NCERT Economy | From Class 9th to 12th | Day-30 |

[00:00:03][clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] Good morning.

[00:06:50]>> [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> Hallelujah.

[00:13:17]>> [snorts] [clears throat] >> Good morning.

[00:14:12]>> Good morning sir. So answers they're really good.

[00:14:23]So obsent presentation and content both were really good. Then next presentation and content both are really good.

[00:14:38]Then again warning guy three both content and presentation good need more practice more content and you have to uh like underline the important words that you are presenting here I'll talk about mistakes one by one some unknown land reforms size of But you have to add more content. More content presentation. It's really good.

[00:15:17]Good.

[00:15:19]One or two relevant points.

[00:15:21]Use UPSC answer sheets.

[00:15:29]Use UPSC that margin paper.

[00:15:33]Okay.

[00:15:39]Good. Good.

[00:15:41]Really good.

[00:15:56]same [clears throat] content presentation and there is no much changes.

[00:16:10]Keep it up.

[00:16:20]Clear everyone.

[00:16:21]Next [cough] [clears throat] content and presentation both are good papers clear good presentation and content write more number of questions that's it land reforms conclusions everything is so good just practice more number of questions papers amazing very cool present presentation like underline the important words you know like content intro keep the same spirit up but one thing each question right understand that I'm correcting every paper so it will take 2 to 3 days time you try to understand it s one thing after class you'll collect your papers from here then so each and every question right and every time whatever the inputs I'm giving on your UPSC mains change after correcting your paper Pardon me try to improve next that will be really good morning online we'll talk the classes at any cost e we have to complete this 11th NCERTT next week we have to complete 12th class NCERTT okay now and then we go for geography geography presentation geography presentation of people is totally different the economy that theory parting like this but geography presentation is different uh polity presentation history presentation they're totally different look at now the seventh unit employment growth and what is that informalization and other issues employment the main topic is Employment. Employment is related to growth and informalization and other issues. And we are talking about what? Employment.

[00:19:23]You know we discussed about poverty and unemployment. There is a chapter called poverty and unemployment. But here we are talking about employment.

[00:19:33]Employment. What is unemployment? It is a situation where people are willing to work at market wages but they're unable to get the work. Such a situation is called unemployment under. Then what is an employment? The person who is working on daily basis minimum of 8 hours weekly 5 to 6 days can be called as employed.

[00:20:03]Again the definition of employment vary.

[00:20:06]There is something called casual employment. Casual employment. There are several types of employments. Under employment, casual employment. We will talk about everything. But look at this.

[00:20:19]After studying this chapter, you are going to understand about basic concepts related to employment such as economic activity, worker, workforce, unemployment. Each chapter you will understand the concepts related to employment. Employment is related to economic activity. For example, teaching is my job and I am an I'm a teaching employee. Let us say when I'm teaching the major objective of any work is economic activity. So employment or work is nothing but it is a economic activity. You are doing a district collector job. Of course it is al economic activity. When is economic activity the the work which generates revenue maybe economic form, social form, cultural form whatever it is you can call it as economic activity. So every employment is an >> economic >> economic activity and worker workforce.

[00:21:19]Sir worker is a singular work force is like you know a group of people who are engaging in for example there is two things one is called labor force and next one work force sir what is the difference between labor force and workforce look carefully for example this is the class let us say 40 members in the 40 members class we are all 18 plus let us say or we all 14 years plus 15 years plus let us say sir out of this 40 let us say 39 members are work force 40 members are labor force are you getting it right and out of all the 40 members 39 members are working one men is or women is not working right >> but the women is also part of >> labor we are all labor we're all labor we're all part of labor force within the labor work force. Some of them are doing work. They are called work force.

[00:22:24]Unemployment.

[00:22:27]For example, if I wanted to calculate what is unemployment rate of our class, what is labor force minus workforce is nothing but rate of unemployment.

[00:22:41]Labor force minus workforce is nothing but rate of unemployment. Our class total labor force 40 work force 39. What is rate of unemployment? One. This is how we are going to calculate labor force minus >> workforce. We are going to get rate of employment or rate of >> formula is same rate of employment or rate of unemployment. The formula is labor force minus workforce. Clear everyone?

[00:23:13]>> Yes. This is what you need to understand. Next one unemployment we already know the people who are not working we call unemployed who are working we call >> employ [clears throat] forget about types in that. So what is the unemployment and the people are ready to work at market wages but they failed to get the work to do is called unemployment. We're all ready to work right?

[00:23:41]>> You people are ready to work but jobs are not available for you. That is the reason you remain unemployed. Right? So why you are not doing anything? And job meaning and work is not available. Work is not.

