GIC/ POLYTEC CHEMISTRY

Added: 2026-05-27

[00:01:27]Good morning, our voice is coming.

[00:01:37]You can hear our voice.

[00:01:54]Come join quickly all the brothers who are from GIC, today we will revise some important topics of carbohydrates.

[00:02:17]Look, glucose has been taken in it.

[00:02:24]Focus on the probability of glucose-related questions.

[00:02:28]Glucose: In the last lecture, we were talking about what glucose is? This is an aldo hexoses. Pay attention to the second point.

[00:02:45]This is a reducing sugar.

[00:02:50]What does reducing sugar mean?

[00:02:54]Reduces.

[00:02:57]Reduces Pollens Reagent and Fehlings Solution Tollens Reagent and Fehlings Solution So what needs to be noted in this is that with Tollens Reagent it gives black silver mirror, that is, in a way we get precipitate of silver Ag Ag.

[00:03:34]Ok? And with feeling, this gives almost red colored cuprous oxide. Ok? So what is this glucose of ours?

[00:03:53]is an aldohexose. It is a reducing sugar which reduces what? Tollens Reagent and Fehling Solution.

[00:04:03]What should be paid attention to in this? Tollens' reagent. Please take some care of this.

[00:04:10]What is Tollens' reagent? Tollens' reagent is ammoniacal silver nitrate.

[00:04:24]Ammonic Silver Nitrate Solution This is our tolerance agent. What's in Fehling's? Fehling A and Fehling B. Remember this.

[00:04:38]Felling A and Felling B. What is this? So this is our alkaline CuSO4 this is a blue colored feeling a.

[00:04:55]Ok? And what is a failing B? This is sodium sodium potassium sodium potassium tartrate. Sodium potassium tartrate is this. It is also called Rochal salt. This is our Rochal Rochal salt. Ok?

[00:05:26]Known as Rochal Salt. sodium potassium tartarate and a copper sulfate. When we mix both of them up. If we mix both of them then that is called our failing solution. So this might be a little bit like learning questions can be found like this. The easy questions.

[00:05:45]Ok? I had told you that in the previous lecture we get some easy questions.

[00:05:52]Direct questions are received. So this can be obtained.

[00:05:54]So now you see, we have kept two here, tolerance and failing.

[00:06:02]What to focus on? All those sugars will be placed in the category of reducing sugars which reduce A. Now what should be kept in mind in this? The big interesting question here is are all such monosaccharides and disaccharides okay?

[00:06:27]All monosaccharides and disaccharides that contain or have hemiacetal bonding.

[00:06:38]What happens? Hemi acetal bonding is what I'm showing right now. Hemi acetal bonding occurs.

[00:06:44]They all fall under the category of reducing sugar. Okay, right?

[00:06:52]Wherever hemiyl bonding occurs, they all fall into the category of reducing sugars.

[00:06:58]Now remember your glucose in it. Your hey there pentoses which are your aldopentoses are all reducing.

[00:07:07]Aldohexoses are reducing. Please note this point: fructose. Fructose is also your reducing sugar. Fructose will also reduce the feeling solution. Will reduce tolerance. Let us focus here on specially failing solutions. Although both are basic. Okay, right? Keep in mind that both are basic. So what is the interesting thing? A question arises here. You should keep that in mind or note that fructose is also a reducing sugar. So what could be the ways of asking this question? One is that it has hemi acetal bonding.

[00:07:52]S of course you will say that hemi acetal bonding is found here. Ok? Hemi acyl bonding is found in fructose. The second thing to note is that fructose in the basic medium.

[00:08:10]Correct?

[00:08:12]Remember this one term: fructose. This gives diol rearrangement. This gives diol rearrangement. Ok? So what happens with these diol rearrangements is that your fructose gets converted into glucose and mannose.

[00:08:28]Glucose is converted into glucose and mannose and glucose and mannose reduce it. Then listen to what I said about these diol rearrangements in fructose basic medium.

[00:08:46]Ok? Does this diol give rearrangement leading to the formation of mannose and glucose?

[00:08:54]Mannose and glucose are reducing sugars. So that's why fructose serves our function as a reducing sugar. So what does fructose provide in basic medium? In die all rearrangement. These diols give rearrangement which forms mannose and glucose and due to mannose and glucose here the toler reagents or feling solutions are reduced.

[00:09:23]Ok? This we hope will remember that fructose has these diol rearrangements. In diol rearrangement.

[00:09:36]Now after that, we are talking about glucose, so how many centers does glucose have? Which centre? Cayral Centre. Yesterday we taught that glucose has four chiral center presents. Four chiral centers are present. We have to keep this in mind. So let's go over some of the first reactions of glucose. Now we are going to write glucose in short.

[00:10:10]Write glucose in short or with the same configuration.

[00:10:13]Look at the configuration, this is our OH H OH OH H and H in glucose, look at the reaction of glucose that we are going to show you. The reaction of glucose, so we are highlighting glucose.

[00:10:32]But aldopentoses also give similar reactions. There should be no confusion here that sir told about glucose and asked about ribose. So make glucose the base.

[00:10:45]Glucose is easy to remember.

[00:10:48]Glucose is the only thing that we have ever studied so far, wherever it is, it has been mentioned in the syllabus. So that's why we focus mainly on glucose. So now what you have to keep in mind is that if glucose means aldose, any aldose, be it aldose aldotase, aldotetraose, aldo pentose, aldohexose. Keep in mind that to differentiate aldose from ketose, you will focus on this reaction.

[00:11:19]If we all oxidize it with bromine water.

