ENGLISH UNIT-4 GRAMMAR PART EXPLANATION | Degree semester-2 english unit-4 full grammar explanation

[00:00:00]Hello dear students, welcome back to our YouTube channel learn with Zahira. In this video we are going to see unit number four complete grammar and vocabulary part from the language English of degree second semester.

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[00:01:22]Guys, in grammar we have a topic named prepositions. First, let us try to understand what are prepositions. Guys, a preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. In simple words, a preposition tells us where, when, how, why, or in which direction something happens. Okay, basically it says us about the position of a noun or a pronoun. Okay, what is preposition? Preposition says us about the position of a noun or pronoun. Let us try to understand it with few examples. The book is on the table. On tells us the position of the book. She is in the classroom. In tells us where she is. We reached to school at 9:00. At tells us the exact time. He walked towards the park. Towards tells us the direction in which he walked. Remember this simple point, guys. A preposition usually comes before a noun and it gives extra information about place, time, direction, reason, or method. Okay?

[00:02:31]Now, let us try to understand different types of preposition. First, we have place. Guys, these prepositions tells us where something is. For example, the cat is under the chair. Under tells us the position of the cat. Some other examples are in, on, under, between. Then, we have time, guys. It shows when something happens like exact what time. Okay? The class starts at 10:00 a.m. is the example here. At tells us the time, exact time. Other examples are at, on, in, before, after. Then, we have direction or movement, guys. It shows us the movement from one place to another like she went to the market. To shows the direction of movement. Some other examples are into, towards, from. Then, we have reason, guys. It shows the reason for something. Okay, why something had happened. The best example, the match was canceled because of rain. Because of tells why the match was canceled. And the other example can be due to. Then, we have means or method, guys. It shows how something is done. Basically, it says how something is being done or it has been done. Okay, he came by bus. By tells us the method of traveling. Another example is she cut the paper with scissors. With tells us the instrument used to cut the paper.

[00:03:52]Okay, bye with other examples. So, please try to understand that a preposition usually comes before a noun.

[00:03:58]It It shows or it says us about place, time, direction, or movement, reason, or means, or method of a particular noun or pronoun. Okay? Guys, do not worry. In my exam ready notes, I have included all the exercises. If you just practice those exercises, easily you can score 20 out of 20 marks in your English examination. Students, in my notes, I have included very easy definitions, meanings of each topic, their examples, their exercises, their practice questions. Basically, I have covered complete grammar part as well as summaries in such a way that you will score O grade in English examination. If you need these notes, you can message me on my Instagram. Instagram link is available in this video description.

[00:04:44]Then we have vocabulary, guys. In vocabulary, we have abbreviations. Now, what are abbreviations? Guys, an abbreviation is the short form of a word or a phrase. Okay? We use abbreviations to save time and save space while writing, guys. Instead of writing the full word every time, we use its short form. Let us try to understand with few examples. D R Yeah, this is doctor.

[00:05:08]Guys, you already know. Mr. Uh ASAP means A S A P. As soon as possible. DOB, date of birth. BBA, Bachelor of Business Administration. So, yes, these are few examples, guys. All these are abbre- abbreviations because they are short forms of longer words or phrases.

[00:05:27]Instead of writing the complete words every time, to save our time, to save our space, we will be using their short form. Remember, abbreviations are short forms of words or phrases. Okay? They will help us to write faster and save space. They are most commonly used in schools, colleges, offices, hospitals, forms, daily communication, and all. Okay, these are the few examples. In my notes, I have included many, many, many examples as well as exercises, okay? Just by giving a reading, just by looking at those notes, you will get perfect for your examination, okay? If you need those notes, message me on my Instagram.

[00:06:04]Now, we have spelling, guys, where we have change in spelling noun and verb.

[00:06:09]What is it? First, let us try to understand what is change in spelling.

[00:06:14]In English, some words change their spelling when they change from a noun to a verb. Okay, what is a noun, guys? Noun is a naming word, right? It is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

[00:06:24]Whereas, what is verb? Verb shows an action. So, some words look almost the same, but only one or two letters change when they become verbs. Let us try to understand. See, advice. Guys, advice is noun. It means a suggestion or guidance.