[00:23:57]>> So what is unemployment? People are ready to work at market wages but they failed to get the work to do is called >> unemployment. [clears throat] I think now you understand employment means it is an economic activity where worker and workforce are engaged in some sort of work which generates revenue.

[00:24:21]Friends we call it as economic activity.

[00:24:24]What is unemployment? People are ready to work but work is not available. That situation is called unemployment.

[00:24:32]Babuard I think you're all ready to work.

[00:24:36]in but job is not available to me right then this is a what situation you are a labor force once you get the job you become >> work force and I can I use the word work force is the subset of >> labor force workforce is the subset of labor force clear everyone Yes, this is about the first one you need to understand in this particular lecture. Then you will understand nature of participation of men and women in various economic activities in various sectors. Very very important. For example, nature of participation of men and women in various economic activities in various sectors. For example, take a primary sector, secondary service. In everywhere men and women participation is there but not equal not equal.

[00:25:41]So what is the nature of participation and what are the various economic activities that are performed by men and women. I'll take a small example. In the previous class we discussed about you take agriculture because our previous class is about rural development.

[00:26:00]You take agriculture most of the times most of the times who are engaging in agricultural activities.

[00:26:10]Do you remember? Yes sir.

[00:26:11]>> Most of the times women engaging in agricultural activities men engaging in >> non-aggricultural activities. When it comes to primary sector who is engaging more women is engaging more. Do you understand? And what nature of participation of men and women in economic activities in various sectors are different or same?

[00:26:35]>> Are different. Do you understand?

[00:26:37]>> Yes.

[00:26:40]Next one. Know the nature and extent of unemployment [clears throat] and what extent of unemployment we have in India and unemployment was so rigid.

[00:26:50]Today we will talk about it and assess the initiatives taken by the government in [clears throat] generating employment opportunities in various sectors and regions. Sir, the biggest problem in India as I told unemployment is one problem. Next problem is poverty. Yes, >> the two important problems of Indian economy is unemployment and poverty. I told these two are internally connected.

[00:27:21]Two are internally connected. Your poverty is because of unemployment. Your father unemployment result into family poverty. Hence these both are interrelated. Interrelated.

[00:27:34]In order to eradicate poverty and unemployment, the government of India started several initiatives. Several >> initiatives.

[00:27:44]>> Initiatives. Sir, what are the several initiatives for poverty? We already discussed. Do you remember anti-poverty programs? PDS, public distribution system.

[00:27:59]MGN. Next one.

[00:28:05]Pradan Mandrias.

[00:28:07]Right. Pradhan Mandrio.

[00:28:10]Indra Gandhi. Launch J1 mission.

[00:28:14]Pajuala is meant for clean cooking fuel giving subsidized gas cylinders right we discussed then what about programs unemployment for example skill India what is that >> skill India is the government initiatives next one MG NA is also program meant for employment minimum of earlier 100 days now it is 120 days >> 125 is guaranteed work right mg n r u g a next what is the other work sama mantri >> koshel vikas yojina clear everyone like that there are several programs launched by government to eradicate unemployment since independence since >> and manam these are the things we are going to see in this chapter government initiatives what is extinct of unemployment unemployment rate of men and women and their participation in various sectors and what is employment or unemployment? What is a work economic activity worker workforce and unemploy these are what we are going to understand in this chapter right can I go >> so what is the uh formula for unemployment labus >> labor force minus workforce is called the rate of unemployment [clears throat] labor force include all of us but workforce include only employees so total Number of people minus employees is nothing but unemployment is nothing but rate of >> Babuarda good just NCERT thing it is in class we'll see more detailed okay let's talk introduction of the chapter called employment what is that employment look carefully whatever important I'll tell you just make a note of them other than this not important people do a variety of work. Some work on farms, factories, banks, shops and many other workplaces at few other work at home. For example, can you say who are working at home most of the time?

[00:30:33]>> Women. Women right everyone. Yes. And people do variety of work. Some works on a farms, factories, banks, shops and many other working places. Few of them working at home itself. Home and don't say work from home. Okay. House making you know homemakers we called as work from chichi. Work at home. Work at home includes not only traditional work like waving and lace making and a variety of handiccrafts but also modern jobs like programming works in IT industry. Can I say work from home?

[00:31:14]>> Yes sir.

[00:31:14]>> Yes. These are all what called home at work. Home at work hand looms, waving, lace making. Next handiccraft and other like you know it jobs we are all doing work from home that is also part of >> work at the home. Next. Earlier factory factory work meant working in factories located in cities. Whereas now technology has enabled people to produce those factory based goods at home in villages. Okay. But we need to go to the factories situated in urban centers and doing there. But now because of technology we are we are bringing technology to our home and producing goods at home itself. Just introduction exam for your understanding. Okay. Yes. Next.

