Dr. Agrahari masterfully condenses complex genetic science into a utilitarian manual for exam-driven success. It is a highly efficient bridge between cutting-edge biotechnology and the pragmatic needs of future administrative elites.
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L09. CURRENTS MARATHON 2026 - 2027 | SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | DR. RAVI AGRAHARI SIR | BILINGUAL |Hinzugefügt:
And the current affairs updates related to it Have been. Look why this is called Biotechnology? So a line at the beginning Let me tell you. There are two terms in this. a bio It is and is a technology. Bioterm Define As a living being or living Organisms. Ok? It defines as a living Beings or Living Organisms. and A Technology Generally Wherever We Dis Describe so we always call them as an it Is a technologies are those which are developed By the human being for the welfare of Human Being. that is, by human beings Anything that is created for welfare It is just technical. technology that helps You can listen to my class live here.
Or I will upload it. you would have heard and we all communicate with each other through the internet You can connect with. All these things are nowhere Has technology made your life better?
And made comfortable. Made it easy. So such Technology that is created by humans And here actually for the welfare of human beings Living organisms are used for Is. Now plants are also included in living organisms.
can be, can be animals also and or even micro-organisms Can. If I say it in one line then it is A technology derived from living means.
That means here somewhere there are plants, somewhere else Animals, where micronism would be used You will see what happened.
Ok? So, the first topic is very common.
It is a topic. genetically modified Organisms. It is a very big topic. less It takes at least one and a half to two hours.
In covering the entire static. Still then I will give it a little brief in short.
I cover it. enough to tell you I will try. See What are genes? The characters who Parents to the next generation move on.
Meaning it continues from generation to generation. from parents Go to the children. They are called jeans In technical language. These genes are actual Where do I live? So you must have heard Our parents give us chromosomes.
Ok? Inside these chromosomes, in actual Let me tell you a little brief. in You must have heard that inside chromosomes He is a mail and he is an ex. those who are female X is X. These are the same chromosomes that It comes to us through our parents.
Are. Ok? within these chromosomes within these chromosomes that our We get it from our parents. Got it? Us These chromosomes contain DNA. what are chromosomes Inside? DNA. And within this DNA There are actually jeans.
These are actually present inside the DNA.
Jeans. And these same chromosomes that give us our What we get from our parents means the same to us.
We get our DNA from our parents. Its Meaning we get the same genes from our parents.
Are. And this is the DNA inside the chromosomes, genes inside DNA and this is passed on from generation to generation It works. That is why we call genes hereditary.
They say characters. Ok? So any If there is any character in plants, it is No? So definitely from the generation behind him It is coming. Now in his genetic character If I make some changes to the The characteristics will change And this is what we call genetically modified.
Crops. That means there is some gene which makes him I am getting it from the previous generation. if in that Let us make some modifications. Okay, right? So We call that genetic modification.
Now that could be many ways. RNA Can interfere. Recombinant DNA You can use technology. Isn't it?
and use of Agrobacterium to mifecians Can do. There are many things that With help we can do all things. Now come Let's see what the whole thing is Concepts. So what is a GM crop? generally We can insert some DNA etc. here.
inside the plants so that their The complete trait which Generations happen, we change them.
Are. Ok? Now this change is of no use.
It may be for. to protect him from any disease It could be for. any unwanted plant He may not have any problem with it, it may be for him Is. It could be to protect against some insect Is. the quality of a nutrient to increase maybe that inside of him we Are you increasing any nutrient supply?
So there are so many possibilities here Guys. If you are growing a genetically modified plant Talk about the world's first genetically modified The modified crop that was commercialized was Tha Flash from Tomato which happened in the US in 1994 I know why it was made delayed The crop that was used for the ripening process Its ripening process was very fast.
So it's actually a tomato plus tomato And there is a problem with tomatoes that its The ripening that takes place happens very quickly.
So when the farmer cuts it from the field Takes a good amount of tomatoes to the market Whatever happens, rots away Ok. So there is a technology in this which can be used what we call RNA Interference. RNA interference, which you post transcription gene silencing I also know him by name. This is a static part Here's what you should know. and this RNA Interference or post-transcriptional genes UPSC also asked questions on silencing asked in 2018 RNA interference or PTGS uses the same technology to The plant was developed. Where this Wrapping Process of Plants Joe Tomatoes was slowed down. So quite good Started saving tomatoes. Now cut from the fields If you take it to the market, it will be quite good.
Tomato will survive. It will not rot. Ok? Less You will save at least Rs. So that's the first one A genetically modified plant that Commercialized and human consumption It was certified for. America is the agency of. You must have heard about FAO Food and Agricultural organizations.
Top GM producing countries in the world Among the countries there is US, Brazil, There is Argentina, there is India, there is Canada. it All of them are top GMs Come under producing countries. and which Common GM crops used worldwide The major one is cotton, the major one is soybean and It is canola. What are objectives? Very All objectives can be achieved. I just now Bola Pest Resistance Unwanted Plant You can build resistance. Pest virus Can save from. Control with herbs etc. will be. Can be conserved in soil etc. Are. Such soil where plants and trees Can't seem to. You must have heard about China There is a very large baron area in it. Ok?
It can be called desert region. where China has banned genetically modified crops By planting it and cultivating it completely, it becomes green.
Area done. I mean, things like that too Can do. So that you can conserve soil You can apply the process etc. there.
Are. And this is done with the help of Genally Modified Crop These things, these things are possible. Ok? These Things are possible. Now let's look here.
BT Jeans and their roles, right BT Jeans And their roles, which are very important genes You must have heard on the basis of which you BT Let's talk about crops. which in the world Bt crops are okay within that crop One gene was introduced. At present There are many genes. what we call kraven There are many genes that are AC cry to AB.
There is cryOne AC gene, not cryTo AB gene.
Gene There Are So Many Types of Genes to Cry AB gene is there, all these genes were introduced Let's go. There is also a question in your paper.
had asked Bollgard One around 2021 and Bollgard to Suna Hoga Questions Aapke Bollgard One End in paper Bolgard to these BT genes, which The source is a bacteria, its name is Bacillus suranjensis inside this bacteria A gene is found called CRIME AC Crit AB such genes are found Are. Ok. And introduce these jeans Inside plants that are called balvum a worm called which ate plants He would ruin it. So when plants Andar Ye Crime AC Gene Etc Introduce If this is done, a resistance will arise within them.
went and int inside this gene well this gene Where was it taken from? This gene was taken It was extracted from the bacterium Bacillus. And This bacteria is a soil bacteria. it It is also found in the soil. This is what? This Is a soil bacteria.
Ok? This is a soil bacteria. and its What happened with the help? When Krivan used this gene is extracted from this bacteria and placed in plants When this was applied, the plant produced crytoxin protein created and caused by cryotoxin proteins The insects that were eating them were ballworms.
etc. if their guts etc. get blocked The poor man died. So in the plants themselves Resistance has arrived. We only know such plants Known as BT crops.
So the gene was inserted into Bt cotton and so on.
Characterized by inside and paste resistance Was created. These genes were Crimen AC and The BT cross that came to India is what we call it.
known as Ballgard One and Ballgard Two.
I know. Ballgard One Jisko Hum Single It is called gene technology. Only one of these The gene was introduced and Bollgard 2 is known for its double gene technology.
Know by name. single gene in Craven AC was introduced and Cry One AC and Cry Two in Bolga 2 Both of them were also introduced.
Appeared in the question paper of 2021-22 Questions in your paper in Prelims will get. This was a variety of Bt cotton.
Was introduced in India. 2002 and 2006.
Ok. Now there are many ways to make GM Craft.
There are all kinds of ways. Ok? There are all kinds of ways.
Like Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Ok? Mediated transfer and the other direct There is a method also. by transferring a gene To create genetically modified plants For. Agrobacterium tumefaciens a soil There is bacteria. It is used.
A DNA is found in these. A naturally Transfer a segment of its DNA. Isn't it?
And this DNA is called TI Also known as plasmid or T-DNA which are inside Agrobacterium tumefaciens It happens. Ok? What does it do? Any The genomes that are inside plants etc. are used to transfer inside it is done. Agrobacterium tumefaciens About and so on. This is what we call Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.
There is a very common method which can be used by any used to create transgenic plants is done. Meaning of transgenic plants Transfer happens. The plant that after off gene It is formed. Okay, right? Isn't it? So Agro Agrobacterium dufasciens is a soil a substance found inside bacteria DNA is what is used to make genes To transfer from one to another Side. Ok? and some in direct method Technology has been developed called the gene gun There is a method. This is called ballistics.
Electroporation, microinjection. These Some are technologies. Through this you You can enter the gene directly. any Inside plants, any organisms Gene transfer is possible within.
Now let's talk about GM Cross etc. What are the advantages? many There are advantages. like us You can grow a plant very fast Can increase. means fastest breeding End capacity will be achieved. Pace Resistance You can tell things like that. like a plant There will be resistance. no insects If you eat it, you will waste it. virus resistance, weed resistance, flood resistance is herbicide resistance Will go. Isn't it? In addition, biofortification Can do. Meaning of biofortification It happens inside some plants etc. The foods etc. that he is getting Can increase the quality of nutrition.
Let me give you an example, I will tell you, let's talk about cold rice.
Golded rice is a genetically modified crop.
which is made of vitamin A Capacity was increased. This plant has some After genetic transfer, some beta We increased the amount of carotenes. Beta Increased carotene content. this question this He has also come. Slightly older question beta Increased carotene content. This question was asked in 2010.
You will get around 11 marks in prelims Golden rice. So after transferring of Certain Genes What did we do? Golden Rice Meaning some genes in the rice plant After transferring, the beta inside them Coronation started happening. and beta carotene formation The color of their grain was due to It became golden in colour. And the same variety world It became popular in the name of Golden Rice.
Ok? The same variety became popular in the world.
By the name of Golden Rice. And as soon as you You eat beta carotene, that beta carotene Gets digested and converted into vitamin A goes. So if someone is deficient in Vitamin A There is a deficiency, you should eat this, you should eat this The problem will be resolved later. custom It is farming. Increasing nutritional value yes. Good for food security and so on.
So you can understand this. Disadvantages Etc. were also seen. like a lot of There are reasons. People have started talking about GM crops etc. Also protested against it. question also I had asked. what is the reason behind the Protest of BT Brinjal? If you are in 2017 Prelims paper around etc. If you look, you will find it. Ok? Many more There are regions. It said that brother is fine.
It occurs through horizontal gene transfer.
