is infinitive, which function functions as noun. What is the difference between infinitive and this one, first one?

[00:06:31]>> [snorts] >> Mhm?

[00:06:32]What is the difference between gerund and and infinitive?

[00:06:39]One thing is common in both the both the terms.

[00:06:42]This also functions as noun.

[00:06:44]And this one also.

[00:06:47]Functions as noun. This also functions as noun. But can you tell me which form does gerund use?

[00:06:54]V4. Uses V4 form.

[00:06:57]And this one uses to plus V1.

[00:07:05]Do you understand? Functions same, but structures are different.

[00:07:09]Right? Here V4, whenever V4 giving us gives us meaning of noun, functions as noun, that is gerund. But whenever two plus V1 use we see two plus V1, that also functions as noun, is infinitive.

[00:07:24]Okay?

[00:07:24]Infinitive is whenever we two plus V1, whenever not, always this happens, that two plus V1 gives us the meaning of noun. We call this structure as infinitive. Okay.

[00:07:41]Uh, I would love to see.

[00:07:49]Okay. I'm I have to put restrictions on writing the word because gender issues, right? I would love to see Let me write it.

[00:08:00]Okay?

[00:08:02]Translate this.

[00:08:06]>> I would like to see it.

[00:08:08]>> Mhm.

[00:08:11]Yes, you changed it the you translated it dekhna.

[00:08:16]For instance, in in many of the, you know, uh recruitments, the students are asked that sometimes they are given Urdu passages.

[00:08:26]Right? And you are asked to change Urdu into English.

[00:08:29]Right? For instance, if I'm writing uh mujhe usko dekhna hai.

[00:08:40]Translate this in English.

[00:08:42]>> I want to see it.

[00:08:44]>> Uh I want to see.

[00:08:51]dekhna to see Do you understand?

[00:08:57]Any V1 form preceded by to is infinitive. Functions always as noun.

[00:09:05]I think this is clear.

[00:09:06]Is it?

[00:09:10]Okay.

[00:09:12]Gerund will never change.

[00:09:15]Right?

[00:09:17]Swimming is good.

[00:09:19]Swimming will never be swam is good.

[00:09:23]Swam is good. Right?

[00:09:27]Swim is good. Swimming will always remain swimming because this is non-finite verb. Gerund never changes its form, okay? It always has have one form, that's V4. It never changes into any other form.

[00:09:44]Do you understand?

[00:09:46]And infinitive, to plus V1, this structure always remains same, it never changes.

[00:09:53]Do you understand? If it changes, that could be something else, but two plus V1, when it functions as noun, is always same. It doesn't change its form.

[00:10:00]Right? So, this is non-finite verb, this is also non-finite verb.

[00:10:05]Understood? By appearance, these are these are verbs, but as but in function, they are nouns. Okay? This one functions as noun, this also functioning as noun.

[00:10:16]Now, we have the third type of the same.

[00:10:18]That is participle.

[00:10:21]Let me write it like this.

[00:10:30]Participle.

[00:10:37]So, uh let's define let's discuss participle.

[00:10:49]>> [snorts] >> Now, what is participle?

[00:10:53]We understood what is gerund, we understood what is infinitive. What is participle?

[00:10:57]Okay, can you tell me? Gerund functions as?

[00:11:00]Noun.

[00:11:01]Infinitive functions as? Noun.

[00:11:04]Participle doesn't function as noun.

[00:11:09]Right?

[00:11:10]They do not function as noun.

[00:11:11]Participles do not function as noun.

[00:11:14]So, I'm going to write uh definition here.

[00:11:17]It will be also be clear in the in a in types of the participle. V3 and V4 functioning as functioning as adjective.

[00:11:34]functioning as adjectives >> [snorts] >> V3 present participle past participle perfect participle Participle uses See, gerund uses which form of verb?

[00:12:11]V4. Infinitive uses 2 + V1, okay? Not only V1, 2 + V1. Participle uses two forms of verbs, either V3 or V4. But both of the verbs in a particular structure, they function as adjectives. Now, the question is what is adjective?

[00:12:31]>> Adjective tells us what?

[00:12:33]>> Mhm. Tells us about?

[00:12:34]>> quality >> quality >> Uh quality of what?

[00:12:36]>> characteristics >> characteristics of a noun >> Mhm.

[00:12:40]>> noun noun maybe noun >> Mhm.

[00:12:43]Yes. Yes.

[00:12:44]>> Well, it also it can also tell us about the form of verb like if it's done >> Mhm. Can be. But what is the definition of adjective? Adjective is any word which qualifies noun or pronoun. Defines noun.

[00:13:01]For instance, if I'm writing boy Boy is noun or verb or what?

[00:13:08]Boy is noun?

[00:13:11]Boy is noun? Yes, boy is noun.

