NCERT Economy | From Class 9th to 12th | Day-01 | #upsc #upscprelims #upscpreparation #upscexam

Added: 2026-05-18

[00:01:18]Good morning.

[00:02:36]Come forward everyone.

[00:02:43]Oh, Mickey almost three rows in field.

[00:02:46]Why you going back? Come forward.

[00:02:58]>> Yes. Good morning everyone.

[00:03:02]Good morning.

[00:03:03]>> Good morning sir.

[00:03:04]>> Fine.

[00:03:06]So we'll begin with NCERTT series in the live man previous like polity, economy, geography and history all the PQs were done right.

[00:03:21]Have you seen them?

[00:03:23]First of all, civil services exams response.

[00:03:33]So behaviors we'll start with economy NCRT economy NCERT NCERT pre I mean UPS questions yeah definite few questions are from NCRT but those few topics also we'll discuss in the regular classes but then why we need to go for NCERTT center in order to make the regular classes more easier basic questions NCERTs are very very important. That is one advantage. Second advantage of NCA subject affairs law. For example, current affairs law. There is a concept called mixed reforming.

[00:05:04]You should have an idea in the NCRTs. So current affairs especially economy economy related affairs that is a second advantage. Third one, sentence forming sentence formakes.

[00:05:30]These are the advantages.

[00:05:35]You'll become mentally stronger. I know NC. I read them very clearly.

[00:05:44]mental strength important final advantages.

[00:05:49]Disadvantages there are disadvantages.

[00:06:00]For example, statement statement.

[00:06:26]For example, production, means of production, human capital.

[00:06:41]Sir almost seven to eight pages.

[00:07:04]Okay. 8 to N points.

[00:07:07]8 to N points.

[00:07:10]But I'm almost there. 7 to 8 pages. So 7 to 8 pages.

[00:07:18]But 8 to 9 important being a beginner.

[00:07:26]What is a point of reading them without understanding what it means and what is important for us?

[00:07:35]You're merely reading and leaving off and going. Next chapter.

[00:07:41]What is the point of doing all this chap have you covered NCERT? We covered twice or thrice sir and but where is the usefulness of this? Do you understand this point? This is the biggest advantage. Students are doing NCERTs alone. It might work for 1% of the people but not to 99% of the people.

[00:08:07]Teacher teacher will tell you what is important for exam but you will read everything but you don't know what is important for examination that is where though you invested time money and everything still you are not clear about NCERT right everyone so important point agenda. For example, but you must clear with all the concepts. Do you understand this? We are investing time.

[00:09:12]There is one concept in economy input to output ratio. What is that?

[00:09:18]input to output ratio respond so that I'm beginning economy with something called input to output ratio economy statement input to output ratio low input and High output concept. Next one. High input and low output concept.

[00:10:11]clear. Look at this point sir. What is good for economy? My dear low input and high output.

[00:10:20]We should invest very much low and we need high output. That is what called success or profit economy will be flourished and all. So economy has always needed something called low input to high output. So exam You should gather more information or output that is important for examination. So journey low input high output. Is that clear everyone? In fact this is UPSC previous year question.

[00:10:53]This is UPSC previous year question. Is that clear everyone? So low input to high output ratio it is possible only through classes and let us talk the concepts now we are dealing with economics NCERTT class 9 10 11 and 12 these are the four classes that we are going to deal but basically there is two things one is economy another one economics one is economy another one is economics sir economics is a mostly a theoretical concept. What is that theoretical con?

[00:11:31]It is a theory which includes formulas which includes concepts. Based on this theory or this theory when we are implementing in reality in practicality that is what called economy. That is a fundamental difference. But what is one definition for economy? And ever there is no universal definition for economy. There is no universal definition. What do you mean by universal definition? And there is no single definition that accepted by all over the world. There is no single definition that accepted by all over the world. For example, if I take a definition of energy, one definition which is accepted by world. There is a force definition accepted by world. But when I say economy, there are so many definitions. But no definition is universally accepted. No definition is universally accepted. That is the reason why we in general called when I say economy, it is an household management. You can write down in general in a very layman language. In a very layman language is good morning online in a very layman language. Economy is nothing but household management.

[00:12:59]Economy is nothing but household management. Sir, what do you mean by household management? You take a family.

[00:13:07]Family he is earning money. Family is having debts. Family is borrowing.

[00:13:14]Family is producing goods and services.

[00:13:16]Family is importing goods and services.

[00:13:19]Exporting goods. Are you getting it right? So when you understand a family economics, you'll understand economics of a world or a country. That is the reason why in a simple language economy is nothing but what? Household management. But let us say before going into the NCERTT's ninth class I'll tell you something in every NCERT textbook law common point preamble what is that you take polity NCERTT economy it's your geography in every NCERT any class be it from sixth class to 11th and 12th class everywhere this is a common page you can come across this is what called preamble of Indian constitute ution preamble of Indian constitution. Sir, what do you mean by preamble sir? Preamble is also nothing but prephase of Indian constitution.

[00:14:18]It is a prephase of Indian constitution.

[00:14:22]More I'll discuss in polity NCERTT classes. Right everyone but I wanted to introduce this concept here. Preamble is nothing but what? Prephase pre-note of Indian constitution which explains about which explains about nature of Indian state objectives of Indian constitution nature of Indian state objectives of Indian constitution and it also explains from where the Indian constitution gets authority. The constitution is getting authority from we the people of India. UPSC previous year question. UPSC previous year question. The constitution of India derives its authority from where? We the people of India. Clear.

[00:15:15]In fact the first line in this definition is like what?

[00:15:20]>> We the people of India. So the constitution of India deriving its power from where? We the people of India right then having information is useless how it is going to ask in the examination right everyone soap this is about preamble what is a preamble >> pre-note or prephase of or identity code of Indian constitution which explains the nature of >> Indian state objectives of Indian constitution and it also explains you that where the source of authority for Indian constitution means Indian constitution deriving its authority from we the people of India we the people of India there is one thing I can tell you constitution the people of India following constitution or not Yes, we all follow the constitution of India. But a constitution of India more powerful in any country. What is more powerful?

[00:16:34]Their constitution. Constitution of India is not powerful in every country and it is powerful in India. But every country has their own constitution.