Could be an antibiotic or pesticide There should be resistance. These plants also have Reports have come in that BTVT is cropping up They should also be resistant to insects and pests.
They are eating them too. disturb them too Not there. Spoke about health risks etc. It was said that if you plant a plant like Bt Binjal If you eat it, there are 33 types of side effects.
Are. A survey was conducted in America.
that if you eat BT Binjal then it There are approximately 33 types of side effects.
Are. And some reports have even come here.
It has been published in the paper that if such If you eat genetically modified crops, your Immunity is low. Who would like to eat Brother? Due to which you become more weak. Health There is an issue of etc. Pest resistance and so on There are also cases of what you are seeing or Insects are also against Bt crops.
Resistance has come. Ok? herbicide over Use that is too much right? have to do Used to be. Isn't it? There is also loss of diversity.
There is a political risk. Now Diversity and Politeness What is at risk? Look, assume that If you had planted only BT crop then the BT crop which If you apply it, it is not just to the ball Kills. anything else besides Kills important insects. They Important insects that are nearby There are pollinators that break down pollen grains.
Move it from here to there. such as pollination and Fertilization occurs. A new generation comes.
New seeds come, seeds come. If If those insects and things like that die The entire diversity effect there will be. So these are your negatives, which There are disadvantages, things like that.
What you will get to see from Gym etc. From Crop. Well then. Some applications Golden Rice has biofortification like If I were to tell you right now as a beta carotene We use edible fruits as a source of Vitamin A.
Recombinant DNA can make a vaccine With the help of technology. Ok? like one Recombinant tobacco was created with the help of We can make a medicine against hepatitis B.
Yes, you can use it. Edible Vaccinations Bun Can. Biofil Jo Fourth Generation Biofil in which we have genetically modified Those who have used the crop can use it.
A phytoremediation can be done. like someone Genetically modifying bacteria You will read about oil zapper in environment. So Genetically modified materials can be created And can remove any pollution etc. There's an oil spill somewhere in the water.
If there is oil leakage then it should also be Can finish it. So all these benefits Here are what you will find.
Now look, if we introduce GM crops in India Talking about Bt cotton, in 2002 Introduced. ok after a lot of I also came. BT mustard came, BT vinjal Came. Later these were closed. But BT cotton still if you look at BT cotton Don't eat. With Brinjal and Mustard Look, when he eats, he also has health issues.
There is a problem. Even Bt cotton is now used in the same areas It doesn't even seem like it. It seems very little.
See BT Brinjal etc., approved in 2009 Later it was put on hold. GM There is mustard which is still awaiting work which is going on Used to be. Let's just see when it comes.
We actually know this as DMA 11.
I know. DMA 11 Made in India Went. Bt crops were not developed by India.
Went. BT Crop is a California company.
Isn't it?
Sorry, the plant is a Belgian company Genetic systems. He had made it. after I acquired this company It is a non-governmental company of America.
By Monsanto. So today it is Monsanto that BT makes a cross. India's own India has developed a GM mustard which Looking around 2018 around 171 your There is a question in PT. DMA 11 Which we call Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11 Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11 This is a hybrid mustard variety.
Brassica is agensia. Isn't it? through the same It is built into it. There are a lot of jeans whose barness Bar Star Barnes Bar Star These are all jeans. whose With the help of we made such plants.
But still look, this is commercialized now.
It did not happen. We are waiting for it right now.
Still Awaiting Commercialized.
It is approved by the Government of India.
Is. Gives its approval at the first level GAC Genetically Engineered Appraisal Committee. Questions have arisen regarding this also.
Under the Environmental Protection Act 1986 This committee has come. All these within India genetically modified crops and so on put on Gives their certification. I don't know now Eat and if you die somewhere then the government will have to pay There may be loss. Humans may suffer harm.
So this is a committee which checks things and then Gives her report. and this committee After approval, MoEF NCC final Approval comes. which is the country's leading The ministry is about the environment Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change. So let me tell you, GM I'm talking about Mustard Joe DMH 11 GSC has given its approval. But It is currently on hold at MoEF&CC.
Is. Its final decision has not come yet.
Otherwise, you may get it in the future.
Go. India's own Chandikli modified crop India started making It has been commercialized and is called GM.
mustard or dmh 11 full form thara Mustard Hybrid 11 Ye Bt Mustard Not at all, don't be confused Other crops currently under trial are tomatoes.
There is table, there is chickpea, let's see when in India Lots of bodies being all these things.
that check things like this It regulates like we are regulating GSC now.
I was talking about GSC, see it is also written here Genetically Engineered Applicable Committee Approves the environmental release of GMOs And this work is done by MOE of NCC. Its There are other things besides. RDSC is, There is the Reclusive DNA Advisory Committee. Monitor The things that develop in biotech Are happening. RCCGM is the review committee On genetic manipulation reviews high.
Res GM Research Pe. GAC I gave you I just gave it. approves any Genetically modified crops and so on.
SBCC State Biotechnical Coordination There is a committee that works at the state level and It checks the GM organisms which are plants and trees.
Whatever is being made, they are being monitored.
She does and takes care of them. like this There should be no harm. So all these India has all the regulatory frameworks Those who are working.
Look at these Chandikli modified crops I have told you everything. Correct Is? One is still an outline. you can see So we can make DG resistance.
Herbicide resistance can develop. Pace Can create resistance. Nutrition Can increase the quality. Basal Surgenesis With the help of bacteria, we have introduced Bt genes.
Have you transferred it? and protected from insects To the plants. bt bt who were ball wm worms Saved from them. There are a lot of DNA that Can insert plants inside. Correct Is? Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, gene gun related gene transfer There are many methods of gene transfer.
We can use it. So here it is in front of you Is.
Look at this different genome sequencing.
There are initiatives that exist all over the world.
Some of these are specifically in India, some in the world and working together Are. What is a genome? The genome is Sum of all the jeans. If we Add up all the genes If we do the sum of all genes, we call it The genome is estimated to have approximately 24,000 genes.
This work started in 1990.
And it took 13 years to complete it in 2003.
Six Nations Involved in This Work was not in India and together He studied the complete human genome.
Sequencing was done, meaning all the genes Just look at it. Know the DNA in your body How tall is he? 3 billion base pay Is. Length of DNA.
Ok? It is located inside the nucleus of a cell.
I am telling you. There is a cell in your body. One Take out the cell. one inside a cell You will get the nucleus. Take that out. One There are a total of 23 pairs of electrons within the nucleus.
Chromosome will be found. Take that out.
Chromosome will be found. one per chromosome There is DNA. So a total of 46 DNAs will be. Take that out. Inside this 46 DNA The base pairs are AT GC CG AT If you know the basics then you will take their length You get about 3 billion base pairs a year.
Will come. And this entire 3 billion base pair length Of which DNA was studied thoroughly, due to which 24,000 total genes were found inside this gene under the Human Genome Project, which It took 13 years. That's what I was telling you.
And if you look at the jeans that suit your body Inside. Now this will happen generation after generation to your next generation.
Generations are moving into the next generation. World If there is a human anywhere in the world, its genome What will you talk about the size of its genome?
Will you speak? 3 billion base pair length of DNA.
America, Russia, Japan, Pakistan, China, Nepal subspecies have a length of 3 billion base pairs.
of DNA. This is the human genome.
If we find any fossil somewhere, it will have 3 The length of DNA can be found in billion bases. it It is a human fossil. Think we can tell Jean Whose fossil is this? genetic study On the basis of. There are a lot of things. this is Little things that I'm telling you.
That's because the genome term is coming So I thought I should tell you a little bit about All the jeans. Now look at the genome A lot of research is done. like there is one Indijn Program.
Wait a minute.
Now what is the Indigen program? first look This. Ok? Talk about everything first Let's do it slowly.
What is the Indigen Program? By PSR Has been brought. This is India's genetic Genetic mapping of diversity.
Studies all its sequencing.
gene sequencing or genome Sequencing means the same thing. in the genes It is a matter of a gene. All in the genome They speak by mixing genes. So both of The answer will be the same. Don't worry now.
Ok. So genome sequencing from the Dwarves Ethnic group. So okay sir. our country There are many ethnic groups in. Different People of the language. people of different dialects Are. Okay, right? So all their genetic Brought indigenous program to study Went. Good thing by CSR. One Day One Genome Project, what is this, One Day One?
Department of Biotechnology brought Is. The bacteria etc. that are here The bacteria of India are very unique There are bacteria. which is our agriculture, Meanings related to health and environment Help can be provided in research etc. These can be used. his study it occurs. Their sequences are extracted.
A study is done. One DNA One Genome Under. Who is doing this work?
Department of Biotechnology.
About the Human Genome Project People have already talked. From 1990 to 2003 In one country together completed the entire The entire human genome was prepared.
Ok? At present, it will be finalized in 2022.
But these things were completed by 2003.
Was. Human Genome Project.
1 lakh genome project in the United Kingdom He has brought it. Look at the United Kingdom Has come. What is there to do in this? approximately approximately 85000 85000 NHS i.e. National Health Services Under this, the patients who are There are some special types of rare diseases like They have cancer, these are the kinds of diseases Their genetic study will be done under this Because now there is cancer etc., what is that Those mutations are sudden genetic changes So, we are trying to understand cancer on the basis of China.
I can understand, you can say this There is also the International HapMap Project, what is this?
does map but million genetic Variants He will check ok which population millions That means there are about a million of them population of the whole world is their genetic Will check. frequencies on that basis Will try to understand diseases. How Diseases are linked to certain genes.
They are and continue to be passed on to the next generation.
It will help you understand them. all these things that was related to the genome and I told you It has been done here.
Let's move slowly, taking one topic at a time.
The next topic is RNA editing.
Currently there are two terms. RNA editing also comes and another term comes, it is called There is DNA editing. A comparative study also I will do RNA editing and DNA editing I'm at the end of it. Ok? RNA and Many of you know about DNA.
will be. These are genetic characters.
There are genetic characters. Now some people You will think, Sir, what about genetic characters?
What does it mean? The genes that actually Isn't it?
They would be inside this DNA or this RNA.
Are. The genes we have are made up of DNA.
It happens inside. Now brother, if I get infected with the Covid virus If I ask about the Covid virus, then inside the Covid virus The gene was inside the RNA. Only then we People used to say that Covid is an RNA virus.
So these are genetic characters and These contain genes through which Traits are passed from parents to children from generation to generation Let's go.
Now some editing should be done in this RNA.
