Grade 12 Computer Science 2083 Most Important Questions Full Solution 🔥| NEB Board Exam Preparation

Added: 2026-05-10

[00:00:00]So hey guys, welcome back to my channel.

[00:00:02]So computer science final exam most important question number one. So question number one difference between database and DVMS with example.

[00:00:36]Database is a collection of interrelated data of objects or entities stored in table form.

[00:00:47]Interjects or entities table form.

[00:00:53]Database gives us very useful information for an organization during data manipulation and decision making.

[00:01:01]So decision computerized record keeping system. It is a software that defines, manipulates, manages database. So you manages the database. It allows to access the files, update the records and retrieve data as requested. So most important difference between database and DBMS database management system.

[00:01:46]database is a collection of connected information about people, locations or things. So DBMS database management system DBMS is a collection of programs that allow you to create, manage and operate a database storage besides computers. Databases can even be maintained by physical ledgers.

[00:02:12]Maintained in physical ledgers, books or papers only DVMS in a DVMS database management system. DBMS all the computers or the records are maintained only on a computer data retrieval. The retrieval of information from the databases can be done manually through queries or by using programs C, C++, Java. It is used.

[00:02:42]We can retrieve the data from the database management system through queries return in SQL. SQL database from the data from the database management system.

[00:02:56]So speed computation database is databases can be handled manually or by computers. When SQL is not used to retrieve the information, it can be very slow for database retrieval.

[00:03:16]Computer system is involved in a database management system. The retal The databases are not designed for a large number of people who can access uh data at the same time. Rather it is designed for a small very small number of people preferable of few people who access data at a different time.

[00:03:49]few number of people database management system large number of people who can access the data at the same time of people.

[00:04:16]So question number two ma'am define DBMS write its advantages and disadvantages database management but most important second question database management system DBMS is computerized record keeping system it is a software that defines manipulates and manages the database it allows to access the files update the records and retrieve data as requested advantage Advantages of DBMS. Features or objectives of DBMS.

[00:04:52]Sharing data. Data stored in a database can be shared.

[00:04:57]It refers to the capacity that makes data simultaneously accessible by many users without any interference. Most of the users at the same time reduced data redundancy. The same data may be duplicated at many times or places is called data redundancy. DVMS reduces such type of duplication of data from database on CMS data backup and recovery. DVMS provides backup facilities to store data for future use.

[00:05:42]If any files or data lost in any computer, it is possible to restore them from database server. So data backup and recovery. So deem as an inconsistency avoided. When the same data is duplicated and changes are made at one side and not on other sides, it causes data inconsistency. DVMS avoided such type of data inconsistency on EMA data integrity. Data integrity means data accuracy, consistency and up to date or DBMS should provide capabilities for defining and enforcing constants for data integrity on E of M data security in a database system. An authorized an an unauthorized person cannot access data from database. Although various departments may share data in database access to specific information that can be limited to selected users. So department access to specific information limited to selected users. So data security description of the data schema is stored in one central place. Therefore applications do not have to recompile when the format of the data changes. Yes multiple user interfaces. DVMS provides variety of interfaces for various users. It provides query language interface forms and command interfaces so that users pro interact easily with the database. This is IM process complex query. It provides different methods such as view, trigger, index, etc. to process complex queries.

[00:07:23]This disadvantages of DBMS like one hour expensive database software is very expensive for large computer systems. It also requires overhead costs for maintaining and integrating functions.

[00:07:37]This two number changing technology. It is fast changing technology. Fastanging technology needs technical training. It is complex to understand.

[00:07:54]So proper training is required to for staff to work properly in the database system. So proper training staff to work properly in a database system backup is needed. It needs explicit backup.

[00:08:10]This adds costs as new storage space are needed to hold the data. So new storage database model with a suitable diagram network database model. It replaced hierarchical network database model due to some limitations on the model.

[00:08:33]Suppose if an employee relates to two departments then the hierarchical database model cannot able to arrange records in proper place. So network database model was emerged to arranged non-heretical database. The structure of database is more like graph rather than tree structure. A network database model is a database model that allows multiple records to be linked the same on our file. The network model allows each child to have multiple parents science examination, library, faculties, books, the students.

[00:09:17]Disadvantage, it accepts many to many relationships. So it is more flexible.