[00:16:44]People follow the country's constitution and the constitution is having highest power right. But from where it is getting its powers and we the people of India for example right that is my authority we the people of classes are you getting it right? Similarly, the constitution is so powerful. We are all following the constitution. We are all abide by the constitution. Right? But from where this constitution is getting powers? We the people of India. So the preamble of Indian constitution explains just what we the people nature of bullet points.

[00:17:40]The preamble of Indian constitution explains nature of Indian state. Objectives of Indian constitution and the source of authority. What is the source of authority? We the people of India. The source of authority and B the source of authority for Indian constitution is we the people of India.

[00:18:08]I'll repeat multiple times boring. Okay.

[00:18:11]Now, we the people of India simple I'm not explaining this why I'll discuss in polity series. But here when I say the nature of Indian state next one objectives of Indian constitution I think already you know we the people of India right? Yes. So nature of Indian state remember this. There are certain key words given in the preamble. We the people of India having solemnly resolved to create India into a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic republic.

[00:18:46]Clear? These are the words. Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.

[00:18:53]These are the five key words that explains >> nature of Indian state. India is a sovereign state, secular state. Right?

[00:19:04]India is a sovereign state, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, democratic and republic. When I say sovereign, India is an independent country. Sovereign means independent.

[00:19:18]What do you mean by socialist? India, the government is more powerful. The government is more powerful. Maximum activities were done by the government of India. Socialist, secular India, we treat all the religions equally. Which means there is no official religion for India. For example, you say Pakistan.

[00:19:44]What is official religion of Pakistan?

[00:19:47]>> Islam. Bangladesh Islam. Sri Lanka Buddhism. What is that? Buddhism. LIKE THERE ARE SOME countries which declared their official religion. But India having these many religions but we never declared any one is official. We are not declaring any one is official and we are treating all the religions >> equally treating all the religions equally or no official religion for India that is what called secularity just I'm introducing this okay that is the meaning of secular what is a democratic of course we know since the childhood we are very much familiar with This democracy is nothing but what? Rule by the people.

[00:20:43]Rule by the people is called democracy.

[00:20:51]Democracy rule by the people for the people of the people. But in general democracy means what?

[00:20:59]Rule by rule by class rightvantsure.

[00:21:38]That is a teacher wish.

[00:21:40]Getting a reality. First point is reality. Second point is a teacher wish.

[00:21:45]Is that clear everyone? So you understand what is democracy?

[00:21:51]>> Chapand rule by the people. Last one.

[00:21:54]What is this? Republic. Republic is very simple. India headon. Who is the head of Indian state? President of India is the head of Indian state. The president of India elected a appointed nominated a directly >> indirectly or directly president of India is elected. Any country in the world which is having elected head which is having elected head such a countries are known as republic. India parent no India. The name of India is Republic of India. Go to America. Republic of America. Republic of Kango. Republic of some other chain. Whenever you see the word republic which means the country head is elected one. Country head is elected one. These are the five key words that explains about nature of Indian state. Okay. Now babu everyone.

[00:23:05]>> Yes sir.

[00:23:05]>> Next come to the next key words here.

[00:23:09]Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity.

[00:23:13]These are the four key words I can call them as objectives of Indian constitution and meaning the Indian constitution wanted to provide wanted to secure wanted to secure all the citizens with justice, liberty, equality, fraternity no matter casties, no matter religion is, gender is okay without any discrimination. The constitution of India wanted to secure all the citizens with justice, liberty, equality, fraternity. Okay everyone? Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity. Sir, these are the four key words that explains what?

[00:23:59]>> So first five words in my nature of Indian state. Next four words in objectives of Indian constitution. We the people of India authority source of Indian constitution getting it's a source of authority from we the people of India final the Indian constitution the Indian constitution finally adopted the Indian constitution finally adopted on 1949 >> 1949 >> November 26th Six adopted adopted date commencement date vocabulary is important. What is the commencement date? Commencement date. Commencement is nothing but implementation date. So preamble adopted date.

[00:25:02]Commendoped date. What is adopted date?

[00:25:08]>> November 26th November 1949 was the date we adopted Indian constitution. But from when onwards Indian constitution implemented >> January >> January 26, 1950 is called Republic Day commencement date of Indian constitution. Okay everyone?

[00:25:32]Yes.

[00:25:41]On which date Indian constitution was adopted? What is the date?

[00:25:47]>> November 26, 194.

[00:25:54]Choose the correct order given bill about preamble and four options.

[00:26:00]What is the correct order?

[00:26:03]Socialist secular democratic republic secret preamble preamble got modified. Modified meaning amendment amendment sir preamble.

[00:26:26]It is only once that is 42nd constitutional amendment at 19 1976 and meaning sir original preamble key preamble difference sir I'll tell you remember my dear boys there is something called there is one word called what is this dignity next word called what is this >> chapana >> secular what is the next What?

[00:27:03]Preamble. Three words.

[00:27:07]>> New preamble. New preamble. Three votes.

[00:27:11]Amendment.

[00:27:13]42nd amendment act 1976.

[00:27:17]Indian constitution.

[00:27:19]Amendment.

[00:27:21]>> Only parliament. Answer.

[00:27:24]Only parliament can amend Indian constitution.

[00:27:28]>> So by which amendment? Parliament amended preamble?

[00:27:32]>> 42nd amendment act 1976.

[00:27:36]So 42nd amendment mini constitution.

[00:27:44]42nd amendment is known as mini constitution.

[00:27:50]Mini constitution.

[00:27:53]If 42nd amendment Indian constitution law provisions add we have added so many provisions to the Indian constitution by 42nd amendment that is the reason why we call it as mini constitution of India. Okay. Up to this point everyone all of you online is clear till this point clear. This is enough about preamble. What is the meaning of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity and all that we see in polity?

[00:28:27]NCERT classes in the live right everyone NCEERT textbook first question this is about NCERT thing that is appearing in the UPSC clear everyone let's go to the concept now okay nadi sir question good let us talk about economy We are dealing with ninth class NCERTT economics 9inth class NCERTT. Here we have only four chapters.

[00:29:07]Four chapters. Chapter one, story of village Palampur.