[00:11:28]If you oxidize it with bromine water, what will you do? to aldohexogens. to aldoses, to aldotetraoses, to aldopentoses.

[00:11:37]Correct? So this is the CHO group, right?

[00:11:41]What will CHO Group do with this? It will oxidize to COOH.

[00:11:51]Ok? It will oxidize to the COOH group.

[00:11:55]This is our OH H OH OH H and H right? This is our gluconic acid. Ok? What is its name?

[00:12:10]Gluconic acid is known as gluconic acid and remember ketose, I am writing it here, ketose, ketose do not give this reaction, do not give this reaction, ketoses do not give this reaction, so this has come to you to differentiate between aldoses and ketoses.

[00:12:40]Now you can put many reactions in it. Now as I am showing you, this is our CHO here.

[00:12:54]And look, this is CH2OH. OH, OH, OH, H, H, H. Okay, right?

[00:13:04]We have this. What is this of ours? It is ribose. Which one is ribose? D and L had told you this yesterday. This ribose is our D ribose.

[00:13:12]You can write D ribose. And if you do it with bromine water, is it okay?

[00:13:19]I am doing this again and again because even a person can ask you questions about glucose.

[00:13:24]So all aldoses give this reaction.

[00:13:27]So what will happen to us here? It will become COOH.

[00:13:32]This is our CH2OH here OH this is our OH this is our OH H okay right? What will become of ribonic acid? Ribonic acid becomes ours.

[00:13:48]So this is a common list which I had placed before you yesterday, of aldoses, of ketoses also. Ok? So you can apply this reaction to everyone.

[00:14:01]And this reaction is the reaction that differentiates between aldoses and ketoses.

[00:14:08]After that you see there is CHO.

[00:14:12]And this is our CH2OH. This is our OH OH OH OH and H this deglucose has been taken. Now after taking deglucose, it is being told to get the reaction done with HNO3. Okay, right? By nitric acid. So when you measure glucose or whatever aldoses you have, pay attention that this will apply to all the aldoses and ketoses.

[00:14:50]This reaction cannot be used to differentiate between aldoses and ketoses.

[00:14:57]Okay, right? So what will happen now?

[00:15:00]Look what the character of HNO3 is that it will oxidize aldehyde to COOH.

[00:15:07]As well as the primary alcoholic group present in it. The primary alcoholic group that is present and this primary alcoholic group is this. Okay, right? Primary alcoholic group i.e. CH2OH is present in any carbohydrate.

[00:15:23]You saw this in yesterday's classification. So it will also oxidize the primary alcoholic group into COOH.

[00:15:31]Ok? So you two methods, pay attention to what it will do?

[00:15:36]Aldehyde into COOH i.e. carbolic acid and primary alcohol also into carboxylic acid. So here yours will become COOH 2 3 4 5 and this will become our COOH here also it will become COOH this has become COOH this has become OHOH this has become H here it has become OH and this has become OH and H, okay, you have this OH, so you will keep in mind what has become of ours here, this is called glucaric acid, it is known by the name of glucaric acid.

[00:16:22]Glucaric acid or glucosacic acid. It is known as glucosac acid.

[00:16:34]Ok? So now look here, whether you take ketose or you look at the structure of fructose which we make, COOH C double double O and look at this CH2OH here H and what happens here? OH H OH and this is ours right? Now look here is the primary alcoholic group and this is also our what? If there is a primary alcoholic group, what will it do to both of them? It will oxidize to COOH.

[00:17:07]Ok? It will oxidize both to COOH. Please pay attention to the story after that. The story after that is our CHO here CH2OH, right? This became our OH. H is done.

[00:17:30]OH it's done. H is done. OH it's done. OH it's done.

[00:17:34]H is done. H is done. Ok? This is the structure of glucose we have. Now you have to keep the question in mind regarding the structure of glucose. The question to be kept in mind is that when all of us react to it in aqueous medium, with whom do we react?

[00:17:56]HiO4 gets it done by HiO4. And do you really know what its structure is? In reality it occurs in the form of HiO4.2H2O. Okay, right?

[00:18:11]Keep this in mind. This is called iodic acid. On iodic acid. So what do we all write here now?

[00:18:23]Write H5O6. So here I am writing that it is found in the form H5 IO6. Okay, right? It exists in this form.

[00:18:34]But what do we do for convenience? Let us write it as HiO4. Once you have written HiO4, you will know its character.

[00:18:43]How to keep this in mind, this will apply to all carbohydrates. Ok? This will apply to all carbohydrates.

[00:18:50]So we're using glucose as the base.

[00:18:52]Look children, what will happen in every aldose in all the aldoses? This will always be our CHO group. Ok? What do all of us do in our projection? This is written vertically as Fisher's formula.

[00:19:06]Now look when this is CHO group. Look here, what is there in its adjacent position? OH is. There is also OH on its adjacent side. There is OH here too. There is OH here too.

[00:19:18]And there's OH here too. Okay, right? These are all our vicinal dyes. What is?

[00:19:25]Vicinal dyes. So our iodic acid, it causes a reaction. Please write it in your own language. This causes a reaction called oxidative cleavage. What do you say?

[00:19:40]Carries out oxidative cleavage. So look here what will it do from here? This will oxidize it. He will cleave it from here. That means it will destroy it completely.

[00:19:52]This will break all the carbon carbon bonds. He will take care of us here. They will take care of this. They will take care of this. Ok? This will cover the entire cleavage. So the interesting thing to keep in mind now is that the open chain structure of glucose is kept in the open chain aqueous medium.