[00:09:23]Second, the searching is faster because of multidirectional pointer. sourcing fast multiple multidirection model is simple and easy to design models simple design it is difficult to handle the relationship in complex program complex program difficulty there is less security because of sharing data data sharing less Security it increases the processing overhead due to the complex relationship. So complex relationship processing over question number four explain the database model with a diagram database model. This is one of the oldest types of database models. In this model data is represented in the form of records.

[00:10:27]Each record has multiple fields.

[00:10:32]All records are arranged in the database is a tree like structure. So dats is called parent child relationship. So relationship relationship in which any child records relates to only a single parent type.

[00:10:54]Anything child record relates to only a single parent science, humanities, management, chemistry, physics, biology, parenting is fast and Easy.

[00:11:36]Searching is fast and easy if parent is no one.

[00:11:40]It is very efficient in handling one to one and one to many relationships.

[00:11:45]Disadvantages.

[00:11:47]It is old and outdated database model.

[00:11:52]Database model.

[00:11:54]It does not support many to many relationships. Many to many relationship support.

[00:12:01]It increases the red because same data is repeated in different places.

[00:12:09]Same data different places. Repeat question number five.

[00:12:14]Who is DBA? DBA explain his or her roles and responsibil He is the overall administrator of the system. He or she has the maximum amount of privileges. Permission to access database for assessing database settings of system and defining the role of the new employees which use the system. The main goal of the DVA is to keep the database server up to date, secure and provides information to users on demand.

[00:12:55]So qualities of a good DBA He or she must have no sound knowledge about database systems, database design, normalization process, SQL commands, form and database report and he or she should have depth knowledge in operating system OS in which database server is running. Your C should have sound knowledge of good database design good database design knowledge.

[00:13:24]Your C should have sound understanding of network architecture, network architecture.

[00:13:29]Understanding this next point. Your C should have good knowledge of database server. So database server good knowledge your must be familiar with modern database packages.

[00:13:42]MSXs, MSSQL server, MS MySQL database responsibilities of DBA.

[00:13:56]DBA defines data security, data integrity, schemas, forms, reports, relationships and user privileges. This DBA has responsibility to install, monitor and upgrade database server.

[00:14:09]This she or he provides different facilities for data retrieving and making reports as required. This she or he creates user manuals, gives training, describes the entire facilities offered by the system and provides facilities to make effective use. This she or he has responsibility to maintain database security, backup recovery strategy and documentation of data dictionary.

[00:14:37]She or he supervising all the activities in the system the addition the modification and deletion data from the database. Question number six define normalization with its purpose.

[00:14:50]Explain 1NF, 2NF and 3F normalization is the process of organizing a database in a way that reduces redundancy and dependency. It is a systematic approach to design the database structure so that data is stored in a way that is easy to maintain and assess normalization usually involves breaking a large table into smaller more specialized tables and defining relationships between them. So purpose of normalization to minimize data red to minimize data dependency I to improve data integrity to improve data security to improve data access and performance to simplify database design and maintenance.

[00:15:49]teacher nameal first.

[00:16:10]Once we have unnormalized data sets, we arrange them in first normal form by making their each attribute atomic which means in one there should not be repeated data group. So teacher name the above tables is in the first first normal form 1f second form after arranging given data sets in 1 and we eliminate functionally dependent attributes that is in this case subject depends upon the teacher not on the as and address. Similarly, as and address also depends upon teacher not on subject. So in tof we remove such functional dependencies by introducing primary key and foreign key. In order to identify records uniquely, we assigned a key value which is known as primary key.

[00:17:11]Here we will give unique ID for each teacher. Since is and address depend upon teacher not on subject we further break table of one and f as follows. So teacher ID teacher name is address. So one 25 teacher ID teacher name is address two ID subject one computer one math two English three the key which was primary key is now considered as foreign key in this table in general foreign key are the same key as the primary key of one table used by several other tables to establish relationship. So 3F we normalize till 2NF. Now to achieve 3 NF we have to overcome some more issues associated with 2NF. Let us see in above table if one teacher left the job then in this table as functional dependencies are eliminate and it will not affect other data. So table teacher ID teacher name age or address one ram 25 sab 26 27 but in the table below if teacher is changed it will affect subject change in one effect order this is known as transitive functional dependencies functional dependencies subject one computer one math two English three Nepali. So to prevent loss of information due to transitive functional dependencies we assign separate subject code for each subject so that even change in the teacher will not affect the subject. So subject ID on subject. So subject one computer math one math English one English one like this way 3NF can be achieved after elim eliminating transitive functional dependencies.

