🔥 BCS613A Blockchain Technology Important Questions | VTU 6th Sem Passing Package | All Modules

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[00:00:03]Hello everyone, welcome back to V2 circle. In this video, we will discuss BCS 613A blockchain technology important question in a simple and easy way. While preparing this subject, try to focus on three things important keywords, need diagram and stepbystep explanation.

[00:00:21]These three things can help you write better answer in the exam. So keep your notebook ready, note down and questions and prepare the answer points properly.

[00:00:32]Now let's start with module one. Module one question number one. Define blockchain. Explain centralized, decentralized and distributed system with suitable diagrams. For this question, first write a simple definition of blockchain. You can say that blockchain is a distributed ledger where data is stored in block and each block is connected using cryptographic has then explain centralized decentralized and distributed system separately. In centralized system one main authority controls everything. In decentralized system control is divided among many authorities. In distributed system many nodes work together and sell data. For better marks, draw these separate diagrams. After the di diagrams, write the difference in simple points. Now move to question number two.

[00:01:24]Explain the generic structure of a block with a need diagram. In this answer, explain what a block contains. A block mainly contains block header and transaction data. In block header mentions previous block has time stamp nons merkel root and other important fields. Also explain that previous block has connects one's block with the previous block. Draw the block diagram first then explain each part shortly.

[00:01:55]This question is easy to score if your diagram is clean. Now move to question number three. Discuss the growth of blockchain with an architecture network view of blockchain with a need diagram.

[00:02:06]For this question, explain how blockchain came from peer-to-peer network, cryptography, and distributed system. Then explain how a blockchain network works. Users create transaction, nodes receive them, nodes validate them, blocks are created, and finally blocks are added to the blockchain. Draw a simple network diagram with users, nodes, transactions, and blockchain.

[00:02:30]Then explain the flow step by step. Now move to question number four. Illustrate the bentine general problem with a suitable example. This question is about agreement in a distributed system.

[00:02:42]Explain it using the general example. In this example, all generals must agree on one decision but some generals can send wrong message because of this reaching agreement becomes difficult. Then connect it with blockchain. In blockchain some nodes may be faulty dishonest but the network still needs to agree on fairy transaction. Consensus mechanism also helps to solve this problem. Now move to question number five. Describe the cap theorem in blockchain and explain its importance in distributed system. For this answer explain the three terms consistent and partitions tolerance. Consistency means all nodes have the same data ability means the system gives response whenever needed. Partitions tolerance means the system continuous working even if network communication fails. Then write that it in distributed system. Achieving all three perfectly at the same time is difficult. This concept is important because blockchain is also a distributed system. Now move to question number six.

[00:03:52]Define consensus.

[00:03:54]Explain the need requirement and types of consensus mechanism in blockchain.

[00:04:00]Start with the definition of consensus.

[00:04:02]Consens agreement between nodes in a blockchain network. The explained why consens needed blockchain has no central authority. So nodes need a method to agree on valid transaction and blocks.

[00:04:19]Consensus also prevent double spending and maintains trust. After that write the requirements like agreement, validity, fault tolerance, security and finality. Then mention types like proof of work, proof of stake, delegated, proof of stake and PVF.

[00:04:39]Now move to question number seven. List and explain different consensus algorithm used in blockchain system. For this answer, write the consensus algorithm in point way format. Explain proof of work where miners solve difficult puzzles. Explain proof of stake where validators are selected based on their stake. Also explain delegated proof of stake and PBFT in simple words.

[00:05:08]For each algorithm, write basic working and write it isful to keep the answer short, clear and structure. Now move to question number eight. Explain the benefits and limitations of blockchain technology in enterprise application.

[00:05:22]For this question divide the answer into two parts. Benefits and limitation. In benefits right transparency, security immutability, traceability and less dependency on middleman. These points are useful in banking, supply chain, healthcare and document verification in limitation right scability issues, high storage requirement, energy uses, privacy issue and legal challenges and by saying blockchain is useful where trust and transparency are important.

[00:05:58]So this completes module one. In this module prepare definition, diagram and basic concepts properly. Blockchain structure, KF theorem consensions and Bentine general problem are very important. Now let's move to module two.

[00:06:16]Module two first question is explain the methods of decentralized detailed with suitable examples for this question. First explain decentralized.

[00:06:26]Decentralized means rem removing dependency on one central authority and sharing control among many participants.