[00:20:13]Ok? Has an open chain structure. Now pay attention to the aldehyde in it, the aldehyde will be converted into acid. Okay, right?

[00:20:25]Where will the aldehyde go? It will convert into acid.

[00:20:28]Aldehyde in what? It will convert into acid.

[00:20:30]Look here, if you pay attention to this secondary language then it will always be easy to solve it. Has a secondary alcoholic group. Has a secondary alcoholic group. Has a secondary alcoholic group. Has a secondary alcoholic group.

[00:20:48]All the carbons containing secondary alcoholic groups will be oxidised to COOH.

[00:20:52]Meaning they will all be converted into formic acid. See, one was aldehyde. It had to be oxidized to form formic acid. After that this formic acid, this formic acid, this formic acid, this formic acid. One, two, three, four and these five. So what did you get five moles for? Or five molecules can you say have you found them? Formic acid was found. And then this is our primary alcoholic group. The primary alcoholic group will be converted into aldehyde.

[00:21:25]So our one becomes CHO an aldehydic and then five went into what? Five of ours were converted into formic acid. So keep in mind the question that glucose, you should think about everyone in the same way. All the carbons because they all have Visonal dial.

[00:21:49]What does visional dial mean?

[00:21:51]If OH is present on the adjacent carbons then we call them vicinal diols. So it causes oxidative cleavage of all the carbons present in the isoal diol. Causes oxidative cleavage. One thing and another thing to note is that if we have to determine the ring structure or ring size of any carbohydrate or any monosaccharide, then we all use iodic acid. This is what is used for, periodic acid, we will still show further, we will show one more reaction of periodic acid, what will happen when it happens? It will be in ring form.

[00:22:39]This is what we talked about in open chain.

[00:22:41]Here we talked about open chain. We have shown this to you. Now what will the open chain structure of glucose do after that?

[00:22:51]On iodic acid.

[00:22:54]But what will iodic acid do? It will cause oxidative cleavage. Is the video and voice clear? Please reply once. Whoever you are, is the live video and voice coming clearly?

[00:23:38]Okay let's talk about the next one.

[00:24:23]Glucose has Glucose has tendency to show term mata rotation mata rotation occurs here.

[00:24:54]When will this muta rotation happen? Glucose if shows mutable rotation indicating ring structure.

[00:25:02]Indicating ring structure.

[00:25:08]Ok? This is the ring structure of hemi acetal form of glucose. Now see how you will remember the hemi acetal form of glucose.

[00:25:21]This is our C double bed O. This is OH okay? There's OH here. H is. OH H here OH H here and this is our OH. Please note that all the natural sugars present in the hemist are like ribose, fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, starch, cellulose.

[00:25:57]Ok? Glycogen is gone.

[00:26:01]In which form are all these found? In ring form.

[00:26:04]Found in hemistal form.

[00:26:07]Ok? In Hemstal Form, we will go into starch and cellulose in a little bit and it will be a different story. So what is there to pay attention to here? This is our number one. This is number two. This is number three. The number is four. The number is five. The number is six. Okay, right? Now what should you pay attention to in this? This carbon is planar carbon. Okay, right?

[00:26:29]What is this carbon? is planar carbon. Correct?

[00:26:32]And look here, this OH of ours is a nucleophile. So when there is a planar carbon, the probability of this OH attacking the planar carbon is two.

[00:26:48]Okay, right? Now see how it is done? Now look at this C here, it has become OH and this has become our H. After that you do not have to make any changes at other places.

[00:27:01]You don't have to make any changes at other places. What to pay attention to? This oxygen is bonding with this carbon.

[00:27:07]Okay, right? This is bonding. And this H of this has shifted here. This is done for us OH this H OH H OH H is it okay? This structure is called hemi acetyl form of glucose and is named alpha D glucose. Ok? Keep this in mind, it is alpha deglucose. Its MP melting point is 146 degrees Celsius and its alpha d alpha 25 degrees Celsius is +1 degree. This is called specific rotation. What do you say? It is called specific rotation. And what else is made in it? Second, see what I said? This carbon is planar, so look at the probability of this OH, it becomes like this.

[00:28:08]Ok? This C is ours 2 3 4 5 and this is our CH2OH, this carbon bonding here. Correct? And this became our OH. H is done. Here OH H and this OH and this H okay, right? Now you see, this is also the Fisher formula.

[00:28:31]This is also the Fisher formula. The carbon number one here is carbon number one, right?

[00:28:36]Carbon number one, please pay a little attention.

[00:28:39]Carbon number one this is a chiral carbon generated.

[00:28:43]Chiral Carbon. Okay, right?

[00:28:46]What is carbon number one? Chiral center has been generated.

[00:28:48]And look at this very carbon, the configurations of both are different. And you should leave those things aside. And you have already read Carbon Number One. At carbon number one, an asymmetric centre i.e. chiral centre has been generated. And on this we are seeing that the arrangement is different.

[00:29:10]i.e. what is the configuration? He is different. When the configuration of both is different then we can call such isomers which are made up of both these isomers. Such isomers are called anomers. Now remember yesterday's lecture that I had said that except carbon number one, if the configuration of any other carbon differs on any other carbon then we call them epimers.

[00:29:40]Okay, right? Epimers and the conversion of one epimer into another is called epimerization.

[00:29:47]Epimerization.

[00:29:48]Okay, right? So what should we pay attention to here? If the configuration at carbon number one is different. Ok? So they are called anomers. What do you say? Anomers.

[00:29:59]Ok? So this is our N. That means now see where OH came here? Came to the left.