[00:19:20]Hence it reduces all three insertion, updation and deletion anomalies. So question number seven, explain the centralized and distributed database system.

[00:19:32]Centralized database system the database system where data and information are stored in a in the centralized server or centralized database system.

[00:19:43]Centralized database system. The data stored in the databases are assessed from different locations through several applications. The information data is stored in the at a centralized location and the users from different locations can access this data. This third point this type of database contains application procedures that help the users to access the data even from a remote location.

[00:20:12]It decreases risk of data. Manipulation that is manipulation of data will not affect the core data. This very second point data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.

[00:20:26]It provides better data quality which enables organizations to establish data standards.

[00:20:33]It is less costly as fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.

[00:20:38]Disadvantages the size of centralized database is large which increases the response time of fetching data. This second point if it is difficult to update the centralized database. Third point if server gets damaged inter data will be lost. Basically distributed database system. So distributed database doesn't store all data and information into a sing into the single board. It store the store on various sites or places which are connected by the help of communication links which helps them to assess the distributed data easily.

[00:21:13]Basically in uh distributed database various portions of a database are stored in multiple different locations along with the application procedures which are replicated and distributed among various points in network.

[00:21:29]The system can be expanded by including new computers and connecting them to the distributed system. Next point distributed database is more reliable than centralized database. Third point the performance and service are better.

[00:21:42]Fourth number large numbers of comput users are supported. Fifth one server failure will not affect the entire data set.

[00:21:51]Disadvantages it is difficult to administrate and manage the database.

[00:21:57]It is expensive to set up.

[00:22:00]This database has high risk of hacking and data theft.

[00:22:05]working. So long answer question number one difference between client server and peer-to-peer with diagram an arrangement of computers to resource sharing and communicate each other through a central device server to all workstations clients is called client server architecture. One or more computers in the network act as server which provides services to other computers which are called clients. In peer-to-peer architecture, computers are connected individually in peer onetoone connection. A peer-to-peer network is the type of network in which all computers in the network act both a client and a server that is all computers can both request and provide services. So difference between client server and peerto-peer client server.

[00:22:58]So client server first it is also known as centralized or serverbased network it is also known as distributed network it has central server computer peerto-peer there is no central computer server server computer. Third point, the central server manages, organize and coordinate all network clients on the network on peer-to-peer peer peers are equally privileged and equal participants uh in the applications.

[00:23:30]Peer-to-peer network client server. So client server network are more expensive. Peer-to-peer network are generally simpler and less expensive. It has high security. It is less security.

[00:23:44]So if server crashes there is a chance of data loss. Data and information is shared around the network. So less chance of data loss. Just the example Google server, Yahoo server and bank etc. is example. Example one to one computer and Bluetooth connectivity. So question number two define computer network write its advantages and disadvantages. Answer m computer network defined as the collection of two or more autonomous computers which are interconnected together for sharing resources with the help of transmission media and set of protocols. So advantage of computer networking resources faster and cheaper communication centralized control backup and recovery remote and mobile access. So disadvantages of computer network. So one expensive number security problems needs technical portions. It is very difficult to install and operate good computer network. This question number three explain bounded and unbounded media in brief wide or guided media or bounded bound transmission media. So the transmission of data and information from source to destination by using physical medium like wires are called bounded transmission media it twisted cable STP and UTP cable and thick fiber optics. So twisted pair molecule a pair of copper wires is twisted to each other in a helical path making the same structure as a DNA molecule. So one the reason for twisting is to reduce electrical interference.

[00:25:51]It is the cheapest and easily available wire it is mostly used in telephone system.

[00:26:01]It is cheaper than other cables.

[00:26:04]It is thin and light so it is flexible for it can travel data in short distance with higher bandwidth. Disadvantages it is only used for short distance transmission.

[00:26:19]It can be affected by electrical and magnetic field.

[00:26:23]It is slower type of transmission media compared to other cables. So cable cable consist of a thick copper wire in the core surrounded by an insulating plastic with a net of thin copper wires used as earthling and in the outermost part. Just for example TV cabling system. So advantages it is faster and reliable than twister twisted cable.

[00:26:51]It can transfer data over medium range of distance. Disadvantages it is not appropriate for relatively larger distance.

[00:27:01]It is expensive than twisted cable.

[00:27:04]It is rarely used in computer network.