[00:32:11]Why do people work?

[00:32:14]Why do people work? To improve standard of living.

[00:32:17]>> To improve standard of living. The ultimate goal of any work to generate statement. All human relations are economic relations. Don't you agree with this statement? All human relations are what? economic relations. Don't you agree with this statement? Agreement. It is true statement. All human relations are economic relations. So why do people work? And work plays an important role in our life as individuals and as a member of society.

[00:32:53]You need to work for individual survival and for betterment of society. For example, I am working. when I'm working it is for my better and it is for your better. It is also better for government of India because I'm paying taxes right everyone. So why do people work? People should work for individual benefit and as well as >> collective benefit and go or else for the benefit of >> so people need to work as an individual and as a member of society. Is that clear? So what is the point here?

[00:33:29]So work play an important role in our in the lives as individuals and as well as member of society. People work for earning. [clears throat] I told right all all all your work is nothing but economic activity. Work is nothing but >> people work for what? Earnings living and some people get or have money by inheriting it not working for it.

[00:33:56]We are getting money by birth because parents are rich. Some of them are not.

[00:34:01]Hence people need to work. Maximum people need to work for what purpose?

[00:34:07]>> Earnings.

[00:34:08]Earnings. Work is known as economic activity. Work is known as economic activity meant for earnings for individual and and and collective survival of society. Clear? I'm working for my individual benefit and a collective benefit of the society. This is what called work. Every work is an economic activity. Economic activity. Why do people work? People need to work on individual basis for their benefit and collective benefit being a member of >> society. Do you understand this?

[00:34:44]>> Yes. So what is the primary goal of work?

[00:34:48]>> Earnings. [clears throat] Earnings. Why your father is working somewhere?

[00:34:51]Earnings. Why I'm working here is earnings. [clears throat] Why you are studying here is >> future earnings. Are you getting it right? Yes. So this does not completely satisfy anybody. Being employed in a work gives us a sense of selfworth and enable us to relate ourself meaningfully with others. If every every working person is actively contributing to national income and hence development of the country by engaging in various economic activities. So what is the point here? We can make a note of this write up every from here we need to write.

[00:35:40]So this does not completely satisfy anybody means you are just working for money and it may not satisfy everybody.

[00:35:49]Why? Why you are doing work for earnings? This answer may not satisfy everybody. Right?

[00:35:58]Every working person, the first point, every working person is actively contributing to every working person is actively contributing to national income.

[00:36:16]I think already you know what is the definition of national income. Who will calculate what is it and how do we measure national income? Methods of measuring national income. We have that basic concepts discussed in the earlier classes.

[00:36:34]Don't worry right contributing to national income and hence the development of the country development of the country.

[00:36:49]Development of the country by engaging in various economic activities.

[00:36:58]By engaging in various economic activities.

[00:37:04]By engaging in various economic activities.

[00:37:11]By engaging in various economic activities.

[00:37:17]So every person who is working he is contributing for himself and he's contributing to national income. Do you understand up to this?

[00:37:26]>> Yes. When I'm contributing to the national income which result into the development of the country.

[00:37:31]>> So development of the country can happen only when all the people are engaging in some that is the problem in India.

[00:37:42]We have very good human capital. India is having very good human resource, very good human capital.

[00:37:48]Don't worry.

[00:37:50]So, India is having very good human capital but even then we are not having good amount of GDP or national income.

[00:37:58]What is the reason? We have human capital with low skill. We have human capital with less opportunities. We have human capital with challenges. With what challenges? That is the reason why this human capital not doing economic activity. Hence we are not contributing to GDP.

[00:38:20]All human capital economic activities they can generate more revenue for national income or not. That is the reason government launched make in India startup India standup India skill development vocational training programs. Why government launched these many programs? Just to convert human capital into workforce. Human capital into >> workforce and they're working. No.

[00:38:47]>> Yes sir.

[00:38:47]>> Working means what?

[00:38:51]And if any country [clears throat] which is having large human capital that need to turn out this human capital into workforce hence they'll perform economic activities contributing to more national income. Hence country's economy can be developed. The mind why government have been launching these many programs for for for you know uh turning human capital into workforce just for uh generating more economic activities hence more revenue country's economy can be developed. Example Vikshit bat 2047.

[00:39:30]Do you know this current affair?

[00:39:33]Vikit bat 2047.