[00:06:34]Then explain methods like the disintermediations, computition based decentralization and blockchain based decentralizations.

[00:06:44]Add simple example. For example, in blockchain payments, users can send money directly without a bank. Examples will make your answer more clear. Now move to question number two. Explain full ecosystem decentralization of blockchain with a new diagram. This is a diagram based questions. explained that decentralization is not only about network nodes.

[00:07:07]It can include decentralized storage, decentralized communication, decentralized applications and decentralized governance.

[00:07:16]Draw a simple ecosystem diagram and explain each part in this will make the answer complete and easy understand. Now move to question number three. List and explain different platforms used for decentralization.

[00:07:30]In this answer, mention platforms that support decentralization. You can write about Ethereum for smart contracts and D apps, Bitcoin for digital currency, IPFS for decentralized storage, Hyperledger for enterprise blockchain and KOD for business networks. For each platform, write one or two simple lines about it used. Point-wise format is best for this answer. The question number four, write an algorithm for the working of SHA 256 and explain its role in blockchain.

[00:08:06]In this question, you can write answer.

[00:08:09]Start by explaining SHA 256. It is a hashing algorithm that converts any input into a mixed 256 bit h output.

[00:08:19]Then write the steps take into message apply padding. Divide it into blocks.

[00:08:25]Process the blocks and generate the final hash. After that explain its role in blockchain. Sm 256 is used for block hashing, mining, linking blocks and checking integrity. Now move to question number five. Write the steps involved in RSA key pair generation with an example.

[00:08:47]For this question problem that RSA is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. It is used public key and p private key.

[00:09:00]Write the steps clearly. Select two prime numbers. Calculate modulus.

[00:09:04]Calculate to choose public key and calculate private key. If possible and a small example also write that public key can shared but private key must be kept secret.

[00:09:21]Now move to question number six.

[00:09:23]Illustrate with a diagram point addition in elliptic curve cryptography. For this answer for focus more on the diagram. Explain the elliptic curve cryptographic uses points on a elliptic curve in point addition. Two points are selected on the curve and a line is drawn through them.

[00:09:45]That line touches the curve at another point. The diagram neatly and explain it simply.

[00:09:54]Now move to question number seven.

[00:09:56]Explain a symmetric cryptographic with suitable diagrams and it is used in blockchain. state by expanding public key and private key. Public key is shared with the others but private key is kept secret in blockchain. Private key is used to sign transaction and public key is used to verify the signature. Draw a simple diagram showing sender private key, digital signature, public key and verification.

[00:10:25]This diagram will make the answers better. Now move to question number eight. Explain ECD essay with a practical example of digital signature generations and verification. ECDSA means elliptic curve digital signature algorithm. It is used to create and verify digital signatures. Explain that the sender signs the transaction using the private key than the network. Verify the signature using the public key. Give a simple example of sending cryptocurrency. If the signature is valid, the transaction is accepted. This ownership and authenticity.

[00:11:07]So this completes module two. In this module, cryptographic topics are important. Prepare SHA 256 RSA, ECC asymmetric cryptography and ECDSA with steps and diagram. Now let's move to module three. Module three first question is define Bitcoin. Explain the generations of public key and private key in detail. Start by defining Bitcoin as a decentralized digital currency. It works without a central bank or central authority. Then explain key generation.

[00:11:37]First, a private key is generated randomly from the private key. The public key is generated from the public key. The Bitcoin address is created.

[00:11:47]Right? That private key is used to sign transaction and must be kept secret.

[00:11:52]Public key is used to verify the transaction. Now question number two.

[00:11:57]Explain the transaction life cycle in a Bitcoin system. For this question, write the answer step by step. First, the user creates a transaction. Then the transaction is signed using the private key. After that, it is broadcasted to the Bitcoin network. Nodes verify the transaction minerals includes it in a block. Once the block is added to the blockchain, the transaction is confirmed. Question number three, discuss the different types of transaction in Bitcoin.

[00:12:29]In this answer, explain Bitcoin transactions types in a simple word. You can mention pay to public key has pay to script hash and multi- signature transaction. Pay to public key hash is used for normal payments. Pay to script has is used for more complex condition.

[00:12:49]Multi- signature transaction needs more than one signature to spend fund. Now move to question number four. What is valid in Bitcoin? Explain different types of valid with example. Start by defining Bitcoin valid. A valid helps user send and receive Bitcoin by storing private key. Then explain hot wallet, cold wallet, software wallet, hardware wallet, mobile wallet and paper wallet.