[00:27:07]Fiber optics. It is the most advanced media in communication which uses light rather than electricity to transmit information. Optical fiber is very thin media which is measured in microns and is very hard to identify with our naked eye. So advantages it has higher bandwidth that means it can handle large volume of data. Two this medium can be used for long distance transmission. Three number it is the most secure and error-free transmission medium. This disadvantages one number it is one of the expensive type of transmission media. Two it is not used for short distance transmission only highly qualified and technical manpower are required to operate on fiber optics. This two wireless or unguided media or onbound transmission media. Onbound transmission is also called wireless or unguided media. If there is no physical connectors or wires between the two communicating devices is called wireless transmission media. Its types are as flows.

[00:28:26]Radio waves are prevalent and well understood. We are just beginning to realize their enormous potential as a networking medium. This microwaves microwave in contrast have been used in data communications for a long time.

[00:28:39]This question number four topology explain any four of them with figure and their pros and cons.

[00:28:49]Network topology refers to the physical layout of the network. It uh shows the geographical representation of all the links and linking devices also called nodes. It is the shape of the network.

[00:29:01]The main objectives of the network topology is to find out the most economical and efficient way of transmission channel. So it types are topology computers are connected to a single continuous cable that is called boss. It acts as backbone. It is based on client server network architecture.

[00:29:22]Advantage it is simple and easy to set up and extend the network on it required less cable. Disadvantage data traffic is very high in boss. If there is problem in main cable then internet network goes down. Third point it is very difficult to find out the fault on the boss. This start topology computers in the network are connected to each other with the help of central connecting device of or switch or server. It is based on client server architecture. It is the most popular and widely used topology for LAN advantage m. It is simple, reliable and easy to set up and reconfiguration. And it is flexible to connect new computer and remove existing computer in the network.

[00:30:06]It is very easy to find out fault. If any computer go in the network goes down then other computers can continue their functions. This disadvantages it requires very large amount of cables. It is expensive topology. This fourth point, third point. If there is any problem in central switch or switch then the entire network will be down. This fourth point the data traffic is high in central device hub. This third ring computers are interconnected to each other by making a closed circular structure. That means each computer is connected to other two adjacent computers in either network architecture. Advantages it is simple and inexpensive topology. There is less chance of data collision because of unidirectional data transmission. Third point there is no server. So each computer has equal SS facilities to the resources. Fourth number its performance is better than boss topology for smalls size network. So disadvantages it is not flexible topology. So it is difficult for adding and removing new nodes on it is not suitable for large network large size network. This third point if there is a problem in any computer or connection then the entire network goes down. Fourth point it is very difficult to find out the errors in the network. So fourth number topology every computer in the network has pointto-point connection to all other computers by using multiport connector.

[00:31:42]It is also based on peer-to-peer architecture. So it's advantage. It is fastest and most reliable topology in any computer or transmission media does not affect the rest of the network.

[00:31:55]There is less amount of data traffic due to multiple paths. Disadvantages m it is very much most complex and most expensive topology. Second point it is difficult to find and error in the network. Third point it is difficult to add and remove nodes in the network. So it is not flexible.

[00:32:15]It requires maximum amount of cables and multiple connectors.

[00:32:20]Chapterology.

[00:32:28]JavaScript. Write it speech.

[00:32:31]JavaScript is a lightweight interpreted programming language. It is designed for creating network ccentric applications.

[00:32:38]It is complimentary to and integrated with Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It is open and crossplatform. So features JavaScript is a lightweight interpreted programming language designed for creating network ccentric applications complimentary to and integrated with Java. Complimentary to and integrated with HTML. It is case-sensitive language. JavaScript is supportable in operating system. It provides good control to the users over the web browsers. So question number two, write methods of adding JavaScript in HTML document with examples.

[00:33:23]JavaScript also known as GS is one of the scripting client side scripting languages that is usually used in web development to create modern interactive web pages.

[00:33:36]Embedding code inline code and external file. So write a function to add subtract multiply division of two numbers in JavaScript.

[00:34:04]HTML head script function calculate operation JavaScript functionals enter any number= to% prompt enter any results to a b= a This case multiply result= to a into bide.

[00:34:51]If b is not equals to z then result is equals to a by b else cannot divided by z return last default alert invalid operation return operation 0.2 Two upper case plus operation slice one plus result buttonulate addition button button on clickulate subtractulate subtraction button button on click is equals to calculate multiply calculate multiplication button divide number four. Write a function to find the factorial of any given number in JavaScript.