[00:39:36]What is our target? By 2047 at least India should have India should India should transform developing country to developed country. Developing country to developing country by achieving 30 to 40 trillion economy. Right? Sir when do you achieve this 30 to 40 trillion economy when all the people are engaging in various economic activities simple story father members when only father is earning is it is it enough for your family development no it is maybe enough for survival right but all [clears throat] the hands join and meaning mother Father all the three childrens are doing are are engaged in various >> economic activities >> then the their contribution to the family income increase >> family earlier is let us say BPL family then slowly it become >> APL family are you getting it right similarly when all the people of India turn into a workforce and engaging in various economic activities their contribution to the national income will increase India will become developed country or not. That is why we kept a goal in Vikit bar 20 47 that by 2047 India should become developed country and target four pillars women youth farmers poverty do you remember THIS FOUR PILLARS OF BHARAT 2047 youth women former [clears throat] youth former women >> all are poor that is the concept here. So this is how we need to connect your current related things to your concepts then your main answers will be excellent.

[00:41:38]Got it.

[00:41:40]Shall I go next? Good.

[00:41:43]So point and overall everybody should engaging in economic activity. Hence they contribute more to the national income than country become developed nation. Example Vikshit bat 2047 right?

[00:42:01]>> That is the that is the real meaning of earnings a living or uh we do not work only for ourself. We also have sense of accomplishment when the work when we work to meet the requirements of those who are dependent on us.

[00:42:31]90% of the times we are not working for ourselves. We're working for >> family.

[00:42:37]Your father may not like the job what he is doing but he thought of resigning several times. He thought of doing a business. He thought of doing some more things but looking at family and their future he is compromising and doing.

[00:42:52]Same thing with mom. Mom wanted to do several things but looking at family she is compromising. And earnings is not only meant for herself it is meant for dependence. It is meant for the people who are dependent on us. That is the reason why we are actively working.

[00:43:11]We're actively working.

[00:43:14]Simple point.

[00:43:24]Yes, you're absolutely right. Seventh unit 11th class.

[00:43:32]Then your father feel like she's doing or he's doing something and they can have a good a peaceful sleep at least once.

[00:43:40]Do you understand? Can I go for next? So having having recognized the importance of work, Mahatma Gandhi insisted upon education training through variety of works including craft including craft.

[00:43:56]Very very important. This is very very important.

[00:44:02]important statement given by Gandhi.

[00:44:04]Why? Because Gandhi always say yes he believes in rural economy. Gandhi said this point development of the nation happens through the development of rural areas.

[00:44:16]Look having recognized importance of the work and because of work there will be individual development, collective development, national income is growing.

[00:44:28]Right?

[00:44:28]>> Yes. That is what having recognized the importance of work Gandhi G insisted upon education and training.

[00:44:38]Gandhi said education and training is more important to do a better work.

[00:44:44]Education and training through a variety of works including craft.

[00:44:57]Gandhi G insisted upon education and training through a variety of works including craft is a much essential for what Adita they don't want to work like lazy then what they called there is something called unemployment types of unemployment unemployment economy.

[00:45:29]There is underemployment, structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, seasonal unemployment and cyclic unemployment, natural unemployment, right? Uh willful unemployment. There are so many types Adita there we will discuss. We call them what type of unemployment for time being people who are lazy who don't want to do the work we call them as natural unemployment or willful unemployment clear yes point the what Gandhi G said education and training education and training is a very very important to perform various works various works studying about working people uh gives us insights insights and Deep understanding. Okay.

[00:46:20]Now, insights into meaning. Deep understanding. Insights into quality and the nature [clears throat] of employment in our country and help in understanding and planning our human resources and meaning what we employment is very much essential in India. So, we will understand that sir what is the quality of employment?

[00:46:45]For example, today we are facing a problem called gig employment. Gig, Zumato workers, Flipcod, Zepto all the delivery workers can be called gig G I GM gig economy the gig workers and these gig workers can I explain simply called quality of work they don't have any security that is reason recently they're doing some strikes no quality of work nature of employment the nature of employment is very short very short no security apply to everyone. Yes. So with this we will understand planning our human [clears throat] resources and how do we plan to turn our human resources into human capital.

[00:47:32]>> So turning human resource into human capital. What is required? Planning is required. In the planning we are introducing programs, policies, trainings for better employment. for better employment.

[00:47:47]It helps us to analyze the contributions made by different industries and a sectors towards national income. Point already contributions of agriculture sector to national income. Manufacturing sector to national income. Service sector to national income. In any sector who are there employees [clears throat] in any sector who are there employees every sector contributing towards national income.

