Human mobility cannot be understood merely as a flux or movement of people; it must be studied as a complex social and political process involving health systems, protection mechanisms, and governance structures. Migration and refugee populations face additional barriers to accessing health services and protection, particularly in the global south where structural vulnerabilities are compounded by conflicts, climate change, and economic inequalities. The seminar emphasizes that migration is not just a process but involves real people whose health and quality of life are significantly impacted by how host countries and international systems respond to their needs.
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374 - Advanced Seminars 2026 - Migrants and refugees at the heart of the global humanitarian crisisHinzugefügt:
Good morning everyone.
Good morning.
>> Good afternoon. Good evening.
>> Good night. Because we have an audience that covers timelines and places and countries of the world. My name is Palugus. I am the coordinator of the observatory of global health and diplom health diplomacy of Yukru here in Hu Janeiu located.
this observatory in the vice presidency in global health of Furush.
It is a pleasure to receive these guests Rafael for this really important seminary about immigration and refugees in the crisis and the Vanity Global Crisis. This scenery, this seminary is the 147 in the series of seminaries that we started in 2020 which the pandemic gave us the opportunity to start it. So since then from today the seminaries did not um stop happening. These seminaries have been organized in Portuguese, Spanish and English since September of 2020 and we have not stopped since then. And this is number 143. And we are going to speak about the centralized theme about global health and international negotiations.
That is this humanitary crisis that has been produced by the immigrations and refugees or that we would like to highlight that are people and not only processes. these processes.
There are processes, but they're lived by people that are the population that and is the population that is more vulnerable when it comes to health and the quality of life and life. And this is all backed up by data and studies.
And this is why we created this seminar in the context of the global health. And I would also like to give some information about these seminaries that we've been doing. These lectures are organized by Ovaldo Gurus sham of sustainable health equity movement, the Latin American health Latin American organization and the Pan-American Health Organization. So these seminaries are organized by different institutions covering 45 countries that are participating. We have around 1,800 people inscribed that watch us through YouTube in Portuguese, English and Spanish. And in this zoom we are we have the panelists and the core coordinators and pe and are and people that are collecting the question and that are being collected through the YouTube channels and will be placed here in the chat so the lecturers can answer the discussion what people watching are asking and commenting about each presentation and at the end of the presentation we will open up a debate and and comments through of the panelists about the matters that were highlighted in the chat at YouTube. I I'm going to end here my short words saying that we are doing these seminaries in a really important moment when it comes to the international what's happening [snorts] internationally.
We would like to bring the audience of a seminaries um about highlight what is happening today in the world. So that's why the seminaries are focused on what is happening right now and in this moment in the national in the general assembly of the United Nations in New York. There is a huge lecture that is happening organized by M by the international immigration organization that just launched a study about im immigration from 2026 and it's happening at the headquarters of hono the UN in New York and they're speaking to the representative atives of each country to discuss the implications of what this data that was created in 2026.
Participants to the participants that will receive today still the link for this document. that is so important that is being discussed in the United Nations. So I wish everybody a great seminar to all of us and I would like to thank once again to our dear friends Alex, Pedro, Ego and Rafael Anna that accepted the invite from Rafael to be a part of this discussion, this lecture about immigration and refugees in the center of the health cris global crisis. So Rafael I will pass the mic to you. Thank you very much once more to ex for accepting our invite.
>> Good morning everybody. I am Rafael Kis Frana. I am a doctor ship in USPI.
I study immigrations, refugees and I coordinate for the last four years a study group and research group of students from a public from a public university and an institute of international relations where we contribute every two weeks with data and new information that it speaks about the authorities and the interesting themes of global health.
First I would like to thank Paulo that is already the third lecture that I'm participating. So I'd like to thank Paulo to for accepting this support and our all our data that we bring for forth and I will later speak to each lecturer when they've been called and thank them personally but now I will start this seminar with a short presentation to place some points that I believe that are interesting and will speak to all the I believe they will are connected to all the other different presentations that we will have today. Just a second that I'm pulling up the PowerPoint.
>> I would like to everybody to say if they can see it.
>> Can you see my my PowerPoint?
>> Yes, we can see it.
So in mobility first thinking about not only the imig the im immigration but the refugees we're talking about hum human mobility and how this is central to global health.
This is a subject that is since 51 and the protocol of 67. There are countries have been concentrating efforts to that countries have been studying and trying to organize. So all of these different people have the same rights that it should be given to them.
This includes uh armed conflicts, climate change and economic disequalities. This is a challenge and a lot of what has been spo spoken between countries. The human mobility cannot just be understood as a flux. It needs to be studied as a social political process that involves services, healthi systems and protection. A lot of time this mobility ends up pressuring the systems of the countries that are welcoming these populations. And a lot of these immigrants end up not being able to access a lot of rights in the countries that they end up in. What happens in a lot of countries is that it happens within the very countries. So it's not immigrations um beyond borders. It's actually within the the country is fragmented.
But these movements ends up outside of international politics. Climate change is something that interferes with a lot of aspects of the life today and it's a global problem that is very important but it also intensifies the vulnerability and the impact of the health conditions. It pressures mobility and risks to to being able to get water, food, and care. So, for example, the floods in the south of Brazil. We had not only the movement of of people from the south of Brazil, but also refugees that were living there. And because they were there living their lives lived in a vulnerable man manner and were once more made to move.
So this mobility involves different conditions and I would maybe want to move. This migration might be to another >> voluntary. I want to move from one place to another. But there are some migrations that are forced when I uh they I need to move uh that's the case of the refugees for example or due to climate change that I uh we cannot plant here anymore. the soil is not good anymore or maybe an strategic uh migration. So sometimes the migration is not a choice.
But even if I I move I have to go to another place. this mobility does not end up vulnerability because there are some risks as uh low access to health or housing.
So the the citizen the person that migrates for any reasons maybe a high vulnerability they don't arrive to destiny and the vulnerability is is done is gone there are new challenges.
So migrants and refugees they have additional barriers to access uh protection for example health different health systems difficult to uh have new documents or public policies.
So even if some countries have um some agreements and they try we try to implement all the rights for the immigrants and refugees. There are many cultural barriers that um harden make it harder to access public policies and this is intensified in the south. In the global south, in the global south we have more difficulties.
Uh the systems are under pressure and migrations uh in this part of the globe generates more difficulties to have access to the rights and we tend to repeat the structural problems of exclusion.
So the meaning of this seminar is to not just describing the migrations but to understand the implication of the governance for protection of global health and the core of this discussion is the protection of the systems including health uh checking who is uh has access to global health and understanding this context.
Now I will start asking uh inviting the panelists to come here. We have different trajectories today coming from different places but with a convergence to a central point. The idea is to think of mobility, health and protection in an integrated way and thinking about uh responses from institutions.
So the first one is Dr. Eager Pablo Biscachini.
It's a pleasure to be here with you. He is a senior investigator of public health in Mosambiki National Institute of Health and the the study aims to understand the challenges of urban mobility in a context of crisis.
and he has experience in investigating implementing health public health.
He also investigates how public health can answer uh to this situation of uh mobility. Dr. Evil, now it's with you.
>> Thank you so much. [snorts] Thank you for the invitation.
I will share my presentation.
>> Can you see my screen?
>> Yes. Go on.
Great. So, good afternoon.
>> I'm Eager Paulo Biscatini.
I'm a doctor in the National Institute of Health and I'm coordinating the scientific program of vulnerable population in the National Institute of Health and I would like to uh thank this invitation for to discuss this subject that in our context needs more attention, needs more discussion, needs more investigation.
analysis.
>> I'd like to bring an analysis about human mobility in the context of war refugees and in the context of African continent and I'd like to start clarifying uh about who we are talking about. So in the context of this presentation, we're talking about a forced mobility uh populations that are asking for a zealum, people without estate, migrants, mobilities that might be voluntary looking for work or better economic situation, educational or or family issues.
But here we need to understand that not all mobilities are volunteer.
We need uh a legal protection for those groups because uh internal uh migrants they are responsibility of their governments as they don't cross the borders.
But when we have a crossborder immigration, we have uh the responsibilities of the states that we receive those immigrants.
So in 2024 we have 123 million people uh in this situation and violence was representing 78% of those cases.
women's women um were 53% of these people and more than 40% were in urban areas.
That's the context of the African continent.
The factors that motivate forced mobility, we have conflict, economical collapse and fragility.
that usually are consequence of those conflicts.
Uh food and uh food limitation and poverty uh climate change that lead to a mobility usually different from the conflict and violence and war.
And we also have some examples that for example in Sudan or Musmbique or Africa cone that represents the context of desertification and mobility when we are talking about the African context it concentrates one of the highest prices in the world we're talking about 26 millions of refugees.
Sudan is has 14 million in the global uh in the global context. Then we have Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Seal, Ethiopia and Somalia.
What is common among those countries is that the main reason is the conflicts but we also can see some migratory movements of those populations.