Meaning there may be some errors, some problems and If editing is done in RNA then The expression that will happen, the genes that will come later Whatever expressions you are making, they will improve.
How does it happen? Let me tell you one thing.
It's like when a quality is created right now I told you inside the chromosomes There is DNA.
The whole story is about static. Understanding Concept. DNA is inside chromosomes Are. You understood. This DNA is what will later Makes a lot of DNA. when you grow up would have been. This DNA later becomes RNA Are making it. when you were growing up Are. This same RNA later becomes different types of RNA.
Makes RNA. We call this ribosomal RNA.
They say. It is called messenger RNA.
It is called transfer RNA. Isn't it? This is made and these are the different types of RNA Messenger came from among me specially with the help of rRNA and transfer RNA are makes proteins and in the form of proteins Our body has all the characters Are. We all have all the qualities.
If you have any disease then there is protein.
If your hair is curly then there is curly protein.
But behind that curly protein is this DNA contains genes that Are responsible. These are the genes Which are inside the DNA. This is the DNA that that occurs in chromosomes. This only chromosomes that come from either your mom or dad It comes from your father, from your mother. So the one which the kind of genes you bring Character is formed.
Now if we consider the process of RNA here But do some editing.
Meaning, going beyond RNA, the process can be seen here.
But stop and do the editing. So the one behind Is Jean able to go on and create character?
Of course he will not make it. to such things Call it RNA editing.
Ok. Or in a way we call this RNA It can also be called interference. RNA on Post to you for interference Have to go to the transcription level. Ok?
Stopping this mechanism here will be. We call this replication.
Process. DNA formation from DNA.
We call this the transcription process.
We call this post transcription.
Process.
And we call this the translation process.
I am doing all this quickly in short.
Everything is static.
What do we call this? translation Process. This is how it happens gradually All things are made. Now look at your The background is ready. Now your background It's ready. Ok? Now onto RNA editing.
Go. Look here. Understand the story. A Web Life Science company. Recently, a RNA takes significant success In cases of editing and its clinical There are applications that show and tell What if that is RNA editing? If We need to make precise modifications to RNA.
Get. What is the same RNA? a messenger acts as a ligand that prevents the ligation of DNA Carries up to protein. Yes sir, all right now That's what you were showing from behind. RNA Message RNA was coming in between. from DNA The character was being formed. If we are in this If editing is done in the RNA molecule then what Also, genetic defects are coming from the DNA behind That was it will already be fine. The same protein When any quality was being created in the form, correct it.
Will give. The mechanism for this to work An enzyme used Whose name is Adar.
To do this entire editing process Adar was used. What is Adar? One The enzyme is adenosine deaminase acting on RNA.
The RNA we made with the help of this enzyme I am telling you the same thing about reading.
Am. Not us, this company, this company Okay, and the RNA was what was guiding it.
If there were errors, we will correct them.
RNA editing if we try to look at And if with DNA editing we Compare it and then I will tell you DNA editing is way better.
Now on which feature if RNA and DNA Talking about editing, it is better. First If we talk about permanence then RNA Editing is temporary. Not 100% permanent Because it is again in its reverse condition May come. But if you did DNA, it It is permanent.
Talk about safety here the body is on its own The order uses enzymes. But here But what happens? Foreign protein here Crispers etc. are used Is. Crispr is a specific enzyme There are. Enzymes with genetic character which are present in specific bacteria see you. and the gene editing process helps in carrying out effectively Are. And what is Crisper like on nine, so question.
UPSC has asked. gene editing This is the modern way to do it A lot of work is going on. So how is that crisper?
What do the nurses etc. do? gene editing and they edit DNA And these are taken from outside. Any Such genes were found inside bacteria We took it and used it and there is an error.
If you remove that, then all these things come from outside.
Are available. What is flexibility? Here Effects can be reversed if needed. If You can return it if needed. But Once the change is made here, you can again Can't return it. Now look, where do you say So let's go, okay, DNA editing is better.
Is. Somewhere you say RAA editing is better Is. So both have their own limitations.
Both have their own benefits which I've explained both to you here.
Are.
What are the challenges in RNA reading? First So that's you're targeted it's. It is possible It is possible that some unintentional changes may also occur due to this.
Go. In RNA. There is a short life effect. yes You can have it again and again Treatment has to be done. for a short time Temporary and treatment should work. Delivery There are issues. Ok? Because what is it really?
These are large molecules. So these It is not easy to deliver anywhere easily This is what I was telling you just now.
Ok? The enzymes etc. that we use.
It is an emerging application. Ok? going forward We can cure many genetic diseases.
Can. Like Huntingdon, AY A1 AT neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's There are diseases. diseases like cancer can fix. Eye disorder is ABCA, Retinopathy, all these diseases are possible RNA budding may be coming in the future With the help of which we will use.
The next topic is transposons.
It's a very important topic guys. And Transposon itself is an important This is the topic for your paper. Kindly Remember it's a most important topic. And We actually call transposons jumping Known as genes. to transposons We are also calling as a what as a Jumping genes. It's a most important topic.
Kindly remember it.
Ok? It is a most important topic. Kindly Remember it. So transposons or you can call this You also know it as jumping jeans. What Does transpose happen? One in actual The scientist's name is Barbara McIntyre.
He discovered this thing. that our The genes that are inside the DNA The DNA contained within the chromosomes No, or say the entire genome that is inside The gene gene gene gene and where is the gene Are there? Inside the DNA. understanding is big This is all interesting stuff. I just now gave you He said, what is genome?
Its unit is gene. And What is a genome? sum of all genes It's called the genome. Where does the gene reside?
It happens? It is contained within the DNA. Total How much DNA is there? one of our cells Inside the nucleus, I just said, Sir, 3 DNA is a billion base pairs long.
Ok? This is the benefit. of the class room The advantage is that the static becomes better. static It becomes great. and once if static And if I tell you literally, the classes are like that That's why we do it. do it for static Are. I am telling the truth. Parents know No, this will be your first attempt, not your second.
There will be an attempt, the third attempt. anyway It's a different matter when we take classes You have either listened to my online class or Are you listening to the physical class? Ok? So there But I will leave you with the current along with the static.
I give. Then I say keep doing the rest.
Ok? But now tell me you are reading current affairs.
yes. I don't understand static, will you understand?
Transpose on jumping race. This is the thing when I say, do you feel bad? Sir Why do you speak negatively? Brother, we This should be said. without reading it be yours Will go. Everyone knows that when you appear for UPSC You are going to start preparing. Your Your parents told you to think about it, son.
Daughter, think about it. You will have to work very hard. Then You also said yes we will do it and you worked hard Are not doing it. And you think that You will change the next generation. your next The conditions of the family will improve. So over I will say this with confidence. Now this is the thing It is that you feel bad, how can everyone say this?
We give. So we say that you should not drink.
IAS will be passed and should we say this?
Let's start. Is this the problem Is with you guys. I don't have patience.
Is in a hurry. Shortcuts will be read all year round No. Will remain in shortcut. But remember that All the children whose children are coming out Children are not shortcut users. This thing is good Be careful with this. I will make this clear to you I will do it. These kids work very hard Are. We do the same day and night, we don't see the day.
Saw the night. History is not made like this Is. And someone in your story There is no interest. I will also tell you this Should I give it? Until you are selected.
Until Shubham Kumar is selected.
Is anyone interested in Shubham Kumar's story?
Not there. As long as Shakti Dubey's rule is there, no one is not interested. But as soon as I was very poor.
I was very poor. My father was like this. My Mother was like this. I have seen a lot of poverty.
You have also seen this poverty. But in you Someone is interested in your story I am not interested. If you have your story If you want to create interest in me then you have to You will have to qualify the exam. as many The children are listening to me, each with his own story.
Is. Sir, I have a girl in my house. parents They were not allowing me to study. Ok? But I studied somehow. Brother of everyone It is a different story. Nothing sir, my father He taught and motivated me. So everyone This is the story of. That's what I was telling you.
It is not like that, that you sleep without heating up.
And turn it into a diamond. Isn't it? Let's go.
Ok? So that thing will hurt. Ok? says Isn't it true that the truth stings? Ok? lie then It feels very good. Come here. Good So I was saying look at the jumping. Now this is what DNA that is in the genome and not part of the genome All the genes within the same chromosomes Are. This should not change from one place to another would have been. its position in the same genome inside the gene or DNA from here to here The change that is happening should also happen on its own.
It has been happening. With its help we can get treatment somewhere You can also do it for. This is what we It is called transpose on or jumping Are. Jump ho jnaana. jumping from one place to another Go to the place. Long knowing the things in between.
This is called jumping. to such things Discovered by Barbara McLean Talk.
Noble rise brother, it is not a small thing.
What are the things that are inside your body?
Is. not inside you and plants and It also occurs inside animals. only yours It doesn't exist inside. Now let's get to the story Let's go. The jumping gene, which we call Scientifically, transposons or known as transposable elements Are. DNA sequences where things are transported from one location to another moves to the same location within the genome Are.
This movement on the basis of this movement genes that are transferred from one place to another Let's go. Mutations occur. rot Genetic changes occur. Character of the cell They change. change the size of their genome She goes.
Sir, how does this happen? I will tell you. Don't worry Small one. Transposons. Ok? and this Look at Biblia McClintock who is known for these works For this he got the Nobel Prize. This is a lady Yes brother and every work.
Okay, right? So do you understand transposons sir?
Went. Inside a cell, within a genome the genome inside the cell, The genetic elements inside are a They move from one place to another and we call it It is called transposon. This mobile genetic elements which are They are moving, this is what we call transposons.
Known by the name of. This is in your life different times when you're growing up, Different characters are moving inside your body.
would have been. Inside a bacterium, Inside some plants, inside some animals Features like transposition inside all There are.
How does this trans transposon happen?
work? I tell you. what does it do In your body? either cut and paste works the way it should and then either it Works through replicative process. Two There are ways. Via two main mechanisms Is used which transpose follows. cut What is end paste? of some place cutting out a piece of DNA and placing it elsewhere Go to it and turn on the add-on. Like, suppose it is The complete genome is. Assume this is the entire genome.
It is so big, isn't it? Tuk Tuk Tuk Tuk Tuk Tuk Tuk Tuk tuck tuck tuck tuck tuck tuck these pieces Cut to. removed from here and this piece took it here and added it.
So the sequence piece changed. So complete The genetic code of the protein will change.
Ok? It's the same thing. So what did he do?
remove themselves from their original Locations and Insert Them to the Elsewhere It was taken somewhere else and assembled to form the complete set.
