Dr. Shankar expertly repackages foundational organic principles into the modern green chemistry narrative, prioritizing pedagogical clarity over genuine scientific innovation. It is a polished display of academic authority that serves as a reliable, if predictable, anchor for traditional chemistry education.
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Two Day seminarAdded:
the academic and scientific part I am going to share with you. I would like to acknowledge my students.
These are the That's okay.
Right. Right. Okay. So uh these are the former students uh who have earned their PhD under my supervision and these are the current students.
So before going to the specific topic I would like to share some common slides for the basically for the students.
You see science is the eye of everyone.
One who has not got it is like a blind.
So this is the in general holistic importance of the science in daytoday life and one can imagine who not having the eye to see the natural world.
Further how science is defined? Science could not grow by itself. It needs the honest, dedicated and devoted workers.
And not only that, for the growth of science, it's highly desirable and demanding that more and more young minds of science as a carrier for the benefit of the humanity and society.
Not only that, science had done a lot of things for the humanity and society.
One of the major thing is that science is the only discipline among the other areas including engineering that's also a part of science, medical science.
Agricultural science, natural science, life sciences. It is the only branch who correct itself with the due course of the time.
If any theorem or concept becomes obsolete with due course of time then it has been discarded by the humanity and society and new theory or new comes concepts comes into the existence.
So finally better things for better living through chemistry in general but in particularly bio organic chemistry.
So you see the what has science done in general? First improvement of the quality of life as we all know in terms of food, health, transport, information, reasoning as well as understanding.
You see in every area of the day life what is the importance of science?
how it had played a vital role among all the sectors and particularly chemistry had done a significant either you talk about food, health, transport, information, reasoning as well as understanding.
Next, the most important thing about the science is that science is a means of avoiding prejudice in solving problems with reasoning.
There were so many prejudice in our society. Of course, some of them are still existing.
But science is the only discipline which can avoid those prejudice through scientific reason logical regions.
So next this is the as uh we have seen science has been brought in numerous many disciplines for example natural sciences, biological sciences, life sciences, earth sciences, medical sciences, engineering sciences, agricultural science so many. So if you see the chemical sciences again chemical sciences for the sake of the convenience has been organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biological chemistry, industrial chemistry, material so many.
So just you see the vitility of that particular branch. So what is the chemistry? You see chemistry is an old subject maybe around 1,000 BC.
Modern chemistry and labia is subject to father of the modern chemistry around 260 years old. But you see the life of the span of the organic synthesis is about 150 years old.
And during over this period what kind of very very value added contribution has been made by the organic chemistry in the society.
So like all sciences chemistry has a unique place in our pattern of understanding the natural or nature or this globe.
That's why chemistry is also or chemical sciences is also known as mother science.
If you see a spectrum, if one end of the spectrum occupying the life sciences, another end of the spectrum is occupying the mathematical sciences.
In the center is the chemical science particularly chemistry.
On one hand with the life sciences it coordinates and uncovers the mystery of the life and on the other hand it coordinates with the mathematical sciences and discloses the mystery of the universe.
So you see the importance of the chemistry.
Now we are coming to the organic chemistry.
In the periodic table you see there are approximately around 130 elements 13 element that is the carbon and you see rest of the 129 elements responsible for only 1 million of the chemical species compounds.
So what is the speciality? What is the peculiarity of the carbon element?
Either you see in the periodic table either on the right side of the carbon or left side of the carbon or below the carbon carbon silicon germanium 10 just you see below the carbon in the period is the silicon but no other element is capable of making such a huge amount of compounds.
Only carbon is the element in the periodic table which can make and making huge number of enormous but that is the only peculiarity speciality of the carbon element which can make bonding with itself or with any other element of the periodic table.
No other element is there in the periodic table which can make a huge number of and that property is known as cutenation.
That is the propensity for limitless bonding in a cyclic fashion, cyclic fashion with any other element of the periodic table means that is the unique property of the carbon.
So uh if we go the compounds for the sake of the convenience of the study you see organic compounds or you can say chemical species Bradley have been classified by the upupac system into two and if you talk about hydrocarbons saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons only two category Saturated hydrocarbons you say alkanes again alkanes for the sake of the convenience it could be straight chain branch chain maybe cyclic system and if you go for the unsaturated hydrocarbons again two types of hydrocarbons alkenes and alkyes having double bond and triple bond and you know the the nature of the compound found tells about the chemical reactivity of that system. For example, if we talk about the reactivity of the alkanes, only substitution reactions are possible in the case of alkanes saturated system.
As you know, carbon is always tetraalent.
Its balance is sure. So only substitution. Similarly in the case of unsaturated system either alkenes or alkyes that is only addition reactions no other and again based on the functional groups as we know in any chemical species functional groups are the sides of the chemical reactivity and you say the major functional groups that is the alcohols, ether, amines, carbonial compounds and again carbonial compounds alons ketones alihide amides a ether so on. So this is the rough summary of the classification of the organic compounds how they have been classified and how their chemical reactivity can be defined.
So as I told this organic synthesis is roughly around 150 60 years old.
As we know the first synthesis in the laboratory have been done in the year 1828 by Frederick Bola.
Now you see that uh what I told that science is the one only discipline which corrects itself with due course of time based on the requirement need of the humanitarian society.
before the discovery of the ura that uh Bgilius for the first time defined the chemical species into two categories.
This was the history of the chemistry only two kinds of chemical species compounds organic and inorganic So Brazil is defined organic compounds means those compounds which have some vital connectivity means derived from the living organism.
So that termed as organic compounds and those compounds which have no connectivity with the botonism are which has been derived from the non-living things termed as inorganic compounds only two classes of chemical species organic and inorganic but uh you see why the verilious student earned his PhD under the guidance of the Velius Yes, in 1828 Ger was able to synthesize ammonium sinate. His objective was to synthesize ammonium sinate for some other purpose.
Starting with both starting materials, you see silver silate and ammonium chloride both are pure inorganic compounds.
Still they are the inorganic compounds.
But in spite of getting the ammonia sinate bowler got the ura NH2 CO NH2 and that ura was same as the animal urine ura and you know ura is the organic compound.
So a very wellestablished concept in the realm of the chemical sciences which was discovered or originated by the bhelas that what are the organic compounds and what are the inorganic compounds. Hi students only bowler abolished this concept and told that no no this is not the correct it mean that organic compounds might be derived from the living one of the very well established in the chemical community concept was fully if you see the ammonium sinate this is the molecular formula ammonium sinate ammonium palmate and ura all are different compounds having the same molecular formula that is known as the isome.
So you see this is the beauty of the science beauty of the chemistry.
uh here uh I am talking only just uh for the sake of the students maybe master's UG or PhD students if you understand some basic concepts almost 99% problem of the chemical sciences irrespective of the organic inorganic physical analytical material or any other branch That is the done.
But the problem is that it's not uh mind experience observation.
Chemistry and in particularly organic chemistry is one of the easiest subject among the natural sciences.
No other subject is easier than the organic chemistry. Even I can say much more systematic easier even than the mathematics. In mathematics one can get maximum 100 out of 100.
But in organic chemistry one can get 1105 out of 100.
That is the concept. But the thing is that one has to understand the basic concepts and fundamentals of the chemistry of the science.
So for example that's why uh there are some terms first is the four big carbons.
Four big carbons.
First carbon stands for composition means any material is there either you derive from the nature or you synthesize in the laboratory.
The first job is that to know the composition of that thing means from which materials from which elements from which species that particular item or things or material has been composed of has been made of. So first to know the composition.
Say for example if any compound is made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen four elements.
If you know that only four elements are there in the that particular compound.
The next job comes to the constitution.
So second carbon stands for constitution.
How these atoms are connected to each other?
Carbon is connected to carbon or hydrogen or nitrogen or oxygen. Nitrogen is connected means connectivity.
That's second carbon role.
If one knows the constitution how atoms are connected to each other then the third carbon starts for the configuration.
As you know the configuration means threedimensional structure in the space.
What is the configuration of the molecule?
And if configuration becomes known then the fourth that is the last carbon stands for the confirmation.
What is the confirmation?
There is the major difference between configuration and confirmation as the term implies confirm.
Here whatever we are talking about chemistry in particularly organic chemistry just around the bonds only.