[00:30:05]This is called beta D glucose. Take care of alpha Dglucose and beta Dglucose.

[00:30:11]This became the name. And here its MP is 150 degrees Celsius.

[00:30:17]Its melting point is 150 degrees Celsius. 150 degrees Celsius.

[00:30:24]Ok? Its alpha B is 25 degrees Celsius. It is plus 18.5 degrees. That means both days are rotatory.

[00:30:47]Ok. Let me see, let me tell you the views really. Till now, I have not had any such incident where my views increased a lot or what.

[00:31:00]But now we would also like a little bit, yes why not, we would also like a little bit that our views also increase, so let us first teach a little bit to the children and tell them about this topic that is going on.

[00:31:25]Now look, children, pay attention.

[00:31:28]Now what is this to us? Alpha is D-glucose.

[00:31:30]What has happened to us? Beta-D-glucose. So alpha has the anomer. What is? These are anomers. Keep in mind these are anomers.

[00:31:42]These two of our anomers. So any of any if such a configuration on a particular hemispherical carbon differs.

[00:31:53]Ok? So what do we all call people?

[00:31:57]Anomers what are these two of us? are anomers.

[00:32:03]Anomers and what would these carbons be called? will be known as anomeric carbon.

[00:32:09]Anomeric carbon, so look at our alpha Dglucose and beta Dglucose, some conditions have been kept.

[00:32:14]Now pay a little attention to the language.

[00:32:18]If we dissolve alpha deglucose in water.

[00:32:25]Dissolve alpha-D-glucose in water. Correct? So what is its specific rotation?

[00:32:33]Specific rotation.

[00:32:35]It starts decreasing gradually.

[00:32:39]And it continues to decrease until its specific rotation reaches plus 52.5 degrees. Ok?

[00:32:52]When we dissolve alpha-diglucose in water, its specific rotation decreases up to what? 52.5 degrees.

[00:33:05]If we do the same thing with beta. Is this what we do? With beta. So when beta is dissolved in water, its specific rotation starts increasing.

[00:33:19]Coming from plus 18 5, it stops here. It stops here.

[00:33:26]So this change in specific rotation. This change in specific rotation to equilibrium and equilibrium and equilibrium specific rotation is called muta rotation. This is called muta rotation. Ok? So if we have to show mute rotation in this way, then let us see how to show it.

[00:33:59]This is ours, Alpha's. Okay, right? This is Alpha's OH H OH H OH H this is our Alpha and look here we are taking another one. This is our H and this is our OH now it is here OH HOH H and look, okay what has happened to us, it is beta now let us dissolve it in water. If it is dissolved in water, it increases. Its ALD is 25 = + 18.5 and at some places it is also kept as approximately 19.

[00:34:54]So you will not be confused by that.

[00:34:57]Okay, right? Approx 19 is also kept.

[00:34:59]What is there here? Alpha is 25 + 112°.

[00:35:06]This is kept somewhere at 112° and yours at 5°.

[00:35:11]So this is your across value which is 112. Here you have 18. Ok? So now when we dissolve it, what does its specific rotation do? Rises. If we resolve this, its specific rotation decreases and both of them stop at 52.5. So my dears, that 52.5 specific rotation in positive is of open chain glucose.

[00:35:47]Same is the case with open chain glucose. So what do you understand by this? This means that I have made glucose a base, all the monosaccharides or carbohydrates show mutable rotation, which means one of its anomers is exactly one anomer and the other anomer gets converted into open chain and that particular equilibrium of that open chain is called specific rotation. So now your glucose that is formed here is our CH2OH and this OH OH OH and H, right? This is our alpha D beta D glucose. This is our alpha deglucose. This is our open chain. Okay, right? This is our open chain glucose. And the alpha here is 25 + 52.5° right? You have to remember this value.

[00:36:54]What is this of ours? Specific rotation of the open chain. So what we want to say is that one was dissolved in water, specific rotation decreased, one was dissolved, specific rotation increased. Ok?

[00:37:08]Now, where are the two of you meeting in such a story?

[00:37:13]On equilibrium specific rotation and equilibrium specific rotation you have this laid out in front of you.

[00:37:18]Now look here, what is a rote question, what is a rote question that we are talking about equilibrium, almost approximately okay.

[00:37:32]64% is your beta.

[00:37:38]What is 64%? There is beta and they say approximately 36% what happens to you? There is alpha. It's 100% done. But what you have to keep in mind is that out of these, 36 and 64 are 02%.

[00:37:57]02% This is a frequently asked question.

[00:38:00]02% open change occurs. And the reaction that I showed you just earlier, I am writing that 2% here, this 2% is your open chain and because of this we get to see that reaction.

[00:38:22]Whichever reaction we discussed with bromine, with HNO3 or Tollens or Fehling, all these happen due to the formation of this open chain structure.

[00:38:37]Ok? So now look what we have got regarding glucose? The learning question with percentage has more chances of getting it wrong.

[00:38:47]Because brother, generally we avoid percentage. Who will remember and walk? There are many compounds in one name, the percentage of all of them but if you are a little careful then in these cases if the question is posed then it is around 0.2%, this is open chain and after that the highest percentage is of beta, after that the percentage is less than that of alpha, one thing has become clear now here and that thing has to be clarified further but this thing is clear that beta is beta is more stable than the alpha beta is more stable beta anomer is more stable than the alpha anomer.

[00:39:25]Ok? Therefore its percentage is higher compared to the alpha anomer. Let's go a little further.

[00:39:35]What did we draw? Now teach me a little bit about drawing. This is our OH. This is our H.