The change happened. This is one way.
What is the other way?
What is the other way? Just understand.
What is the other way? make a copy on Themselves. Oh, it's messed up. Stop.
One minute. oh yes Stop it brother. Stop.
Don't worry. I am trying to explain of.
Look here, but I'll say it again, static.
Read it, read it thoroughly, understand it So what's the other way, replicative?
The processor is not a replicative processor now.
What will be the value in replicative processor Here again, this is DNA. This is DNA.
till till tak till these are base pair sequences okay This is a piece of DNA, this is the complete DNA.
This is the DNA genome, isn't it? The entire genome is the genome.
what's in there are a lot of genes and this The entire DNA fragment is 3 billion bases long.
pair length DNA this one of DNA What the fragment will do is it will replicate This replica is not moving from its place The same piece of DNA will then become another one What happens to DNA in replication?
DNA is made of fine replication table Then this piece was made, now it is It will go somewhere and get added on from here.
It is not going to cut itself, it has made a duplicate of itself.
Created this DNA from what DNA fragments It became DNA and then it became an add-on somewhere.
Another position is called replicative.
Are. What happened here? de make a copy one I made a copy myself and then inserted it.
Move that copy to a new location.
Go. like then the entire DNA sequence The change has happened. complete DNA fragment If the sequence changes, the entire genetic and The character of the protein will change. change properties Will go.
Come here.
If we talk about types of transposons So there are two types. This is called DNA transposomes. The second one is called Retrotransposomes. DNA transposons What we were studying back then was DNA.
It was a transposon. things inside DNA The sequence was happening, she was moving a from one location to another Inside the genome.
Now if the same thing happens through RNA, So we call it RNA genome.
Are. Do you know what happens in this? First The DNA will be converted into RNA.
Will go. Understand? convert into RNA Will go. We have just started this process I asked in the beginning, what do you say child?
It's called transcription.
Okay, right? Transcription will be done. Now This RNA is what it would be, RNA is what it would be, okay?
Whatever RNA is there, it will move from one place.
There will be movement of RNA to other places.
Now wherever the RNA reaches, the RNA will Then reverse transcription is used.
It will turn around and convert into DNA. And This DNA will go there and get added on. This We call the condition retropozone. oh so The DNA there has already undergone transcription And made RNA. Yes, the RNA moves from there Happened. There is movement here too. Move In Genome As an RNA intermediate. And he then her Reached the place where he had to go and get added Was. And there's the reverse process on RNA.
into DNA by reverse transcription will be converted and then he will go It will be integrated at a new location.
Because this is returning. Again Returning to it. reverse transcription It is happening. Hence it is called retroposon.
We give. Now Sir, what does this mean?
Is there impact? So first of all there is mutation.
Generally change is taking place. could be dangerous Is. What is the second thing that Different types of genetic characters If it is being made then there would be a lot of diversity Is. Many changes are taking place in organisms Are. Diversity comes. In Evolution Help is available. Third, different types of Diseases also come. such as hemophilia, Diseases like cancer can also be seen Are. Due to such genetic changes, you I also had such diseases. Jean Therapy etc. can be done. similar If we control the things in our control The defective gene can be removed by cutting it out.
Okay, right? So these things can also happen that We can do gene therapy with transposons.
with the help of.
Ok? And actually this transposon with the help of gene therapy There is a related topic that is included in your paper.
It is important. Its name is Bridge Recycling mechanisms.
Do you understand now? Bridge cryocombinase The mechanism is actually the same genetic therapy where we use transposons and with its help we correct the genes We do it. What is there in it brother? See Don't go into too many processes.
We have taken full time on jumping genes.
A new generation of editing technology which we call bridge recombination mechanisms Know by name. where the jumping gene Has been used. Listen in one line.
Ok? Here the DNA is rearranged.
Is. A flashable and natural generative There is a modification process. Okay, right? Here Naturally Occurring DNA Readings on mechanisms are adopted. Naturally Occuring, right? Where jumping genes are used is done. Jumping genes are those that There are mobile genetic elements. Who We were just talking back. cut here End paste mechanism. Other than this Even capable of genetic manipulation Is. Where any genetic editing takes place.
By doing this to him, we would remove the gene from there.
Are. Let's make things right. We are not Will go. How does BRM work? Jumping I have explained things to you in Jean.
How does DNA recombination occur? What By converting DNA into RNA RNA arrives. Then the RNA is placed at that location.
It gets converted into DNA and then adds on Is. This way we can do gene therapy.
Are. and this bridge recombinase mechanism Known by the name of. Bridge will ask What is the recombinase mechanism based on? So Tell them brother that jumping is based on genes.
It is directly based on transposition.
What is its significance? someone big Editing of long DNA sequences is possible Can. Okay, right? No brother, DNA is very It is big. Even if a large DNA Editing and corrections have to be done in the sequence as well.
If you want to do it then it is possible there also. Second Genetic Therapy, Precise Genomic Treatments We can also do things at the minute level.
You can see the. Rearrange, Duplicate, Move, combine genetic segments, all these Things are possible here with their help. These Please take care.
See also Grating Technology has developed in the world.
Crisper Casein, which was tested twice by UPSC I have asked the question. a telenucleus, Zinc finger nucleases, RNA interference These are all technologies that are being developed It has happened. And we were just talking about one Nor when it comes to genetically modified crops.
flat side tomato that I was doing I told you. You know, these flat tomatoes which is the world's first genetically It is a modified crop.
Ok? Which was commercialized. So RNA interference to do that process was used. RNA Do you know what interference process is?
The RNA that is formed from DNA It's called transcription. then from RNA What happens? Different types of RNA are made Are. Ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA is formed.
And then what does this RNA make later?
Are? Make proteins.
We call this process Transcription. I told you in the beginning Of this chapter. This process is called Post transcription. RNA in fact No interference process in this post The mechanism of infection is stopped Is. So the gene that is inside the DNA It will no longer make its own protein.
Because inside our body all How do the characters become Are? In the form of protein. if you accept I have sickle cell anemia. What does it mean Six senemia proteins are being formed inside us Is. And who knows that protein or that character?
Is he making it? Inside this DNA, a There is gene. So this is Jean Six Cenamia's Which came from our parents. and this is Moving forward, he is making proteins. and this If we stop the process, we will remove the RNA.
It interfered. So the genetic defect He was going to be fine. So this is also a way Generating Technologies RNA interference interfering with the RNA and that's what you I am saying this at the post transcription level.
That's why you can look at post-transcriptional genes.
It is called silencing because the gene is here But you silenced his expression.
Diya or you can call it silent gene. These Question your paper on RNA interference.
You should go and check it out. In PT of 2018 He has come. This is a static question. Think.
The world's first genetically modified plant I am talking about 30 years ago. This Technology was used. and 25 years 27 After a year, this question is from current affairs.
It was he who came. Those who see the organization as just Current affairs are considered important for them. then say Can this 25 year old plant help UPSC?
Came in the paper of.
Don't talk about current affairs. This subject also It is very beautiful. It's just the beginning. Very This is going to be fun too.
So, like we're looking at RNA repair right now.
I had seen Champing ji etc. etc. DNA repair is a similar concept here.
Ok Ok? So you read the DNA. Correct Is? Call it DNA repair. What else?
inside any cell that contains genetic Integrity is there to protect it So you repair the DNA. This is the concept You understand that within the DNA itself There are genes. And if the genes are bad then Meaning there is a problem in the DNA. DNA Correct do it. Jeans will improve. and improve jeans If it goes then its protein expression He has a character, he will improve. Look, come again and again These things have been happening. You can do this in any Can. Any prokaryotes, Eukaryotes are any organism that Can. prokaryotes such as bacteria, Blue green algae, Mycoplasma taxa in them Can. Eukaryotes such as plants and You can do it in animals.
DNA repair is a cellular mechanism in which DNA is any damage of DNA etc. We Let's fix it. solve that problem We do. Many methods are used.
Oxidative stress from internal sources Adopt the method. and external factors In this we give some radiations or chemicals Let's try to kill DNA. So two This is how we can repair DNA.
If I say it simply and correctly, then DNA damage that occurs is like a mutation leads to problems like cancer Whatever problems arise, we face them.
And creates problems like mutation Is. Due to this we face problems like cancer.
it occurs. But we will fix it now. just watch Now gradually there are many things in it which We are going to talk more next. See There are many ways of DNA repair.
Are. Ok? A base for DNA repair Excision pair. Base Excision Repair Joe It happens instead of a small single base But it happens. Suppose this is the entire DNA. These There is DNA. There is DNA. These are its base pairs Are. You must have heard this AT G CG AT AT Brother, definitely. Isn't it? Have heard. Isn't it? These Suppose A T T G A A C G A A T C G AACT is suppose to be DI of this You must also know about complimentary TAG.
C If ever in the future means in the past If you have ever read NCERT then you will know all this.
You must have found it, yes sir, something like this written So it was there, yes, that's what I'm saying.
These are all base pairs, base pairs, what can you say?
If there is any small single base damage Is this some small single base damage?
There is damage, this damage has happened, its repairing has been done.
We do it with this.
Repairs DNA. and tell you If there is any damage anywhere, I will Because the entire protein formed from it The jaggery that was being made would have changed.
will be. It has a single cell that is the base There is excise and repair. So some base etc. To repair any effect that may occur Worked in a way that repaired DNA.
What is the second one? Nucleotide excision and Repair.
Ok? The entire nucleotide fragment is complete.
A piece of nucleotide is fine, right?
Nucleotides can be repaired in it What is Nucleocyte Plus?
Phosphoric acid is now called nucleocyte.
They say if you go big basic What is called nucleotide?
Nucleotide we call nucleocyte and plus h3po4 phosphoric acid What is a nucleocyte called a base Plus Sugar And plus plus phosphoric acid. If complete If you want to change it into nucleotide then brother Nucleotide excision repair is to be performed.
If there is problem only in the base then here Base accession will be repaired. This to whom nucleotide understand and How many types of nucleotides are there? Two One DNA, one RNA.
All these things are present in DNA. RNA I am different. Base etc. sugar separately DNA is present in RNA. So if the whole If it is at the level of nucleotide It is called nucleotide base appearance.
Like the skin that is damaged by UV radiation etc. Cancer causes a complete breakdown The nucleotide sequence itself changes.
There is a problem with one base here. here There is a problem with the entire nucleotide. Good homologous recombinations Homologous if suppose double stand break Have to remove. Suppose the entire double Only the standard brake has to be removed. Ok?