[00:13:13]>> [gasps] >> Now, any word which defines noun That's adjective. See, boy good good boy I mean what are the boy let go which is a noun when I'm saying good boy this good is defining boy What kind of a boy? Good boy. So this is an adjective because this word is defining boy which is noun. So adjectives always define noun or pronoun. They qualify noun. Right? For instance if I say uh cruel manager Manager is noun?

[00:14:11]>> Yes.

[00:14:11]>> Yes. Cruel?

[00:14:12]>> adjective >> adjective because this word defines manager.

[00:14:16]This is adjective.

[00:14:19]Okay? Okay, if I'm writing uh cool cold weather cold weather cold weather weather noun cold is defining it.

[00:14:48]You understand? Okay. So adjectives are the words defining or qualifying noun And whenever V3 third form of verb and fourth form of verb give us the meaning of adjective.

[00:15:08]We call those verbs as participles.

[00:15:11]Remember we have discussed in when we were discussing about verb forms I told you that V3 and V4 are used for participles.

[00:15:19]Huh?

[00:15:20]This is where we are going to discuss Participle is an is V3 and V4 functioning as noun. If you don't say V3 and V4, let's say participles function as noun.

[00:15:29]Right? Whether it's V3 or V4.

[00:15:32]Okay? Now, what is present participle?

[00:15:34]Present participle Okay, can you guess which form of verb should this be using?

[00:15:43]>> Uh V3.

[00:15:46]>> Guess again.

[00:15:49]Present participle.

[00:15:51]>> V4.

[00:15:51]>> Which between the two should be used here? Huh?

[00:15:56]>> Works V works on >> See, there's a problem. Whenever you have to give answers, you don't have to be confused. V3? Then you are asking question to me again.

[00:16:05]>> [laughter] >> Okay? Then I have to answer.

[00:16:07]Right? We give answers being very satisfied.

[00:16:10]>> In V3, we are using ED form, like the >> Yes, that's past.

[00:16:13]>> Yeah.

[00:16:14]So, in present, we cannot use the past.

[00:16:17]>> Yes. So, like this, we can decide. If V3 is used for past, obviously there remains only one option.

[00:16:24]>> Yeah, V4 is ING form.

[00:16:26]>> Yes, V4 is ING form. Present participle always uses ING form. This is This uses V4.

[00:16:33]V4 functioning as?

[00:16:35]>> Adjective.

[00:16:35]>> Adjective. V4 functioning as?

[00:16:42]Huh?

[00:16:44]Huh? What are you saying?

[00:16:45]>> What I'm saying, present present participle case, it's only V4.

[00:16:49]>> Yes. Yes.

[00:16:54]Hm?

[00:16:58]It's easy. When V4 functions as adjective, present participle.

[00:17:03]Right? Let's have an example.

[00:17:10]>> [clears throat] [snorts] >> When V4 functions as?

[00:17:14]Adjectives, remember. Adjectives. So, I will have to use or bring a word which should be placed before before noun.

[00:17:32]Let's choose any noun.

[00:17:36]Let's say doll.

[00:17:39]Doll is noun.

[00:17:49]It should be ing form.

[00:17:55]You will have to bring any ing form which should be obviously suitable.

[00:18:05]Dancing, very good.

[00:18:08]One word. Don't give me a sentence. One word placed before it, but in ing form.

[00:18:18]She said it. You're correct. Both of you are correct. You're still confused, huh?

[00:18:22]>> No, I'm not confused.

[00:18:26]>> Dancing.

[00:18:29]Dancing doll.

[00:18:32]Okay.

[00:18:37]Okay, try one more.

[00:18:40]Moving train, yes.

[00:18:42]Huh? Yeah, falling train can be. It's said.

[00:18:45]>> [laughter] >> You have negative thoughts.

[00:18:48]Okay, >> [clears throat] >> uh Right, um Which are?

[00:19:09]Hm?

[00:19:10]Or?

[00:19:18]>> Is called like this kind of events are associated running, driving, or >> Yes.

[00:19:23]Car. You can you can create any situation with car. Okay, let it be running.

[00:19:28]Okay?

[00:19:29]Running.

[00:19:30]Uh can you do something with this one?

[00:19:33]Uh Writing pen.

[00:19:42]Okay? Uh Uh Let's say >> Standing man.

[00:19:56]>> Mhm. Standing man.

[00:19:59]Come on.

[00:20:00]>> Standing, sitting, dancing, anything.

[00:20:03]>> Huh?

[00:20:04]>> These are like regular stuff.

[00:20:06]>> Huh?

[00:20:07]>> [laughter] >> Come on. Laughing man.

[00:20:12]Right? Crying man.

[00:20:14]Right? So, when I write for instance laughing laughing man, translate this now.