So confirmation means just rotation about the single bond.
If you rotate by one degree the groups atoms are substituents attached to a particular atom. Their position is being changed in the space. Three-dimensional space having different confirmation configuration means no it had nothing to take with the rotation.
If one wish to transform change one configuration to another configuration one have to first break a bond and then make a bond.
So this is the difference between configuration and confirmation. So you see what is the role of the four big carbons that is the composition, constitution, configuration and confirmation.
Next thing is reactions.
Again I am taking these are the very common things irrespective of the inorganic, physical, organic, analytical, material, nuclear or any kind of chemistry.
In the chemical sciences there are only three kinds of reactions major only three.
If one is able to discover the fourth category of the reaction that is a very hot area for the Nobel Prize till that only three.
First is known as polar reactions.
Second is free radical reactions and third category is the periscyclic reactions.
Only broad category of the reactions.
No fourth category of the reaction exist. Polar reactions, free radical reactions and peryclic reactions.
Whatever I told in the beginning that this is the damn easy subject. One has to understand the basic concepts and fundamentals and to know the chemical sciences particularly chemistry there is no quantum jump. One has to move step by step.
There is no quantum jump inable first to fourth or fifth or homo to lumo or lumo to sumo. Nothing like that.
So you see as the name implied again I am requesting just the students organic chemistry if you are going to cram this is the highly reversible reaction your rate of forgetting will be millions times faster than the rate of climing.
depending upon the memory of a particular individual.
So try to understand the basic concepts polar reactions as the name implies reactions involving polar species and you know only two types of polar species is there. One is the electron rich another is the electron poor. No, no third type of species is there. And these two species depending upon the condition of the reactions have been termed as nucleophile, electrofile, leav acid, leis base, bron state acid, bron state base whatever you call both are electronri and electron poor.
So polar reactions means reactions involving polar species.
Again since this is the broad category of the reactions for the sake of the convenience of the study again polar reactions have been classified into substitution, elimination, addition, rearrangement so on and again as your name implies additions means something is being added to something.
Say for example if you are talking about the reactivity of the unsaturated hydrocarbons alkanes and alkyes only additions are possible.
In the case of alkanes elimination is also possible which would led to the alkyes.
You cannot eliminate the alkyes.
So only the these are the subassess. Again if you say in the case of substitution reaction nucleophilic substitution electrphilic substitution again nucleophilic substitution SN1 SN2 SN I SN2 prime SN1 prime so broadly only three categories in the same way second is the free radical as the name implies reactions involving free radicals only free radicals it again could be the substitution ution, addition, elimination, rearrangement which involve the free radical as intermediates or transition states and third category is the percyclic.
Again as the name implied peryclic since we are talking about the kinds of the reactions what does it mean? It means that reactions means involvement interaction of the electrons of the bonds breaking or uh making of the bonds and you know bonds means electrons you know what is the site of the electrons or so again at the peryclic means there is no free radical no polar spaces simply cyclic quick reorganization of the electron into the system.
No transition states are intermediates maybe very transient species.
Cyclic reorganization of the electrons into the system. Again for the sake of the convenience this periscyclic reactions have been subclassified cylo addition electrocyclic peryclic genotropic in reaction sigma trop these are the subclassification because branch is so wide.
So nothing to clam one has to understand the basic concepts. Uh can I know how many students are master students here?
Please can you raise your hands? Master students.
Okay. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Okay, that's good. Uh PhD students.
Yeah, almost that's good.
Uh as I told uh only two kinds of species are there here. species means not human kind of species I am talking about the chemical species whatever we are discussing about the chemistry uh for only master's students just I want to know your the basic understanding of the chemistry you might have heard several times nucleophiles and base students and nuclear.
Yes. Not Yeah.
So both are the same or different nucleophile and base for MSE students.
That is the one of the most important thing in the nature in the life.
If we are not going to value the time, time is not going to value us. Keep in mind if you know then please let us know.
Yeah.
Sometime both are same.
Uh question nucleophile and base both are the electronri species. Both are the electronri species. My question is both are same or different?
>> Both are same.
>> Both are same. Then then why uh there is the two dams? One should be deleted by the upupac for the simplicity for the nomature of the compounds.
Anyone same both are not same.
Anyone Yeah, please see.
N I'm talking about nucleophile and base loving sir.
uh electron leveling or you are you are coming closer to the answer that's electing anyone good morning sir nucleophile that is a group of atoms and the molecules containing electron rich and now it's having a felicity to attack the um electro um attack the carbon positive charge >> only carbon positive charge >> carbon positive charge >> and what about base uh pardon >> what about base uh base that is there are different kind of base um non hydrogal bases also there say for example I So this will I am making it more specific. Say for example take the hydroxide ion O minus >> GG.
>> What is this O minus?
>> Hydroxil hydroxilion. Hydroxide >> it's nucleophile or base.
>> It's base.
>> Not nucleophile.
>> Oh my god.
>> Hydroxide is a nucleophile also.
well established nucleophilic reactions.
Okay. Yeah. Please just uh I wanted to know about the understanding of the basic concepts and fundamentals so that I can share with my whatever the little knowledge I have to that level only don't take it otherwise as I told both are the electronri species nucleophile as well as base.
If any electronri species coordinating attacking making a bond with the proton then at that time that is the known as acting as a base otherwise nucleophile any electrofilic center it could be carbon nitrogen sulfur oxygen any element of the periodic table if any electronri species is attacks a proton then it acts as a base otherwise nucleophile.
You are not going to forget yours names, your parents' names, your village names are the things in this mortal world which you love very much.
But uh we are talking about subject.
So it reflects that you are not going through the proper understanding.
Similarly, types of carbon only three types of carbon in terms of hybridization sp3, sp2 and sp no fourth kinds of hybridization only three and in terms of primary, secondary, tertiary and quartary four kinds of carbon.
These four kinds of carbon you can define in terms of carbon or in terms of hydrogen also.
Primary carbon means carbon attached with three hydrogen.
Secondary carbon carbon attached with two hydrogen.
Tertiary carbon carbon attached with only one hydrogen and quarterary carbon means no hydrogen. Carbon is bonded with four carbons.
Similarly types of bonds you see in the whole chemical sciences only two kinds of bonds are there sigma bond and pi bond. No third type bond discover again a very brand area for the Nobel Prize in chemical sciences only sigma and pi bond and you know how sigma bond is formed and how pi bond is going to form against if you talk in terms of sigma and pi bonds only three kinds of bonds single bond double bond triple bond bond.
Is there any compound which is the having quadruple bond means four bonded?
No. No. Chemical species. If coordinate bonding is also there in the organometallic compounds or complexes or coordinating compounds after making the coordination if it that species comes into existence it becomes the coalent bond.
So if single bond is there it means that is the only sigma bond. If double bond is there it means one sigma bond and another pi bond. And if triple bond is there it means middle one is the sigma bond and two pi bonds and both pi bonds in the case of triple bond are orthogonal to each other perpendicular to each other. You know how the two pi bonds are going to form. Next is the molecular orbital.
Again you see bonding, non-bonding and antib-bonding.
No fourth kind of the molecular orbital.
And the name already implied bonding molecular orbital, non-bonding molecular orbital and antib-bonding molecular orbital.
And you know means bonds are being formed by the hybridization by the overlap of the molecular orbitals only and reactive species only two that is the intermediates and transition species.
Again intermediates have been broadly classified into three major intermediates.
carboations, car ions and free radicals. These are the major which are very frequently involved into chemical reactions. But apart from these there are carbines, nitrines, penzines, so many other intermediates are also there and transition states as you know.
What is the again major difference between the intermediates and transition states? Intermediates one can trap, one can isolate, one can characterize.
But transition states are the very high energy species, highly unstable.
It cannot be isolated.
It could be only theoretically defined and it could be only imagined.
Energy can be calculated by the involvement of the deep theoreticians.
Again systems if you talk about the systems two kinds of major systems cyclic system and asyclic system either you talk the organic compounds inorganic compounds or any kind of material kinds of system cyclic and ascyclic.
Again cyclic system have been subclassified because you see as a species are numerous huge amount of socyclic and heteroscyclic.
again. You see As the name implies you try to it's very much sufficient in itself carocyclic. Cyclic system made up of only carbon.