So what we can see is that a great part of this movement is regional. That means that this population go to uh neighbor countries and most of them are uh received in Africa.
Uganda has the highest concentration of refugees with a more almost two million of people.
And the countries um the surrounding countries that receive these refugees, accept these refugees, they have similar conditions when we talk about services that they can offer. But even though they have to uh accept and receive all these people, we have another idea in a global in in a global perspective. If we think of the immigration among um internationally we have countries like Nigeria, Polia, Ban, Sudan, the basis of Shadic state that we have some insurgent movements and we have some different zones in Democratic Republic of Congo which is cycle called and very well known in the context of conflicts and we can see that the migration movements about 80% happens inside Africa move uh continent and the main destinations are Uganda Kenya Egypt among others.
Uh this slide is to show you the geographic evolution of the immigration in Africa and the causes of mobility in our continent. What we can see is that in the last 9 to 10 years we could see an evolution on what are the movements.
For example, here we have uh Mai but we can see the differences in the immigration movements here. Now we have Somalia Musiki.
So it shows that one of the main reasons for mobility or forced mobility is still expanding along the African continent.
What happened regarding the roots, the migratory roots? One of the context [music] that we have is that A great part of the immigrants, migrants, they don't look for Europe or other countries.
However, with the conflicts that we could show here in this slide, some of these roots, they are dangerous. Now for example last year there was an increase of 65% of deaths about 900,000s in these new roots that are presented here and it leads to new dynamics for people who looks for a better life.
It's important to uh reinforce that we're talking about 20% of those who were looking for better conditions outside African continent.
Here we also have another approach that is the expansion of African continent regarding urbanization. In this map, you can see some countries in Africa where you can see a rapid increase in urbanization. And it it it has some implications because with this increase of urbanization, we may increase the conflicts for resources.
and Rwanda for example, we have these conflicts disputing for resources. They are rich uh countries uh regarding natural resources and we can see disputes because of that. Migrate migrates um im migrants they they go to these places looking for resources and some African countries are increasing rapidly in an urban context. And it may lead to a urban pressure for informal settlements and a pressure on health um unemployment security and we have cycles of forced mobility.
Humanitary crisis increases but the financing is decreasing. We have 136 million people. That was the projection for 2026.
But only 33% of financing is available and 5,200 people or positions were eliminated uh to uh regarding the assistance to those people. So it it lead us to a new context in which we should think of alternative reforms but bring some responsibilities for the states where these conflicts happen because the other situation that we have in Africa is that a great part of people who are forced to move they they they move and they are inside their own country.
When we look to Africa, what we can see is that there has been political innovation in the agenda of 2063.
There has a new strategic vision for the development and mobility in Africa in Ghana there'll be a visa free Uganda I had already referred to it has the biggest number of refugees in Africa we bring this initiatives because it's important to reforce these initiatives because they are led by states African states And this is also a way of in incentivizing and show that it's possible to bring solutions and also to change a little bit the narrative that it's not a a space of crisis but also a space of innovation and regional integration.
Um I will bring forth the case of Monsambiki to show that when it comes to mobility is not only to do with conflict we have here a I believe that the main message that we can have when it comes to Mosambiki which is the country where I live and where I was born that since their independency that had a civil war where 73 million between three and four million people were had to be relocated.
There were extremist events in a north pro province of the country and today we have a hundred of 100,000 people that have been relocated. But since 2000s it has also been affected by climate changes like disasters, floods and also some events that were not spoken about too much but it happened in this right now it's affecting most of the countries like the drought. So what can we see through this information that the dislocation of Mosambique and in Africa it is cumulative and ongoing and it's not about conflicts and it's also about the climate change. So in since 2006 and 2025 we have people that are constantly or in some point in a vulnerable position. So they didn't have access to protection or health or the right the possibility of exercising their rights.
But initially as well we spoke we can see that in Mosambique there is a rapid growth when it comes to our cities. So all of these matters they have a a paper a way of showing that these populations carry on on vulnerable situations.
A lot of these populations have been the most affected by the climate changes.
Mosambiki is one of the countries that is more affected by climate changes. We are next to the Indic Ocean looking to Mambiki we can it's important to look to the situation not as a separate situation.
We have the armed conflicts. We have the structural vulnerability, the climate, the risks of climate change and the accelerated organization. So what can we talk about? This is that a lot of times those that are forced to um move within our country internally or even those that can change borders.
they already are in a vulnerable situation also in the social and econ economic situations that the country has when it it comes to education opportunities and access to health. That being said, I would like to say that that the human mobility is a reflex of structural vulnerability.
The big part of African mobility is still regional and infra African.
When it comes to conflict and climate changes is accelerate and the migration routes do not create crisis only um they show us a vulnerable structures that have been persistent throughout the years.
And as a reflection, I would like to say that the human mobility in Africa is not an anomaly. It is a answer to a raational prolonged crisis of vulnerabil of accumulated vulnerability and the lack of opportunities. And I would like to dedicate this presentation to Hosita because she became famous when we had one of the biggest floods in our country. And this year she passed away unfortunately in the same place in the door of the hospital >> through a chronic disease. So we had someone that was born in a situ in a vulnerable situation and passed away in a vulnerable situation. But I would like to say that in the 2000 Rosita was our flag for us to gain our humanitary health. That was huge. And um unfortunately she passed away and left behind a orphan.
But I would like that's what I would like to say about human mobility. Thank you very much.
I thought that this was very interesting and to speak about different realities especially someone that is he listening to it on the voice that's someone that's there in the territory and he's speaking from Mosambiki and this is very interesting I wrote down a few things um that the dilemma of mobility.
We change a little bit of pallets but everything is very similar. So the growth and mobility um grow. However, the system in a moment where the United Nations and government that end up leaving, we have the we have even less finances to not only over there but in other places in the world. So these agencies from the United Nations are so important to these processes to through the accords within the countries via adv advocacy via the technical solutions to build different things within the different territories.
I also really liked the slide that you placed that uh had conflicts and climate change, climate crisises that it was, you know, it showed that it was a cumulative and recurrent. So these were various different things in a series of events and the vulnerabilities you know the armed conflicts the climate crisis the accelerated populationation and the and the movement within the country that influentiate in this whole scenario. So doctor, we will call you again for for a moment of discussion and questions, but I would like to thank you for your presentation and what you said.
So thank you very much. And now I invite Anna Christina.
Welcome.
Anna Christina is my colleague in Lancet migration and in every meeting every month that we have every month she presents um a Mexican that lives in the United States. She is in Boston right now. She is an investigative medic and now she is connected to the University of Calgary in Canada and she's also my colleague as I've already said she works with clinical practice research and she works in the international movements and also always in the areas of human rights and health with experience erience of the global agenda and connected it to immigrants. Her perspective is very concrete with data evidence and the practice in health. So I would like to thank Anna to accepting our invite. And now um I will pass on the mic so you can all listen a little bit about Anna Christina and what has been happening in the Americas.
Thank you very much.
I am an Christina.
>> I am don't speak very well Portuguese, but um my heart is Latino.
>> Good afternoon, good morning, good day.
I I believe that this is my maximum in Portuguese.
To me, it's a pleasure to be a part of this and it's the first time that I connect to this continent of Brazil and it's an honor to listen to my colleagues that are doing the work in the country that has to be done in the places where they live. And I believe that there are some matters that are even beautiful in the theme not only by the history but the stories that we see along the way when we start studying and listening to different stories. So, Mosmbique, Boston, Brazil and well, I brought a presentation that to me is very important for everybody to know what's been happening and it's the first time that I present in this regional forum about the matters that have been happening in the United States. During some time I offered these observations in some ter territories in the United States and I was very scared because of the matter of resistance but I want to support these people and I want everybody to know what what's been happening because even together we can we can unite become stronger and manage to get a bit more out of the international politics that been happening in the United States so we can do something about it.
Well, I would like to comment that this presentation is a bit divided thinking and exploring what has been happening in the immigration phenomenon in the United States in the social layer and explain a little bit in the details what has been happening in the timeline.
So I um used our dear friend artificial intelligence. One second.
Sorry, there is a dog that um has been really excited about the cameras. So, I used artificial intelligence to bring together all of the politics interactions and situations that has been happening in the United States of America. America connected to a political matter.
So, thank you so much for the invitation and let's start. Can you see my screen?
>> Perfect.
So, I will present the >> No. Can you see my screen?
the migratory policies in Americas.
I'm having a postdocctorate inverse of country and about the immigration in Latin America since its conception. So I will talk about an introduction about the situation of migration about the situation in United States, the internal situation, the international impact and the disc a discussion of what we are living right now in United States. This picture here was taken in 2022 and those are people in um in transit. We don't know exactly their names if they are uh in Mexico see if they stayed in Mexico if they arrived in United States. But this picture was taken by New York Times in 2022 after pandemics when the borders uh were totally closed and they started opening after 2 years under the title 42 or remain Mexico policy and migration protection policy that was uh controversial and were there was a backlog of about 300,000 people waiting for Zillum and 30,000 people um in the borders on the borders.