Both chromosomes are from the homologous set You can call it homologous recombination.
Homologous means same set of chromosomes which Pairs of DNA are called homologous Are. And if it is non-homologous then from there If it is for removal then we will do it there also.
You can do that. What does homologous mean?
Suppose this is beans. A is, A is, B is, B is, A is, A is, B is, B is. These is homologous. Same type of set off alleles or chromosomes, they It is called homologous. Google it once Send the picture. You will understand. means this We can do repairing at all levels.
Now look at DNA repair, we do it differently.
Can be treated. cancer You can do treatment etc. like cancer Sales OK activates their DNA repair system Withstand chemotherapy. Now you see this I am going to tell you something very interesting.
Am. It is a very specific thing. Correct Is? What actually happens? which when you someone They give medicines, such as chemo drugs, etc. To kill cancer. So the cancer There are cells, there is an enzyme inside them.
Its name is TDP1 enzyme. This which You're damaging your DNA with chemotherapy.
repairing that DNA damage again by giving The TDP1 enzyme works to do this. These So it is very dangerous, sir. Then our chemo It will not even have any effect. Will you do it? That is it I am going to tell you. Isn't it? You What to do? There's a new treatment that can help to Steady P1 or some other repair pathway It blocks those mechanisms. So Sir, this means that the medicines will be only and just go and kill the cancer cells and The enzymes present in cancer cells DNA that repairs them Those who die are remade like that that things will not be made and cancer will be cured Yes, it will happen, so keep this in mind TDP One It is written TDP one enzyme look it is written Cancer cells often activate their DNA repair system to withstand chemotherapy Even after giving chemotherapy, he is standing dead He would have retired again Why? Because TD is a wind enzyme which is a critical repairing drug induced No, repairing is repairing. When any medicine and to damage DNA These enzymes are present inside the cancer cell.
He gets it repaired.
In this way, any tumor that is It doesn't stop. If you also give medicine That too is being made. But here is a There is a new treatment where we can Will block it. Other repair pathway systems You can call PARP inhibitors by You. PARP inhibitors that make the cancer Sell More Wonable and Improve the Therapy Outcomes. So with their help we can cure cancer Treatment can be done 100%. So Biotechnology treatment here at Batting Will be used.
The next topic is plant genome editing tools.
Plant genomic or genome editing tools. it Take care of the name. If it appears in your paper.
What is this name associated with? So the plants Inside is a method of genome editing Whose name is ISDR A to PAP B something It has the term OK in capital letters and some If it is in small letters then keep this in mind.
And if an alphabet is also used then If you see this strange name, then know it.
Plant genome editing tools lead the way What is this thing? Let's talk about it.
Let me first tell you who developed it.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research A miniature plant genome editing tool ISDRA to TAPB has been developed.
Miniature means it is a very small piece Let me tell you about a protein and in a way, this is the next A generation of genome editing technology. Correct Is? To do this, a bacteria is needed used whose name is Deinocus Radio Durdance.
Ok? And what is inside it? real contains a TaPB protein family Which is used in this entire treatment To do. And this protein family There is TAPB OK which is the active ingredient of this bacteria.
We take it out from inside and use it.
Its amino acid sequence is A very small piece of protein is 350 to 500 You must know what amino acids are Amino acids are the protein units Protein units are called amino acids.
More amino acids means more protein will be. Ok. And if we look at this Compare Crisper Cas 9 Well this one This protein is its The background is that it is Cass 12. how is this Is an assessor. So if we take these TA from CAS 12 The PBR protein family is being formed.
This is its urine. Meaning it is parental and This is his child. Understand it like this. So cash 12 And what's the difference between Crisper Castine?
Let me show you. So you can say What is ICDR A2 TAB?
One type of cash is 12. Okay, right? just Look Ok? So cash is only one of 12 Ancestor means its ancestor like that What is, is. Isn't it? and following from that ISDRA to TAP has also come. I say this I have been. But both are different things.
What is? Look here. Here I had Crisper I have tried to explain. Cash No or Cash 12 And here I try to explain it to you.
Has been. Ok? Which is called ISDRA to TN says PV. Ok? Now look at the Protein Size If Crisper Casein, These big men talk about Cassine and Castle.
Contains proteins. and from inside it Castroyal ISDRA 2NB which is smaller than 350 It is 500 amino acids long. Delivery Efficiency It's Difficult Via Viral enters through the vector. This is easy And you can easily enter it which He will go and edit you. There must be an error somewhere He will cut it out. Its target range Limited. Its target is a unique genomic Reasons are guys. It's just a unique It will work only on specific DNA sequence.
Ok? And it has all limited conditions.
Chrisser Castine K.
Ok? Well then. So target specific Corrects the DNA sequence. transposon Things like these we will use here. Correct Is? It is used in agriculture etc. Has gone. Like rice in monocot plants Looked inside. Arabitopsis in dicots Seen inside. Okay, right? and future Plant Zero Editing if told in It is for etc., right? Crop breeding and so on All the technology became good for this. by which we We will be able to make the crops yield good yield.
You will be able to impart many qualities to them. These All things come.
Let's come to the next discussion. The topic that always This is very important. But in India some Happened. What happened? India's first cart sale Therapy against blood cancer that was done.
So what is therapy with chimeric antigen?
T cells and so on, even in T cells and so on Questions have been asked which are related to our body.
make immunity proteins for Produces antibodies. Look what it is Blood cancer therapy?
Ok? Many diseases like hemophilia diseases in which we use this type of treatment You can take it. India's first cartisle The therapy has undergone clinical trials. And know Cartisol therapy is very expensive in the world Is. What has happened in India is quite cheap.
You will have to. He tells you everything Am. And finally, I will take you along.
What is cartilage therapy? Cartisle Therapy if you listen to the back videos as well If you have been on Cartisyl therapy every year I have talked. Have talked every time. This Now even after Cortisol therapy, your You are getting applications, right?
The application is done.
A paper was published in The Lancet in hematology and it was said there that Brother, can we replace it?
Refractory B cells We can understand the effects of cancer that may occur.
Can remove it. a type of leukemia Lymphoma is a blood cancer and lymphatic cell cancer It damages the. These are the kinds of things we You can treat it. Its response rate is 73% Is. Meaning there has been a positive response. Its The clinical response has been quite good.
Ok. And what was used Corticel therapy was used. Whose The total caste in India was It was ₹25 lakh. And its complete therapy is out If you go global, then it will be ₹3 to ₹4 crore.
They get stuck. And it can exceed around ₹8 It can even go up to crores. and this is 20 times It is more affordable. It is a 20 times More Affordable.
It is 20 times more affordable. Ok?
If we talk in the context of India, then To be honest, its success rate is also quite high.
Is good. Cancer relapses are less common Is. These are also things.
And the remission of cancer is here Does not happen. These things are a little different from this There are effects too. It's not like that. something like this There are also side effects. uh like Hematological effects in the blood, etc. Such as neuropenia, white blood cell decreased, thrombocytopenia, low Decreased platelets, anemia, red blood cells Decreased cell death, cytokine release e.g. Diseases like fever and inflammation A little bit. Isn't it? There are two such treatments The death reports that have come till date are like this While treating and overall side There are effects too. But it is manageable Is. Meaning you are symptomatic. like a fever If you have any, give me medicine for fever. some other disease Yes, get him treated. So Symptomatic. Two treatments so far This has happened where death did not occur, so you Look, success has been achieved in every case so far.
Is. So sir, this is a very good result.
Absolutely a good result. Cartisal Therapy This is a very good result. Cartisal Therapy What happens in me? In cortisol therapy What happens is that we take the T cells of a patient They take it out of your blood. and T A cell is what goes into your body Gives immunity. You know your body Contains bone marrow.
The cells inside the bone marrow are called It is called B cell.
Immunity proteins are produced from B cells only.
Immunity proteins are formed, which are antibodies.
etc. And if this immunity protein goes If nurture takes place in the thymus gland.
Okay, right? Then we call that a T cell.
Therapy. And let me tell you one more thing, the work of B cells and creates antibodies if I tell you Let me tell you about the antibodies that are made which can cause cancer.
and kills the antigen of the cell in that case The thymus gland helps and the thymus The cells of the gland are called are T cells So if I say overall, thymus which What does it do to our body?
The story works to build immunity Supports B cells that help build bone They are located inside the marrow. what is the benefit of this It happens? Killing cancer cells Help is available. Okay, right? Now how is this Use all the procedures Where we use car therapy.
i.e., making chimeric antigen receptors Are. Okay, right? So first, let's see what we do? remove T cells from your blood Will take. Look at this picture of the process See. I also showed you this picture earlier.
Is.
What does Cartisyl therapy involve? See I took your blood. This is some patient.
The patient is the patient. We took blood from that patient.
Removed. your B cells and T cells in your blood Everything happens. Ok? what did we do? Your isolate T cells from the blood Took. What did you do? We have called T cells The blue one, the T cell, was separated.
The remaining blood is taken inside you and then given to you Put it up. You were given blood transfusion. So sir, we You just extracted T cells from our blood.
Only T cells were removed. This is a picture of a T cell.
Is. Now a specific gene inside the T cell was inserted. Look at this gene for your Inserted inside the T cell. Ok No? When the gene is entered inside your T cell If this is done, the gene that is entered Its protein will be formed. Its protein will be formed.
Whatever protein is formed will be from your surface.
will form. Look at these receptor proteins. to this very We call it dimeric antigen receptor.
Protein.
What will he do? There is no antigen. It is like this It is a protein that binds to an antigen It identifies it. Then I am saying I insert a gene into your T cells to be done. The one who has cancer inside him After entering, the effect on its T cell Receptors have been formed, what are those receptors?
We call them chimeric antigens.
Receptor. Receptor means something that goes somewhere Will accept it. And antigen means any Go to the problem. What will happen now? This This chimeric T cell is then transferred to the corresponding chimeric We can now place the antigen receptor T cell somewhere We will keep it and multiply it.
Will make millions of copies. We have a cell I did genetic transfer. multiple of that We made a copy. Now this multiple copy I will put it inside you.
I will put it inside you. Now this is what chimeric There will be T cells, there will be receptors, these will be in your blood Will reach in. Look at this, suppose it's a cancer cell.
Is. Look, all of this is in your blood.
Reached. where the cancer cell will be Look at this above Isn't this an antigen? What is a cancer cell?
There is an antigen. Antigen means a problem Is. And these are some receptors of that antigen.