Heterrocyclic means cyclic system which includes any other element at the periodic table you take any element either main group metal transition metal you know that comes under the perview of the heterosycles but most common heterrocyclic systems involve the hetroatom nitrogen oxygen sulfur selarium telon they are the common phosphorus they are the common hetroat atoms which compounds have been huge number of synthesized and studied.
So if you talk the system in terms of stability again you see aromatic system non-aromatic system and anti-aromatic system that is the in terms of stability of the system and this order is in the decreasing order. Aromatic system are the most stable system. Anti-aromatic system are the least stable system.
non-aromatic system exist in between both and that stability here means in terms of energy processes as I discussed only two kinds of processes bond making and bond breaking no third category there in the same way catalyst only two major classes of catalyst hetero and homo either you Organo catalyst, strength and metal catalyst mean there are again subdivision structures as I told in the beginning confirmation and configuration factors affecting the reactions any reactions only two factors are there is the electronic and steric factor and in electronic as I discussed only two kinds of species electron donating and electron withdrawing.
No no no no third so the solvents as I discussed only polar solvent and non-polar solvents proteic and aproic again by permutation and combination polar aotic polar proteic aolar non there are just for the sake of the convenience only and finally the position of the electrons which is mainly respons responsible for all kinds of chemistry.
So you know the electrons househ home or residence in the space is the orbital and only two kinds of location either electrons could be localized or deoized.
Again you see uh the same uh local and local and global. Localized means clones are centered at a particular center, particular item, particular site.
Deoiz means spread over more than one centers.
So you see these are the basic concepts.
If one understands very well almost more than 90% job of the chemical sciences had been done.
So uh now I am coming to my research area. What kind of research? Just I am uh going to give a just a a flavor of the kinds of chemistry we are doing at Banarasundu University.
As we discussed the functional groups are the sides of the reactivity.
Functional groups as we discussed nitro am carbonyl could be alihide ketone amide any kind.
If a compound say for example acettophenone is containing only one functional group that is the ketone. So it will give the reactions of the ketones only in a polyunctional molecule means molecule having more than one functional group maybe 2 3 four in the simple molecule.
So for example if you talk about eers eers are having two functional groups keto group and ether group both are coming together that is the easter say for example amite co and amino group. So if a compound is having more than one functional groups and all the functional groups are situated very close to each other not very far. Say for example if you take a long chain compounds having one in the amino group another alcohol then this compounds and in between there are say for example 8 9 10 carbon atoms then this compound is going to the specific reaction of the amino group and specific reactions of the alcohol.
But if the functional groups are stressed very closely then apart from their individual chemical reactivity they show some unusual unexpected behavior and that behavior is due to the identity and in interconnectedness of the molecules. Means say unusual chemistry and to this end our molecule is say very simple molecule beta keto dioaster.
Our chemistry is very much focused highly focused.
The center of our chemistry is this molecule only. You see this is the in the case of beta ketoioester. If you compare with the Easter molecule beta ketoester which chemistry is very widely studied.
Two oxygens have been replaced with the sulfur atom that becomes beta keto dioisters.
So now you see in this molecule one is group is the carbonial group another functional group is the C double bond S that is the thiocarbon and then another is the thio ether three basic functional groups and these three basic groups show the chemical and physical properties have these functionality.
Apart from these they show some unusual unusual reactivity.
So you see this simple molecule is having three nucleophilic centers that is the oxygen, alpha carbon and sulfur. These are the three nucleophiles and two electrofphilic centers carbonial carbon and thiocarbonial carbon. So you see this very small molecules simple diode derivative of the beta ketoester is having many functional groups six seven functional groups and that shows the unusual reactivity, unusual behavior, unexpected chemistry.
molecule looks very simple.
But if in this simple molecule there are six seven functional groups and out of these functional groups if there are more than one nucleophilic centers more than one electrofilic centers then it becomes very tough to control the reactivity.
fit center. Now you see here if that becomes in all means this CH2 alpha carbon that point is not working. You see that is the beta keto alpha is the CH2 group alpha methylene.
So this CH2 this alpha both carbons are it becomes enol.
If it moves towards it becomes in thyol you see something like that in the below structure and carbonyl is there the thioaster is there. So it becomes six seven functional. So the major problems comes how to control the reactivity and particularly how to control the selectivity because two things are very very important in the reactions again selectivity again only this is the simple molecule and that is the enormous kind of reactions can be carried out. So our vision of the reaction is that our all reactions are one part reaction one part whatever the and one of the reagent thioistans are it derivative thioamide and reactions are highly sustainable.
Most of the reactions have been carried out at room temperature. So you see just I am giving a flavor starting with this simple diioister just you name any heteroscycles either five membered or six membered or fugitive heterosycles we have been able to synthesize almost all kinds of the general heterosycles containing nitrogen oxygen sulfur are in different permutation and combinations.
And you see the kind of uh publications uh our group is being able to done is starting with this very simple molecule that that's uh it can be synthesized anywhere anywhere in the laboratory and molecule is very much bent stable.
You may be wondering that this is a sulfur containing compound so maybe foul are very bad. No no no not at all.
It has no foul smell. Only the precaution is required during the time of the synthesis because it needs carbon dulfide or some of the sulfur content carbonates. So you need a fuming cup only after the formation of the diioisters or thyomides highly bent stable having no bismell.
So you see this is the simple reaction of uh dioisters. You see our compounds that is the synthesizer of benjo 13 thene in one part. You see the simplicity of the reaction means uh one part no catalyst no metal reaction had been carried out at room temperature and solvent is the polar approic that is the acetone nitrite.
Uh this is the simple mechanism of the reactions we have done just to establish the mechanism course of the reaction how our reactions is proceedings. Students are doing control experiments then we are able to synthesize and perform reactions and this is the again application of the reactions. Our reactions are ground scalable and that is the further transformation dematization of the synthesized heterrocycles and uh we are able to have the single crystal also and that helps us to derive the final structure absolute three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
Again this is a simply generality of the reaction. We have synthesized a huge number of compounds containing all kinds of the substituents aromatic heterroaromatic that is the heteroscyclic and the bulky groups like methyl bifphenile extended aromatics alkals all kinds of substituents are being tolerated with the system. You see again this is the diioisters.
We have derivatized the diioisters to the SLI derivative. And this SLI derivative simply by hitting at 80° and the solvents give the very important that is the thyophane.
And as you know this is the 2 + 2. This is the conventional how intermolecular and intramolecular that is the established reaction. And in our case again we have done the same we have utilized the same concept that is the 2 +2 cylo addition. This is the again single case study structure of the synthesized molecule. These are the different kinds of substrate scope.
Again these are the control experiments which uh defines our mechanism by energy calculations of the different transition states and intermediates involved during the course of the reaction.
And this is the further uh derivatization and is scale of reaction we have carried out our all most of the reaction to the ground level also.
Similarly you see this is the you will find in each and every reaction one of our starting materials is dioisters are its derivative thioamide.
You see starting from this simple thioamides and that is alpha melanon nitride you see the formation of cyclic fused heterrocyclic system otherwise really it's very very difficult very very difficult to synthesize and you see the condition of the reaction again at room temperature time of the reap is also not very high means 24 hours 1 day 2 day week something like And you see the condition that is the means involving no toxic reagent toxic substrates are very complex isolation. So you see the sustainability and greenness of the reaction. Again this is a simple generality and substrate scope.
This is the gram scale synthesis and further derivatization of the reaction.
And this is the again control experiments and based on the control experiments and our experimental observations. This is the simple organic chemistry mechanism.
And finally we are going to have the proged heterocyclic system. And in our most of the reactions we have trapped the intermediates or transition state formed during the course of the reaction through which reaction proceeds by HRMS study. Again you see this reaction you see the kind of starting materials involved and you please note the uh condition of the reaction. You see simple sium carbonate base again room temperature 3 to 5 air open air no blue box because you see if one is using the transition metal catalyst for example roodium paladium then very inert dry condition is being needed and for that you need the glow box and uh you might be aware that the cost of the globe asks a common general group back around 50 lakhs.
So you see how what is the simplicity of our reactions.
Again this is a simply generality of the reaction. How general is our reactions?