So the migration when we talk about health immigration we know there is an accumulation of uh political economical history and we have a a structural context of violent and the epidemiology of the the country of origin and destiny they have an impact and we also have the accumulative experiences of risk that these people are are exposed when they are moving and also this uh continuity in the access to the services of health so United States I have this table that I did in my master's degree And in 2022, we had 2.3 millions of events of detention of people in the borders.
And in 2024, we had 2.1 million and it was a little bit before Trump's administration. And then we saw uh 443,000 detention on on the borders.
It shows a diminuation of 96% of people on the border of Mexico, United States.
And we had 137 apprehensions in one day and 237,000 events which is a record since 2000 uh 1917. In this table we can see a constant movement from um Central America especially Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador and Mexico. So when we talk about migrations in Latin America, it is the consequence of a policies uh restricted policies and the invasion of United States in Latin America didn't start since Trump but we have decades in which this problem and has been happening and sensation anti the immigrants.
We also have the [clears throat] immigrations are so desperate sometimes and people were forced to leave everything behind and sometimes we have uh internal dynamics and people really need to move to other countries. Here we have some examples and history of the border of Mexico, United States.
That picture is a from a historian and we can see violence, systemic arrestes here. The man they are in a line to identify who was coming with infections before crossing the border. And in the right size of this slide, you can see the process of sending people from a place to another.
And it was shown in uh scientific magazines in Germany. And those are basis for extermination uh fields how they would move people from a a place to another. And here we could see in United States we could see a violent process for migration and it it it wouldn't improve their their life or the economics of a country.
I'd like to highlight that these numbers that we can see they are a reflection of the intervention of United States in Latin America and also a lack of uh hope. We can see climate changes, catastrophic happenings in the region that had uh also were added by structural problems, dictationship, extreme poverty, external influences and this leads to migratory movements as we just seen. And one of these movements that I'd like to highlight was in the 80s when we had the financing of migration in El Salvador for example we had uh the movement of American dream when people moved to California and California uh didn't uh united to these policies and they got a a man was running from a a country in more and put them in jail and this movement of uh organized crime started in El Salvador and even who were deported because they didn't want to support that those people who were in a regular situation and you know what happened afterwards and what we can see now is is is connect to the migratory policies United States.
We know that this is very important.
And I would like to show you something a video. Can you hear my audio?
President Trump is in the news.
This is 2020.
They are putting images of people of immigrants.
It was 24 hours a day. People were informed that there is an invasion from Central America. There is this movement that they are stealing our work and they're coming to our land and that's promoted by US government and this kind of news it's not informing but creating an alarm about immigrants that they are the responsibles for the the high prices. uh they are the immigrants are responsible for having difficulties to find a work a job so it's creating a sensation and of uh uh blaming the immigrants for all social problems United States so we started having some a series of situations that are alarming and I would like to show you this uh timeline So there is uh just like Rafael was saying I some years ago I knew everything that was what was happening but everything was so sudden and alarming and cinematographic what was happening and what is what's happening is that all these were designed for that.
So I would like to uh you to see how we can see the timeline of actions in an executive level.
Those are the last 100 days.
Those are the first 100 days of Trump administration.
That's the legislative level and then operative level. So if we if we start with the national emergency emergency in the first hours of inaugurations we had a series of migration policies which were violent restricted racist and designed to alarm the community of an invasion.
We see in the inaug the inauguration talks about invasion there are some laws that were were used in the colonialist uh 1980s talking about colonial invasions talking about immigrants we talk about national security they were talking about national security about protections to people that were in New Zealand.
So all these policies the birthright citizen citizenship all so undocumented immigrants would not be recognized. All these are still in dispute in the in the court and the court has authorized the use of restrictive policies and extremely racist. For example, any person that were recognized uh that the eyes uh saw working and that they are undocumented and that they have a phenotype basically phenotype they're not American from United States they can they are authorized to behold.
So these im immigration policies they have a a great impact in the immigrant communities.
So we have many policies which are strong and violent that affect immigrants, undocumented immigrants that uh are refugees but they started affecting all the society of all um citizenship citizens.
Uh, for example, people who are married to people uh who are immigrants and they are still having the green card and they were um arrested in a violent way or people who are going to the supermarket and they are suddenly det uh arrested.
So this is increasing in a way with a specific purpose to use fear as a tool to see these migratory numbers and what's worrying is that basic problems root problems that are happening in those countries that uh the the region countries from immigrants come from they are increasing these problems are increasing even because United states has withdrawn from all the system and it withdraw 10,000 employees who are working without an ID and they are taking investigation funds and also uh it it withdraw the inclusion and equity diversity and we see that immigrants, refugees, any types of programs or projects that have these words they are not being financed anymore, funded anymore. [snorts] So United States we can see inequity and we see a situation we see the richers getting richer and the poor is getting poorer. And here we will see the usage of advertisement and where people are teaching what happens if you come uh undocumented and they say please don't come. That's what happens if you come and we catch you. And this is really worrying because those are in YouTube channels that are are are made to be seen in Latin America TVs and they are shown in Latin American countries during soccer games and they say we know where you are and we will we will get you and we will sue you. So these kind of violent messages of advertising using a a very violent language.
It's normalizing um in a kind of message. You can see what they put in in the White House in May 5th. It's part of all this advertisement of this type. And while this was happening, this would ended up taking people that were not criminals. And this is one of the most important themes when it comes to Trump's presidency. And while this happens, we see um the the arrestment of some people to to be made an example. For example, this is the case of this little boy that you can see on screen.
that he has he's 5 years old and they wanted to arrest his parents and a national protest was done and uh beside him there is a Colombian student and he's pro Palestine and he had a green card as a student and from one day to another immigration showed up arrested him and he was in a complicated situation through months.
This also generated a few protests um underneath there was the arrival of immigrational officers um in the whole state and this gentleman lost his life because he protested in a peaceful manner about this um He wants to show that he is sending immigration agents to the airports to show the situation within the internal politics and of not wanting to finance these politics. And so they ended with this. As a consequence, the United States also sent im immigration officers to the airports. This is um this is a threatening tactic to provoke to provoke to provoke nobody knows what they're doing and while there have these politics these policies that have real impact of what is happening that are getting so so much strength in the communication ma matters and in the Supreme Court in 2025 approved.
a judicial order in relation to the location, type of work, accent, and the people that were against this resolution.
So they would say, "Oh, you should not live in this country." So the people that live in Latin America should only do manual labor. and within two weeks um two citizens died because they were against this this new rules. This not only a immigration issues, it's also a social issues. So for example, families that are have a refugee or someone that doesn't have the documents, these people do not have access to health. they cannot go to public spaces and we know the impact that it has in the mental health of these people. So closing these organizations of social civil society that used to help these people places and risk this this care because they have very vulnerable situations and I used to see this when I used to work. Um these are very sad situations. We have support of the local communities that help their neighbors and we also look for a way to maintain their lives normal. But everybody has a lot of fear because this is goes over human rights and there's also a shortage a a very shortage that it's important and it brings a huge impact.
So um I believe I'm going over time but please let me know so I can talk a little bit about this subject.
So all of this has a huge impact when it comes to social services, health to people and their families.
The international impact is huge. We have more than 54 countries in negotiation that are countries that can be in that can help this discussions and can um welcome these immigrants.
We have more than 15,000 deportations in 2025 and more than $44 million that were invested in this. I would like to highlight some of the some of the thousands of pe V people from Venezuela that were deported and had no criminal records.
And these are some of the perspectives that the United States are doing to follow people. So for example, people that have a tattoo or any connection to organized crime and others that had 12 people that that were deported without any type of access to lawyers or the courts.
And there were other people from other other continents like Rwanda and Cuban without any directive that was defined.
what will happen from the there and there was also the case of Panama that we had a deportation of people but how but since they could not go back to their country of origin they stayed in a hotel for many weeks and later were sent to a migratory station. So speaking on all of this and having all this in mind, one of the things that I would like to think how are how are tools as academics? What what will happen when it comes to this immigration? We saw these millions of people coming to um the United States and Canada and going through Mexico. What will happen when after these five 10 years when we close all of the international agencies? Of course all the countries have their internal issues, social climates and political. But what will happen to these people that are desperate and the situ that are living these situations that are so incompatible to life and how are we going to respond to these immigrational issues and how nothing happens in the United States. They're actually expanding in terms of philosophy and public policies and politics. it they have such a huge impact and our countries in Latin America that already have such a serious problem and are going to highlight in name of this. So keeping this in mind, one of the things that really calls attention to me is the percentage of of GPD, GDP and we have a percentage that is very significant when it comes to immigrants that they respond with their productivity or they are sent back forcefully or voluntarily. So what will happen? What will happen with this money that being a part of the development of the country and the economy as well. So with this I would like to thank everybody and I will um leave the floor open to any question and situation.
Sorry that I couldn't detail very much but this is the point that we need to keep um in mind as academics to understand what we can do to solve this. Now I would like to share the with all of you so each and every one of us can take a piece of this to influentiate and have an impact when it comes to this. Thank you so much.