[00:29:13]Next chapter two, people as a resource.

[00:29:16]People as a resource economy.

[00:29:21]Human capital.

[00:29:24]We call it as human capital. We call it as human capital. Third chapter poverty as a challenge. In economy, there is a concept called poverty and unemployment.

[00:29:38]Poverty and unemployment. So poverty as a challenge I'll tell this point. During British time there is a or there was a severe poverty because of British economic policies. There is something called drain of wealth theory. Drain of wealth theory means Indian wealth was taken away by Britishers in the form of taxation, in the form of free trade, in the form of other ways that causes poverty for India. That poverty continued even after independence. Even after independence to mitigate the poverty, the government of India has launched so many programs. For example, recently one program, Prime Minister Aasioja, Prime Minister Aasioja. What is this? Prime Minister Aasioja providing free or subsidized house for the for the for the BPL families. For the BPL families, BPL and >> below poverty line below poverty line and lack of shelter can be called as poverty, >> lack of food, lack of shelter, lack of clothes, education. Simply I can say if any person who is not having basic facilities such as food, shelter, cloth, education, electricity and there were many more can be considered as poor.

[00:31:10]They were living under below poverty line which is nothing but poverty.

[00:31:15]Poverty is the biggest problem in India since independence. Since independence we are fighting this poverty since independence but still but still had to do a lot in order to eradicate poverty from India. Okay everyone? Yes. Next we'll be talking about the food security in India. Sir, poverty I told one point.

[00:31:43]Lack of food is one condition of poverty or not. Lack of food, shelter, cloth and lack of food is a one condition of poverty. Right? That can be eradicated by providing food security. Food for this food security we have started FCI, food corporation of India. We have we have brought green revolution into a green revolution, white revolution, evergreen revolution in order to increase production and productivity.

[00:32:17]Production and >> we'll talk what is production, what is productivity and all. So these are the first four chapter that we are going to deal with. Okay. Now yes every chapter Let us see the concept chapter one. Let us see the concept chapter one. The story of a village Palampur particular chapter Palampur and village author wanted to explain to you few economic concepts. For example, if I say, for example, if I say village is a one economic unit.

[00:33:08]Village is one economic unit. One family is an economic unit. Institution is an economic unit. Village is an economic unit. City is an economic unit. Whole state is an economic unit. Right?

[00:33:23]Everyone, yes. Economic unit. And it can be an individual. It can be a group of people. It can be institution, a family or a state or a country. Anything can be called as an economic unit. Those who are engaged in production, engaged in production might be goods, might be services, might be services. When you take a village, village is an economic unit. Village is an economic unit because in village we can see mostly two type of activities.

[00:33:57]One is called as one is called as agriculture agriculture. Agriculture is also called form activity form activity. Second one is agriculture allied activities. Agriculture allied activities. When I say agriculture allied activities we call them nonform activities.

[00:34:23]Nonform activities. One is a form activity means agriculture. Nonform activity means agriculture allied sectors are allied activities such as diary reform in diary reform poultry they're all comes under reward agriculture allied activities which also called nonform activities. So when you take any village or I would say rural India what is that rural India in a rural India the most importantly we have agriculture next one chapanama >> non-aggriculture or non farm activities or which is also called agriculture allied activities. Apart from this in the rural areas we have farmers like you know large farmers, marginal farmers, small farmers. Are you getting it right?

[00:35:24]>> These are the things we need to look after in this particular chapter. Right everyone?

[00:35:30]>> Yes sir. So your author wanted to explain economy to you by considering Palampur village as an economic unit. In this village there are economic activities mostly associated with agriculture and nonaggriculture allied activities or nonformities farm activities and agriculture non-form activities and agriculture allied activities okay everyone yes look the next chapter here introduction to the page look at this first I'll read and I'll explain you and I'll dictate you what is important for you. As of now, rural India rural India rural India is having agriculture and its ali activities.

[00:36:29]Agriculture and its ali activities.

[00:36:34]leather agriculture and nonform activities.

[00:36:41]Nonform activities.

[00:36:45]Nonform activities.

[00:36:49]Okay, I I'll see it. Look carefully. The purpose of the story is to introduce some basic concepts related to what?

[00:36:59]Production. This is a story of village.

[00:37:02]>> Palampur. Why author wanted to tell you this? He wanted to explain what he wanted to explain the basic concepts relating to production.

[00:37:14]Author wanted to explain you what are the basic concepts of production.

[00:37:26]Economy factors of production.

[00:37:30]This chapter explains you what factors of production very very important comes in a chapter called national income.

[00:37:38]Chapter called national income. So author wanted to explain you the factors of production. I'll tell you what are the factors of production. I'll tell you there are four factors of production my dear. Four factors of production. Can I go for four? First one is called land.

[00:37:58]Next one labor.

[00:38:01]Next one capital. Next one entrepreneurship.

[00:38:07]You can write down this factors of production.

[00:38:12]Factors of production includes four.

[00:38:16]Land, labor, capital, entpreneurship.

[00:38:21]Then industry, land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship or industry. I'll tell you, we know of course land and let us say labor. Labor is means the people who are ready to work can be called as labor. But when it comes to the capital, sir, capital is nothing but investment. But here I'll tell you two types of capital my dear.

[00:38:48]One is called One is called fixed capital.

[00:38:55]What next?

[00:38:57]One is called fixed capital. What next?

[00:39:02]Economy P.

[00:39:05]One is called fixed capital. Next one.

[00:39:09]Anybody?

[00:39:11]Economy P not variable.

[00:39:15]One is a fixed capital. What next?

[00:39:23]>> Working capital one is called fixed capital. Next one is working capital.

[00:39:29]Very very important. If fixed capital, working capital 2024 UPSC previous year question 2024 UPSC previous year question from fixed capital and working capital. that question asked from NCRT economy class 9 chapter one chapter one so this is what fixed capital next one >> what is a fixed capital fixed capital is nothing but the missionary the long-term missionary what is that long-term missionary long-term missionary land is a fixed capital mission tractor missionary that we are using to produce the goods is called fixed capital for example for me this uh let us say smartboard is a fixed capital AC are fixed capital right everyone yes then what is working capital for example I'm making chapati for chapati ata is what capital >> raw materials exactly when I say working capital you mostly talks about raw materials I'm using bike let us say bike is my fixed capital because it is a long durable good it is a long durable good then what about the petrol that I'm using there petrol is what capital working capital so raw materials mostly comes under working capital missionary land there comes under what fixed capital fixed capital and lastly what is this called entpreneurship these are the four comes under factors of production.