[00:36:02]HTML to prompt enter any number this where fact is equals to 1 for where i is equals to 1 i is less than i ++ into i document write factorial of floss is plus Define form validation. Write an example of basic form validation. Answer. Form validation is the process of ensuring that the data entered into a form by a user meets certain criteria or constraints before it is submitted to a server or processed. Further, the goal of form validation is to improve the accuracy and completeness of the data submitted by users, reducing errors and enhancing the overall user experience.

[00:36:58]So question number six, what is wave technology? Wave technology explain client and server side scripting language.

[00:37:07]Wave technology is the tools and techniques which enables two or more computing devices to communicate over a network that is internet. So client side in scripting programming Client side scripting is performed to generate a code that can run on the client side that is front end browser without needing the server side backend processing. Basically client side scripts are placed inside an HTML document. Advantages of client side scripting immediate response to users enhance the appearance of websites and more more responsive design and interaction with the user.

[00:37:46]It does not need to send requests to the server. Hence reduces the load on server. Disadvantages of client server is client side scripting.

[00:37:56]All browsers may not support client side support script. The code is not secure because anyone can look at the code.

[00:38:05]Users can disable the client side script. So required content may not be displayed.

[00:38:11]Database connection is not possible with client side scripting.

[00:38:16]Dynamic content cannot be displayed.

[00:38:18]Server side scripting programming.

[00:38:22]Server side scripting also known as back end runs on the server where the application is hosted. Server side is used to serve content depending upon the user request. Some of the popular server side backend scripting language are ASP, JavaScript using CSSJS example, NodeJS, Paul, PHP, Ruby, Python.

[00:38:46]You can create dynamic pages. You connect to database that resides on the web server.

[00:38:53]Can access files from the server to client browser. Users are not able to block the contents from server. So disadvantages scripting software has to be installed on the server.

[00:39:07]The script takes more time to execute.

[00:39:09]It requires a large amount of memory especially in the server computer.

[00:39:14]Implementation cost is high.

[00:39:17]If a lot of users are accessing server data, server may crash due to overload.

[00:39:21]So question number define SQL. SQL write down the SQL queries to reach a database. Create a table. Insert data and query to display it.

[00:39:34]SQL structured query language SQL structured query language is a programming language used for managing and manipulating relational relational databases. So SQL programming language managing and manipulating relational databases relational databases.

[00:40:00]So it provides a standardized way to interact with databases allowing users to create, retrieve, update and delete data.

[00:40:11]Create to create, retrieve, update and delete data. So first create database my database. So use the database dat.

[00:40:40]So user ID int primary key username bar 50 not null on email 100 data insert data into the table. So insert into users user id username email is etc this values values one johnample.com 25ample.comample.com fivey to display select aisk from user so full meaning select all from users.

[00:41:31]Question number eight. Write a PHP script to connect the MySQL database and demonstrate data insp MySQL server. Username is equals to your MySQL username.

[00:41:54]Password password is equals to your MySQL password. DB nameals to your database nameals to new MySQL server name username password connection is connect failed connection Dollar sign product name is equals to laptop dollar price equals to 1250 expired date= to 2023 1231= SQL to insert into product name price expire company name.

[00:43:09]So next values product name price expired date company name. So if connection tyqals true then successfully tag connection close the connection database connection to closeing answer.

[00:43:55]So all the entities of a program used in object oriented programming op method are called objects. So here entities represent a group of people, teachers, students, books, cars, etc. See each entity or object does have an attribute called characteristics and be and the behavior or functions. For example, a car can be an object. The color like blue, black, size, weight, etc. are the attributes or the characteristics which distinguishes it to it with the other objects. And move tone EDC can be functions in functions by class. So class is a userdefined data type in object oriented programming which defines the data types for all the objects which run under on it. So or it collects the objects of it similar data types.

[00:44:49]So question number two inheritance and polymorphism it is a process of combining the data and functions together.

[00:45:08]For example, different programs together.

[00:45:28]So gives more emphasis on the data rather than the functions on procedures or procedures. Many functions can use the same data but the instruction given to the function to use any particular data and combining them together is the encapsulation. So due to its unrelated functions cannot use unnecessary data in the program.

[00:45:55]same operator in different ways and different method or purpose. So operator overloading and the operation overloading are the examples of polymorphism. So for example plus operator can be used for arithmetic operation and string concatenation both.