I believe that it was very interesting think of the past actions that and that will impact on the development of the United States. I thought this was very interesting this last um this last point. Thank you very much. I also like to see that the photo of of 2019 how the im immigration control uh helped with good practice and um cooperation to using the models for something good and not bad. So I believe here in Brazil there is a huge immigration from Brazil to um the United States. And now we see a lot here in Brazil in the news, not only Brazilians, but the fear, the the statements that had that were already living their lives and even um priests saying, "Listen, don't come to church because you could be arrested." So I believe that it's very important because you are a Mexican living in United States. I believe you're, you know, the the research that you're doing and I believe it's not only in America, in the United States of America, but this um speech when it comes to against immigrants, you know, they are dangerous. They are ending our system.
They're stealing our place. This also collaborates. So society will end up contributing and approving these actions. So this is really very concerning that it's not just in the United States.
So the immigrants sometimes feel I I believe a lot of times feel oppressed and fear.
And lastly, I would like to comment that this um it's not only United States of America that are hiring different countries to um to to receive other other immigrations, but also Europe, they've been um hiring other countries to stop immigration im immigrants from coming in. So, thank you very much. Um I will call you again for questions and um now I would like to thank Alex Alcaron this I believe that it in his country they are also drinking from the same um speeches of of of the right against um immigration and everything. This is not the first time that he's a part of our seminar, but I would like to um pass on the mic.
And I would also like to say that we also have the professor of the Chile Health Chile School and he research is from his trajectory will bring to the debate a perspective that is very important when it comes to public policies that can answer to the challenges placed in a urban matter especially in the Latin American continents. So thank you once again.
>> Thank you very much.
Good morning. Good morning everybody.
Thank you very much Rafael. Good afternoon and good night.
Thank you so much for this invite.
I'm going to speak in Spanish because it's my native language. And just like Anna, I would like to promise that in the next seminar I will speak Portuguese. Little by little I've been um understanding Portuguese more, but now I'm going to speak in Spanish.
This subject for us is a very huge um issue as it's been happening in the country as a whole and I would like to concentrate in this presentation in in different areas. One of the areas are are the challenges and the tendencies based on various analysis of documents that include what Paulo was saying in the introduction.
There was um a little time very short time that I was a part of a seminary in Latin America of the international organization of immigration and I had the opportunity to share some of the studies and what we've been seeing in terms of this very important theme for our region. And the other thing is that we do not have doubts that the the how the when it comes to the systems of we can see the challenges and tendencies that we have for our regions especially in Latin America.
and the we take into reference the the information that we have from Latin America. So I will look into in detail to each of these different works and I believe that in the next few years especially on the global south the experience that we have here in in Chile that not only um the it's immigration as a first tendency is a factor a phenomenon that I will always advocate is a positive phenomenon for society and that also reflects in some consequences and when it comes to infrastructure in our countries the organized crime also takes advantage of it. It takes advantage that about this um human mobility in our continent. We have a lot of of this intentification of organized crime especially in Chile, Argentina, historically Ecuador that now sees a high number of criminality but also this that we call organized crime serves and applies to a lot of things. So for example the in our region and in different societies these organized crimes are infiltrated in organizations for example the in the economy that allows to carry on of this resource of lucrative immigration and the mobilization of people to different cases in our continent. We have a economic reality that is based for example in the last 6 months or one year in the global crisis especially in the when it comes to restricted policies and the economic terms the when it comes to the number of growth it carries on a very moderated number the discussions in our continent are talking about how we will reach a growth in this sector. How can we keep keep the growth in terms of economic economic policies? And compared to the '9s, we were talking about the economic development and not only of the growth of the GDP.
But what creates the growth of the GDP might actually be a risk that of us carrying on on these situations of disequality.
When we look at Colombia for example, it's almost 50% of the population that are working in informal works that it's very important to society and especially thinking about how this can convert to a public expenditure and just like Anna said and she said it very well in a very particular manner the donors and the flux es that were have been diminishing in a very significant manner. And for example, in Chile now, there is a huge company that fired more than 2,000 workers and had a lot of projects connected to society. in um the last few days uh office here in Chile, there was a mass firing of 108 people and this influentiates on how much Chile makes.
This also reflected in an example in Colombia for example that is a very strong case when it comes to institutional matters. And the third point that I would like to make is that all the co the countries in the region had at the end of in the end of my presentation. It's almost like we have a knife and we can speak about what we have that the immigration politics have changed a lot in the last few years and in every day every day there are more control in the borders and the change in the policies in the United States of America.
in Chile and and all of the other countries. Some of them have a wall that is so huge and so vast that can influentiate in a domino effect through the rest of the world. But also I would like to comment about the political map of our region because that's changed in a very significant manner. And I would like to also speak about the Brazilian case that will go through elections in October and can also change in a very significant manner their political map.
And another thing that we can see and have an influence in these changes in Latin America is that there is a growth of uh return immigration which is the inverse. Right? So for example these threats like they exist in the United States of America. So in Chile in the last two um months of campaign in America, they were saying that they were going to give 120 days and then counting down to the elections doing to because they were going to send away all of the immigrants and deport all of the immigrants. And of course in reality this is impossible to accomplish but this was still in the imagination of pre- campaign and uh presidential campaign.
Still the president managed to deport a lot of immigrants.
There is also a theme that we can define and discuss when it comes to delinquency and focused on delinquency and another point that um we are speaking it's about climate change we have in certain times of the year in our continent we have issues with drought floods depending in which time of the year we are talking. For example, in Ecuador and Colombia and the fires in the Brazilian Amazon that were a huge theme of worry and discussion, but also thinking about how this happens in the north of Chile and Argentina.
And these are factors of of internal movement to go deeper in the organized crime.
We know that it persists but nowadays especially in our continent. We know that it's not just related to drugs especially what we have seen the last decade or two decades.
the organized the crime and I would I would give you some examples especially in South America uh we see the organized crimes in uh fake products or illegal mining of gold in Brazil or kidnapping and our South American societies they didn't have a visibility the the numbers they are still not worrying but they are still increasing and we can see an increase in these armed groups like narot traffic but in many other countries of our region So we can see with the perspective of the institutions we the governments are weakening which generates an institutional ampness and the countries in this region for example Ecuador, Colombia and now even Chile the institutions that are in uh in charge of penitentiary system.
They have been receiving the corruption. Uh they have been participating of corruption and we can see that this organized crime is rooted in our region and it's worrying and it's very important.
And now this third factor here that I'm showing you is that the organized crime is inside the society and what we could see as European donation has been has been um in the third sector.
But it has decreased the number of projects of intervention.
There were some intervention pro project in last last year with immigrant population in Chile and now this is totally eliminated since 2025 and this has a repercussion because the states and it depends on the analysis by the end of this presentation.
we see the the political behavior in the in the the countries they are influenced with this uh migratory subject.
So I think that certainly the new regimes, new governments, they have a tendency to the right wing and they've cutting resources in Chile for example in the second week of the president class there was an instruction of eliminating all immigrant programs also originary people systems which is clear sign political sign that they are not a priority for our region specifically. So talking about tendency what we can suggest since academic uh perspective is that the restrictions in private sector is to have new ways to have funding and I think that the private sector uh role is very important that shouldn't uh substitute the state but we could look for new ways of power especially for interventions. I think investigation and the diagnosis is defined. It's clear. We could see some waves of crisis of mobility and now we are probably in new governments of right wing especially in Americas and in the southern cone and we can see uh immigrants that want to return to their origin countries and I told you as I told as I mentioned before we have this inverse immigration that lead us to a transit to the origin country and we had a decrease and it's it's related to international relations that for example u some countries they have diplomatic relations to Venezuela. So we can see some situations in which the countries want to motivate the return But they cannot do that in a way that the governments nowadays could ask.
So we can see the deportation subject now that except United States just like Anak Christina showed us in our continent.
We can see uh a significative increase in deportations. We have promises.
Uh the the the promises of deportations are very expensive for government and we they they tend they want to to want to uh deportate the immigrants and there is a a narrative of ideological narrative of xenophobics and And there is an international consensus of massive deportations.
And now the last thing is the tendence of climatic changes are causes of um displacement too.
And we have this concept of climate um climate migrants as I mentioned before we had the floods in Ecuador and Colombia. We have uh forest fire in Amazonia also in Chile and Argentina.
So we have to displace the whole communities that unfortunately it's not seen as a an internal politics of the governments in America but it's not part of a public policy and I want to be empas emphatic there is no public politic uh policy for mobility for climate effects. So even if there is a great scale flood uh they would say that this population shouldn't be living this place they also we can see that due the droughts in which we can see an internal mobility and it has been happening in many countries here and as I mentioned before the particip patient that we we had in this seminar of Laton America last week. We could see some interesting strategies.