[00:39:44]This is our CH2OH. This is where we bonded. This has become ours OH this has become H this has become H and H this has become OH.

[00:39:54]This H is fine, right? And here we have H.

[00:39:57]My dears, this is called Fischer projection formula. That's not what I'm talking about. All this is in your knowledge.

[00:40:05]What is this of ours? Fisher projection formula. Now what will we do with it? We will draw this in the Haworth model.

[00:40:13]In which will you do it? Haworth model. Howarth will draw in the structure. So remember the convention of periodic structure.

[00:40:20]What you will do first is take a horizontal line. The right side of the horizontal line will be used and oxygen will be applied here. After that, now you draw the six member ring.

[00:40:30]You have to draw the six member ring. Okay, right? We have drawn this six member ring.

[00:40:34]This is our six member ring.

[00:40:36]Now look at this, this carbon is carbon number one. This is carbon number two. This is carbon number three. This is carbon number four.

[00:40:43]This is carbon number five. And look here, what should you put on top? CH2OH this carbon number of yours will become six. Ok?

[00:40:51]Or how earth model of the glucose is. This is the anomeric carbon. Its conventional conventional one is OH, keep in mind that all the OHs that you see on the right in this formula, you have to keep them all down.

[00:41:10]So we put this here H and put it here what? Where is the OH of OH number two? Number two's OH is on the right. Will keep it down. Where is number three? It is in up.

[00:41:22]And where is number four?

[00:41:25]This will go down for you. Ok? This became the Haworth structure.

[00:41:28]And this anomeric carbon, so if in the Haworth model, if in the Haworth model, you put OH here on carbon number one, which is hemi-acetyl bonding. This is your Hemmy Astle bonding. There is hemi acetal bonding. Ok? Ok?

[00:41:49]Hemstal bonding. Now since you have placed OH downward, this becomes our alpha anomer. Is this okay?

[00:41:57]This will be called alpha anomer. There is nothing to be done about this now.

[00:42:00]This has to be reversed. This has to be turned up and this has to be turned down. So that's going to be our beta anomer.

[00:42:08]This will be our beta anomer. Look at this OH H and here you have CH2OH H OH OH OH this is our beta anomer.

[00:42:27]Ok? This beta anomer of ours is ready.

[00:42:29]So what is the difference between the alpha anomer and beta anomer Haworth models?

[00:42:34]OH down of carbon number one and OH up of carbon number one.

[00:42:37]So this will happen beta. This will be our alpha. What did we do to this Haworth model fisher? Converted to Haworth.

[00:42:46]Pay a little more attention here. Now what are we all going to do with this? The process of converting it into chair confirmation is underway. To convert into chair confirmation, you have to pay attention to this model.

[00:42:59]This is our O up to remain. We have to keep O up.

[00:43:02]So, you can convert this into carbon.

[00:43:04]This will go down on you. And if you have come down here then what will happen to you here? This will go up. After that it will come down again. Then what will happen? Up will go.

[00:43:13]Ok? This will go up. Then what will happen? It will go down. Now look here and match it. Keep in mind that these carbons have two orientations in the chair conformation. There are two orientations in the chair conformation.

[00:43:25]Axial and an equatorial. Axial and Equitorial. So now look, this carbon here, this carbon is number five. This is carbon number four. This is carbon number three.

[00:43:41]This is carbon number two. This carbon is our number one. Okay, right? Now this bond downward bond here. Okay, right?

[00:43:50]What will the downward bond be in this projection? The downward bond will be axial. If it is downward then its adjacent will be upward axial. Ok? And this will then have a downward axial. Then there will be upward axial here and then there will be downward axial here. Ok? This is our model.

[00:44:11]What would it be then? This is the upward equatorial. See downward equatorial here. Upward equatorial here.

[00:44:21]Downward equitorial here and upward equitorial here. What is this here?

[00:44:28]This is carbon number six.

[00:44:31]Here we have H in the form CH2OH. Here our H and see number two's OH of number two has to be placed downward.

[00:44:38]Leave the equiv. But overall you should keep it equal. Look at this here What did you put in Haworth? OH number two is downwind in Haworth. You see, you mix it.

[00:44:48]And where is our OH in Alpha too? This is downward. After that, look at number three OH, where is our number three OH? It is upward. We'll put OH here, we'll put H here, and where is the OH number four?

[00:45:03]is downward. Keep it OH. Put H here.

[00:45:07]What has happened to us? This is our alpha anomer. Alpha anomer is done. Ok? A little interesting point, please keep it in mind.

[00:45:16]What are the interesting points you need to keep in mind? Look a little further, draw the next model, draw the beta beta model, draw on the copy, everyone beta model, what will happen in beta, oh will be upward here and there is no need to make any change anywhere, this will be our OH. This will be our OH here.

[00:45:37]This became our H. OH will be here, this will be our OH, this will be our H, this is CH2OH here, okay, this will come, this will be our beta, alpha N beta NO, we have kept both of them in front of you, okay, now on before of, pay a little attention that where is our OH group, this is our OH group?

[00:46:10]is in the axial position. And where is this OH group? It is in the equitorial position. So what will happen here? One three die axial interaction one three die axial so number one number two number three one three die axial interaction and there is no one three die axial interaction here. Ok? It is not here.

[00:46:29]Therefore the beta anomer is more stable than the alpha anomer. Beta anomer is more stable than the alpha anomer. My dears, please pay a little attention to this interesting thing.

[00:46:44]This is oxygen upward. Oxygen is more electronegative. So here if we talk about its loan payer, then he is sitting with the loan payer. He is sitting with a loan payer.