[00:46:11]So this facility or feature is an example of polymorphism polymorphism example of facility. So it reduces the number of keywords or operators.

[00:46:23]Question number three between language.

[00:46:32]So one emphasis is given to procedure.

[00:46:35]So object oriented emphasis is given to data. So two programs are divided into multiple modules. Objected programs are divided into multiple objects and three number it follows top to down method and object oriented. It follows bottom up method.

[00:46:54]Generally data cannot be hidden.

[00:46:57]Data can be hidden.

[00:46:59]It does not model the real world perfectly. It models the real world perfectly.

[00:47:07]Maintenance is difficult. Maintenance is easy.

[00:47:11]Reusability is difficult.

[00:47:14]Reusability is easy.

[00:47:17]examples.

[00:47:28]Question number four, describe any five features of OP oriented programming. OP is a programming paradism that is based on the concept of objects which can contain data and code that manipulates that data. Here are five key features of OP.

[00:47:49]So encapsulation abstraction already polymorphism overloading over.

[00:48:04]This refers to the ability of a class to have multiple methods with the same name but with different parameters. So ability to have multiple methods with the same name. Multiple method with same name but with different parameters to different parameters. So overloading allows you to create methods with the same name that performs different task depending on the number of or type of argument passed to them. So to create methods with the same name depending on the number of or type of arguments passed to them. Question number five describe the object oriented concept in programming object.

[00:48:55]It is a modern approach of programming.

[00:48:57]So modern approach of programming it is highly known as OP in short form for OP.

[00:49:04]In this method, all the real world entities are created as the objects and objects are collected in a class and even the classes are controlled by a superass and by the inheritance feature.

[00:49:17]The changes on the superass are easily passed to its subasses. Similarly, it was developed to overcome procedure oriented programming method and the data is given high priority rather than the functions. Data can be hidden so that the possibility of data alteration is very less.

[00:49:37]Chapter six software process model study explain different levels of physibility.

[00:49:50]Physibility study is the most important activity in the system analysis fields.

[00:49:56]So feasibility study say most important activity system analysis phase it analyzes the purpose system from different aspects so that it makes us clear that how practical or beneficial the system will be with the organization. So it tells us whether the system is feasible to design or not. So the different levels of physibility study are as one number economic feasibility. Uh it concerns with cost effectiveness of the system. The main objective of economic feasibility is to calculate approximate cost. Both the time development cost and the operational cost and the benefits from the system.

[00:50:41]Technical feasibility it concerns with the availability of the hardware software and the technical equipment for the complete development of the system.

[00:50:52]Operational feasibility it concerns with smooth operation of the system. It is all about the problems that may occur during operations of the system after its development.

[00:51:05]Behavior feasibility. It concerns with the behaviors of the users and the society towards the new system.

[00:51:11]Generally, most of the traditional employees are not easily ready to upgrade them with the new system. This five number social feasibility. It is a determination of whether a proposed system will be acceptable to the people or not. Six number management feasibility. It is a determination of whether a proposed system will be acceptable to management or not. This seven number schedule time feasibility.

[00:51:37]It is the process of splitting projects into task and estimate time and resources required to complete each task. It determines the deadline to complete a system and schedule the task accordingly.

[00:51:51]Legal feasibility. It concerns with legality of the system. If the system is illegal, then the system designing is meaningless. So everything is measured whether it is illegal or illegal. It it considers copyright law, foreign law, foreign trade tax.

[00:52:07]Question number two, explain the waterfall model with pros and cons.

[00:52:13]Waterfall explains waterfall model is a systematic and sequential model to develop software that begins with requirements analysis to operation and maintenance. It describes a development method that is linear and sequential. It is an oldest type of model for software engineering.

[00:52:37]So the fundamental processes of waterfall model are as flows. One requirements analysis and definition. It is the first stage of waterfall model.

[00:52:48]In this stage the developer should identify the actual requirements of the given problem. Two normal method system design. In this stage, the systems design process partitions the requirements to either hardware or software systems. On three system development during this stage, the system design is converting into development. On four integration and system testing, the individual program units or programs are integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements have been met. Five number m operation and maintenance. In this stage, the system is installed to the desired location.

[00:53:32]The maintenance involves correcting errors which were not discovered in earlier stages of the life cycle, improving the implementation of system units and enhancing the system service as new requirements are discovered.