It was um multicount panoramic for 2028 and there is some specific ideas of what we should focus in next uh on next year on next year's and there was a prospective study of five countries in which what calls our attention is the prospective report uh that in which we should uh build some scenarios and have for example see the relation among between Mexico and United States and see the increase of displacement um inside Mexico. We also have this case of Panama that right now you can see the consequences. But the new uh Panama government that last last year they closed the migration routes and the migration routes had to modified and the immigrants also uh had to face a a bigger complexity especially to come back to their countries. In the case of Costa Rica, the the flexes of migration from north to south and south to north, we can see still some displacements inside South America, in Ecuador, Colombia. There are many uh populations that are set settled in Costa Rica, especially in Central America. And it has been increasing especially in Colombia and Venezuela.
There is a phenomenon that is not a return of immigration immigrants but the expulsion of immigrants especially from Venezuela uh Venezuelan immigrants and we can see a higher number of uh Venezuelan that are being exposed and have to return to their countries.
expulsion from the case of Colombian migrants. It's not the case of explosion and we can see some data here. these return migration they need more specific data and I think we can talk we are talking about a tendency and I think it's something that we will have to start thinking about and saying in details and finally the case of Ecuador that also represents M and it's a population of immigrants traditionally in the region of Americas They have waves of immigration. They've uh they've gone to Latin America to Europe, Colombia.
Ecuador and Colombia. They are country that have sick for transcontinental immigration.
um not just inside Americas but uh they've been they've immigrated to United States for example and they are presented um presented this document last week and just like Paulo said with United Nations they are in they are opening again this uh immigration aim which is a product of restrictions in many countries. So what we could suggest is that when we intensify violence and organized crime, what we should strengthen was not legal systems, institutional legal systems, but to protect the vulnerable population that is um subject to organized crime not just for traffic of drug but also illegal trade.
And there is another measurement sensible measurement that is developing the capacity and sensibility public sensibility to understand this phenomenon and do not impose some restrictions.
Another tendency is that we should have a better labor uh policies to under to improve the labor markets, Latin America, many countries in Latin America, they have a very high proportion of informal jobs and we can see bad policies in the states. um to hire immigrant population.
So we should support the government should support the reintegration and motivate local de development.
We also would talk about changes in migratory policies.
The the governments in the last five years and the tendency of these policies in some states and in some countries uh we see few countries promoting national policies that respect the rights of immigrants.
um protection. There are some governments from their from the last wing promoting explicit policies that protect them, but we also have the rightwing governments trying to cut down development.
So we see also an inverse migration that's happening the region in which [snorts] the immigrants they are leaving they are origin country countries prioritizing reintegration programs because reintegration in in the hometown it's a it's a problem especially when we're talking about social work and we have a double problem for our communities.
So when we leave when people leave the country so when they return to the hometown that is also another problem.
So I think it's a a subject to be approached by international cooperation and we should connect associated not just to delinquency but also I think it's uh international cooperation and government subjects and we should find a fundamental role and a priority for the governments that should be happening.
So we have climate risks exposion and we should have a formal recognition of these displacements. We should explicit them, quantify them, define them and find look for concrete solutions. the climate risks uh they reach everyone not just the small communities but all the societies but as we have um early alert systems and protection to indigenous communities and rural communities.
It should be an uh assertive answer reply to the government of this region.
So I think I still have some minutes.
What consequence do we have for health systems?
What we could see in this these five uh red uh in these five aspects is that we have pressure on social services.
We we we see a saturation of capacity. We see a new migration wave of returning to their countries.
We see a collapse in health systems in the countries in the countries that perceive immigrants and the origin and destiny countries.
And we see even if the sanitary the health sanitary systems do not collapse there are some complex situations like waiting leases with specialists and and weakening of preventive services.
So I think there is oppression over social services and also in some investigations and corporations that have participation that I have participated in our immigration group.
We see a critical necessity of services and to focus on mental health services for migrants population. the impact of unsafety uh violence in all society. I think actually all society they have a critical need for mental health services and they are usually very rare uh for uh the governments to implement them and also we should have a specialized attention for immigrants, refugees and for the societies that receive immigrants in their territories.
So talking about specialized detention in big cities, it might might be ambitious and ambitious goals, but in a small communities, small towns, I think the community should have a support and programs of integration that uh have a psychosocial attention to our population too. and epidemological risks.
They are associated.
They are associated to some diseases like HIV.
And I think this evidence is emphatic and the immigration increases.
Uh we have these kind of we have this kind of diseases increasing in both societies the region and the destination societies.
You can see the when it comes to sanitation and you can also see the customs that are different use. You can see this on for example the Dominican women. And it's important to train the workers so they can do these so they can do these these these healthc carees when it comes to the sanitation we can see an example in Americas when it comes to the the public health crisis, the environmental crisis in some countries, especially when it comes to especially when it comes to mining um because mercury is toxic. I saw some um data and research in Brazil and Colombia that brought this forth as a issue in the last few years. And there is the matter of nutrition as well.
When it comes to the climate change and the immigrations that um the climate changes influentiates a lot in when it comes to when it when it comes to sub nutrition and to the end the recommendation for the sanitation when it comes to operations and technical not only the national but the international places. We see that a lot that guaranteeing the universal access to health to the to the immigrants and non-immigrate immigrants in the case of Brazil and Ecuador is more significant because there is a strong necessity to guarantee this access that it's a bit divided within the public sector and the private sector to be able to help the population and this is highlighted when it comes to Chile and also to guarantee the mechanism that that are important to surviving against violence and integration when it comes to the immigrants. Now we are reaching the end of the presentation.
What I wanted to do is not to place this in the beginning of the presentation to not generate any um prejudice in this presentation. Here you you can see in blue the right the government that leans to the right and you can see that today we have a tendency that is really highlights to the government that leans more to the left.
the red was higher than blue. When it came to the South Americas, there is a tendency that um the most of the countries when it comes to South America except for Uruguay would have a right a government that is leans more to the right.
Um and this would change the regional map in a brutal manner >> because of the proportion that the governments that are more inclined to the right are taking. This photo is a photo of 2026 in relation to the immigration matter. It is a photographer from and she shows us how the immigration from our continents have been doing.
This photo was taken in United States of America but we can see in the rest of the of the global south and the region and we believe that we know that there are some politics policies of this kind.
And just to end um what do you think of this photo? This was the first policy in the government of Picass that started in March of 20 of 26. It is the plan of Frontier Shield and they want to build within the limits of Peru and it is a sign that is for our protection against immigration in the border.
We know that in the last 8 to 10 years there was this change in our country and here the reflection is a lot more broad and with this it will diminish the human mobility and it's going to create a political sign a effective sign to diminish the immigration in the spaces that are not abilitated. that involve Chile. And now I would like to thank [gasps] the the invite to be here. I eagerly wait for the final reflections and questions and I believe I hope that everything is good for our other members of the seminar.
>> Professor, I would like to thank so much once more your participation from the public school of health and I would like to um speak about um a few thing a few pointers not only the sub financing not only in the UN but of the financing of Americas of Naime for example that is the agency of collaborations in America was also shortened so not only the um the United States of America living the UN but also removing the financing it also um collaborating to some of these associations not existing anymore.
I believe that it's clear that um the Bosenario governments here in Brazil for example left Konaru with so many requests of immigration and then um this was such a contrast with the Lula government and trying to end this passive manner that people were looking at And we know that the governments that lean more to the right use this as a speech. So I also liked your commentary that highlighted that the government's need to work to diminish the xenophobia and this prejudice and to guarantee this universal access is even here in Brazil because the the the health system is universal right and integral and it's integral because it includes from you know vaccines to transplants.
So basic needs to the more delicate and that requ need needs that require more attention and in Brazil you know since this is very necessary and how Brazil is huge right and if we have health in the territories in the municipalities the prejudice unfortunately helps that we cannot guarantee this access. It depends on who's governing.
It depends on the mayor. It depends on um even the public health worker that maybe sometimes um before taking care of someone will have a prejudice. This isn't different throughout the world you know Argentina with Malay and um even with the accords with the UN the prejudiced influentiate on these matters. I would like to thank and at by the end we will have more answers questions and I would like to invite Pedro G him and I we met each other um in a panel of in a doctor ship from a African woman that was moving health professionals within CL. And I would like to thank first professor for your attention and your and being here. And I believe that um you're going to speak about what's been happening in Europe and you're going to see that we worked really hard to invite people to from different regions and he worked in the University of Korea and he has a trajectory that is consolidated with the immigrations and um it's his work has been influentiating and there's been a collaboration with significantly with the immigrations and he's going to help us reflect how different social models have been responding to the different transformations in mobility. So I pass on the mic.
All right, I will try.
Can you see my presentation? Can you see my slides?
Thank you so much for the invite. The invite was a pleasure, but listening to everybody speak, I've been learning in a unique manner. We've already been through three different continents and this shows that this subject of immigration is a global topic. Although unfortunately when it comes to political power that is multilateral has not been looking at these matters with the attention that all of us believe deserves. So unfortunately after we've um been listening to all these different presentations I would like to sh I would like to do a optimistic uh presentation that brings us a smile. So we can close this seminar with Ismileo. However, unfortunately I believe that I will bring Angus since we are going to speak about Europe and Europe is not in a good moment when it comes to immigration.