[00:41:13]Okay everyone, factors of production include land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship. Capital is again two types. What is that? Fixed capital and working capital. Fixed capital where we can use machinery and all that is a very long durable things. Whereas working capital is short-term capital mostly raw materials. Raw materials. Clear everyone? Yes. E concept all of you?

[00:41:40]Yes, you come to this. This chapter is dealing with the basic concepts related to what production. Look at this.

[00:41:49]Forming is a main activities in where?

[00:41:52]>> Palumbur. Whereas several other activities such as small scale manufacturing, diary, transports etc. are carried out on a limited scale. And the meaning when you take a village when you take a village in village what is the most important activity agriculture farming is the most important activity in a village but in village other than agriculture we also have small scale manufacturing >> diary form and transport and other related other related clear everyone which is more forming activities are more nonforming activities are very limited, very limited, very limited.

[00:42:38]Clear everyone? Yes. Next one. These production activities need various types of resources. If I wanted to produce something in a village or anywhere, I required what? Resource. Land is a resource. Right?

[00:42:54]>> Am I right or not? We need resource.

[00:42:57]We need resource. resources like natural resources and man-made items. Natural resources dagra I can use I can use land is a natural resource water is a natural resource am I right? Yes sir.

[00:43:13]>> Next one manmade items that is a machinery when I'm doing agriculture when I'm doing transportation man-made goods are there right? Yes sir.

[00:43:23]>> Missionary human efforts. Human effort is nothing but labor. What is that?

[00:43:29]>> Labor and money. Money is nothing but >> investment.

[00:43:33]Is that clear everyone?

[00:43:35]>> So these are the things that are required to do agriculture and non-aggricultural activity in a >> village in an we are going to talk about basic concepts related to production. Here we're taking example of Palampur. In the Palampur farming is a major activity.

[00:43:55]Other than farming we have transportation, manufacturing, diary, transportation etc. on a limited scale.

[00:44:03]But doing all this we required natural resources or resources which includes natural resource, man-made items, human efforts, money and etc. These are the things we needed in order to perform far forming and nonforming activities in a village. In a >> Okay, >> sir.

[00:44:24]>> Everyone?

[00:44:25]>> Yes.

[00:44:26]>> Done?

[00:44:27]>> Yes sir.

[00:44:27]>> Next.

[00:44:30]Go to the next paragraph.

[00:44:32]Look at this herein. Palamur is a well connected with neighboring villages and towns. Of course today even we see there is a village that village is well developed. This welldeveloped village connected to neighboring villages and neighboring cities neighboring cities.

[00:44:51]This village has about 450 families belong to several different cast. Of course Indian village is having several cast. In the several cast some are like upper cast some are like lower cast. Upper cost people are mostly landholding communities. Land holding communities. The lower cost people are mostly serving community for this upper cast. Serving community for this upper cast. And I simply what I mean to say Indian village is diversified. In that village we have cast system. Right?

[00:45:30]>> Where we have a cast system urban areas or rural areas?

[00:45:34]We have cast system everywhere BUT PREDOMINANTLY present in rural areas. In the rural areas, upper cast are landholding communities. Lowercast are what? Working or serving classes. And what author is saying that village is having predominant cast system. This Palampur is al also having 450 families.

[00:45:56]Then the maximum are upper cast.

[00:45:59]Remaining are >> lower cast.

[00:46:01]>> The lower cast are what? Serving class serving class. Look, there is a primary health center run by government and one private dispensary where the sick are treated and that village is having PHC primary health centers under center one PHC dispensary in order to take care of sick people. Palamur has fairly welldeveloped system of roads, transport, electricity, irrigation, schools and health centers.

[00:46:36]Compare these facilities with those your neighbor village.

[00:46:49]Ninth class student.

[00:46:51]We are not ninth class. Right everyone there are roads roads transportation electricity there is a program called prime minister prime minister her biji like providing electricity for every family there is right electricity next one irreg ation. We are constructing dams.

[00:47:25]Check dams. Right. Tube wells.

[00:47:30]Are you getting it right? Next one.

[00:47:32]School center. Health. What is health center? Primary health center. Right everyone.

[00:47:42]Clear.

[00:47:44]The story of Palamur is an imaginary village. will take us through the different types of production activities in the village. Different types of production activities in the >> and e particular story the author wanted to tell you different types of production activities.

[00:48:03]Let us look at this in villages across India farming is the main production activity. Am I right? You take any village in India. See India even today almost 57%age of India is a rural India.

[00:48:21]57%age of India is a rural India. What is a major economic activity in rural India?

[00:48:28]Farming. What is that? Forning is a major economic activity in rural India.

[00:48:35]And main what is that called? Farming is the main >> production activity. The other production activities referred as nonform activities including small manufacturing, transport and and what shopkeeping rural heading rural India is having two activities.

[00:49:08]One is like form activities. Next one nonform activities.

[00:49:16]Rural India we have form activity. Next one nonform activities. Form activities you can directly go for agriculture.

[00:49:26]This are one important form activity.

[00:49:29]When it comes to non-form activity they're called small manufacturing units.

[00:49:35]>> Small manufacturing units.

[00:49:37]Transportation. Right? These are the best example for nonform activities.

[00:49:48]Nonform activities. Okay. Now boys up to this point. Yes. Next. Come here boys.

[00:49:55]Look at this. We talk about organization of production. Look at this. The main the the aim of production is to produce goods and services that we want that we want. For example, village cast system lower cast people providing service to upper cast. The cast system is to like like there are several theories why cast system was created.

[00:50:24]One of the theory is you know like you know division of work. Division of work.

[00:50:31]Means based on the work we have divided cast system divine theory divine theory head means shoulder cast system origination based on their occupation. Division of work. Division of >> work.