Again the gram stability some control experiment and further derivatization of the products and based on this this is the product mechanism. As you see in all cases our reactions are highly selective and on this uh it looks very easy but for optimization of the reaction students have to carry out more than sometime 200 sets of reactions for getting the optimal condition for that particular reactions. So it's not very easy what simply it's like to see here again you see our one of the substrate dioisters and thioamides we are able to again synthesize a very important class of heteroscycles that is the highly substituted thofen derivatives again this is the simple mechanism and you see here also means uh whatever the starting materials are there >> uh very easy accessibility is there easily available either you can synthesize starting with the very easily available chemicals substrates and synthesis is also very easy and you see the kind of final molecule is going to be formed that is they As you see thine six member ring containing one sulfur atom and two nitrogen atom in one part and that's otherwise very very tough very difficult.
Uh again this is the simple mechanism how and you see uh everywhere selectivity there again you see the next class of this I am giving the flavor What kind of chemistry we are doing? You see simply you might not be interested very much but you see here these are the flavors of our kinds of chemistry we are doing at Banarasu University in you see simple Disters and simple you see one to five member ring containing two sulfur atoms in one part and you see the condition of the reaction again simple potassium phosphat with DMA solvent room temperature open air and one two diol pip containing two sulfur atoms otherwise really it's very very tough to make the sulfur sulfur bond are carbon sulfur bond in one part reaction so this is again simple mechanism here again you see our diioisters in the inolic form no catalyst no metal simple potassium carbonate die again room temperature, open air and again in most of the cases we have got the single crystals to uh stabilize the structure of the targeted molecule. Again you here see our dileist we have deratite hydroxy amino compound alpha methanine group has been converted into the hydroxy amino that is the octine derivative and then this is the treated with you by variation of the simple Hello amines we are getting the five member and six membered hetrayles.
Again this is the mechanism and this is the simple crystal structure. Again you see thioamides and simple cellihide formation of that is the chromines substituted chromines and you know how important biologically and chromine is how much important uh for the point of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceuticals.
Again this is the all derivative of our diyers.
This you please keep mind the reaction condition of the reaction DMSO room temperature open air.
No high temperature is required. Same way this is the scope mechanism and uh again this is the simple that is the hydrogen we have converted CH2 into the hydrogen derivative. Then this is the electrochemistry. It's very green chemistry. And in this case the beauty of this case is that we do not need the flash or column chromatography for the purification or isolation of the compounds.
Simply by crystallization with the co-olvents ethile acetate and nhexen in different molar ratios. We have uh again you see this that is the combination of the this is the catalytic reaction rootium plus photo and this you see the kind of heterosycles five ring containing two nitrogen and one sulfur and not only that containing eocyclic amino group. So you see the functionality this molecule again highly functional molecules which can be further derivatized into a variety of value added molecules.
So this is the simple mechanism. This is again gability and further derivatization of our synthesize molecule oxidation reduction.
So you see what does it mean in organic synthesis?
What are the important factors? First factor that your any reaction should be cost effective.
It should not involve the highly expensive starting materials or reagents. So our all reactions are highly cost effective.
We are getting the very excellent yield in most of the cost almost quantitative field because our reactions are one part atom economy and cost economy also means in most of the cases no byproducts all the studying materials are being involved into the final target molecule.
Rate of the reactions is very fast.
Highly efficient reactions within hours.
Most of the reaction within minutes and isolation and purification of the products very simple. Of course, it needs column chromatography but not very sophisticated isolation.
Eco-friendly means no toxic substrate or reagents are being involved during the course of the reaction. and operationally very simple one can do at the BSC laboratory. It needs only one step nothing else.
So highlights of our all reactions. You see our reactions are cheap and easily accessible available starting materials operationally simple one part cascade reactions. And you see here cascade reactions means in the single part only there are several steps maybe three step four step five bond breaking bond forming simultaneous conccommittently if one bond is bound carbon carbon is breaking carbon nitrogen forming carbon sulfur bonding so most of the reactions are part atom and step economy protocol most of the cases very clean reactions single spot on the TLC very clean reaction normally under open air no inert atmosphere mean no need of the nitrogen gas or helium gas or something like that easy isolation and purification procedures good to excellent most of the cases quantitative more than 90% we are getting high selectivity most of the reactions are our chemo and radioactive because you see this simple molecule is having many functional sides. Three four nucleophilic centers two three electrphilic centers a high selectivity I told wide substrate scope scalable reaction and synthetic applications and further downstream transformation.
So you see chemistry scope is still unlimited surprises all the time. Even you do the known reactions there is the possibility of the survivability.
This is the beauty of the chemistry because a little bit change of the condition either temperature or molar ratio of the reagent or pressure or atmosphere course of the reaction may change. The way you do the chemistry and the chemistry we do are both are very fast changing and really this is the practically true. We are the chemists only who will integrate the whole science. No other no.
>> So what is the future talent for the chemical sciences? You see organic synthesis has already made a great contribution to the development of biological and material sciences.
We actually expect an increase of its importance.
Other hand for a sustainable future society it is necessary to redirect the traditional chemical industry toward one that is the environmentally acceptable that is the means green and clean and in harmony with the society. You see our today most of the industry there there are the highly lethal byproducts are being formed either you talk about uh metal industry means almonium steel iron or leather industry or means any industry.
So this is the responsibility of the synthetic organic chemist to do better for the better life of the humanity.
So you see uncontrolled and excessive human activities are triggering drastic climate fluctuations and environmental changes, depleting resources and energy, widening the north south gap and leading our human society to a highly critical or crisis situation. So these are all the problems that we have created not nature have created. All the problems we have created but no one is willing to take the responsibility for resolving facing manifold challenges many of which were created in part or in whole by humans. Chemists need to broaden their prospects and multidisiplinary undertakings.
Science and technology are essential to solve environmental crisis.
We need scientists who will not only be capable of implementing the most advanced research or innovation but who can also serve as leaders in our future society. That is the more important thing because now you see whatever the policies for the sake of the society or humanity are being framed or made um at this public perform. I am not going to share you all know just you see the background and educational qualifications of the our leads.
So vibrant science needed for future society.
So you see just by one example uh I am going to say how we think is more important than what is present.
Uh this is the uh just spec cover but just like this this is the nine highest one digit integer that's true highest single integer nine but it can be viewed it can be seen by different ways.
9 is lucky number for some people.
7 + 2 is equal to 9.
10 - 1 is also 9. 3 into 3 is also 9. 18 / 2 is also 9. 3² is also 9. And under root 81 is also 9. Means you see several ways of wing the and the practical truth is that this is the highest single integer but all the viewers are also correct and root 81 is equal to 9 that is the correct excuse me 7 + 2 9 is also fine 10 - 1 is 9 is also fine so I I mean how we realize, how we feel, how you are going to look the problem that is the more important than the existing problem.
Uh if uh some of you have visited the Bunarasi University, this is our department of chemistry that is the external view and this is the you see one of the biggest department of the Asia in terms of faculty strength as well as students. department is currently catering 3,000 students.
Can you imagine in one department including UG, PG, research scholars and postto just you means uh almost better than a little bit single institute you see most of the IIT are having roughly around maximum 2,000 students only our department is catering 3,000 students so there are two big LS. One is the outer lawn and that is the inner lawn of the department.
And this is the replica of the Kashi Vishna that is the original temple which is in the heart of the city. And this is the temple in the heart in the center of the Banaras Sunundi University that is the replica of the Kasi Vishnav temple.
And as you know this kasi or banaras or varsi that is the known as city of the mo and that is the known as in our ancient history one of the oldest city on the earth that is the kasi that is the vami and that is the banaras as I know uh most people not from the India different parts of the India even from the abroad now coming at the last hours of their life to get the mo in vance and as you know that's why there are two cremation sides one is the manka goat and another is the harishan god and we believe that in our uh history in our methods in our logistics One who is uh taking his last breathe in baras directly goes to the heaven that is the gets the mo. So these are the two cards and finally I would like to thank you all for your uh present hearing and uh lastly I would like to acknowledge the different funding agency that is a DSTB fit now have changed to ANRF CSI UGC UGC UK that is the international grants and Jess national fellowship and IOHU for the funding which you could be able to sustain yeah do some kinds of chemistry at the banarasindu university chemistry department. So once again thank you all very much.