The first central idea that I bring forth is that Europe has been facing a a structural contradiction and it can't simply be understood with something.
It has to be looked at as a structural change.
The model that all of us know that was focused on equilibrium with rights to refugee to immigration to families and reintegration. It is more and more becoming more selective, more conditional and strongly highlighted by by political influences and other influence when it comes to Europe.
Looking to another side, it is important to affirm that this model doesn't doesn't show all ne It shows a alteration of the manner of when we speak about workers and immigration.
Era does not tend Europe is not wanting to stop immigration but they want to turn it more controlled and more more specific. So who can come in through which legal networks and in which territories could you stay and which how long can you stay and in which conditions could you have rights to access.
So these are are changes that are in movement and it's just a sub substantive alter alternative to the way that it functioned before and also speaking about Europe here it's um I believe something new but because we have so much diversity we there was never a consense when it comes to immigration manners throughout the We see a lot of differences that um generated a lot of political discussions within the countries. In the m in the moment the im immigrants and the refugees they started becoming a subject of her of harchy.
I identified at least four categories that are being analyzed by these policies. In the first place, the the immigrants that are that Europe wishes to have um workers that are highly qualified or are strategic to the economic changes. So um scientists um workers that have high that are high qualified highly qualified the other the sectors with um that don't have that many workers on it and comparing two groups that were a lot less permanent permanent and more you know temporary. The the other group would be the immigrants that are tolerable that the presence is a fact but they don't influiate in a jurisdictional or political manner jurisual or political manner. And lastly the non the immigrants that are not wished upon.
So they come in in legally they are not qualified and they would be um target to policies of contestation. This create creates a structural tension right from looking at from one side Europe needs immigrants but looking at through through the other side it policing their borders from one side they from another side they're opening their borders. So it's very complicated as you can see. So looking at this uh way of integration throughout the decades between um the years 50 and 90s, Europe built their political built their immigration policies after the war.
A lot of times it was structural when it came to workers. It was a moment of it was a moment that where im migrants were moving a lot throughout Europe and um moving to different countries the states were hiring foreigners to do work like places from uh Turkey, Italian and Greece.
And these immigrants rebuilt the central Europe that was destroyed by war. When it came to around the 20 the looking at the the last century, the United Kingdom created the Commonwealth that included India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Korea and the Caribbeans and Portugal.
was um was looking to the people that had once the families that had one left once left >> in this um initial phase of the cycle.
It transformed these immigrants and members of the country and till this day it's still it's still there. However, even though all of this has been happening and has happened, a lot of these uh European states uh saw that after thought that after they were done with their work, these immigrants would go back to their places of origin. However, this perspective was unrealistic. most people um stayed ma created family built their lives and transformed the different European cities.
This process you can see um as a good example looking at the different football clubs of all these countries and um you can see uh you know different teams where these immigrants is very present. That's a very good example. I believe what happened in the module that we have right now is very different from the past one.
It's more and more and more filtered and segmented and the control mechanisms are more sophisticated.
So the first thing is the selective entrance in which it's considered uh an advantage economical advantage or potentially economic advantage. We're talking about workers highly qualified international students and professionals in sectors that need uh uh more labor, more people to work. And we now it's the first time that we have this structure changed and these functions are they have workers that are lowqualified for manual jobs and workers highly qualified for other kind of tasks. Some examples are agriculture and technology >> and these profiles they are selected at the entrance and also another perspective we don't have walls but there is uh uh control in the external borders in many countries in Europe and here I'm not talking only about uh European Union but we have many countries that are not in European Union and and for example, United Kingdom or Norway or Switzerland and they share this process with European Union.
They have the mechanisms of selection.
They have registration for trips in European Union. They have biometric uh control on the entrance of the country. Digital surveillance um ocean surveillance cooperation among uh agencies and police forces and the objective is not just to avoid irregular entrances but to manage migratory flows in real time and react to any alterations. uh react immediately to inerations in immigratory process and the third element is the externalization in which is the control of of uh migratory control outside the country.
So the countries of a region of immigrants they have previous reg registers and usually we have other countries in which we have readmissions of immigrants.
the uh very well known is this um this relation among European Union and Turkey, Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco and Nigeria Nigeria.
So we also have uh reinforcement in the return policies. It might be a voluntary return or uh support to programs uh to this voluntary um return of of immigrants which are not wished upon in the European territory. We can see uh condition authorizations and legal instability and it and especially for the ones requiring for a zillum and less qualified and this reconfiguration was accelerated by an uh many process not just the ideology of the the parties that are in the governments in this this countries, but the factors are political, social, and they've been through the last decade and the civil war in Syria. They had an impact in the refugee institute and also it also shows a fragility in the European systems and But also uh we could see for example in Greece we see the zylum required in Swit uh Sweden, Denmark or Germany and this was a change in the public opinion in Europe as uh terrorism nationalist parties and also indogen those factors as a uh housing crisis, stress and health [clears throat] health care by national populations.
Recently we had the invasion of Ukrainia by Russia in 2022 and it gave a new reconfiguration of policies u highlighting the capacity of answer of European Union and also could see that this response is selective.
They select who comes in and they uh forbid other groups of looking for the same process of immigration.
Lately, a great change has been a legal milestone that's called uh packed on migration in Azil approved in 2024 and it started in June 11, 2024 in European Union and soon it will will have this uh widespread application in whole European This pact tends to answer a structural fragility in migratory governancy and it's a coordinated system among the 27 states that were associated to this uh pact.
It has uh control on the borders, shared responsibilities and uh integrated arcture.
But in practice there is a control of uh borders and a space for migratory management.
So this uh this obligatory screening on the borders uh this very clear now because all the tourists that arrive they have a longer time to provide biometric data. They have a control system, European control system and all these border procedures.
They are screening the immigrations.
So some of the immigrants they will be allowed but other ones will be stopped.
And at the same time we have speed up on legal process avoiding and avoiding um long processes speeding up uh the return of some immigrants to their origin countries.
We also have um a system of sharing information among European Union and we can see a centralization of an analysis of biometric data of all the of all people that reside in European Union or visit any country in European Union. There are some other important ideas here that in this pact we have uh some specifics positions for moments when we have extraordinary migratory pressure and it obligates other states in European Union typically in the south of the Mediterranean Mediterranean area Italy, Greece, Spain, Malta Shipri to receive those immigrants.
So if we see to some countries and try to perceive the difference the the the the different relation among those countries. We see that the migration pact, European pact uh leads to another level of of common system and the migratory system as the right to live in a country is still a polic uh policy of each state in the European Union and they tend to be very different. Uh uh Germany, Portugal, Italy and other countries they have uh a speed demographic aging and they need workers in different areas and also they need um workers in health system and engineering technology but some radical uh right-wing parties they avoid uh moderate governments to have open borders And so there is a conflict between need and ideology. And maybe we have some hope here for the alteration of the structure of this model.
The French model that was an assimilation model in which uh the French culture was a way for immigrants to become French.
with the latest uh happenings around Paris with uh the second or third generations of immigrants, it has changed and now it's much harder to immigrate to France as it used to be and the process of closing of the French reg generosity is felt by many immigrants even if they were born that country. But it's elective also once France created legal mechanisms for in which some specific jobs it's uh possible and fast to get the right of residing in France but for other jobs and functions it's almost impossible to have this right and this process but is this process very dynamic Italy Maybe it's one of the most known cases especially for the immigratory pressure that cross the Mediterranean Sea which I has mentioned before in the way of showing that every time we close a migratory route there are other other migratory routes um have more pressure which are more dangerous. Italy reacted uh with a radical government uh government of closing borders and mediation on the detention of those migrants and and maybe it's more radical and less accepted by us um in Albania for example that would allow Italian that the immigrants wouldn't even enter Italian territorial waters and would be deviated to Albania to detention campus detention fields and they would be deported to their origin countries. it would be inadmissible uh for uh human rights mentality defended by Europeans but in few weeks ago it was defended by the general uh advocacy of European Union saying that it's listed that human rights are respected but he couldn't say to the judge how it could be uh fiscalized by a third state that does not belong to European Spain and Portugal also have two interesting models that in this moment are a little bit divergent, but both countries need migrants and both have both countries have Latin America as the main resource of immigrants for these countries.
Spain, for example, it's uh they expect people from uh Spanish-sp speakaking countries and Portugal would be from Brazil. Most 40% of immigrants in Portugal are Brazilian. And what happened the last years is that Spain for a long time allowed uh registration of immigrants but not a regulmentation.
And now they open a regular regulmentation process that will um document more than 500,000 people. And Portugal in the last 10 years there was a permanent regularization process.