Yes, go and attach it here. Look at here It got attached to the receptor. from here Receptor go and attach. The receptor here I went and got attached. Go to the receptor here It got attached. The receptor here and here It will get attached to the receptor. and when It will attach and kill this cancer cell.
So there is no difference in normal cells.
Will have to. Your normal cell will remain.
Because the biggest challenge in cancer therapy What is the problem?
Hemo etc. not just to cancer cells Would beat. They also kill normal cells.
But this will be just cancer.
Will kill the cell. Normal cells remain as they are If you stay healthy, you will be healthy. you are not weak Will be. You will be saved. Look at the picture. Very I tried to explain it in a simple way has done.
Coming to the next topic. Indian i First gene therapy for hemophilia A. Now What is hemophilia brother? stem cells on There is research. The whole story behind this. Actually Hemophilia is a blood disease. This we Also known as Royal Disease. First Understand a little background. Monarchical disease You also know it by the name of. Royal Disease.
Don't think that if someone becomes a monarchy.
No. First British Crown in his family Seen in Member. Raja's marriage by mistake I met a lady who had that career Was. After that, in the next generation to generation Problems started arising. Now that king, that story You don't need to be told this. We are science I am reading. Ok? It is a royalty disease.
Should I tell you what happens in this? In fact, our Many factors inside the body or Contains proteins. would have been around 13 or 14 Are. All these factors or proteins Together they cause blood clotting. If If bleeding occurs, the clotting of blood Whatever happens, happens with their help.
All 13-14 factors together do this.
Are made in our body. But which Hemophilia patients have a blood There is a clotting factor called It.
It doesn't form in these people. inside these There are such genetic defects which Because blood clotting is not directly caused by fat It becomes. So Sir, even after the remaining 13-14 Can't do anything. And this whole thing Blood clotting if bleeding occurs I have problems. So the guy's loss It becomes too much. To prevent blood loss There may be difficulty in saving. This is the whole Story. and to cure this disease Gene therapy was performed for the first time in India.
Under cell research or stem cells you Can you say this is India's first Gene therapy for hemophilia A This has been done by the Department of Biotechnology Managed the entire research center for STEM Research Completed at CMC Values This thing has been researched on 12 December 204 It has been published and proof has been found in this therapy.
What we used is a lentivirus used as a vector whose With the help of this we can take a gene and transfer it to another place.
transferred within a hemophilia person going. Lentivirus is a vector Is. taking the help of a virus or bacteria Are. Not like your father, when your exam If it happens, your father will take you on his scooter.
They make you sit and take you to the examination hall Let's keep it in. So your father is here are carriers or vectors. Who were helped.
Your father doesn't work. go back like this Take you to the examination hall We give. There are many such biotech companies too.
are vectors or carriers that help carries genes from one place to another In going. So here the lentivirus is a vector are used like this. inside of these through which we carry a gene and Let me introduce you. And so does Jean.
Introducing the Factor Eight Starts making proteins. So the gene that will That would be factor at gene.
And the guy who has hemopoietic stem cells hemoptic stem cells are cells that Which make up your blood.
Hemopoietic stem cells are the same as those found in your Produces blood. Okay, right? And The blood starts getting produced properly.
Come here, I will explain it to you. P The entire process in which the component is used A lentivirus was used in it.
Lentivirus is what is used goes to someone to deliver safely transporting a gene and inserting it into a cell For. What are the first hematological stem cells?
It happens? Stem cells that develop all Inside blood cells of types.
Okay, right? Stem Cells That Develop Into All Types of blood cells. That means stay sorry Stem cells are what they are and they differentiate.
Makes different types of blood Proteins etc. and factor eight is the same as Actually, there is a protein that is present in the blood.
Helps in clotting and in actual Where does it go missing? Hemophilia A Inside. Okay, right? So this gene we called stem inserted inside the cell. Inside the stem cells, we Controlled things and hemophilia That guy started manufacturing Protein Eight.
Inside that person. He who is hemophilic The illness that was there started getting cured. This is the whole This is a story. That's the whole story.
Ok? Medical Techniques That Replace Disabled R introduces the gene to treat and Prevent the diseases. This is gene therapy.
Many things can be used in gene therapy.
Can be. used any plasma DNA May go. Have you heard of Lendi Virus yet?
It was just now. A viral vector was used Was. Human gene editing tools may also be Are. a lot of short gun methods and so on that we People were still talking behind me. Directly We can use the gene gun method. AB The virus may be an adeno-associated virus.
Are. All of these can be used. Jean There are generally two types of therapy. One Which we call germline gene therapy.
One is what we call somatic gene therapy.
There are two types of gene therapy. There is one whom we It is called germline gene therapy. Second Which we call somatic gene therapy.
germline gene therapy, which is Some germinal cells such as spermatozoa Let's make the changes. Suppose there is a father, It's mom. Both have single cell anemia.
So where is it? They have genes six For anemia, take your father's chromosome.
Take one sperm from momma, take one from both.
The DNA inside the chromosomes By cutting a piece of six anemia from Remove it and put the normal sequence in there.
Add it, these biotechnology people will do it.
The inside of one of Mama's has been repaired from the DNA within the chromosomes and from the father's inside the chromosomes of the sperm DNA fixed things, then fused it Do the sperm neck inside the lab artificially, such as in a test tube Baby thing happens after fusing After developing a little, he will get his mother's body.
Now put the child inside, mother Will give birth. Kissemia from inside that child It doesn't exist. This is no longer generation to generation.
Will remain. What is this gene therapy?
Jamline is gene therapy. A is a future use.
This disease is passed down from generation to generation.
It's over. But what about somatic gene therapy?
What were we just talking about?
Was doing? They What is this name? Eliminate Haemophila disease To do. That's somatic gene therapy.
Alter genes in the body cell guys. it It is not heritable. only in your body To solve your problem. Ok No? such as sickle cell diseases, leukemia, Someone got blood cancer. only him This would have been the somatic cell to treat Is. This is somatic cell gene therapy. Its It has nothing to do with generation after generation.
We've already talked about hemophilia.
Are. There is a recurrent disorder. blood does not Clot properly. clotting factor here At does not come. And India holds the Second Largest Burden of Hemophilia Globally. So number two in the world The highest number of haemophilia patients, if any If it exists then it is in our country India.
Hi Now come into the other topic organ on chip o OC Technology Actual Capitalizes This O small o capital C is written. if somewhere If capital Op OC is written then understand that it is a mistake.
It has happened from. Ok? That middle small O It will be because you will get it at many places. Ok?
I didn't see it initially, but the PDF I came just like that. capital o small oc It happens. Organ on chip technology is a big It is an interesting thing. Now for some research No animal is needed to do it.
There is no need to kill him. and someone else To experiment inside humans as well There is no need. If the wind comes, touch it. means you What do you want to say, sir? Organ Unchip.
That's what I'm saying. Indirectly you I was sending a message. What is this? Let us give you Let's go for it. Very interesting thing Is. What is the whole experiment? gradually You will understand what is inside it.
Things happen. Organ on Chip Technology In actuality a micro fluid Is made.
No, a small one in miniature form In the form of prototype experiments.
And completely just like humans organ of It happens. He's got things like that on a chip by creating and experimenting on goes. Everything is very controlled.
It happens. And actually the chip here The organ inside is exactly like that has a structure and function that It is of the actual organ. Complete mimicry Does. Its complete copy is available here.
Now we understand sir why you are saying this to someone Need to experiment with animals Not there. What if the monkey dies?
If the rat had died somewhere, then the matter would have been correct.
Someone did something inside the human.
So this is also correct. So sir, this is very It's a good thing. Absolutely a good thing. Ok?
What are OC devices? Tiny Fluid There are channels. Ok? which simulates exactly It is like blood flow. like blood Any nutrient flows To carry out the transport. and its many other physiological processes that occur inside an organ He supports them all.
He supports them all. Ok? And here But the ones that make cells grow are OCs.
Complete three-dimensional technology The structure is built on that chip.
Just like real tissue. So okay sir.
In this we will discuss various organ things.
can do modeling and their upcoming You can give the effect. heart tissue on the lung tissue, on the liver tissue But, on brain tissue. Exactly in We develop everyone's tissues and put them in that chip.
By doing experiments on it, we can You can see the effect. any medication You can see the use of etc. Drug Enough for testing and disease modeling Is good. Ok? It is cost effective.
Any personalized medicine, any specific in a person, in a specific body part, Also check for specific level problems It will be possible to get and treat.
And also effective for multi-organ systems Is. These samples are like different organs.
By making different types of modeling different types of experiments can be done Can. What is this complete report? on that We will talk now. And before that you Let me tell you what has happened.
Examples of application of OC What is technology brother? Organ on Chip Lung onship. Hey Sir, you made things for lungs.
Went. Lung tissue was enlarged.
Absolutely. Hey, this was checked with the help of this how to absorb a drug or toxin etc. is it not? through Joe Inhale It affects the lung tissues.
What will happen? Cut on chip. which is your The intestinal part is that which is The absorption of drugs etc. Metabolism is what controls your digestive system What effect does it have when you take any medicine?
Let's take it, his study has been done. in the liver What has happened? Effect of drugs on the liver Function and toxicity checked Is. What is in a heart on a chip? modeling of Heart Disease and Testing New Treatments Of the heart condition was checked. And What was done? Brain on a chip. The Effect of Drugs affect brain function and other things were set. How neurological diseases occur Which medicine is effective where?
Parkinson's disease, Preble's palsy, Alzheimer's disease to prevent all of this All these experiments will be useful in the future.
There are.
Brother, if any person has Parkinson's You will not use it for trial.
But by creating those kinds of brain things, a The prototype is on a chip. on that It is a good thing to experiment with.
Who is there, any member of your family will tell that brother Get treatment for Alzheimer's disease Check it, experiment with it. But this Protap is an experiment. ethically so The doctor will never want it. Watch this news Is Organ on Chip Technology Now I will tell you about Let me tell you, it is said that about 1.4 billion The US dollar has a market by 2032 is projected and the BioE3 policy which is In India, we will now talk to everyone.
The last topic is the same, Biothree policy and We will also discuss space technology further.
I will tell you what we call biotechnology.
For Economy, Environment and Employment This campaign has come under this, exactly the same is connected to it is in it that we have Precision medicines have to be developed. At once Precise Medicines and Reduction Dependence on animal testing. Us We don't want a rat, we don't want a monkey.
In Organ on Chip, we talked about micro by the interaction of fluids and human cells We simulate things and check them out.