[00:13:15]Also mention that the wallet does not store actual bitcoin. Bitcoin stays on the blockchain. The wallet stores the keys used to access it. Question number five, write a short not on privacy and anonymity in blockchain. For this question, explain the blockchain transaction and publicly visible but users are shown using addresses. So blockchain gives sudonomity not fully anomity. The real name may not be visible but transaction history can still be traced. You can also write the privacy can be improved using a new address and special private technique.

[00:14:03]Now move to question number six. Explain the structure of a Bitcoin transaction and describe the role of inputs and outputs. In this answer, explain that Bitcoin transaction mainly contains input and outputs. In inputs show where the Bitcoin is coming from, output shows where the Bitcoin is going. Inputs usually refers to the previous unspent transaction outputs called UTXOS.

[00:14:31]One output may go to the receiver and other output may return change to the sender.

[00:14:39]Now move to question number seven.

[00:14:41]Illustrate how an oracle interacts with a smart contract using a need diagram.

[00:14:46]Explain that smart contracts cannot directly access real world data. Oracle help by collecting outside data and sending it to the smart contract. For example, uh a smart contract may need whether data price data or data result data. Draw a diagram showing external data source, Oracle smart contracts and blockchain. Then explain the flow in simple steps. Now move to question number eight. Define DAO.

[00:15:19]Explain its architecture and significance in decentralized system.

[00:15:24]DAO means decentralized autonomous organization. It works using smart contracts and community voting in architecture right members tokens proposals voting systems and smart contracts. DAO is important because decisions are not controlled by one central persons members boards and smart contracts execute and decision automatically. So this completes module three. In this module, prepare Bitcoin key generations, transaction life cycle, valid clearly for life cycle questions always right steps. Now let's move to module four. Module four question number one.

[00:16:06]What are the two types of account that is just in Ethereum? Explain EOA and contract accounts. In Ethereum there are two types of accounts externally owned account and contract account. EOA is controlled by a private key and is used by normal users. It can start transaction. Contract amount is controlled smart contract code. It runs only when it is called by a seven transactions or another contract. You can write the difference in table format. Now move to question number two.

[00:16:45]Explain any five standard fields in an Ethereum transaction. For this question, write any five transaction fields. You can write non gas price, gas limits to address, value, data and signature.

[00:16:58]Nonspent transaction order, gas price and gas limit are related to fee. The address shown receiver value ether amount data is used for smart contract interaction. Signature proofs authorization. Now move to question number three. Explain the Ethereum ST and its components with a suitable diagram. For this answer, draw a layer diagram of Ethereum. You can include blockchain layer, peer-to-peer network, EBM, smart contracts, web3 libraries, wallet, and decentralized application.

[00:17:32]Explain the flow. Simply uses uses TF apps, DFS connects to smart contracts.

[00:17:38]Smart contract run on EVM and the final state is stored on Ethereum blockchain.

[00:17:44]Question number four, what is Ethereum blockchain? Discuss with a state transaction algorithm. In this question, we can write start by defining Ethereum as a blockchain platform used for smart contraction decentralized application.

[00:18:01]Then explain state transition. Ethereum has a current states. When a transition is executed, the current state change into a new state. Draw a simple diagram showing current state, transactions, execution and new state. Also mention that states include account balance, contract code and storage. Now move to question number five. Briefly discuss the operation of Ethereum virtual machine with the help of a need diagram. EVM means Ethereum virtual machine. It is used to execute smart contract. Explain that a smart contract compiled into bit code. This bit code runs inside the EBM. After execution, the blockchain state is updated. Draw a simple diagram showing a smart contracts code bit code EBM and updated state. Mention that all nodes get the same output. Question number six, write a short note on Ethereum virtual machine. For this answer, write that EBM is the runtime environment of Ethereum. It executes smart contracts, bit code, calculates gas and updates the blockchain state. EVM gives secure and deterministic education. It also makes Ethereum program programmable because developers can build smart contracts and apps. Now to question number seven, explain contracts creation transaction and message call transaction with suitable diagrams. In this question, explain both transaction separately.

[00:19:37]Contracts creation transaction is used to deploy a new smart contracts. After deployment, a new contract address is created. Message or transaction is used to interact with an existing account or smart contract drawn. One diagram for contract creation and one diagram for SS call. Now move to question number eight.