It would be my pleasure if you have any kind of query, any kind of confusion or any kind of question, if I am able to clarify, I am able to justify it would be my pleasure otherwise I will say frankly I do not know. I have I have no hesitation in saying that I do not know.
Sir, sir u first of all thank you for such a great lecture I am an inorganic chemist so uh two questions came into my mind maybe there but just came in in one of your complexes I have seen that there is a heterosycle with sulfur sulfur bond inside the heterosycle >> to when we do inorganic reactions we use hydro super oxides um you know hydrogen those are fairly unstable and I as oxygen is sulfur is just beneath oxygen in the periodic table. I expect that sulfur sulfur bond will also be equally unstable. But you have got a compound which is stable because I have seen you have characterized.
We have got the single crystal also highly stable because you see that of course sulfur sulfur bond is there but if that sulfur sulfur bond not into only the cyclic system in a cyclic system you say the dulfide >> very much stable >> but it is a cyclic system.
>> Yeah. Yeah. In cyclic is that is simply one two diioles.
>> Okay.
>> There are 13 diioles because this is the heteroscyclic system containing two heterosulfur atoms and that is a five member ring.
>> This is very much stable in room temperature.
>> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Highly bench stable.
You can keep the final compound for years.
>> Okay.
>> And the bench only. No problem. Sir another question is that uh uh we have started a new course in our department as inorganic photochemistry and uh in our PG courses also there is one or two units in fourth semester about inorganic photochemistry where we uh teach the students about ruinium based uh photochemistry ruinium 2 and ruinium 3 based inorganic photochemistry. I have seen that there are few reactions I we have used ruinium 2 as catalyst and put LED bulb. So have you gone through the uh mechanis mechanistic part of those?
>> Yes. Yes. Yes. We have done the theoretical calculation with the help of theoreticians also. But uh actually uh please be sitted uh what I told the students in my group. I have free hand to students means not always my vision has to be implemented. My idea had to be implemented. If students something thinks if you treat with the amines corresponding >> you will get the mites. This is very simple very simple condition.
>> The only thing is that during the synthesis of the diioisters you need the strong fuming cupboard so that the toxic unavoidable gases can evolve.
student it would be my pleasure otherwise I would say very happily Oh, thank you sir.
organic chemistry.
Chemistry first known as the father of the chemistry chemical category inorganic and organic Or this concept was continued in the chemical community more than 100 years.
Student M you see most of the chemistry 100 years back that that was the serendipity means entirely different compounder more than 12 months.
That is yoursis.
But chemistry is entirely different.
target, vitamin B, vitamin C, antibiotic, anthroyc.
So now there is no inorganic or broadly organic which can be having the vital connectivity or something like that.
Compounds organic compounds.
Thank you sir.
Uh sir queries and basicity and thermocinetic difference that the major large between the nucleicity and basicity. So how could I distinguish that nucleophilicity will have the kindinetic property and basicity will have the thermal kinetic property.
you are able to.
>> Oh, okay. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Uh I was simply saying either nucleophile or base or nucleophilicity or basicity how they are different.
So whatever you told that there is the thermodynamic control and kinetic control. In the case of nucleophilicity there is the kinetic control parameter and the in the case of basicity there is the thermmo dynamic control parameter.
>> I I guess you might be following the what is the thermodynamic control and kinetic control.
>> I think yes sir.
>> That's good.
>> Thank you sir.
>> Thank you sir.
question.
What is different between important research quality. He's a very good teacher as well as very good researcher.
Now I'm requesting Dr. Sra for continue the session.
>> Thank you sir. Thank you for such an interesting lecture on the basics as well as history of chemistry. It was truly enlightening and inspiring and we are really blessed that you took time from your busy schedule for being a part of cam wall 2026 and we got a chance to interact with you sir Dr. Atul or Dr. student.
Now I will request Dr. Sumit and Dr. Bikash to facilitate sir with Shaw plant and momentto Now I will request Dr. Subid to say a few words for sir.
Thank you sra.
Yes.
So um we recalled our uh student days as sir was uh just teaching us and it is a great pleasure to listen sir.
So we are deeply grateful to professor Maya sir for sharing his vast knowledge and rich experience with us. His lecture was not only in intellectually simulating but also highly relevant, highlighting the vital role of organic chemistry in shaping a healthier and more sustainable environment. On a personal note, I feel especially honored to express my gratitude as he was also my teacher during my graduate and post-graduate studies in chemistry at Banarasindu University.
At that time he served not only as excellent educator but also as warden of Bhava host where I stayed for two. also witnessed an outstanding teacher as well as a capable administrator.
Yesterday during dinner he fondly spoke about many of his students who have gone to achieve great success even when their beginning were not very strong.
His words continues to inspire us to strive for higher goals and remain committed to our academic and professor journeys.
I would also like to extend my heartfelt thank to the organ for arranging such a such a enlightening session and I think that it is also very much enlightening for participants here too.
Once again thank you sir for your invaluable contribution. Thank you.
Thank you sir.
Thank you Dr. Sumit.
Yes Maya Shankr is a true teacher and ocean of knowledge. A big round of applause for him. Everyone thank you poster. Poster presentation oral session we'll continue in this lecture only means this hall only poster evaluation judges Dr. Da Pratim Das from Gaia College Dr. Dr. Akil Ahmed from Miraal College and Dr. Sudhir Kumar Sunil Kumar from JJ College presentation please poster present the oral sessions will be conducted by Dr. Supria Preloaded keypad phone Smile.
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Respected uh STEM faculty members, distinguished participants and dear research scholar, a very good afternoon to all of you.
It's my privilege to welcome you all once again to the faculty as well as uh research scholar oral presentation session of this national seminar game wall 2026.
This session uh was scheduled from uh 9:15 but sorry for the delay and will feature a series of academic presentation by our respected faculty members as well as research scholar listed from uh listed from 75 to 135 and 142 to 159.
The session is coordinated by me and uh other faculty members. We are deeply uh honored to all of you.
On behalf of the organizing committee, I extend a very warm welcome to all of you once again.