[00:53:47]Basically, advantage.

[00:53:50]It is simple model suitable for small project small size project it is less expensive disadvantages it has no backtrack mechanism it is not suitable for large size project it has lack of proper documentation question number three explain the diagram with an example answer relationship diagram so the diagram diagram is an overall logical structure of a database that can be expressed graphically. It was developed to facilitate the database design and the simplicity and the pictorial clarity of this diagramming technique have done great help in the designing part of database. The main components are attributes, entities and relationship.

[00:54:42]On the diagrammatic representation of entities, attributes and their relationship is described by EI diagram.

[00:54:50]So the main components of e are one entity rectangut explain it several phases.

[00:55:10]SDLC consist of a set of development activities that have a prescribed order.

[00:55:16]It is the development of software in chronological order. So the different phases of SDLC are flows. So first system study a system is intended to meet the needs of an organization. So system organization the first step in the design is to specify these needs requirements. So the firstcess the top manager of the organization takes the basic decision to use a computer based information system for managing the organization.

[00:55:56]Second step analysis. So system analysis is the dissection uh dissection of a system into its component pieces to study how those component pieces interact and work. So system analysis is a term that collectively describes the early phases of development. So system analysis dissection of the system into how those components work analysis. System analysis is a term that collectively describe the early phases of development. It is defined as those phases and activities that focuses on the business problem independent of technology.

[00:56:43]Physibility study. Physibility study is the most important activity in the system analysis ph. It analyzes the proposed system from different aspects.

[00:56:51]So that it makes clear that how practical or beneficial the system will be to an organization.

[00:57:08]system design. The next step is to develop the logical design of the system. During this phase, the logic of the system namely the information requirement of users and use this to find the necessary database system development. After designing a logical diagram of a system, then next step is to convert into program. This process is called system development.

[00:57:33]Just the flowchart algorithm code etc are the outlines the procedures for taking the input data and processing it into usable output. So f number six system testing. So it is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the new product or service under test. So system testing also provides an objective independent view of the software to allow the businesses uh to appreciate and understand the risk of software. Implement implementation. So implementation involves testing the installed system converting from the old system to the new one and training the user. So this phase consist of implementation of the system into a production environment and resolution of the problem identified in testing phase. So yes maintenance and review it begins after the system is implemented like any system there is an aing process that requires periodic maintenance of hardware and software.

[00:58:42]The content of the review will include objectives made cost performance standards and recommendation.

[00:58:51]Chapter seven recent question.

[00:58:56]So question number one explain AI and applications in AI artificial intelligence. AI is a branch of computer science which is concerned with programs that solves and analyzes problems intelligently. So the applications of AI are so AI emerges and gives new height for dull machines on the field of game playing.

[00:59:23]Some intelligence programming is far better than the human brain. B expert system it is the computer programming to make decisions in real life situations.

[00:59:35]AI based computer system can decide and think itself for desired result what is to be happened.

[00:59:42]Pattern detection. It detects most common patterns for authentication. For example, thumb detection, detection, EDC. This is most widely used tools for security purpose which once stored in database.

[00:59:57]Natural language processing NLP. So NLP is a branch of artificial intelligence AI that deals with analyzing, understanding and generating the languages that human use naturally in order to interface with computers in both written and speak automated operations. So AI is used to automate satellite, space shuttle, airplane without pilot without any technical human being. The system automatically handle and controls the system that are already set in that corresponding instruction with logics and mathematics.

[01:00:36]Robotics robots are used in many fields like robots are broadly used in using in surgery for operation micro surgery. So number two cloud computing cloud computing is the use of various services such as software development platforms, servers, storage and software over the internet often referred to as the cloud. So it is defined as a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having handle applications. So first public cloud public cloud is made available to the general public for a large industry group. Second private cloud so private cloud computing environment resides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organizational benefits number hybrid cloud. So hybrid cloud is the combination of both public and private cloud. With this cloud, organizations might run non-care applications in a public cloud while maintaining core applications and data in a private cloud. Question number three IoT write its advantages.

[01:02:11]The internet of things IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals uh any or the peoples that are provided with the unique identifiers UID and their ability and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human to human or human to computer interaction without human to human or human to computer interaction.

[01:02:43]network of it automates tasks and helps to improve the quality of a business's services and reduces it helps to operate the business operations more efficiently better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service it supports to improve decision making and increases the value of the business.

[01:03:12]So, Foreign