[00:06:42]Advise. What is this advise, guys?

[00:06:47]This is verb, guys. It means to give advice or suggest to something. Like, please advise me, okay? Here, his advice is very useful. Here, the spelling changes from advice to advise, guys, because from noun to verb, we are changing the word. Then, we have belief, believe. Guys, what is belief now?

[00:07:09]Believing in something.

[00:07:12]Right?

[00:07:13]Like, we have a belief in something.

[00:07:16]This This is a verb. So, there is a difference, guys. This is noun, and this is verb. Noun, naming word. This is action. Choice, choose. Guys, what is choice?

[00:07:29]Choice is a noun, okay? It is your choice, like that. Choose. Please choose carefully. It is a verb, like that.

[00:07:35]These are few examples. Loss, lose, breathe, breath. So, guys, these are few examples from noun to verb. If we see example sentences, you can easily understand. Already I have said you these examples. Remember one thing that some English words change their spelling when they change from noun to verb, right? Examples work, play, love. These words have same spelling as both a noun and verb, okay?

[00:08:02]Work, if we change it to verb, spelling will not change. Play, if we change it to verb, spelling will not change. These words can be used to both as nouns and verbs without changing their spelling.

[00:08:12]But, there are few words which can change their spelling when we are changing them from noun to verb, okay?

[00:08:20]Then we have pronunciation. Guys, if you're having any doubts in this, do not worry at all. In my notes, I have given you in detail explanations, very good examples, and exercises, okay? Just take those notes. I suggest you to take those notes. Then we have pronunciation where we have connected speech, guys.

[00:08:36]Connected speech is a natural way of speaking English, okay? Like when native speakers talk, they do not pronounce every word separately. Instead, they connect the words together. So, they will be making their speech smooth and fast, right? So, this is nothing but connected speech. If we learn connected speech, our English will sound more natural. Let us try to understand with few examples. Look up. Like when spoken naturally, the two words join together instead of going being spoken separately, right? Look up.

[00:09:08]We will not say. We will just say look up. Right? Go on. These are two different words, but what we say? We say go on. These words also sound connected when we speak quickly. Put it in. Put it in. Okay, like that we will be joining them, and we will be speaking them naturally. Basically, we are just connecting different words as one single word, guys. That is nothing but connected speech. So, we are having few common types you can uh see you the screen. Uh catenation, guys. Here, joining one word with the next word while speaking is nothing but a catenation. Uh instead of saying each word separately, we connect them smoothly. Look up is the best example.

[00:09:49]Then, we have intrusion, guys. It means adding a small small sound between two words to make speaking easier and smoother. Like, go out. While speaking quickly, a small extra sound may be heard between the two words if you try doing it. Elision, guys. Uh it means leaving out or dropping a sound while speaking. Next week. Guys, when spoken naturally, one sound may disappear.

[00:10:12]Okay? So, it will make the words easier to pronounce.

[00:10:15]Um assimilation, uh it means one sound changes because of the sound next to it.

[00:10:21]Uh don't you.

[00:10:23]Don't you. When spoken quickly, the pronunciation changes slightly, guys. If you try to understand, then we have gemination, guys. It happens when the same sound comes at the end of one word and the beginning of the next word, okay? Big game. Here, at the end, G is at the end and here it is uh at the beginning. So, like that, same sound joins together, okay? So, remember, guys, connected speech is used in natural English conversation, so do not worry at all. All exercises and examples are included in my notes. This is just a brief explanation for you all.

[00:10:57]For exam-ready notes, you can message me on my Instagram. In LSRW, we have word association chain, guys. Basically, it is a simple and interesting activity where each word is connected to the previous word, okay? Every new word should have some relationship with the word before it. I hope you already know this word association chain. Many reels have been made on this activity, right?

[00:11:22]Like, if we I First example, just example, guys. If I say rain, the other word should be clouds. Then, the other word should be sky. Then, the other word should be nature. Then the other word should be weather. So basically these words are related to one another, right?

[00:11:39]Like rain comes from clouds, clouds are in the sky, the sky is the part of weather, the weather is the part of nature, like that. This is word association association chain where most of the people play this activity. They do this activity to improve their vocabulary and thinking skills, okay?