May I kindly request all the presenter to add strictly to the allotted time of 10 minutes so that every participant gets an opportunity to present enriching session. I would like to invite Anil Kumar Dr. Whatever something we take from the nature that is not harmful medicine they are from nature and we we consume almost all natural products but what happens these plants when are consumed nowadays this tradition of taking this medicinal plant or herbal is highly increasing especially after plants not not only in India but we are exporting also to hundreds and thousands of tons of herbal materials herbal plant biomasses and medicinal formulations are being exported. So this is uh now becomes it becomes now very important that we uh try to understand that how heavy metal plants are are being consumed with the herbal formulation. So we uh need to depending upon different region tropical climate and manurs used or seled fertilizers pesticides how are they affecting the heavy metal uptake by the different plants. Not only when these due to pollution uh they are altering also soil's physicochemical characteristic the pH may be changing organic matter content may be changing and heavy metals bioavailability may be also changing and aerosols also especially near highways uh just soon I came from GA to both Gaan throughout the highway I observed lot of dust and lot of pollution and this is everywhere actually true so we therefore required to estimate the heavy metal container. Now just a little outline how does heavy metal how do heavy metals enter into the cycle of different plants. So we can see lot of industrial products or burnt fuel fertilizers pesticides through air through soil through water they go to they reach to plant and through plant they finally accumulate in our human body as we consume them. Now also there are different meth these are different mechanisms where you can see the anthropogenic sources or natural sources the through air through water through soil the the root and the leaves and the stream part all are accumulating heavy metal in different content. So we require to study the heavy metal content in these different parts because they different parts of the plants are being used for herbal formulation. Now you can see the we are using for different parts of plant for preparation of herbal medicines. The 39% leaf lower 8% stem bark 12% root tuber 12% root 17% and whole plant 6% is being used. So lot of uh the plant is being consumed. Now the heavy metal which what type of metals we are calling heavy metals. The very simple thumb rule we have that atomic number if is more than 20 and density if is 5 g more than 5 g per cc then we are calling that determing those metals as heavy metals. These heavy metals if accumulated in different in our body they can cause severe diseases to these different organs. So we therefore required to study this. Now uh I have select I have listed 14. I'm working on 14 but right now I have report ready for three. So I reporting for three right now for Tulsi for brahi and for tag that is also known as jatamani. So I have used leaf for tuli brahi and tuli brahi leaf and tag root is being used. Now uh so the materials and methodology first of all the materials were collected from local market local suppliers and they were washed with deionized water to remove surface contaminant. They were dried at room temperature industry environment and after that uh after drying uh we I have I seeped through the to obtain a uniform powder and the method was to digest the final powder dried powder 250 g 250 mg of sample was treated with 7 ml of 10 70% nitric acid and one milll of 30% H2O in microwave oven and temperature was programmed for 150 for 10 minutes 190° for 20 minutes and uh and then held for 10 minutes it was then the sample was diluted for 20 ml with deionized water and analysis was done using ICPOS and calibration were done. Now the finding experimental outcome region wise experimental outcome were observed for these three these three plant species. So cadmium was ranging for Bihar for contamination level in general was observed to be lower for the Bihar region higher for the Jakan region and moderate to lower for the Uttarakhand region. Cadmium was observed from less than 0.03 to 0.1 to for Bihar and then for Jhan it was between 0.45 to 3.10 and for Uttarakhan it was between 0.20 to 2.85 85 for different samples and similarly chromium also ranged low for the low contamination for Bihar region and it was high for Jakan region and Uttarakhan it was again moderate. So mercury actually was found below below the desired limit actually. So uh these were the findings and the result uh now the result what was observed was have been found that as per the WHO standards they were exceeding the WHO limit actually who uh the world health organization permissible limit for lead in materials has been is actually scaled to 10 mg per kg so for late uh in jhark region tusi was saying more than 5 this is 5.2 two times actually late for utakand was found 4.6 6 time cadmium was found 10.3 less than more than 10.3 time uh 10.3 times actually and chromium was also found in in brahi more than what the limit is so conclusion is here now that jarkan is uh jarkan is posing high risk zone and I think jarkan has lot of coal fired power plants and mining operations keeps going on and also in it may be geogenic also because continental crust minerals are available and a agriculture industrial activities also. Utakhan has a lot of industries also. So that may be also contaminating uh for Uttarakhand region as we know Uttakhand is actually on the folded mountain range. So uh Himalan soils have been found acidic and due to weathering or historical accumulation from natural geological processes. So industrial activities are not that much but these may be affecting the moderate contamination of different herbal herbal or medicinal plants or their parts in Bihar it is in low-risk zone especially the collected samples were from Japur around area. So uh it has been we we due to allevial soil composition uh they have low background of metal concentration and regular flood etc keep coming so the soil keeps renewing so that may be also affecting the uptake of heavy metal by the medicinal plants.
So final summary is there that we time to time require to do such investigation in different kind of different kind of plants or herbal biomasses because these days tradition we are we are in we are having more consumption of these herbal biomasses in different formulations and they are being exported in also in lot.
So time to time routine examination and routine quality monitoring of these medicinal plants are important and for that we can have a region specific we can have region specific plan okay in different regions how the different other activities may be affecting the increase in heavy metal content in either soil or in water or in air and that may be affecting the uptake of these heavy metals by these plants. So we can have a region specific plan for that region specific policy for that to uh to to contain the limit of the heavy metrics.
>> Thank you sir.
Thank you sir for this insightful and uh well presented talk. Any question from audience side or from participant?
What do you mean by acidic Himalayan rain in that?
>> Okay.
So the ph is ph little more than little less than seven.
>> Okay.
>> So any more question?
So thank you Dr. Mr. Alin. I currently pursuing thank you for coming here and giving your very nice presentation.
The next presenter uh would be I I would like to invite Dr. Arti Kumari from Bhagpuri University.
>> So the next presenter uh would be Dr. Udash Shankar Prashad a research scholar from biochemistry Mad University Bodia.
Sorry. Uda Shankar Prashad research scholar from biochemistry Mad University.
attendance will be marked on the basis of presentation. So kindly Huh? And certificate will be distributed only on the basis of presentation.
Good afternoon doctor uh good afternoon sir and good good afternoon ma'am. Good afternoon respected sir and respected ma'am and my colleagues and PhD scholars sir may phytochemical investigation of kadama plantive compound analysis of alkides filonoids and other phyitochemicals.
Phytochemicals chemicals chemicals phytochemicals medicinal property antioxidant and antibacterial activity testing. Madam sir traditional use in arya and medicine current state of research and Current uh current uh research gap limited scientific data is available about the chemical properties and uses of kadama plant insufficient documentation of phyitochemical profile.
>> Go ahead.
>> Uh compound need for validation of traditional medicinal claims object. Identify bioactive compounds in the kadama plant. Assess the antioxidant properties using DPPH method. DPPH method. Antioxidant properties test or uh evulate the antibacterial activity of plant extracts material and methodolin or acetate.
Yeah.
Phenolic component component extraction of phyitochemicals. Methanol extract shows the highest phyitochemical content rich in phenolics and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity methanol extract lowest IC IC value highest activity IC value low antioxidant property antioxidant property comet antibacterial strong against the gram positive bacteria and moderate against the gram negative bacteria high phenolic content and uh strong antioxidant Effect phyitochemical responsible for anti-microal activity results support traditional medicinal use. Kama is rich source of bioactive compound. Methanol is most effective extraction solvent potential for pharmaceutical and therapeutical application G.
Thank you.
Sir, >> thank you Sankar Prashad.
>> Any question from the participant side?
>> No, >> I would like to invite next presenter.
>> Thank Thank you sir. Thank you madam for for the opportunity.
>> I would like to invite uh our hod from botney department uh Dr. Ravi Kumar Si uh to present your work here. Sir kindly present your work.
Victoria I don't know.
I don't know.
sir. Thank you. Please I now invite the next present. center.
Sujit Kumar from PG Department of Chemistry, Mad University, Bodia.
Next.
participant poster presentation Poster presentation only.
Kumar tiger.
I now invite Pankage Kumar Tiger from biochemistry.
to present his work.
What's Type two diabetic mitis is A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance.
Yes sir. Type two diabetes malitis is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia, insulin resistance and impaired insulin secret role in disease progression.
Oxidative. Oxidative aess is imbalanced with the production of reactive oxygen reactive oxygen aspis and body antiox defense system leading to cellular and molecular damage.
So of reactive oxygen as species, mitochondrial, electron transport chain, NADPH, oxidative activity, environmental factor, pollution, a smoking, UV radiation and toxin, inflammation and hypoglycemia, antioxidant defense system, enzyatic, antioxidant, superoxide dismutase, catalyst and glutathione peroxidase, non-enzyatic antioxidant, vitamin C, Source of reactive oxygen aspis in type 2 diabetes militarismia enhance reactive oxygen asis production.
Mitoon primary source of reactive oxygen asis produced as a byproduct of electron breakdown of fatty acid and the plasmic reticle of protein folding error here can release reactive oxygen asis enzyatic reaction enzyme like NADPH oxidase and zenthanine produce RO for cell signaling or im Effect of oxative stress. Excess production of reactive oxygen as spaces damage the cellular production of reactive oxygen as spaces overhelm the function.
Lipid peroxidation reactive oxygen attack membrane lipid formation of lipid peroxidase loss of membrane integrity and fluidity increased permeability and cell damage protein oxidation oxidation of amino acid and amino acid sites and a structural modification of protein enzyme inactivation and dysfunction repair cellular process DNA damage reactive oxygen asis causing single and double and break base modification and mutation. Impair gene expression and cell function may lead to apoptosis.
Mitochondrial dysfunction damage to mitochondrial DNA protein and enzyme.
Impair electron transport chain reduce ATP production energy deficit and cell dysfunction. Inflammation activation of reduct sensitive and transcription factor increased production of pro-inflammatory cytoine chronic lowgrade inflammation. Insulin resistance reactive oxygen aspressive interface with insulin signaling pathway.
Reduce glucose uptake in muscle and edipos tissues.
Diabetic complication.
Retinopathy vision loss. Neuropathy.
Nerve damage, nephropathy, kidney damage and cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidant defense system. Enzyatic antioxidant.