[00:51:01]>> Are you getting it right? So the main aim of production is to produce goods and services that we wanted. I wanted rice. I'll produce. I wanted a DIY.

[00:51:13]Hence I created cast system. I wanted you know the cutting my I created barber. Right everyone? So this is why the aim of production is to produce what? Goods and services. Goods and services. Next, there are four requirements for the production of goods and services. These four requirements of production of goods and services are known as factors of production are known as factors of production. Tell me what are the factors of production?

[00:51:45]>> Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship.

[00:51:48]Again capital is two type. What are the capital?

[00:51:51]>> Fixed capital working capital. Fixed capital is long, durable. Working capital is like >> short we generally called raw materials raw materials.

[00:52:04]There are four requirements for what?

[00:52:07]Production of goods and services. We technically call them as factors of >> production. Look at this. The first requirement is what?

[00:52:16]>> Land. Land. Second is labor. Third one capital. Fourth one.

[00:52:21]>> Babaram. Yes. The first requirement is land and other natural resources such as water, forest, minerals. Water, forest, minerals. Next one. Second requirement labor. If the people that is the people who will to do work is called labor.

[00:52:43]Labor basics.

[00:52:48]There are two concept. One is the labor force. Next one work force labor force comma workforce I'll tell you labor force minus workforce is equal to rate of rate of unemployment doesn't work out all question answer labor force we are talking about factors of production factors of production four land labor capital and revenue first one is what land we discussed about it second factor labor labor labor labor force minus Workforce is equal to rate of unemployment.

[00:53:54]Labor force minus workforce is equal to rate of unemployment. Sir 15 years 15 years 59 years. And the people who are ready to work, the people who are willing to do the work is called labor force.

[00:54:16]Age group is 15 to 59 years. Those who are willing to do the work is called labor force. You're all comes under labor force my dear. You're all in the age group of this and you're all willing to work. Then you're all comes under what? Labor force. Then what is a workforce?

[00:54:35]Remember I'll tell you one point sir.

[00:54:37]This is a labor force.

[00:54:40]Workforce is a part of labor force.

[00:54:43]Workforce is a part of labor force.

[00:54:48]So labor force including me it is a labor force but we are all called labor only one is working. So I consider I a labor force and work force. Clear everyone? Yes. So work force means the people who are doing work.

[00:55:14]The people who are doing work.

[00:55:20]Okay. Now the people who are doing work is called work force.

[00:55:26]Labor force let us say 500 anundi.

[00:55:29]Workforce let us say 50. What is the rate of unemployment?

[00:55:35]>> 450.

[00:55:38]This is what labor force minus workforce is is equal to rate of unemployment. It comes under factors of production. There are four land, labor, capital, entrepreneur. We done with the land, we done with now >> labor. Labor is clear, >> right? Unemployment, employment, there's separate chapter in economy that we will discuss in upcoming classes.

[00:56:04]Clear?

[00:56:06]Let us go to the point now. I think this is done. Second one is what? Labor. What is a labor? People who will to do work.

[00:56:15]Some production activities requires highly educated workers to perform the necessary task. Necessary task. For example, operating missionary doing any skillful work definitely requires what?

[00:56:29]Education. Other activities require workers who can do manual work. Who can do manual work? Can you use the word educated? Manual works and uneducated.

[00:56:41]Can you say something?

[00:56:44]Terminology usage organized and unorganized.

[00:56:49]There is a two things organized and unorganized. For example, IT industry is what? Organized.

[00:56:56]The people who are educated. When you go to the agriculture, street vendors, market labors, we call them as what?

[00:57:03]unorganized.

[00:57:04]They have skill but they don't have education.

[00:57:09]So labor education to do certain works. Some of them are not education. They can do what work? Manual work. Missionary work skill. Skill is more or less associated with education.

[00:57:26]Next, each worker is providing a labor necessary for production. The third requirement physical capital. I can say capital. What is that? Capital. Physical capital that is the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. Variety of what? Inputs.

[00:57:47]Sometimes I requires capital. Sometimes I requires human capital. Right?

[00:57:52]Sometimes I required machinery.

[00:57:54]Sometimes I required raw material. We all call them as what boys.

[00:58:00]Physical capital. Money is a physical capital. Human capital is a physical capital. Raw material is a physical capital. Right everyone? Yes.

[00:58:11]Can you come here? The tools. Physical capital means for example what? Tools, missions, buildings. Tools, missions, buildings, they're all comes under what?

[00:58:21]Fixed capital. I told just now capital.

[00:58:24]Two types. One is working capital.

[00:58:27]>> Fixed capital. What are fixer capital missions tools buildings? Are you getting it right? Farmers plow farmers plow in the UPSC previous year question I'll show you in the end of this class.

[00:58:42]UPSC previous year question as is taken from here 2024 economy. So farmers plow tools missions ranging from very simple tools to what very simple tools such as farmers plow and sophisticated machines such as generators, turbines, computers etc. Tools, machines, buildings can be used in production over many years and the fixed capital is always durable or non-durable.

[00:59:15]Durable and longlasting.

[00:59:18]Longlasting.

[00:59:20]Is it durable or not? Durable.

[00:59:23]Longlasting. Any durable good that we are using in the production that comes under >> fixed capital.

[00:59:30]>> Fixed capital. So farmers plow comes under >> fixed capital.

[00:59:34]>> Building >> fixed machines >> tools. Ardinda.

[00:59:40]Next raw materials and money in hand.

[00:59:44]money in and the production requires variety of raw materials such as yarn previous you know we are doing threading or waving we need what yarn used as a waiver and a clay for what pottery making pottery making pottery and kundai you know right yes also some money is always required during production to make payments and buy the raw materials. The raw materials and money in hand are called as working capital. Working but fixed capital and durable such as tools, machines, buildings.

[01:00:31]What do you mean by this? Uh what do you called?

[01:00:36]Working capital >> nondurable in non-durable mostly raw materials such as interm such as yawn money hand raw materials money in hand yarn are you getting it right we call them as what clay anything which is called raw material comes under >> working >> working capital done everyone yes let's go to this there is a fourth requirement in the production into the >> entrepreneurship factors of production and along the land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship. Fourth one is what?