[00:46:55]Ok? So we can think about the direction of its dipole.

[00:47:01]This will be the direction of its dipole.

[00:47:04]Correct? Pay attention a little further. OH Group: This is a very small group and comparatively less dipoles are also seen here.

[00:47:14]Ok? Now here if we pay a little attention and introduce such a group.

[00:47:24]Introduce a group that has more dipole i.e. polarity. What's up? There should be more dipoles. Look here, if we add halogen or OR group or carboxylic group. Ok?

[00:47:45]Carbohydrate group, so what would be there? The beta anomer becomes less stable than the alpha anomer. This effect is called anomeric effect. This effect is called in numeric effect. Ok? What I said was that if there is a more polar group here, then what will be the dipole-dipole interaction here? What will happen here between the negative pole and the negative pole? There will be interaction.

[00:48:16]Repulsive interaction. And to avoid repulsive interaction, our anomer will try to act less in beta and more in alpha. So when ever alpha anomer becomes more stable compared to the beta anomer then the effect is called anomeric effect. What is found here?

[00:48:40]Anomeric Effect. If I talk to you, any halogen should be taken or our RCO group should be taken or our R group should be taken or our SR group should be taken. If all this is there, then the order will remain the same. If this more polar more polar happens like this then what will happen there? Beta anomer is more stable than the alpha anomer. Let us pay a little attention to one thing. This question becomes yours from the point of view of the stability of alpha anomer and beta anomer. Let's look here right now. OH H and CH2 OH this is our OH H and this is our H OH here also OH and this is H. Ok? This is our entire story. Now see, if you are asked to determine the ring size i.e. if alpha Dglucose or beta Dglucose is reacted with iodic acid.

[00:49:52]Now look at the previous one, how much iodic acid molecule will be consumed there. So now you count the cleavage. But during cleavage one iodic acid molecule is consumed.

[00:50:10]See there how much cleavage you have done in open chain. Just look at how much cleavage has been done in the open chain.

[00:50:14]Look here we have this and this in adjacent positions.

[00:50:22]Okay, right? This is secondary and what are we taking?

[00:50:27]Taking HiO4. Write in this form H5 is written in the form of IO6. Okay, right? And we are taking two units of this. Two moles. Look, one will touch from here. One, remember from here I had said that when this is secondary then what will be done with it? This will no longer be cleavage here. Look here, there will be no cleavage here. You will not have cleavage here either because this is a hemispherical. O is not a diol. What is that? Hemi is Astal. Pay a little attention. What's here?

[00:50:55]Hemi is Astal. This will not be cleavage.

[00:50:58]Look here, what is there here is not OH, hence it will not be cleaved here and forget about this, then now see where the cleavage is taking place, now you break it and get it cleaved, then the first carbon, this carbon OH, is our H and look this will go into CHO and here one of ours is formed, what?

[00:51:32]Formic acid. This became formic acid.

[00:51:35]Ok? And after that, now see what is below? These are the forms of CHO. Now this is our O okay? Look at this carbon, what happened here? CH2OH is formed.

[00:51:49]CH2OH Now what is one thing becoming clear from this? We came to the conclusion that only one formic acid was being formed.

[00:51:57]Only one formic acid is being formed and all are linked together and all are linked together.

[00:52:02]Meaning CHOC then after that CH2C so how many carbons do we have here? Three and two make five. Now if you react it with bromine water after doing this, what will happen? This COOH will convert into COOH and if we treat it with HNO3 then this COOH will also convert into COOH and what will happen to this also? will be converted into COOH. So what should we do?

[00:52:35]It is being reacted with HNO3. First condition and then we hydrolyze it.

[00:52:41]Hydrolysis. Ok? So what will happen? Now look first convert now. This has become ours OH this has become ours H this has become COOH what has happened here also COOH this has become ours COOH okay COOH here this bonding as usual I have kept it with you now if you do its hydrolysis then this acyl bond which is formed, what will this ring do, it will open it, it will open so just see what has come here, here one carbon of ours is this COOH.

[00:53:21]Ok? And after that, look here, this group will be converted into CHO.

[00:53:28]Ok? It will convert into CHO.

[00:53:31]You need two carbons.

[00:53:41]One carbon two carbons will become CHO and COOH we have.

[00:53:51]As soon as the bond of CHO and COOH breaks, it will convert into CHO.

[00:53:54]And plus what will become next? Look, next, this is our COH.

[00:54:00]Here here is OH. Here is H and what will happen to us? It will convert into COOH. What are we all getting from this approach?

[00:54:13]When we oxidize it with iodic acid, we have this skeleton change.

[00:54:18]Only formic acid is found in it. Keep this in mind.

[00:54:21]From here the question may arise that how many moles or how many molecules of formic acid are obtained on oxidation of alpha Dglucose or beta Dglucose with per auric acid?

[00:54:32]So you'll remember one molecule of formic acid is found. Ok? And you have these two molecules.

[00:54:39]You have this dicarboxylic acid.

[00:54:41]Dicarboxylic acid is a monocarboxylic acid.

[00:54:44]So, carbon three, carbon two, carbon one, so we have got these six carbon separate molecules which proves that the structure of glucose is a six membered ring. And we call the six member ring pyranose in the language of glucose i.e. carbohydrate. That is, glucose has pyranose structure. Pyranose Structure. So glucose has pyranose structure. I have presented this story of glucose to you in short.

[00:55:16]Pay attention after that.

[00:55:18]Now, this question was probably asked in PGT recently.

[00:55:22]If a lower carbohydrate is converted from a lower monosaccharide to a higher monosaccharide.