Super oxide dismut convert highly reactive super oxide in hydrogen peroxide. Catalyst primary located peroxyome. It decomposite and hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Glutathione peroxidase reduce hydroxy and hydrogen peroxide by using glutathione as a reducing agent.
Non-enzyatic antioxidant glutathione often called the master antioxidant. It maintains cellular redux state. Vitamin C water soluble escapia. Vitamin E lipid soluble protect cell membrane from oxidation.
Complication of diabetes malitis.
Neuropathy nerve damage caused by reduced blood flow between oxidative metabolic insert leading to pair of loss of sensation of limb. Retinopathy damage the retina blood vessel leading to vision loss and blindness. Muropathy damage of kidney filter system often progression of chronic kidney disease.
Cardiovascular disease increase risk of coronary artery digit heart attack and heart failure. Peripheral artery dia reduce blood flow to leg which can lead to so healing wounds and severe cases therapeutic assist lifestyle modification dietary intervention and physical activity antioxidant supplementation vitamin C and vitamin E co-enzyme Q10 natural and herbal bioactive polyphenol and flavonoids emerging therapy gene therapy and a stem cells.
Oxidative step play a central role in type two diabetes malitis. Imbalance between reactive oxygen as antioxidant defense system. A stinging antioxidant defense system help prevent complication.
Thank you sir.
Thank you punkage uh for presenting your work. uh at Davage. Uh the next presenter would be uh Pankage Kumar from biochemistry Madi University both It's nothing organic here.
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Good Good afternoon respected sir and ma'am and good afternoon everyone.
>> All of you are requested uh to please keep quiet.
>> I am Amit Kumar Suman research scholar from Mad University.
I am presenting my topic pyramidine based heteroscyclic molecules hybrid heterocyclic molecules as potent phmacological agent.
Now I am introducing about first of all I'm introducing about pyramidine. Primadine is six member heterrocyclic molecules, heterocyclic aromatic molecules uh which have two nitrogen at first and third position.
Do it is a several vital structure building block in biological system including DNA and RNA like cytosine, thymine, uracil and also vitamin B1 have pyramidine and pyramidine containing heterocyclic molecule are very important in medicinal chemistry because of their versatile biological activity and potential for structural modification. Due to this advantage the this scarfold attracted great interest of great interest in drug research and designing and development of bioactive compound. This compound this significance of pyramidine derivative in treating disease like cancer infectious disease and metabolic in many more. According to the recent development, pyramidine and its derivative are synthesized along innovative synthesis approaches such as via big reaction, metal catalyze reaction and microwave reaction. Further next slide I will introduce bigali reaction. Here is cytosine, urasil and thymine and vitamin B1 which all have kerramdine.
Here is some marketed drug which are bioactive, highly bioactive and this is also FDI approved drug which are already synthesized. This is osimartin which is anti-cancer activity and the second is trithopreme.
It is shown a antibacterial activity and for antifungal activity here is flu fluocytosine and the fourth israirine. Itin is used in anti-viral activity and glyizide is highly active for bol are used for diabetic anti-diabetic activities and the last is dupreon which is antiscychotic.
Here is uh some list in which these all drugs are listed here which all are the status is these all are FDA approved drug which are which is already synthesized and already already patent patent. This is the reference further I will I have listed in the last slide this compounder Next compoundhide.
Second one is beta ketoester. And third one is thio ura ura or we can also use thioidia.
And these all are compound are reflux for two hour in the presence of and weak and and we compound 18 bioactive molecules.
Here we discuss about the compound pyramidine parajol hybrid.
This is pyramidine structure and this is paragel parajol structure.
This compound is synthesized by Johnny Ital. In this reaction here is thiother thiother and this is beta ketoister and this is alihide. These all are reflux for 6 to 8 hour and in presence of Cl and the compound pyramidine derivatives is found. Further this reaction this is Easter compound. This is Easter compound. Further this reaction is present in HCl and NOH. This is hydrayzeed and then make here is acid.
Then acid further in presidium channel blocker. Calcium channel blocker has a blood pressure high blood pressure low pressure.
In the next slide, it has compound 3 D of Xeno 45 Dyramdine derivative. This compound begins 9 or 11 beta ketoister alihide and this is this is ether. These all are synthesized.
These all are react in the presence of ethile alcohol and can is ceric ammonium nitrate and reflux it into 20 20 minute and this compound is formed. The compound 12 is 12 is also a very highly bioactive compound and this compound is used for antimicrobial and uh this is mechanism of the synthesis of this compound. In the next slide we will discuss about uh again vignal via vignali reaction we will synthesize the compound dihydrop pyramidines which is 14 via vignnali reaction. This also we can produce a primitine derivatives pyramidine derivatives and this is highly also it is highly bioactive compound. And again this is uh synthesis of 1 2 3 4 tetrahydrop pyramidine 23 which is pred predicted in 23. This is also pyramidine derivative and this is also synthesized via vignali reaction. It is also a very bio highly bioactive compound. And uh here is the references and uh thank you for everyone for listening.
Thank you sir.
Thank you ma'am.
Now pausing the session for the overall presentation and inviting Dr. Ra Ravi Kumar Singh H Od Department of BNI Mad University.
He is postdoc from Swedish instit university of agriculture science opsa Sweden and he gained his PhD from Isa Kolkata in the field of plant and microbell genomics with Maxpl Institute of Chemical Ecology.
ology Jana Germany and he did MTech from bioinir informatics in bioinformatics from JNU he awarded several awards in some of them are post-doal fellowship from car chryser foundation Sweden and he recently uh awarded by UGC C BSR research which is a startup grant. He published several papers uh in uh Springer Nature Elsewhere and uh Oxford University Press. So inviting Dr. Ravi Kumar Singh for his invited lecture.
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very good morning. Thanks. Uh so uh uh let me know actually have you heard about this term Chriser Cass?
I hope most of you have heard heard or not. Yes. So uh tell me how many you have idea about the crisper cast mean what is crisper cast and what it do actually.
Anyway so uh of course I have chosen this topic crisper cast system.
So exactly the uh genomic editing tool >> right. So there are uh so many different tools are available for the genetic engineering or so but this is one is the most promising genetic genomic editing tool. So it is genome editing tool right earlier there were severals like recommend technology most of us RNA RNA interference. So even when we are doing PhD so we have used this technique RN interference for the all the changes but now in 2014 it was the mechanism was discovered what is the cris and how it works actually.
So after that and and it is a precise genome editing system very fine right the most positive things about this is the it edit at the genome genome level.
So here RN interfaces it works at the RNA level not genome level. So means anything that is going to edit that perpetuates for the generation. This is the beauty for the crisper cast. So I am not going to detail about the crisper cast system but here I different that I think it will easy for me to communicate you the biology why and how. So it is genome that going to be edited right. So genome is everyone know that is the inside the nucleus and this is a chromosome and here chromosome there is a DNA that is the actually going to generation to generation and move or pass the information.
So this is the central dogma of mole biology. So means the information that is coded inside the DNA right that passes to the protein through the RNA right and means what information is there inside the DNA actually that express that functionally work at the proteins right so what will the protein what is the function of what will the function of protein actually that decided by the DNA or DNA means it is if you look at the DNA uh So it is a polymer uh polyucleotide.
So if you look at the details of the polyucleotide okay you'll find only there are four different types of repeating units that monomers. So symbol is agc right. So whether it is genome of the bacteria, fungi, plant, animal only these four different letters actually represent the whole genome. Right?
So just think about this is a language of genomic language that is depend only four different letters. Think about the our the English language right there only 26 alpha alphabet six letter. So this 26 letters will communicate the half of the world actually.
And when herbin herbinana right discovered the genetic code mean how the information embedded inside the gene actually DNA that passing through the RNA to the proteins. This is only the distribution for later and they received the the complete dictionary means there are only 64 different codons out of the three stock and 61 is the genetic code. So means they disclose the complete dictionary of DNA language right complete of DNA language. So if uh one has over command over the English language so it will be very great right just imagine DNA has the only four letter through which the whole dictionary is completed right this is the only four letter actually this is about the arrangement distribution of this four letter over the length of the genome that is guiding or controlling our whole phen phenotypes or the phys or say the whole body Right.