[01:01:14]Entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur too and you will you will need knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labor and physical capital and produce an output.

[01:01:32]capital entrepreneur can produce an output can produce an output. I told you we need better output but input should be always >> less and less >> minimum input and we required maximum >> that a low input we required a high >> high output low input to high output is good for economic conditions good for >> rasera low input to high output will be a good economic condition will be a good economic condition will be a good economic condition online. Are you getting a everyday regular follow input high output ratio will be the better economic condition for any form or a country. Look this here.

[01:02:36]Next one this this called as what? Human capital. We shall discuss about human capital in the next chapter. Ninth class NCET second chapter is about human capital. Human capital. Next in the picture the identify the land labor and fixed capital used in the production. I think we know very well. So this is a labor.

[01:03:00]>> The company was there in a particular land. Missionary is what?

[01:03:04]>> Fixed capital. Beyond that are using there is >> parking.

[01:03:07]>> Parking government. Do you understand that entire setup is called a cen industry or a textile industry right called entrepreneurship and every production is organized by combining what? Land, labor, physical capital, human capital and including entrepreneurship. We call them as >> factors of production. Done everyone?

[01:03:29]Yes. Go to the next. We talk about land is fixed. Land is fixed. Land is always fixed capital that we have discussed.

[01:03:39]Next one. In case of this particular Palampur, we are having land. In every village, there is a cultivable land.

[01:03:47]Nonultivable land. Cultivable land means that we are doing agriculture.

[01:03:53]Noncultivable land means that is a waste land. That is a waste.

[01:04:00]Wastelands. But we are converting these wastelands into farmlands.

[01:04:05]We are converting these wastelands into farmlands. Look at this. Farming is the main production activity in Palamur. 75 percentage of people who are working or depending on what?

[01:04:18]>> Forming for their livelihood. In fact, rural India 75 percentage of the people are depending on what?

[01:04:27]>> Forming as their livelihood. forming as their livelihood but employment because we have seasons. We have seasons minimizes the government of India. We have started a work called MG NRA MG Nahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act recent right everyone. Yes, they coaching the program to provide employment opportunity for rural people because they're mostly engaged in farming activity because the farming is again season wise depending upon the rainfall.

[01:05:10]Season to season there is a gap if no rainfall sometimes entire season they're not having any work they're suffering with poverty. To eradicate such a type of problems in rural India, the government of India has launched minimum 100 days working guarantee program. Now it has increased to 125 days 125 days.

[01:05:34]Which means we try to eradicate poverty, right?

[01:05:36]>> We try to provide employment to the rural people, right?

[01:05:40]>> Yes. Do you understand? Yes sir.

[01:05:42]>> Look at this. Farming is their major livelihood. Some of waste land in village had been converted to what?

[01:05:49]Cultivable land. There exists no further scope to increase farm production by bringing new lands under cultivation. So when we are doing cultivation only 75% is of land. Remaining 25 is a waste land. We need to convert waste land into >> cultivable land by providing proper irrigation facilities. Proper irrigation facilities.

[01:06:15]wasteland by providing irrigation facilities.

[01:06:21]Irrigation facilities.

[01:06:24]Next second one is what is there a way one can grow more more from the same land? Yes.

[01:06:38]Is that possible?

[01:06:40]Green revolution high yield variety seeds. hybrid seeds and chemical fertilizers okay crop rotation I'll tell you before green revolution and before 1966 before 1966 remember green revolution 1966 started before 1966 there is huge land but production is very less. Production is very less. Land is well let us say 10 hectars we are producing only 100 quintons let us say because the traditional farming in traditional farming we are using cowdungang as a natural fertilizers not using any chemical fertilizers we are using traditional seeds not hybrid seeds not hybrid seeds so that crop 6 months low productivity low productivity After 1966 green revolution has started because then we have started what? Green revolution class.

[01:08:06]Yes. 1966 I am starting the >> green revolution. Core points ranama.

[01:08:12]1966 beginning of green revolution. In this green revolution we have started using technology. Let us say high yield variety seeds. High yield variety seeds.

[01:08:27]Chemical fertilizers.

[01:08:31]Chemical fertilizers.

[01:08:34]Machinery.

[01:08:36]Machinery.

[01:08:38]Chemical fertilizers. And machinery.

[01:08:43]Chemical fertilizers. And what?

[01:08:46]Machinery? In order to increase productivity.

[01:08:51]In order to increase productivity.

[01:08:57]Hence we produce more in less land. Hence we produce more in less land. That was the scenario after 1966.

[01:09:12]So based on this information can I can I produce more from the same land before green revolution one after only season 6 months 6 months but after green revolution how many crops three crops multiple crops in the same field right everyone that is what an advantage of green revolution look at this all land is cultivated Ed in Palampur no land is left idle because waste land converted into cultivable land cultivable land by providing irrigation facilities. Look now during the rain season that is what season agriculture three seasons ra intensive crops water intensive crops.

[01:10:16]water intensive crops where we required high amount of water like patty is a water intensive crop and okay now so karif farmers grow jaw bajra jos assignment internet crops okay now agriculture economic agriculture economy.

[01:10:50]Next one. You see that these plants used as what? Used as was cattle feed.

[01:11:02]Cattle feed. Next uh it is followed by cultivation of potato between October and December. Not important. Don't write. In the winter season, what is winter season?

[01:11:13]>> Ra. Summer. Zed zed. Summer is zed.

[01:11:18]Rainy season is karif. Winter season is rai and summer season is zed. In in in case of rabi season fields are sewn with wheat. And what we cultivate in rai season and wheat and villages what do you called? Uh pel saga papu.

[01:11:43]What do you called?

[01:11:46]Yes.

[01:11:54]Black soil mut they go for what? This type of we called what we all call them as what boys weed. From the wheat produced farmers keep what? Enough wheat for family consumption. Am I right?

[01:12:21]A part sorry a part of the land area is cultivated to what? Sugar cane which is harvested once every year. Sugar cane is a water intensive crop. Yes. Sugar cane price is fair remunerative price in RS County.

[01:12:38]Fair remunerative price.

[01:12:42]Fair remunerative price.

[01:12:45]Correct answer.