[00:20:03]Discuss the role of ether and gas in the execution of a smart contract. Start by explaining ether. Ether is the native cryptocurrency of ethereum. The explain to measure the computational work needed to run transaction and smart contracts.

[00:20:20]G prevent unnecessary computation in loops and spams. Users pay gas fees and validators or miners gets reward for processing transaction.

[00:20:33]So this completes module four. In this module, Ethereum accounts transaction fields, Ethereum state state transition and EV EVM are important practice diagrams neatly. Now let's move to the final module. Module five. Module five question number one is explain the architecture and key components of Hyperledger Fabric. Hyperledger Fabric is a permission blockchain framework used for enterprise application. In this answer, explain peers, orders, channels, chain code, ledger and membership service provider. Also explain the flow.

[00:21:13]Client sends proposals, peers endors it. Order, arrange transaction into blocks and peers commit the block to the dger. Draw a simple architecture diagram. Now move to the question number two. Compare and contrast hyperledger fabric and hyperledger soft tooth in terms of architecture consensus and users. This is the comparison question. So write it in table format. Compare fabric and soft tooth based on architecture consensus permissions model users and applications. For fabric write about PS order channels and chain code. for south to write about transaction families modular design and pluggable consensus.

[00:21:58]Now move to question number three. What is hyper laser? Discuss its objectives structure as a protocol suit and list key projects under the hyperledger umbrella. Start by defining a hyperledger as an opensource project for enterprises blockchain technologies.

[00:22:17]Then right objectiveness like modularity, scalability, security and support for business blockchain application also mention that hyperledger is not a single blockchain.

[00:22:28]It is a collection of frameworks and tools list project like fabric sudoha and bro.

[00:22:37]Now move to question number four.

[00:22:39]Discuss the architecture of koda. What makes it suitable for financial institution and how does it handle consensus and privacy? Koda is a distribution ledger platform mainly used for business and financial applications.

[00:22:54]Explain components like nodes, states, contracts, flows, notary and world.

[00:23:00]Write that GA is suitable for financial institutions because data is set only with required parties. It does not broadcast every transaction to everyone.

[00:23:13]Not helps in consensus and prevents double spending. Now move to questions number five. Give the architecture of hyperledger as a protocol and explain it with a need diagram. For this answer, explain the hyperledger at protocol level using a layered diagram. You can include identity service, policy service, blockchain service, a smart contact service, consumption service, communication service and ledger storage. Explain each layer shortly. Mention that Hyperledger is modular. So enterprises can choose component based on their needs. Now move to question number six. Discuss the organizations and categories of Hyperledger fabric architecture. In this answer explain how hyperledger fabric is organized. Write about organizations peer channels and ordering service.

[00:24:06]Organization represent different business participants. Peers maintain laser and execute chain code. Channels allow private communication. Also mention categories like membership, service, laser, chain code, peers and orders. Write the answers in clear point. Now move to the question number seven. Question number seven is define South Lake. Explain the novel concept of South Lake. Start by defining South Lake as a modular blockchain platforms used to build distributed ledger application.

[00:24:38]Then explain transaction families, modular architectural pluggables, consensus and separation of application logic from poor blockchain.

[00:24:47]right that transaction families help organize business logic separately and pluggable consensus gives flexibility to use different consensus methods. Now move to the question number eight. What is Koda? List and explain the components of Koda.

[00:25:08]Define Koda as a distributed ledger platform designed for business network especially financial use case. The explain components like state contracts, flows, nodes, lottery, vault and transactions.

[00:25:21]States store set facts, contracts define rules, flows, manage communication, lottery notary, prevents double spending, vaults, stores node related data. So this completes module five. In this module, focus on architecture diagram components and comparison table.

[00:25:40]Hyperledger, Sawtooth and Koda are important topics. So friends, these are the important questions for BCS 613A blockchain technology. While preparing, understand the main idea of each question. Don't just memorize the answers. Try to write answers in a simple flow. For long answer, start with the definition, then write points and diagram wherever required and end with a small conclusion. For comparison questions, use table format for architecture questions. Draw need diagram for algorithm and life cycle questions. Write step by step.

[00:26:22]That's it for this video. If this video helped you, like the video, share it with your friends and subscribe to B2 circle for more important questions, notes, results and BU updates. Thank you for watching. Keep preparing well and all the best for your exams.