[00:20:24]Mhm?

[00:20:25]Has smoke and sun.

[00:20:28]Has smoke and sun. Or for the sake of understanding has the word me.

[00:20:31]>> Yeah.

[00:20:33]>> Right? Has the word me. But this one is V4 doesn't function as verb.

[00:20:38]>> Yeah.

[00:20:39]>> Functions as adjective because this word is defining noun.

[00:20:44]Okay? Any word which is placed before noun and is ing form of verb is is present participle. Participle always present participle always uses ing form.

[00:21:00]Do you understand? Okay.

[00:21:02]>> [clears throat] >> Let me back.

[00:21:03]Present participle always uses V4 that functions as adjective.

[00:21:09]Remember something from uh gerund?

[00:21:12]Gerund uses which form?

[00:21:13]>> V4.

[00:21:15]>> Gerund uses?

[00:21:15]>> V4.

[00:21:17]>> V4.

[00:21:18]But functions as?

[00:21:19]>> Noun.

[00:21:19]>> Noun. This uses? V4. Functions as?

[00:21:22]>> Adjective.

[00:21:23]>> Adjective.

[00:21:24]Is there any difference?

[00:21:27]>> That functions as noun.

[00:21:28]>> Yes.

[00:21:30]Gerund also uses V4. Present participle also uses V4. But gerund functions as noun, this one functions as adjective.

[00:21:47]Okay, because it has to define noun.

[00:21:50]Okay, but it will use only V4. Right?

[00:21:53]This is clear.

[00:21:55]So, if if present participle is using V4, V3.

[00:22:06]V3 functioning as?

[00:22:11]Functioning as?

[00:22:12]Adjective.

[00:22:24]Clear?

[00:22:28]Let's have examples.

[00:22:32]Now, I'm writing the nouns.

[00:22:35]Right? You will have to give me the verb forms, V3 form of verbs.

[00:22:39]Right? That obviously will function as adjective. Okay?

[00:22:44]Um Use V3. Bring it before noun.

[00:22:58]Very good. Broken glass.

[00:23:02]Broken glass.

[00:23:04]Right?

[00:23:08]Okay, broken glass. Two tower glass.

[00:23:11]Okay, this particular structure.

[00:23:21]Okay.

[00:23:24]>> [snorts] >> Come on.

[00:23:37]Come on. Any verb which can be suitable here, but V3.

[00:23:48]Prepared meal, okay. Give me one more word that's more suitable to it.

[00:23:57]Yes, cooked meal.

[00:23:59]You're becoming very intelligent.

[00:24:02]Cooked meal.

[00:24:04]Okay, cooked meal. Now, this is V3, this is noun this is noun. The word defines meal.

[00:24:09]Okay.

[00:24:14]Come on.

[00:24:17]Learned, very good.

[00:24:19]Learned, give me one more word.

[00:24:25]Okay.

[00:24:26]Yes, I want to listen something from you.

[00:24:39]You are shortage of verbs, right?

[00:24:42]Understood lesson.

[00:24:45]Discussed lesson.

[00:24:48]Okay. Taught lesson.

[00:24:51]Right? Okay, um >> Now this is very famous.

[00:25:04]>> [laughter] >> Broken heart.

[00:25:10]Right? Broken heart. So whenever we say broken heart, we have to understand you know, the structure of it.

[00:25:16]Right? This is V3.

[00:25:19]This is noun. This one is defining heart.

[00:25:22]This is past participle.

[00:25:25]Understood?

[00:25:27]Okay, can you give me one more example?

[00:25:37]Come on.

[00:25:41]Okay, let me house.

[00:25:49]Painted.

[00:25:51]Rented, very good. Rented house.

[00:25:55]Bring Give me one more word.

[00:25:59]Huh? Huh?

[00:26:02]Come on.

[00:26:07]We're getting confused, huh?

[00:26:09]>> She's saying ghosted house.

[00:26:12]>> Haunted.

[00:26:13]>> Haunted house.

[00:26:13]>> Haunted house.

[00:26:15]Okay, burnt house. Is it correct? Burnt house?

[00:26:19]Burnt house. V3, right? Okay, man.

[00:26:27]Huh? Killed man.

[00:26:30]Huh? Dead man.

[00:26:32]Correct? Dead man is incorrect.

[00:26:38]Huh?

[00:26:40]Died. Died. Died. Died man.

[00:26:42]Dead is noun.

[00:26:43]>> Died. Died.

[00:26:44]>> Died man is correct. Okay.

[00:26:47]Chapter.

[00:26:49]Closed chapter, very good.

[00:26:52]Eliminated chapter.

[00:26:55]Understood? Okay.

[00:26:58]Uh Prayer.

[00:27:14]Okay.

[00:27:16]Huh?

[00:27:18]Huh?