[01:12:48]Correct answer.

[01:12:52]Fair remunerative prices assignment crops.

[01:13:03]Second point, MSP minimum support price source minimum support price minimum support price ever decide CACP comes under which ministry which ministry Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Ministry Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.

[01:13:32]Okay. MSP right sir >> minimum >> support price. Okay. Now >> yes look sugar cane is also water intensive crop. It is a water intensive crop and in its raw form and as a jagy sold to traders. Are you getting it right? Yes. Sugar cane is a weight loss industry.

[01:13:56]Point sugarce is a weight loss industry.

[01:14:01]Sugar is a weight loss indry glucose fructose weight loss. Sugar cane comes under weight loss industry.

[01:14:29]Sugar cane comes under weight loss industry boys. So can a points. Yes.

[01:14:34]Look at this. The main reason why farmers are able to grow three different crops in a year in a year because of well-developed irrigation. Irrigation welldeveloped. For example, more cultivation. The people are farmers are little bit richer there. Reason they can cultivate more crops because of better irrigation facilities. So wherever irrigation facilities are good, they can produce more, they can cultivate more crops. Okay. Now point is good. One of the reason for better irrigation >> irrigation is needed. That is the reason why the government of India launched certain programs called paradrop more crop program. Drip irrigation. Drip irrigation. Sprinkle irrigation.

[01:15:29]Sprinkle irrigation.

[01:15:33]Water sprinkle.

[01:15:44]Yes sir.

[01:15:45]>> Right.

[01:15:46]>> Yes sir.

[01:15:48]>> For betteration >> when irrigation is good agriculture is good production will increase farmers will get benefited or not.

[01:15:55]>> Uncultivated land can be cultivated for better >> irrigation. To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during a year is known as multiple cropping. Very very important. Ask any point.

[01:16:12]Multiple cropping assignment.

[01:16:19]Let us see your understanding later.

[01:16:21]Point number to grow more than one crop in a piece of land during one year is known as he is known as multiple cropping crop rotation.

[01:16:38]We call it as crop rotation.

[01:16:41]Okay.

[01:16:43]For example, seasons is it good or bad?

[01:16:51]>> Bad. That that that loses soil fertility. That loses soil fertility. So what is good for soil health? Crop rotation.

[01:17:01]Crop rotation is good for soil health.

[01:17:06]Crop rotation is good for soil health.

[01:17:10]If same crop cultivated throughout the year, If same crop cultivated throughout the year that increase soil salinity.

[01:17:24]If same cross if same crop produced throughout the year throughout the year that increases soil salinity.

[01:17:38]Soil salinity Soil fertility.

[01:17:43]Okay.

[01:17:46]Soil salinity. Soil fertility.

[01:17:52]Soil fertility.

[01:17:54]You should go for what? Multiple cropping. Crop rotation.

[01:18:00]The crop rotation. This point is important.

[01:18:04]Next. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land.

[01:18:13]You can produce more by doing crop rotation. Okay.

[01:18:25]Multiple crops crop crop production because of >> because of soil become more fertile.

[01:18:36]Soil more fertile when you do crop rotation. When you're cultivating same crop what is increasing? Soil salinity and fertility is decreasing.

[01:18:48]That is the concept interpretation.

[01:18:54]Okay. Now everyone so what is assignment? Now go for the assignment.

[01:18:59]Types of forming intercropping crop rotation even internet is the source.

[01:19:10]Types of farming very very important for prelims.

[01:19:14]Agriculture mains got important types of farming.

[01:19:19]Types of farming.

[01:19:22]Look at this. One way of increasing production from the same land is what?

[01:19:26]Multiple cropping. The other way is to use modern farming methods for high yield. Am I right? Chemical fertilizers can be used. High yield varieties can be used. Technology can be used. For example, recent soil testing labs so that Production production. It is good for farmer or not. It is also good for soil health.

[01:20:05]Soil health that is the seeds used in the cultivation were traditional ones with relatively low yield. I told before 1966 we used what seeds and traditional Next, two days and then have you seen that these are called traditional seeds. Traditional what? Seeds we are using. But recently the traditional seeds needed less irrigation.

[01:20:51]Traditional seeds need less means important point randra. Traditional seeds needed less irrigation. But what the problem in >> low productivity traditional seeds traditional seeds needed needed less irrigation.

[01:21:13]This is an advantage. What is the disadvantage of traditional seeds? Low productivity.

[01:21:19]Low productivity. They produce less yield.

[01:21:24]They produce less yield. Very very important. Amma farmers use cowdung and other natural manure as a fertilizer. Cowdong other natural manure for fertilizer right now is called what type of agriculture?

[01:21:40]>> What type of organic farming? What is that? Organic farming right now organic farming dominating everywhere you see organic product organic product right so the point here is farmer use cowdong and other natural manure as a fertilizer which is nothing but what organic farming the 100% organic farming state in India sikkim 100% organic farming state in India sikkim right now wherever you go to the market organic products which means they use what traditional seeds they also use what cow dung and other natural manure as a fertilizers cow dung using cowdung as a fertilizer natural manure as a fertilizer can comes under what organic farming what is 100% organic farming state >> right now the government of India promoting what organic farming we are not promoting Betty crops you know BT basilis torren genesis hybrid crop. Okay. Hybrid crop BT bringil BT cotton you know the green revolution 1960 196 1970 196 196960 green revolution 1960 first green revolution 1960 but that has started 1960 66 1966 introduced the Indian farmers cultivation of wheat, rice using what?

[01:23:30]High yield variety of seeds. Green revolution we introduced for two things.

[01:23:34]One is for wheat, next one.

[01:23:38]>> 1966 green revolution we began for two things initially. One is for wheat, next one is for rice patty.

[01:23:48]1966 green revolution we have introduced high yield variety of seeds for rice and patty rice and >> wheat high yield variety means hybrid variety before that what variety seeds we use traditional seeds advantage of traditional seeds >> no more irrigation >> they require less irrigation next advantage disadvantage Lowity.

[01:24:20]>> Low productivity. One more advantage of traditional seeds. They are reusable.

[01:24:24]They are reusable.

[01:24:28]They are reusable.

[01:24:31]Produces next year usage.