[00:11:56]School, teacher, student, book, reading.

[00:12:00]Here every word is connected to the previous one, guys. A teacher works in a school. Students learn from teachers.

[00:12:05]Students use books. Books are used for reading, like that. This is one of the other example. Book, study, knowledge, education, and success. Please make sure that first every word should be related to the previous word. Do not repeat the same words again and make the chain meaningful so that every word has a proper connection, guys. Then we have writing where we have formal and informal letters. Guys, what is a letter? Letter is a written message sent from one person to another, right? We will be writing letters to share information. Or if you want to express our feelings, if you want to make requests, or if you want to give important messages, you will be writing letters. So this is written message, guys, basically. Here we have two main types of letters. First is formal and the second one is informal. Formal letter is written for official or professional purposes, guys. Like we will be writing these letters to schools, uh colleges, offices, companies, or government departments. The language should always be polite, respectful, and professional, guys. For example, job application letter, complaint letter, leave letter, inquiry letter.

[00:13:13]Like if you want to apply for a job, or if you want to request leave from your principal, you should write a formal letter, guys. So yes, formal letters follow a fixed format, so they should be written very carefully, okay? Then we have informal letter. It is written to family members, relatives, or friends.

[00:13:30]Like the language is simple. It will be friendly, personal, because we are writing to our people or we are writing to the people whom we know. Right? The people who are close to us. Some common examples like asking about health, sharing vacation experiences, inviting a friend. Basically, this is all about writing or expressing something to our family or friends. If you want to tell your friend about your holidays, guys, you can write an informal letter, right? So, yes, this is the difference between informal and informal. You can remember that formal letter is written for official purposes.

[00:14:05]It uses polite language and it follows a fixed format. While we talking about informal letter, it is written for personal purposes. It uses friendly and simple language and the writing style is also more relaxed in informal letter.

[00:14:20]Okay, then we have the last concept. It is skills, where we have decision making.

[00:14:26]Guys, now what is decision making? Guys, decision making means choosing the best option from different choices. In our daily life, guys, we make many decisions at home. Okay? We will be making many decisions at school, college, and even in our future career, right? So, good decision making means thinking carefully before choosing. Instead of making a quick decision, we should understand the situation and then we should select the best option. Let us understand it with few examples. Like you have an exam tomorrow, but your friends invite you to play. Guys, now you have two choices. You can either go and play or you can stay at home and prepare for exam. If you think carefully and decide to study first because the exam is more important, that is an example of good decision making. Okay?

[00:15:14]You think carefully and you study first.

[00:15:17]That is nothing but good decision making. Steps, guys, first we need to understand the problem. Understand the situation or problem. If you don't understand the problem properly, we cannot make the right decision, right?

[00:15:28]Think about the different choices guys.

[00:15:30]Don't choose the first option immediately. Take a little time to think about the different choices you have, okay? Because you need to pick the best one. Now compare the advantages and disadvantages of each option guys. Think about which choice will give better results and which one may create problems.

[00:15:48]And after thinking carefully, select the option that is best for you. Like a good decision is one that is helpful and suitable for the situation. Then take the responsibility for your decision guys. You have to accept your decision.

[00:16:00]You have to take responsibility for it.

[00:16:02]Every decision has a result. So we should be ready to accept both success and failure.

[00:16:08]Okay, so this is the last step. If we talk about the benefits, it helps us to solve problems. It helps us to improve confidence. It helps us to make better choices. Also leads to success in studies as well as life. So decision making is nothing but from the available options, we will be choosing the best option, okay? We already talked about the steps and benefits. So yes, this was the complete explanation of unit number four grammar and vocabulary part. How was the explanation? Do let me know in the comment section. If you are having any doubts, do let me know in the comment section. For exam oriented 100% notes, you can message me on my Instagram. Instagram ID link is available in this video description. But remember these are paid notes. And yes guys, if you want all important updates timely, you have to join our Telegram channel. Telegram channel link, Instagram link, playlist link, basically all links are available in this video description. Do check it out. All the very best. Bye-bye.