We do. a variety of physiological and mycological responses that our body What do we read by doing these tissue testing?
Okay, with a tissue. There's nothing else like that Let me tell you what. I've given you a lot of things I have told you. What are the advantages of this thing?
Precision therapy will be possible. drug efficacy The test will be possible. Human Simulation Meaning Human-like things should be checked here.
Will go. There is an ethical alternative. someone's life Not taking it. Multi Organ Interaction Can do. Research on diseases etc. It will be quite easy. Okay, right? What are the challenges Is? Technical complexity. Ok? This kind of technology etc. so easy too Not there. To be able to develop. Difficult to mimic The Full Organ. completely completely It should become an organ. Another one with similar features There are standardization issues. Ok? Now Lack Off Universal materials or protocols That kind of thing hasn't come yet. International Station issues at the level should also be ethical and legal issues.
Can. Ok? because here Especially the patient who is derived There are sales and data is being used. Correct Is? Specially Around a Patient's Pre-Rive Sales and data may be used. So ethical And there may be legal issues too. because your It is being made taking the body. so it could be Can anyone tell me how to treat a human body like this?
should be checked. Some people might say Can. Ok? things like this too Are. Regulatory issues There are gaps, high costs, limited immunity System modeling. Ok? right now in this Everything remains to be checked. means on this There is still a lot of experimentation left to be done.
Is.
Now look at other related new approaches.
Methodology which is another thing. So new In approach methodologies you can use organoid-like There are technologies that have been developed. spiral As technology has developed. Bio Technologies like printing have developed.
Where you can make an organ. Stem cells From and so on. All this technology is nowhere There are things like Oasis somewhere that It supports. But all the different things Are.
What did we do here in organoids?
In vitro with the help of stem cells What have we created artificially? 3D Mini organs have been made. Like Bio If printing is done then with the help of bio printer what did we do? Create 3D objects.
Tissues form vastus organs. Create kidneys. One Let me tell you about the scientist, Antony Hatala.
Antony, do you know what he did? 7 to 8 Kidneys can be regenerated within hours using stem cells Made it. This is the same thing.
This is the same thing, biopenning.
It has stem cells that are supposed to make kidneys.
Will take stem cells and make them. Its this In view of this, if we look at who There are steps that Prison Medicine and OC This is for India. So first bio Three policies which we will discuss further.
Amended DCT Rules 2019 The work done by the Genome India Project doing. Phenome in India. Phenom India Studied lifestyle and physical trades It is done on the basis of geometric data. Ok?
There is the Indian Cancer Genomic Atlas which is working Used to be. Initiative in a Global World See FDA Modernization Act 2.0 Private companies were brought in to do all this work.
The sector is also working. Ok? So O.C.I.Z.
There is a lot of positive news about Not only in the country, there are many such things who are trying to carry out experiments like OC in India.
She is supporting. I have a list of I have given it to you and in the world also such There are supporting channels that are working. it Please take care of this from the top.
The next topic is helical limit. very much It is an interesting topic. Hey Flick Limit.
what is the matter? Just understand the helical limit. real What is the Hayflick Limit in We people make this Telomeres are also called the biological clock.
Are. At present, Helik Sahib has died.
Is. And this topic is news. And this topic You should know anyway. Ok? What Is there a hepatic effect? And where Tillomiers We can tell this with the help of things like In how many years will you die?
Then what are you saying? Absolutely. These Of course I'm going to tell you. Our There are two types of cells in the body. One what we call somatic cells and the other Which we call generative cell.
Or you can also call it germ cell or You can also call it reproductive cell.
Germ cells or generative cells or reproductive What are cells, brother? That yours’ The reproductive parts are the testes and Ovary. Apart from this, all parts of the body What are the cells that exist? Somatic Cell. Hands, legs, ears, nose, blood, bones, Stomach, Everything Is What? Somatic cell.
Like I said, test is ovary. Reproductive.
Reproductive Everybody Knows Everyone Reproduction part. Actually this is what Somatic cells are those which are present in your body It is made in a limited division.
Is. Somatic cells after 40 to 60 divisions They end. And within this very limit This scientist had studied which named the Hayflick limit. and this Your aging happens on this basis. I mean, Sir, you You are saying that in how many days will we grow old?
Will it be? Absolutely. And finally, you also tell me this Will you tell me in how many days will we die? Absolutely Natural death. I am not talking about accidental I am doing it.
And all these things are your RNA primers.
It is based on etc. So I am telling you a very interesting thing.
Tilomier Sorry Tilomier and so on based on it occurs. Look at a runaround biomedical What does researcher Leonard Hayflick say?
At present he has died. Hei Fased Away. Ok? He said that limit to Human Cell Divisions. in the human body There is a limit to the sales that take place.
One of their abilities is to divide.
Ok? Done. Based on their work But on their basis we can understand this thing.
What is cellular aging? How are you? When?
Will it be till? So how long will it take for us to grow old?
Will it be? How long will it take for us to die? These You will get to know everything here.
what we call cellular aging In.
What does the affine limit indicate? what does it refer to Is? This limit tells the maximum number of Time of a normal human who is somatic How many times can a cell divide?
We call this the helical limit and the helical limit I told you brother, typically a new thing is done 40 to 60 times.
Somatic cells that are being formed in your body He can remain divided for so long.
Ok? And as soon as it reaches 40 60 times After he goes, where does he reach?
Senescent face pay. Meaning of senescent face Now it has cellular division Ability is ending and that place The functions of organisms are lost Yes, and what happens after that?
Cells in the affected area die This is what we call apoptosis.
So inside these helix models we have three phases Can be kept inside. Fuzz One Jahan Pe Rapid Growth is happening. Fuzz to where divis It has slowed down. Isn't it? Slow Divis's Meaning, where has it reached now? Sunny Fuzz It has arrived. And the third is where there is sensation.
Has gone. Now Sell Stop Dividing and Metabolism etc. which remained active and finally apoptosis of the cell Death.
This is what we call the helical limit. Now look In fact, it is from the helical limit that we can obtain Tilomier's Knowing your character and looking at your aging We are wondering how many natural deaths we all will face.
What is going to happen in the year, you will find here It will appear on the screen. Pilomiers the biological clock How long is the complete life cycle of our body?
Going to do? Ok? Understand the first thing.
Telomeres are a type of protective DNA There are caps. So if there is any DNA What do you get at the end of it?
Tillomier. like the cap on a pen which protects the tip of the pen To.
Ok? And as the cells continue to divide The length of the telomeres increases accordingly.
which are followed by telomeres After DNA is formed, it becomes smaller.
Are.
Ok? And if this gradually becomes smaller Are. This means the division ability of the cell Yes, it is the division ability of the cell.
It gradually decreases. Sir Hefin The limit that you were talking about back then Absolutely adding to this. exactly add Used to be. Look at the kind of things that are We talked about the helical limit earlier. These Those are the same things.
So short and Tilomiers if as short as The more you age, the more It will be soon.
Okay, right? And this is how your life span is etc. Determine whether your natural When will death occur? A normal guy who can die in how many days and with its help you Aging, Cancer, Biology, Age-Related Diseases It helps to understand. and its basis But we do research and develop regenerative medicine.
and can make many more telomeres Targeted therapy can be done. By which The size of the telomeres should not be small and the person's May life be great.
What are regenerative medicines?
Regenerative medicine is what you Do the repairing. Damselfly tissues Let's replace it. Your body has had a long day Keeps you young till.
Now let us talk about Bio3 policy. had said Na Biothri policy will come now. OC Jab We were studying Initiative. BioE3 Policy What does it mean? Three E's are written.
Bioterm defines biotechnology And what does E3 represent? For Economy, Environment and Employment.
Economy, Environment and Employment. Meaning Sir, this business is also done. Environment means It became climate related. and employment Meaning okay. It happened for jobs etc. also.
to Economy Environment and Employment What is the policy? Let's see what our Biothermal policy in the country. Biothermal Policy It is brought in 2024. is approved By the Union Cabinet. Implementation Agency Our country's main body, the Department of Biotechnology DBT.
It is said that by about 2030 The bioeconomy will be around 300 There will be a market worth billions of US dollars.
Having a market of US$300 billion Going to do. Isn't it? where sustainability Innovation Drive and Biomanufacturing What is biomanufacturing?
Is? Biological Manufacturing.
What happens in biological manufacturing Is? You see here we have a micro Organisms refer to plant and animal cells Let's engineer it. Engineer means The same child genetic engineering. Geneva Jinting after doing the give and take inside Do engineering. With his help we Manufactures many commercial products Are. Can make any enzyme.
Can make bioplastic. Proteins Can make. Food in the even pharmaceutical industry In the form of additives, biofuels We use it in many places in the form.
Can do. We bio this It's called manufacturing.
Oh sir, you are saying this is biotechnology By making such things with the help of We can earn money and also make medicines.
Can. Can even save lives. Sir this Bioplastic waste materials too Can be made with the help of micronism.
Absolutely. Bioplastics are where With the help of some micronism we can grow plants.
With the help of plant derived material from We are specialized in producing PAB PA PLA from Microsm Growth.
You can make things like that. polyhydroxy butyrate polyhydroxy alkanoid Polylactic acid, which we call bioplastic Those who have read static I cover this in Miscellaneous Topics.
Am. He must be missing you.
Clear and listen. Sir, what is bioeconomy?
Money money economy has arrived. But here at Whose use is it being made of? of biotechnology It is being used. Look at this food and Agricultural Organizations Isn't it what the international body has defined?
Did? Where brother, any production use and conservation and biological resources that we What we are doing is part of it. In this What all comes? Agriculture and Aquaculture. Bioplastic, biodegradable Clothing, functional food, medicine and If biofuels all these things If you talk about economic concepts then Call it bioeconomy.
Now look at the focus areas of the Bio3 policy What is there? What are the targets and What visions there are. focus area if we talk Support research and development Does. Entrepreneurship, come on brother, new Research research. and got a total to conduct research in six thematic sectors of Let's talk about. All those six symmetric sectors I have written them below. Bio Based Chemical enzyme formation, foods and Formation of smart proteins, biotherapy Have to do it to avoid climate etc. Meaning Climate Resilient Agriculture We should do agriculture but we should take care of the climate.
Do not cause harm. to such things Do it. Carbon Capture and Utilization Absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
Environment means the same thing. and next Futuristic Marine Space Research We should also use living organisms.
And now we're going to talk about Biotechnology and Space Research means this We will consider this initiative as a separate topic.