So and but but when we got this is actually uh uh segments how this is coded but at the mechanism level the only the distribution of segments the residue that actually guide also the confirmation of the protein right 3D protein. So when you look at the function of protein it is not only the segments the configuration threedimensional configuration actually what this adopt it will be important for the function right and the structure actually not the configuration actually not guided by only the sequence that is also the environment micro environment the pH temperature the system of the system right but the entirely ultimately the what will be the type of protein actually the what is the structure that depend upon the the distribution of the amino acid that is guided by the this the distribution of nucleotide right so just this this is the example that how this sequence of DNA actually got translated in the form of the protein the peptide peptide and and this is the whole genetic code on which this total the scenario is going All right.
This is desperate by the Argo Kuran and team.
So if see how this actually uh happened.
So this is the gen code stiplate and once uh I got the opening frame. So which template code is coding which amino acids right we got the protein sequence by the refreshing of the genetic code.
And if there is a particular changes a particular site it will change the proteins and but the changes actually also depends at which position going to happen the first position after second position third position. So there are primary two types of mutation of change going to happen inside the DNA the substitution means one nucleotide going to substitute with another one and other insertion or deletions. So means either reasons once nicotides got deleted or once either reason one got inserted a particular positions. So the the whole phenotype of the protein got changed due to the mutation. Right?
So there are in nature this mutation going to always happen. Right? Even uh if you find two different pro the same protein having different function there are mainly differences at particular positions right this is actually beauty of this protein actually so what actually this crisper actually system do let's see what is the crisper system actually so as you told it is genetic tool editing tool which the edit the las so it has two actually the c uh c protein which is coded genes and there are repeating units repeating segments of the RNA that called espressor.
Actually cast is cast crisper cast system actually it is natural part you may say the uh hallmark of the bacterial propetic system.
Bacteria has naturally emitted the cast system in their genome.
This is the actually cash is the acquired immunity for the bacteria. So it it is not reported in the equitic system no in the procarot but see how we are utilizing the porcic system for the genome in the in theic system right. So this is the naturally present in the bacteria system and there are three basic step through which the cats work actually right to allow the integration of DNA sort the desired target. So the a segment through which we want to add it or insert right based on that actually it synthesize RNA that is called the crisper RNA and this RNA actually guide the cast protein to target the site and cut down. This is the basic mechanism that that is the same basic for the RNA interference though all the induc genes actually protein do actually this is same basic principle that followed by the crisper case system and this tech this actually system actually used as a technology to target or edit the desired site or desired loai at the genome and fit the modification of under modification as per our requirement that is the actually that is being used for the different purposes So now here what actually here crisper will do right. So let's say that any anyhow this mutation got happen or the peptide got changed actually. So this actually change at the genome level that is going to propage through the generation generation right so what crisper use and to correct those mutation insertion. So means crisper use this sequence the original sequence and again reinsert reinsert this sequence to the genome native genome so that it get corrected through the genome label crisper cast system right this is actually question so now based on this potential application actually there have been many fields actually agriculture biology medicines things are being going And people are in this technology for the improvement of the trade and the disease recovery of the diseases actually different types.
So even agriculture has been largely being used for the different purposes genetic improvement bias max production nutrient uses psyiciency enhanced physiological traits particularly to the uh response for the stresses to cope with the stresses. So and this is the some milestone that have been achieved through the casc. So means uh you may see the actually gluten-free wheat and allergic apples that what we achieved through the crisper cast technology. So this is actually application for the crisper gas but uh here actually I I want to point some different things. Okay, this is fine the high potent crisper has a very big potential for the all the applications but bacteria has not only single type of crisper bacteria have different types of crispers what we are using there single one we are using so see bacteria naturally has crisper system their genome we we don't have and what we are using only the one technology we are using but bacteria has different system so what we are using only this one cast 9 the single proteins. This technology crisper what we are using that has only synthesize a single protein S9 that is around the one one 1200 amino acid length actually but there are other system bacteria that has been that different different systems and still the the the the mechanism the computer application are still need to be uh discovered for this system itself right so and and just imagine we are using the cash technology of the bacteria for our purposes for the development and just imagine what bacteria we are doing. Of course bacteria naturally they are having so doesn't mean that they are not using definitely they are they are using their system for their own purposes right so uh I think uh the life cycle of bacteria is around half an hour right a bacteria get multiplied within half an hour right and uh if you uh uh look at the genome of the standard bacteria 700 or 800 100 genes are there. They complete the genome, right? Complete genome maximum around the thousands genes are there that code for the protein. But thing is that bacteria has clustered, right? Genomes are we have in a period each and every gene has their own promoter and regulators. Bacteria has clustered. So it is it sometimes become tricky for the all the techniques and tools what we are having for the detection of genes on the genome. So this is the major problem even the number of this cast system becoming increasing day to day. So there are if you look at the uh uh uh different bacteria the same bacteria maximum 13 cast system has reported in particular bacterial species.
So means in other way word I can say or may say that bacteria has more robust or strong gene editing system than what we know and what we have what we have actually bacteria is more having having more robust system and different different robust system right see the and also if you look at the this is the cash six different subunit of the cast 6 E F and Five. See how the different actually if you look at the this active site. So the structure is almost same sequence is same but they have just minor difference at the active side through which they target the different sides actually. So I am saying through this actually presentation what we are knowing about the cast 9 is a single one but bacteria has much and in that way actually bacteria is competing or advancing more than what we know actually.
Right bacteria is eviding more. So how specific crispy really concerns about crisper especially relate to new methods for detection and avoidance and of course it doesn't mean okay caspers has success rate is around 50 60%. But what about the 40%. Means we have not complete idea or knowledge about the mechanism of the casper but still out of the available all the genetic tool crisper one is the most promising for which we are actually uh doing and this that's what I'm saying this is the means 50 60% success is there but why not 40 why were not complete because this off target effect means the specity of the target the position of the gene where it's going to uh target and this is the number of publication that we have in the first me the casper cases mechanism was discovered disclosed in the 20 2014s and that after that the this technology had been using by different and till now I think I today morning I checked around 39,000 citations within the last 10 years actually it's recorded when used so bacteria and archa have evolved sophisticated adaptive immune system known as crisper cast which target and inactivate the invading viruses plasmid right and evolution of crisper catch loi involves rapid changes in particular numerous three elements of the locus architecture and horizontal transfer of the complete lossi or individual others this conser mechanism the c system actually guided adaptive immunity in the bacteria enable them to withstand and evolve the changing environment so uh a study Also in the we have heard about the how the changing environment actually favoring the evol in the evolution of bacteria and viruses more than the plant and animals means bacteria and fungi and viruses are evolving more than the us in this changing environment actually right so it is a very famous quote when LP said gentlemen is the microbes who will have the last world means the on this earth the last world will be the world of bacteria right so why This is one example because bacteria have their natural crisper cast system in their genome. Thanks. Thanks for this time.
>> Thank you sir for this insightful and informative session. This was really nice. Uh if anyone has any question then you may please ask anyone question from the audience side from the participant side you may ask >> hybrid GM and then what is that not success and not going to just overall most of the research across the world are using the crystal some less than the RNA and the other right because if you ask so there no report that's rather than the RNA and the other >> thank you sir so one more question on your last bacteria micro have the last What about viruses? Are they more advanced or they are primitive?
>> Viruses are not living. They are between the living and living.
>> So they are advanced systems or primitive system.
>> No, I am not I I can't answer because see one person is saying that some viruses are developed origin from the some viruses from the bacterial right. Look even I have not much read about answer to this question because let's assume a particular right we have you know bacteria viruses Please keep quiet.
>> All of you are requested.
side.
But do you know how many metrics can be allowed for part right the data suggest that viruses can frequently change the position than the bacteria and vir and the other it is very tough to to to check or to estimate the origin of viruses.
Okay let's sayvid 19 there's one alpha and beta those different they are more nature because but after one year if you check the extent of that the thatid 19 viruses today it will be different entirely different so it will be very tricky to answer to answer the question about the what the origin of the viruses on in context of bacterial but yes the what the bacteria potential in terms of genomic architecture the newspaper rightly said this the last on this what will be the uh g thank you sir >> thank you sir with this we conclude the session uh the next session uh will be scheduled from 2:30 p.m.
onwards and uh we will press the lunch now.
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