[00:27:19]No.

[00:27:21]Man always buddy. What do you say this in English?

[00:27:25]How do you say this? Offered. Offered prayer.

[00:27:30]Offered prayer.

[00:27:32]Okay? So, this kind of structure takes V3 and this is past participle.

[00:27:39]Participle function as adjectives. Look at all these words.

[00:27:44]Functioning as adjectives because they define noun.

[00:28:00]No. We have to use That That will not be past participle. That can be something else. That can be adjective. Best school.

[00:28:09]That's an adjective one.

[00:28:13]Yes.

[00:28:14]Yes, that is superlative degree.

[00:28:15]See what I'm saying? I'm saying See, adjective has has another you know, concept. Adjective is any word any word Yes.

[00:28:27]Normally when Normally Yes, exactly. Exactly. See, normally adjectives function you know, give us you know, change or modify noun. They're adjectives.

[00:28:40]Okay? But when a particular structure of V3, which is verb Okay? Functions as adjective that is past participle.

[00:28:51]Is it clear?

[00:28:53]Let's go back.

[00:28:59]Present participle is clear? Past participle is clear? It uses only V3, third form of verb. Now remains the last, perfect participle.

[00:29:08]Can you tell me if both of them are functioning as adjective?

[00:29:13]What do you think about this?

[00:29:15]Huh?

[00:29:20]In what?

[00:29:21]No, no, no, no, no. No. I'm saying uh if this is functioning as adjective, this one is also functioning as adjective. What do you think about this?

[00:29:31]It will also be functioning as adjective.

[00:29:44]Structure here having plus V3.

[00:29:52]Having plus V3.

[00:29:55]I got your I got your point that it uses this one.

[00:29:59]But if you use only V3, that's incorrect.

[00:30:03]Okay, it should be preceded by having.

[00:30:05]Okay?

[00:30:07]Having plus V3 functioning as adjective.

[00:30:13]Functioning as adjective.

[00:30:18]Functioning as adjective.

[00:30:32]Okay, let's see.

[00:30:33]Perfect participle.

[00:30:39]Functions as adjective, but it uses having plus V3.

[00:30:46]This structure and perfect participle perfect participle has two parts in a sentence.

[00:31:03]It uses two two elements, two parts, two divisions, right?

[00:31:14]Let's say.

[00:31:19]Perfect participle always has two components in one sentence, two portions, okay?

[00:31:30]I'm writing this one. Having Correct me, huh? If if you say anything wrong. Having sleep.

[00:31:51]Is this correct?

[00:31:56]>> Yeah, it's correct.

[00:31:57]>> Hm? Are you sure?

[00:31:58]>> Having sleep >> Huh?

[00:32:01]Doesn't feel like suitability.

[00:32:16]Gives you pressure?

[00:32:17]>> Yeah.

[00:32:18]>> What do you think about this word?

[00:32:20]>> Sleep was form.

[00:32:21]>> Huh? First form. Which form of verb do I have to use?

[00:32:24]V3.

[00:32:26]What is the V3 of sleep?

[00:32:28]>> Okay, we have to we must have having plus third form together.

[00:32:32]>> Yes.

[00:32:33]>> I thought rent is there third form also.

[00:32:36]Drink drank >> Yeah.

[00:32:37]Yes.

[00:32:39]I've nothing to do with this. I'm talking about the structure.

[00:32:44]Having plus V3. This is incorrect. We'll have to say having slept.

[00:32:50]Slept. Okay?

[00:32:52]Having slept, I dreamt of you.

[00:32:56]Okay? Having slept. Now, this is having then V3. This particular you know structure gives us the meaning of adjective.

[00:33:07]Adjective. Understood?

[00:33:10]Give me one more sentence. I'll I'll feel like you have understood.

[00:33:22]Ah, bring V3.

[00:33:28]Having Ah, having broken the glass, comma, I ran away.

[00:33:43]Have you heard celebrity saying having said that?

[00:33:47]Right?

[00:33:48]Having said that. What is having plus said then that?

[00:33:57]Having plus V3.

[00:34:06]Having said that.

[00:34:07]Having done is also correct, but we don't say having done that.

[00:34:10]Right? Having said that. So, this is having then followed by V3. Okay? This structure is known as perfect participle. This structure functions as adjective.

[00:34:23]Do you understand?

[00:34:24]Participle never changes according to the three parameters. Okay? Whether it is present participle, past participle, or perfect participle, they never change according to any of the parameters we discussed.

[00:34:36]Okay? This These three whether it is present participle, whether it's past participle, or perfect participle, they're going to remain same in any of the situations they are they are in they are used. Okay? They don't bother about anything else. Okay? So, this was all about verb and the two types of verbs. I hope this is clear to all.

[00:34:59]Thank you so much.