We will catch up and talk about it with What is the target brother? The target is that Things should be sustainable, there should be food security, Climate protection and bioeconomic There should be growth also.
What is Viz? The vision is that Bio Emphasis should be placed on manufacturing. Global Standard local innovations should be made and The standards of the world should be followed.
Great things should be made in the world Go to the market. So bio manufacturing, bioeconomy, such things bio 3 under bio 3 bio e3 Come under. Now look at this No need to do it. of BioEye Hub We can promote these things through Are. Artificial intelligence is everywhere You can take his support. Bio Can create a manufacturing hub. Ok?
Startup etc. to do research etc. regulatory framework so that Biosafety, biosecurity, etc. and data, etc., in an open science In the form we can promote so that yes ok you got the things you made Intellectual property rights should be So that no one can see your research etc. Cannot misuse it. Ok? and protections So it is very important. bro any research He is doing research, he will do it only when his Research will benefit him. Or else Why does a man do any research for 70 years?
Will he?
Why is Bio3 needed? Ok? and his What are the challenges? Look, first Bio3 Is needed. So what are its challenges?
Sustainability.
The second is nutrition and food security.
The third is health care revolutions. The fourth is Climate Mitigations. The fifth is space.
Missions and sixth is a skills gap. This is something There are challenges that Bio3 has taken on. So Sustainable means the things that are being brought If it is not harmful then it is for health What it means for the environment is sustainable It happens. Nutrition and Food Security Meaning of food security and nutrition There must be a supply. good quality Things should come. A health care There must be a revolution. Different-Different types of gene therapy, mRNA therapy, Monocle antibodies, things like the Reese map and so on.
Should come. climate mitigation you hear now were just trying to remove carbon dioxide etc. be synced. Atmosphere like this Things should happen. Pace Missions are what we If we take humans into space How their support systems develop should be done. Pace Friendly Nutrition Bio What should be done in base packaging? Skills Gap If there is a bio in training etc. AI biology skills in engineering and so on If there is something like that then it should be developed. like this If there are challenges then take this kind of help Will go. The same things were given. These are the challenges So this help will be taken. This way it The problems will end.
Look at this complete picture here.
It is in the biotheory policy and here you can understand Can Kitak Sectors What happens in biomanufacturing Can it? Bio-based chemical enzymes made Take. Functional Food Smart Proteins. this is it Go and get some biotherapy done. Climate Rails There is agriculture. All the things that you Do you know.
Now on the same basis other also in our country Initiatives that boost the bioeconomy in 2016 like National Mission and Bioeconomy I. National in 2017 The Biopharma mission arrived. from 2015 to 2020 National Biotechnology Development Strategy I. National Policy and Biofilm in 2018 Came. All things are there. and well. They What can we do next? So Reuse Repair Bioeconomy Principles can be done on a recycled basis so that no one If anything comes, decompose it right there.
Don't waste a lot of us for nature Startup Support That Boosts Biotech are going to learn right We should learn from that single window There should be a clearance system STEM Talented Taking Manufacturing By Science Technology Engineering and India is looking for more talents in mathematics.
I will need to be refined and will shine like this There will be international collaborations America is with Japan, Finland etc. Where we take things to a bigger level We will bring it under the Biothree policy.
Will find. All these things are coming somewhere For the future, which will be useful in writing your answers.
Comes. and see the Biothree policy and so on.
These are all good questions for the paper.
The next topic we talk about is space.
Biotechnology and Space Biotechnology I told you about the Biothree policy I also said about that there What are the things? Bio3 or Bio 3 Whatever you can call it. Isn't it? Space What is inside biotechnology? See If there is any work behind space biotechnology Who will do it? space agency ISRO and Biotech's agency DBT There will be a collaborative approach and advanced space Work will be done on biotechnology research. this is You can understand it like this also. Why Space Biotechnology is variant? There is a region which We send a lot of space missions.
There are critical problems. Biological And there are environmental challenges. To you I know how to live on the ground.
On the Earth where you live There is gravity and your body It adapts according to gravity. You As we go up, we become micro Gravity is the environment and your body the entire metabolism of your entire organ System kidney, liver, lungs all upside down It happens.
This brain becomes puffy. Be puffy goes. The legs are thin They start happening. Calcium levels drop Is. When you go up, it's straight Radiation affects your body.
Micro gravity is in the environment. Very There is a problem. So in all those cases, let's assume Someone to go to the Indonesian Space Station Is. This topic is related to space. Same 400 500 km He is at a height of. Okay, right?
So now accept that it is their waste. Human's It is excrete. It is waste. recycling What should the process be? leaving it there Will you come? Meaning just I am creating Something Guys. supporting those things Working like a system. saying the same things Am. biological, environmental challenges that Are. Trying to remove these things Terms like space biology have come up where ISRO DBT is working together. So what will be? The scarcity of nutrients Yes, there is a shortage. Food preservation etc. there How to do it? Waste Management How can the inefficiency be removed?
Exposure to the micro gravity and radiations How to save things from the damage that will occur Should I go? Health issues, muscle atrophy, bone loss, Contrat, cancer race, all these Research on how to avoid things.
Now what to do to tackle these things?
will be? Space biotechnology But it will explore how a living The organism that adopts all these areas Can. It is possible to survive here and In pretty extreme space conditions, we saving humans and taking them there Will get the research done.
Ok? Here you will find some applications areas that have a descriptions and along with them The significance is that there are many such missions, many There are things like this where Are being done. There are many who are coming Will happen in the future. one of these things Let's do a comparative study. What is Brother? Key Application of Space Biotechnology. First application areas Everyone knows about microgravity research.
Gravity decreases as you go higher It takes 400-500 km. at the height of Gravity is low. That means the whole The place where microgravity occurs There is environment. What will happen there?
What can we do here with the help of microgravity?
do? Isn't it? protein crystals and so on Will try to grow it.
Okay, right? Description Micro Gravity But it's for things like that, right? Some?
Precision drug development took place. Significance things like this so that if there is protein loss And if these kinds of things are happening, then these Get things recovered. First radiation Everyone knows biology. Isn't it?
Description: Studies the Cellular How do Ionizing Radiation Response?
It happens on You should know the first one.
Radiation on the ground in comparison to upside down Is. Why? Because when the same flax is planted on the ground When light radiations come, dust They come after colliding with the particle. Below By the time they arrive, their energy diminishes. And If you go up 400 meters, you will come more directly.
Are. Okay, right? Dust particles up now You have gone and are saying the same things. So a project by doing a biosentinel here Which is NASA Artemis One 20202, right?
There are some experiments where they Tried to understand DNA repair Next look at Mechanisms in Space Talk about environmental monitoring We will buy microbes etc. here It is for remediation, how can it be used?
platery rigolthith type things banay ke le Go. Ok? and things like that Based on what we are doing in the coming future Can you? on the soil of Mars or the Moon You can grow plants etc. If Bioremediation by microorganism That is, any waste that is found somewhere and its We have recycled any living organisms.
If we do it with the help of then we can go somewhere You are not leaving anything waste, right?
It's the same thing. Disease Modeling We Simulate Will do disease in space conditions what could happen and because of this we What is the significance to people?
Astronauts and others who go into space We will save their health etc. You You must have seen Sunita Williams etc. when quite Remains in space for a long time.
Their body, their appearance, their things are very The weak look strange.
Now look, and as soon as it comes to earth Things become completely fresh anyway.
Ok? So you can understand this to a great extent.
These are the things. Bio Regenerative Life support system called BALSS and This requires that in a way A clue loop system will be developed so that we can get up to speed.
Waste Recycling and Food Reproduction Tax So that we can stay up there for a long time Transporting food wood from the bottom to the top No, no. If you grow things on top How nice that would be. You may have heard that I Taught a topic in the past on space etc. Was it in space technology that cowpea The plants have been grown by India. just three Within 4 days.
So, okay, we are long from this mission.
Long duration missions can be sent Above Earth Sustainability We Can Manage Up above above the astronauts So these things are quite beneficial for She is one.
Now look here Notable initiatives that India and Some things are going on at the international level Are. and such missions which are like this There is research in the biotechnology space etc. are going to be used in research which will benefit Are getting. what is the matter? Gaganyaan mission.
Okay sir, the human is going to go up. like this If things are there then we can save their lives Are. get them safely to the ground Can. There is also the Exim Four mission. One It is a collaborative commercial mission. it is Expected to include Indian Experiments in Low Earth Orbit. Ok No? Ah Indian experiments in this take Earth orbit means India is included.
In this India is the member here and in which lo Can conduct experiments in Earth orbit.
NASA's Space Biology on a Global Level There is a program. European Space Agency's Biolab and China's space breeding There is a program. All these things right now just nowjustnowjustnowjustnowjust now National At the level, like look at the ISS Grow a plant in the International Space Station These people are getting it done. Ok? Study in space Want to do it. Micronisms and What are the changes in the cells in the tissues?
Are. Isn't it? International Space Station A lab is being built at the station. dedicated There is a lab. China's space breeding I mean it is a European country, right? of China There is a space breeding program. space in it Inducing the environment.
Benefited the genetic mutations in the Crops that if you go to places with space If genetic mutations are carried out by plants Let us try them by getting them done. their yield Increase it. Increase their productivity.
Do things like this. And all this right now It is at the research level and to a large extent we People have been successful. Look at India too Gaganyaan mission is ahead and what are these things It is going to happen. Let us see and get good results You will come because look at the hard work you put in.
Success is achieved. These people also work hard.
Have been. Such developments are being done. These You will also get success. If you don't work so hard If it had been there, we would have been able to reach the moon today.
Talk about sending humans to Mars. 2040 We are saying that humans will be on the surface of the Moon.
Will take it off. There will be a lot of frustration. Very Will get tired. There will only be more scolding. Isn't it? scolding Whose will increase? Big newspaper channels Will reach. You are saying the opposite.
But these people will not be frustrated. Any Want doesn't care about the scolding. Brother Will Power Confidence, Energy. with courage I will work hard and then start again. Either we slightly I would feel bad if he scolded me. Then only you I don't know how many scoldings I have to get. Our What should be done from senior to junior?
Get into this habit. So I have a habit of keeping quiet.
I am never going to be troubled in life.
You will go far ahead. What do you think?
People must be talking less about our Prime Minister.
What? Doing my work peacefully. to Two, whatever has to be done, has to be done. Tell me. We are our Will keep working. Brother, the story is over. to whom Whatever you want to understand, you will keep understanding.
Let me do this thing
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