[00:55:34]So which method do you use there? Remember the names of the two methods. There is a Fischer Kenny method and there is a Soden method. Soden means ascending. This is called increasing the length of the chain. Which Kiliani Fischer method is correct among the length of the chain? And your second one is the Son method.

[00:56:17]Sone method.

[00:56:21]What will you do in this? We will use HCN. Pay attention, we will use HCN and nitromethane in this.

[00:56:28]These questions are rote learning.

[00:56:31]CH3NO2 nitromethane is used in this.

[00:56:34]Nitromethane will be used in Son.

[00:56:37]And in Fisher, the chain is ascended using HCN. The most interesting thing to note is that when you're ascending any, let's say your aldopentose.

[00:56:49]You are converting aldopentose into aldohexose.

[00:56:53]When converting aldopentose to aldohexose, there will always be two epimers. What will I get? Two epimers will be found. You fix this.

[00:57:02]Two epimers will be obtained. Epimers are formed there and what are the epimers among themselves? Contains dusteriomers.

[00:57:10]What are epimers like to each other? Contains dusteriomers.

[00:57:15]You will also pay attention to these questions. So two methods, the clincher and then the sodden method. After that there is another concept.

[00:57:22]These questions have also been asked a lot. If we have to descend, the chain length has to be reduced.

[00:57:29]Okay, right? So what will we do for that? What method do you use for that? The most popular method among them is rough degradation. Rough degradation method is a rough degradation method. Descending means decreeing.

[00:57:50]Decrease the length.

[00:57:52]If the length has to be decreased.

[00:57:55]What is our best method for that? Roughs degradation.

[00:58:01]What to remember in rough certification? Yes, I have to remember bromine water. Bromine water: This will be the first step. Bromine water will be the first step. After that you will take CaOH CaOH twice. Then what is Fentons Fentons Regent after that? FeO4+ H2O2 or it is also written like this. Ferrous ions plus H2O2 is the regent from the ferrous.

[00:58:35]You should remember this term in rough degradation.

[00:58:39]If you remember this order, you can solve the questions very easily and save time.

[00:58:47]You can do this by saving time. Ok? Remember the saw. First, suppose it is an aldohexose. If you want to convert aldohexose to aldopentose, what will you do first? You will do oxidation with bromine water.

[00:59:01]Oxidation with bromine water, then whatever is formed from it, you will react it with calcium hydroxide.

[00:59:09]Calcium salt will be formed. Then you will heat it with Pantone regent. Your calcium salt will come out in the form of carbonate and give you the desired product.

[00:59:21]Let me show this through a reaction.

[00:59:25]CHO this is our CH2OH OH OH OH H okay? Remember the steps.

[00:59:40]What will happen to bromine water? This will convert to COH and keep everything as it is.

[00:59:47]CH2OH is fine? What will you do after that? Twice of CaOH.

[00:59:52]So see here what it will make, this is minus CA die positive by two, okay to balance the charge here your CH2OH as usual and you do not have to make any change in all of them, after that what you have to do is mix it with Fe die positive H2O2 with Fentz reagent, now what will happen is take out this part, take out this part and the OH that is visible here, this OH will get converted into CHO.

[01:00:24]That means what will happen to your carbon number two? It will convert into CHO. What will be the carbon with CHO? That will come out as calcium carbonate.

[01:00:34]So what will come to us here? See this is CHO here there is OH, H, OH, H, H, H. And what has happened to us?

[01:00:45]CH2OH This is called arenose. That means if you descend glucose, what will you get? Arabinose will be available. This is Arivaños.

[01:00:57]It is called D-arabinose. So this is how rough degradation is done and after that when you do rough degradation, remember the steps in rough degradation. After that there is a hock.

[01:01:11]Oil degradation.

[01:01:14]Old degradation is something you have to take care of.

[01:01:17]Which one to use in old degradation?

[01:01:23]Remember the steps for converting any aldohexose to an aldopentose.

[01:01:25]We will use H2NOH.

[01:01:30]What is it called? Hydroxyl amine. We will use hydroxyl amine. Hydroxyl amine.

[01:01:39]After that we will use it again. That means first of all your hydroxyl amine, whatever you make, will react with AC2O, with sk anhydride and the name of the process will be acylation, what will be its name, it will be called acylation, you will use it as acylation process, exactly acylation, after that what happens after acylation? What else will happen after elimination? There will be elimination. Elimination okay? Please take care.

[01:02:32]First there will be reaction with it then acylation then elimination.

[01:02:39]After the elimination, a process is done. Let me show you what transesterification will be. Let's get started, guys. CHO CH2OH OHOHOHOH reaction is to be done with whom?

[01:03:04]From hydroxyl amines. When you react this with hydroxyl amine, you will see that it will become NOH.

[01:03:10]Ok? NOH and here H is attached. 2 3 4 CH2OH one two OH H our OH HOH will you get this done? Reaction with acetic anhydride acylation so this will be our C double bound N C double bound N and this will be OAC and here our H is okay and keep the rest as it is, this is our CH2OH OH OH H OHOH and H is okay? Now what happens here?

[01:03:56]Elimination happens here. See how the elimination will happen? Look, please note this elimination of ours. I will note this down. If you note it down once or twice, you will remember it.

[01:04:11]So two methods for our ascending. Two methods for our descending. Sodem and Kiliani use these for ascending and then Ol and Raf use these for descending.

[01:04:24]That means if we want to reduce the number of carbons then we will use ol ol or rough. If we have to increase the number of carbon then what will we all do? We will use Kiliani or Kiliani or Son method.