So if someone has uh wants to u get documented the the administrative services could not transfer to all that in uh in in time. So many people maybe half million people are in a irregular situation in northern European countries that used to like migrations. They have uh more opened uh system, more solidarity system. They changed radically their position along the last few years. Denmark introduces this idea that is a pilgrim idea that it's possible to w to receive refugees but also it's possible to reagate the the institute of refugees.
So when the region country from which the immigrant comes is a third country and is uh considered as safety destiny, the refugees may reagate their institute and may be uh de returned to their country.
Not in the topic, but on a safe country.
At the same time, I can place these we can place these refugees in lack of access to service and because of this it places them in a process of not interest. So not in not integration. So the old European model was a integration model but not today and it was used to be taken care of by the states but not the people and um the the United Kingdom has a lot of has a lot of matters. You know a lot of people will remember the Rwanda plan.
They build Rwanda in a uh places of detention and they sent there um and all the immigr immigrants that were not desired by the system, you know, and maybe in Europe the public opinion maybe made it maybe will make it possible to um end this plan or at least At least um we look at this plan exterminate is not an option uh exterminate immigration but a lot of people a lot of European countries have been thinking about this as an option.
The case when it comes to Ukraine, as I've mentioned before, it's a case that um in contrast to other countries that are in war, had a very quick process of integration and when it comes to production to protection to uh residency and work and they didn't have to wait many years for integration. This is arbit a arbitrary selectiveness of the immigrants. It's important to highlight.
I would also like to I'm going to jump a little bit just so we can go back to something that I spoke of in the beginning which is in truth this um European polit policies and seaggments what are the immigrants so are the except acceptive that are those that are immigrants that are necessary in some specific jobs um and maybe could the ones that can be temporary temporarily accepted which is the refugees for example and there are those that might be given back or sent back to their country of origin.
So, um I know that we're not just speaking to Brazilians but the world, but we have here the example of the Brazilians. And what does this mean?
Even if there is a big number of Brazilians in Portugal, around um 17,000 people. This is a very high number. This is all of these um all of this segmentation of immigration also applies to the Brazilians. Um, two weeks ago, Lula was here in Portugal and it was part of the agenda of the political the policies when it comes to immigration. However, it was impossible to um um discuss those the things that um it's not accepted as people consider not accepted when it comes to immigration.
So um we should probably expect deportations with Brazilians that are not in a legal manner or in are belong to the group that are considered acceptable. Right.
Some of my colleagues mentioned this when it comes to the um legal channels of immigrations even it doesn't disappear they become invisible let's say these roots will be more dangerous and but at the end of the day the number of im immigrants is not going to change in big numbers but if we look through another lens without the possibility of integration. We will be building parallel communities where we live. Uh communities that are um different even from their looks to their national origin origin and this will not be a contribute to the countries where they live. Without any rights the policies lose their strength when it comes to intimidating people. Um, we need to have more rights to immigrants that we h that were already in the countries because we are in a moment of rights recessions of removing rights that we already had and people already had.
So what is my hope here is that at the end of the day we can connect.
It's um The economic is a global act that we cannot accept that all of the worker is um all of the works are in the United States of America and in Europe.
This also this has been happening in some sectors in some industries in some regions and the tendency is that in a lot of different European countries is that the through econ through the through the economy um the immigrants will show themselves necessary and other people will miss them. Thank you so much.
Very well, Professor Pedro.
I would like to thank you so much for your presentation. I loved it. I would like to make a few comments and um to ask for all the lecturers that now we were going to have around 10 minutes to answer the questions that are already in the chat that you received or to uh do make a few comments that you thought was >> that you found necessary to different presentations. you will have a five minutes each. I would like to say as well that when it comes to immigrants between the necessary the important not only here in Brazil but in the other countries as well. Um the immigrant that brings resources that is similar to the population and the one that's different. I would like to highlight that um maybe [clears throat] not Italy and Germany that um thinking of places like that didn't have colonies. I believe that this part of this immigration of ex colonies and ex metropolis ends up being a reflex, right? Even because the act the colonies before became countries that were subdeveloped and in its old metropolis had um countries with uh better life conditions and with the cultural and linguistic possibilities.
These fluxes are natural, right? And it's the same, you know, with Portugal, that's very common. And um the other African countries that speak Portuguese language end up going to Portugal. And the ones the countries that speak Spanish end up move moving to another speaking Spanish country. And I found it very interesting as the classification of the countries that could show the economic independencies and the different policies. I had never seen this system so um so well explained. So thank you. I would like to thank you for accepting the subject and the presentation. So now I will open up for each and every one of you to give a five minute observation or consideration.
So to each of you please uh Dr. Ego uh good afternoon once more here over here is already good afternoon. Um I would like to once again thank you for the invite and um a lot of what I've heard here when it comes to um context, focus and time. I did a comments we have this matter of this gen xenophobia, xenophobia when it comes the migratory system of South Africa.
But in from the last few years or um months we have been seeing that their population is again it's again tense um Zimbabwe for example >> the Tunisia as well the people from Tunisia we also have been seeing some countries are accelerating the matter of how they control their borders, especially even though we have had the discussion of all all of us having a single passport, but there are countries that for example use a context to later um block off their border.
I just wanted to say that on the context of mobility it was really well said in the beginning that we need to protect and understand that it's not a negative process but I also heard a point that is very important that there is also a place we are in a place of learning how can we can transform this um this humanitary immigration manner um into understand that is something everlasting.
So who should lead this in terms of um governance and it has to be the countries and the members but also we should bring solutions but we have the matter as well of a lot of these countries have national resources and the and this means that there are other players and other actors that are that are influentiating the the the matters including on African countries.
Okay. Um but uh with you know Uganda for example but um I believe this is it. I saw a point or um I don't know if I still have time.
>> Yes. Um please go on. You can answer the question.
Um we saw the question would be a fragility of the system and system violations.
If we have a a looking to this matter of the countries and power and the situation when it comes to health in Mosambiki we have a challenge in general manner but we are as well at this moment we've been having discussions of how to bring these services to to people who do not have access or um more vulnerable or you know for example someone who is uh too young or um a woman what I can say is that I believe that it's still a subject that needs more discussion um is something that the government h also needs to discuss and even maybe have laws create laws. We have a law for internal movement. However, they look into it more when it comes to climate and not conflict. However, 90% of our um internal movement comes from conflicts and in some manners. For example, when it comes to health, it doesn't clarify in legal terms who should advance and who should uh lead and govern. So there is this discussion not only for policies but also for management and >> the origin for this movement >> I wouldn't say um survivors were they are survival discussion of but the basis basis to access some places They do not have resources, >> no access to >> but this history also uh has an ethical influence >> in some we have different context different groups. Um there there is this blended uh issue. So there is a need of recognizing of talking more about it discussing but in a sense what policies we should have what mechanisms of of government and not uh mechanisms of reply reply to emergencies to what happened.
No, what plan do we have for five, 10 years in a way that these people will have access access to their right element elementary rights uh health for example and [snorts] also it should be something integrated it's not just health it's education uh it's uh roads foods, opportunities, constructions.
So once more, thank you so much. I think those are the two questions that I had here on the chat.
I would like to hear from some of you is something that I I wrote here.
I'd like to hear Alex, Professor Alex I'm I've always been a little bit curious about Heidi.
I don't know if it's your field or not, >> but I'd like to hear about causes why it's expanding.
It's a complete inefficient of the government or it's a matter of marginalized groups.
And another question would be to professor Pedro.
You mentioned that we have this relation north of Africa in relation to Europe and then I showed you a little bit of the roots of access and also we have the matter of nationalism reduction of humanitary hell selection of who will enter the countries but it it it seems that what's happening maybe it's just my opinion is that we have people that are vocalizing more what has already been done.
So uh Germany would have this election of immigrants but uh who was forced to leave and should need help. How do you see this dynamic?
Do you really think it changed or we are just uh having this status quo that was already happening and congratulations also to one I know it's a difficult situation uh you brought a very interesting approach Rafael also mentioned this this idea of bringing the laws and history how it history was there. I don't know if there's something about the formation of United States. Uh anything about racial issues. I don't know if you said it about that. So, thank you very much.
>> Thank you, professor. I will give the floor to Anna Christina. And now we really have just a short time to answer that in five minutes. And Yeah, thank you.
First of all, I'd like to uh appreciate the the translators.
I am a medical uh translator and I know it's a great effort to make everyone have access to this information and I know it's difficult to have access to translator but that's the most valuable that we can have because that's what we need to have the information that we have in academics because we write the papers and and we write read the papers but we should um spread this information through facilitators that um communicate in different idoms. So thank you so much uh as an interpreter as translator and thank you for the university for this great effort. I think it's worthy and it's a great uh practice to uh colleagues in North America and Europe and Africa to be an inclusive practices and a priority in this um uh dialogue sessions.
Well, I think there are many subjects here.