[01:24:37]Look at this. Compared to the traditional seeds, high yield variety seeds promised to produce much greater amount of grains on a single plant.

[01:24:46]Simple hybrid variety of seeds. H Y SN high yield variety seeds result into high productivity resulting into high productivity resulting into high productivity than the traditional seeds.

[01:25:10]But they required greater irrigation.

[01:25:14]They require greater irrigation and the traditional seeds come up less irrigation. Right. Right.

[01:25:23]>> Whereas high yield variety seeds requires greater irrigation and they produce high which means they have high productivity. High productivity.

[01:25:34]However, need a plenty of water and also chemical >> high yield variety seeds introduced after green revolution. They require more irrigation, more irrigation and high chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results. High yield variety seeds were possible only for only from a combination of high variety seeds. Irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, hybrid seeds, chemical fertilization, pesticides, productivity.

[01:26:12]Organic production using traditional seeds, less irrigation, less irrigation, low production, but healthy but healthy.

[01:26:20]These seeds are reusable in traditional farming. Here they are not.

[01:26:27]Next clear everyone look farmers of Punjab, Hariana, Western UP were the first to try out the modern farming method in India which is nothing but green. India green revolution seven district start India green revolution begin in seven district punjab hana up some parts of Andhra Pradesh seven districts are now seven districts in India the formers of these regions set up tube wells for irrigation bore well bore tube wells next one made us or made use of high variety seeds Green revolution tube high variety requires more water. Am I right? Next. And a chemical fertilizer, pesticides in farming. Some of them brought from missionary like tractors and threshers which made plowing and harvesting. Am I right?

[01:27:42]harvest.

[01:27:45]Are you getting it right? After green revolution, they were rewarded the high yield of wheat. Because of all of them, the productivity of crops were increased.

[01:27:59]Why Punjab farmers are rich? Because they have high productivity because of high yield variety. That was one state used green revolution initially but today Punjabi is also called the capital of cancer patients.

[01:28:15]Because of green revolution they used high chemical fertilizers. Because of these high chemical fertilizers, the chemicals entered into food chain and there were more number of cancer patients because of chemical fertilizers because these chemicals you are spraying for food are entering into food chain and they're entering into humans causing various ill healths. Do you understand this? And again the modern days were looking for what?

[01:28:49]Organic food. Organic food.

[01:28:53]record organic forms. For example, make this.

[01:29:16]Do you understand this? Look at this.

[01:29:18]The next one. Uh, will the land sustain?

[01:29:22]Of course when you use less chemicals land will be sustained. When you go for crop rotation land will be sustained.

[01:29:30]Otherwise land is going to be like like degraded its fertility that result into salenity low productivity we are dying due to hunger. Dying due to hunger.

[01:29:42]Clear everyone? Yes. Many areas green revolution associated with loss of soil fertility due to increased green chemical and green revolution chemical fertilizers crop rotation.

[01:29:59]There will be salinity of soil increases which reduces soil fertility and also continued use of ground water by using tubules because green revolution high requires more irrigation more irrigation.

[01:30:16]There will be depletion of groundwater table ground 100 ft is the water but 1,000 ft water out right everyone environmental reasons like soil fertility groundwater is getting depleted the built or built up what over the years year by year ground soil become more saline because of chemical >> fertilizers Once destroyed, it is very difficult to restore them.

[01:30:54]Customer am I right? Yes sir.

[01:30:56]>> And we must take care of environment to ensure future development of agriculture crop rotation. Crop rotation use the what do you call natural manure as a fertilizers.

[01:31:11]Fertilizers go for less pesticides. grow for crop rotation. Crop rotation in order to protect soil health, soil health or fertility.

[01:31:25]Who will provide the labor? Who will provide the labor? The labor is provided by the people. Am I right?

[01:31:31]>> Yes. This concept is nothing to do with here.

[01:31:35]And the capital needed in forming. Of course, we need capital while doing the forming or not. Yes. What capital? We need fixed capital and Working capital fixer capital and working capital that we are getting in the form of loans are you getting it hand cash in handy capital >> working capital >> working capital very very important for prelims then sale of surplus from >> products form products I told you we are producing we using some remaining can be >> sold in the market for that we require transportation everything right yes surplus can be sold in the market and non form activity center diary. Diary and diary and again we have manufacturing in small manufacturing diary poultry small manufacturing that is what about question 2024 prelims forming plow as it is my dear forming plow is what capital >> computer is computer is >> fixed capital And yon used in the paps is >> working capital. Petrol is working capital.

[01:32:53]>> Petrol is what?

[01:32:55]This is how the pq was asked from ninth class ntap important then add assignment this is how doing no single time exam approach orientation understand this everyone this is how we deal with all NCRTs all the subjects in detailed very clear assignments MSP crop forming types of uh types of forming we discussed about and all right acrop that's all for the day chapter one is done four days four chapters nth class will be done first two classes basics idea Next factors of production you will understand previous questions as it is underlined this word as it is there in NCERT this is also there NCERT new words new words but answer computer is what capital fixed capital fixed missionary tool Missionary tool comes under what?

[01:34:26]>> They're durable. They are durable.

[01:34:28]Petrol is >> raw material. I'm using for as a working capital. Working capital that's all for the day. Bike is a fixed capital whereas petrol is working capital human capital. Human capital. Tomorrow we'll discuss second chapter of nth class.

[01:34:50]Assign means complete.

[01:34:53]Kindly share to your friends because we are really working to the benefit of the students.

[01:35:07]Responsibility because everything is on my shoulder.

[01:35:16]regular classes different different fac and I can see you every day that monitoring and yes how is going on good everyday learning That will be my motive. I never call myself as a downer director or founder.

[01:35:52]I am the permanent faculty of classes.

[01:35:56]Is that clear? So kindly share to your friends because efforts will reach you to more. It will encourage us.

[01:36:12]I'm not going to step back.

[01:36:15]But when it reaches it feels a little more happy for me also.

[01:36:20]Clear? Ch. Have a nice day. See you in the next lecture.

[01:36:24]See you online.

[01:36:28]Good answers online.

[01:36:41]Is it clear everyone online.

[01:37:19]Valama offline. You can leave.