[01:05:16]Let's see what this elimination is going to create. See C Triple Bund N after that and keep them as usual.

[01:05:28]What is this of ours? OH is. H is. OH is.

[01:05:34]H is. OH is. H is. OH is. H is. And what about us? This is CH2 OH. Ok? Now look at the CN group, my dears, CN group is your better living group.

[01:05:48]This is a very good living group. So what happens from here? Look here, let's demonstrate it like this.

[01:05:59]H Look here, bring this here, take it out, so what comes out is our minus CN- will come out and minus H+ will come out.

[01:06:13]Look, this carbon has been converted into CHO. After that, the story that you have to keep in other places is that OH OH OH H CH2 OH this is formed then our D arabinose.

[01:06:32]So in this way we all can tell the story of ascending and descending, how to ascend and how to descend.

[01:06:41]So remember the name of the methods Kiliani od Sodedan. That is, Soden is for ascending and Rough is for descending.

[01:06:54]One question and what else is a question?

[01:06:57]Fructose. Fructose is the sweetest sugar. The sweetest sugar is fructose. And remember, its natural form contains 70% to 76% pyranose structure.

[01:07:17]Ok? About 26% of it is furanose. That means the five-member five-member is about 26%. 26% Keep this in mind, approximately 26% of this fuse i.e. five member ring, write it using your own and approximately 70%, approximately 70% what happens to you? Pyranose is a six-member ring, that is, about 70% of the six-member ring of fructose, about 26% of it is found in the form of a five-member ring.

[01:07:53]But remember, the furanose form of fructose is found in sucrose. The furanose form of fructose is found in sucrose. The furanose form is found. Ok? Not pyanose but pyranose of glucose and furanose of fructose.

[01:08:14]Ok? Now, before moving ahead, let me clarify the structure a little bit for you. You have already done this model. You have already done this model.

[01:08:25]Now we will tell everyone else in short.

[01:08:27]Look here, what do you take?

[01:08:29]OH you take it. What do you take here? You take H.

[01:08:32]Here is H. What do you take here? You take CH2OH. What do you take here? You take H. You take OH here.

[01:08:40]What do you take here? You take OH here you take H here.

[01:08:43]Here you take your OH and you take your H. A little interesting thing to note is that if we react glucose with methyl alcohol in an acidic medium. If you do it with methyl alcohol then your CH3 will come here. This will become HCL. And when any hemil gets converted into SL then it will behave as a non-reducing sugar. Will behave like a non-reducing sugar.

[01:09:11]Because it will not convert into aldehyde after coming into aqueous medium.

[01:09:17]So that would be non- reducing. And pay attention here.

[01:09:22]And after that, if our alpha anomer reacts with methyl, reacts with methyl alcohol, which we have shown here will become CH3, then it will be called glycosidic linkage.

[01:09:39]What will you say? glycosidic linkage. Please be a little careful about this linkage.

[01:09:44]glycosidic linkage. That means I am showing it here.

[01:09:55]What is this linkage of ours? Glycoidic linkage. glycosidic linkage. Ok? So now we talked to you about this monosaccharide in glycosidic linkage.

[01:10:12]We talked about monosaccharides. So now keep writing these terms. There is no need to write anything here. You remember to the point.

[01:10:20]If you take maltose what do you take? You take maltose.

[01:10:29]Ok? pay attention. Maltose, if taken, contains two glucose units and has an alpha 14 glyco alpha 14 glyco acidic linkage.

[01:10:45]In which?

[01:10:48]What is the linkage found in maltose? Contains alpha glycosidic linkage. So see, if I place this here in front of you, this is ours oh it's here H it's here OH H it's here OH H this is OH H what is this of ours? CH2OH is. Next look at glucose. Let's take the next unit of glucose here.

[01:11:14]Ok? This is ours OH this is ours H and keep the whole story like this leaving out number four.

[01:11:20]Now you see, this is our CH2OH here, OH here, OH here, OH H and see, this is your alpha form and see here what is your H and OH, so this number four OH, number four OH and number one OH means hemi estal and this alcoholic group will do this reaction.

[01:11:44]That is why I told above that whenever you react hemi estal with alcohol.

[01:11:51]What will happen if you react hemi estal with alcohol? Glycosidic linkage will be formed. So look here, this is your number one.

[01:11:58]What is this number? There are four.

[01:12:01]What is made between number one and number four?

[01:12:02]glycosidic linkage. And at number one, your one unit of glucose is its alpha anomer. Will it be named?

[01:12:11]Alpha14 glycosidic linkage.

[01:12:19]Glycosidic linkage there you have it. Ok? So whose is this? It is of maltose. So the hydrolysis of maltose gives two glucose units. And what is maltose found in? Alpha one4 glycosidic linkage is found and its two anomers because see if Hemstal is free then alpha anomer and beta anomer, if Hemstal is there then here also it will work as reducing sugar because this part will get converted into which this part will get converted into aldehydic group when you use Toller reagent or Fehling's solution then this is the story about maltose, after that comes your lactose, it is found in the highest quantity in mother's milk.

[01:13:03]Lactose is found in highest quantity in mother's milk.

[01:13:06]Ok? Now what do you have to pay attention to in lactose?

[01:13:11]What to pay attention to in lactose?

[01:13:14]Brother, please pay attention to one unit and the language.

[01:13:16]One unit is glucose and one is galactose.

[01:13:19]One unit of glucose is one unit of galactose. And glucose and galactose are C4 epimers of each other. Glucose and galactose are C4 epimers of each other. Please remember this also.

[01:13:31]glucose