What I've seen in United States now it's um a mobilization of public policies to a comm a direct communication to people. People feel identified because they are being affected directly by their cousin, their brothers, their uncles, the person who cleans their house and they pat their pets and we are so united in a positive matter and I have a great uh colleague here in which the social fabric here United States is a a cultural kaleidtocope of idoms of flavors and in United States now it's a it's a crime to talk about other to talk in other idoms and I think it's a great effort that everybody should have to use all our studies and look for better ways of translating what we know in a way that crosses these academic publications and it's It's uh it reachs people that move people and everybody understands that we are potentially refugees in tomorrow and we have this conversation that our colleagues Pedro said we are all potentially immigrants for the future with this climate change situation. We will be migrants uh ourselves or the next generation. So we have to do something right now.
especially when we talk about um immigration policies and when we change the president.
I would love to think that when we change the presidency this social suffer suffering will disinish and but as we seen this is part of the history migration has taken 200,000 years and even though we still advocacy for the right of living for regular immigration or uh ordered safety and regular immigration for the right for health, the the right for keep existing.
So for 76 years we have the the right of uh free traffic. We are homosapians.
Uh we have roots. We we started thinking about you're the best, you're inferior, you're more white. We have different idoms and we started selecting who enter and who do not enter.
So I hope uh these policies start being um start being less violent and with the increase of cost of life, the mo human mobility, climate change, artificial intelligence taking some jobs, we will have difficulties in our daily life.
So I think we have an impact United States like directly in academics we will have a decade of investigation that will be stepped back in science technology healthy it's a decade of trust that these institutions have created in community and we have been seeing some um infectious diseases that have treatment So we see stupid deaths because there is treatment there is solution but even though people are dying of tuberculosis for example we have a treatment and prevention for HIV and even though we can see the situation and the last subject is it causes more excluding than integrating And the admission of half million of people in the government of Spain has been something extraordinary because they identified that they have half million people undocumented that have been um having informal jobs. They are selling things at the streets because they're working for bread to pay for the coyote and just looking for a better life. And Spain recognized that if they give social security for this person, they will be integrated immediat immediately.
they will pay taxes and they have million people that wants to work and have a a a better life and they can support their lives in in the countries of origin like Latin America, Africa and Spain recognize that it's cheaper including in the short, medium and long term and I hope this polit policy of Spain uh can uh highlight as inclusion has less cost than exclusion in the economical, social and political levels.
And to wrap up those spaces are fundamentals.
uh just like the questions that professor Pablo made it's critic that these spaces uh in in times in which we are afraid of speaking these kind of photos thinking what's going to happen to me when I cross the border we have to stop fearing we have to stop this this fear we should have this kind of conversation Even though we have a risks of losing jobs and losing funding but I think it's critical and and and makes here United States uh we cannot talk about this and it's nice that we have this invitation from other countries where we have platforms and spaces to um publish and have this dialogue uh to support investigation in um America, North America, Latin America America and I think that sharing this kind of experiences since the the the the region, the country, the language is critical to advancing the inclusion of these migratory subjects. Thank you so much.
Thank you so much. And now, Professor Alex, we really have only five minutes.
I will try to speak slower so everybody can end up this wonderful um moment.
I have three ideas here to answer professor eager about the heen case. [snorts] I think it's important more than replying but the hayan case in South American Chile that received a very strong immigration. This case uh taught the Chilean society that this type of migration which are vulnerable migrants. Chile has has received many migrations uh from Croatia, Germany We had different positions after second world war. But the heightened case taught us as a society that we should have focused on public policies for vulnerable populations and to insert this public uh population.
So when the Hayitan uh return to Hayiti or go to United States for example, I think there is a kind of uh nostalgia that the child the Chilean state could not welcome and give this opportunity to the Hyitan people.
Uh for me I I think it's critical but I think it taught us because it was the first in the last 20 years with the uh Dominican u immigration from that on we received um uh immigration wave especially from Colombia Venezuela but it was not the same because it was another and this is very important And I think it's important this this comment from Eager.
[snorts] Second, uh I'm a little bit bold to propose something, but I think we have five continents here.
Um maybe we still don't have u western [snorts] should also serve as um medium or long long term as a project of research, something that could move us. Um it could do with a matter of health but also um we were speaking about this thing of the pendulum you know the pendulum of right and left when governments change their policy they start um eliminating the respect of what they did before. So we also need to think of countries in a trend uh with transversal policies and you know they vary a lot in terms of right and left and I believe that we should um I believe that an investigation would be good. We have a lot to study do a relation between Europe and South America and for this would be interesting you know like Spain and Portugal and the languages of Portuguese and Spanish and I would like to invite my colleagues that's already rich presentations that they did here that we can create a space that is >> we are all from different um sides of the we're all from different uh places of branches of the tree but I believe that we can help each other and they will be important and and I would also like to say about um good practices right Anna mentioned this on her lecture in the last few minutes so for example in Spain with these um 5,000 regular limitations.
It's something that I have affinity in terms non-political terms and non-technical terms but thinking about the uh public policies.
I believe that is also a moral almost a moral answer to a aggression that was not moral and I believe that these aggressions have consequences.
I don't believe it's the case with all the European countries but it comes in a good manner as we say in Spanish. It cames it comes at a good time and I believe as well that in happens a lot here in Latin America.
Um, and going to the next point is that terror terror planted a level of xenophobia that that xenophobia that was not capable of diminish or change in the last few years. And here we have a very serious problem that we can plant a lot of things thinking in academic terms but there are evidences in these models.
So we need to return to our researches in equal to understand what does a person think of in terms of a citizenship in which side of these last 30 20 years um and think of through people are looking to a bigger number or smaller number of racism and xenophobia. And I believe that in our societies and in Latin America unfortunately is still very xenophobic and racist. Well, with this I finish and I would like to thank for this seminary that was so beautiful and I would like to say hello and thank my um all my colleagues. I would like to thank once again the lecturer Pedro and since we have no long no more time I would like to thank all all of the lectures and everyone listening.
Um thank you so much. It was a pleasure to be here and share ideas and really those who are um in this in these forums and seminaries we we tend to think the same way. So it's not very hard to speak here on contrary to society that is sometimes not as open. However, um answering here the question from um Mr. Pal is a lesson that we need to learn is that the movements are not only functioning in one direction. They are in different times and happen in various directions. And today it is the um immigrants that from the global south that are going to the north. But in the past it was the other way around. And also in Europe, the Portuguese and the Spanish learned this lesson recently with the biggest economic um economic crisis that between 2015 and 2016 that they moved to Muslim Europe and um became immigrants. And I believe that one of the most important pointers that we had here with the policies of res of reception for immigrants that were actually um attacked by lies sometimes and um policies and also ignoring evidence. And those were being um dismantle on Tik Tok. So our work especially as that that work to bring back evidence and proof not only for the politics but also for society >> and do what we have to do every day from here on out that through education to bring more and more people to understanding what it is to be a human in the 21st century.
And I believe that a lot the economy is going to make some changes. It's going to make possible some changes. But I believe that all of us together can um move forward and faster these changes.
Um and that immigrants cannot will not be a it will become a positive experience that we share with all of the different countries. And thank you so much for the opportunity.
I would like to thank um the opportunity that we could speak about this theme and this seminars. I would like to thank all of the lecturers that could be present for three years, for three hours to give us um their time and their knowledge and I believe that it was a beautiful seminary with with different points of views from different regions and I believe it was a very um complete seminar.
Um thank you. It was very good. Thank you Rafael. Thank you eager Alex Anna.
It was very rich lecture and for us to improve as citizens, humans, public health professionals and diplomacy that were watching the seminaries. We had more than 500 people watching. We will send the statistics soon to all of you. So this thank you um comes from me and the whole of the foundation Ovaldo Cruz and the president and the vice president of global health and to this huge public that we had for these brilliant presentations that you had. I would like to um take this time to announce the next few seminaries that we're going to have on the 20th of May.
We will have we will do something that I consider very rich which is um about Milton Santos the great geographer the Brazilian geographer that launched a whole um discussion about social geography about the matter of globalization and urban urbanism.
the great geographer.
Um he was he was so he would be celebrating 100 100 years old. Um he is the Brazilian geographer in the public health area. In the in the following seminary, it will be about the world world health assembly and on the 3rd of June it will be a balance of what the assembly of health world health decided in our name because they are representatives of governments in their agenda that they define for the next year in the field of global health and in the 17th of July June we will look into we will make a reflection onto work and health and looking at the oi that will happen a week before the seminary in Genebra. So these are already booked through the comp with this.
Now everybody is invited to be a a part and watch the next three seminaries that happen every two weeks. And I would also like to inform everybody that the recording of this seminary that you just did can be accessed immediately on YouTube. It's already open. For those of you that could not watch, for the panelists, if they want to rewatch to watch what you said, you just need to click on the address of the link in YouTube that has already been sent to you and you will have access to the lectures and you can see the number of people watching. I hope that I can see you all soon. And we are here with open arms through Rafael to keep this foreign open that was started today in a intercontinental intercontinental discussion about the immigration of help and the forced movement of help. And thank you very much and a good end of the day. and until the next seminary.
Thank you.
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