[00:48:16]>> It also helps us to address many social issues. What are the social issues such as exploitation of marginalized sections of society. What is exploitation of marginalized sections of society? Women, minorities, SC, ST, binded labor. These are what called exploitation of marginalized sections of society. These people are called marginalized people in the society subjected to vulnerability and exploitation. For example, bonded labor is an example. Right. Yes. And child labor etc. Babu. Yes.

[00:49:01]Employment.

[00:49:03]Employment. Employment helps us to address employment. What type of employment?

[00:49:15]Quality of employment.

[00:49:17]Employment helps us to help us to address many social issues.

[00:49:26]many social issues such as exploitation of marginalized sections of the society. So who are the marginalized? Women is a marginalized.

[00:49:41]Children is a marginalized not women.

[00:49:46]SCP minorities other backward communities other economically weaker sections can be called as marginalized.

[00:49:57]Yes. And child labor etc. Right after this point clear everyone.

[00:50:11]This is what introduction of this chapter called employment. Okay. Nama.

[00:50:15]Yes. Let us talk about workers and employment. Workers and employment. Look sir, what is employment? What is employment? People are people are engaging in some economic activities over a period of time can be called as employment. What is employment? And who is a worker? And when a farmer work on a field, he or she produces food grains and raw materials for industries. Cotton become cloth in textile mills and in power looms and the lries transport goods from one place to another place.

[00:50:56]Sir everything is a work and employment.

[00:50:58]Right? I am engaging in agriculture producing. I'm a worker. Right? We are manufacturing those things in where mills workers lay the employees employees again those final products are transporting from one place to and everywhere workers and employees are engaged or not. Yes sir.

[00:51:22]>> So all these places where we can see workers and as well as employees. Look, we knew that the total money value of all such goods and services produced in a country in a year is called gross domestic product for the D point.

[00:51:42]What is GDP? The value of >> the value of final goods and services produced in a country or geographical region in one financial year can be called as >> GDP under. When we also considered what we pay for our imports and get from our exports, we find that there is a net earnings from the countries which may be positive or negative. Which may be positive or negative or zero or zero.

[00:52:19]Clear everyone? Yes.

[00:52:23]National [clears throat] GDP we also get revenue from our imports and exports and they can make economy formula national income because most of the times we calculate national income by using GDP I'm using about national income. National income is equal to C plus I plus >> G >> G plus >> X minus M. This is the formula UPS previous question national income formula C + I + G + X - M Yes.

[00:53:31]Next. When I say C, it is called as consumer expenditure.

[00:53:36]I means investment expenditure.

[00:53:40]G means government expenditure.

[00:53:44]Extend exports. M and imports X - M technically called net factor income from abroad XUS exports minus imports net income from abroad income from abroad rise Net income from abroad.

[00:54:27]Exports minus imports. For example, our exports are greater than imports.

[00:54:35]We are getting what? Net income from abroad. I took a positive case.

[00:54:48]It also includes exports minus imports both. It also includes exports minus imports. It is NCERT information only.

[00:54:57]Right?

[00:54:58]So clear up to this point everyone. Yes.

[00:55:03]GDP GNPR calculations.

[00:55:06]When I'm talking about net income, this is the correct formula. So what is a C means?

[00:55:14]>> [clears throat] >> Look my dear when you are low, dull, weak, you are going to affect your life with your own hands.

[00:55:34]We can make a literally good history consistent hard.

[00:55:42]Do you understand? So every enjoy the learning process understand everyone.

[00:56:01]So I everyday listen to some Japanese audios book and everyday I [clears throat] listen to Japanese audio books Korean series Japanese audio books Japanese there are several techniques I'll make a note also then discipline what type of decisions they make how they execute no matter what these are the things I read every day and I'll make myself ready because who will come and motivate you every day for your growth? You should be motivated all the time.

[00:56:45]I I I listened one video.

[00:56:59]I waited 24 hours.

[00:57:21]You are the loser there.

[00:57:24]You have to fight with yourself first.

[00:57:27]You have to fight with your thought process first, not with outsiders.

[00:57:35]like defeating your negative thoughts, laziness, improving your qualities.

[00:57:42]It can be your concentration, you know, your presentations, your skill, everything matters a lot. You conquer yourself first. That is what even Buddha told you know conquer yourself and conquer yourself first.

[00:57:58]That is where the people become great leaders and all. Miru you build yourself first then we look for others building yourself includes the nation includes the nation so look at this point so nation income formula C plus I plus G plus X minus M this is consumer expenditure income expenditure government expenditure this is the formula for national income income GDP We will get all the revenue that is generated in India within the financial >> here and we also add national income key either positive imports and exports imports and exports negative balance either zero and when imports exports are equivalent zero no profit no loss when exports are more imports are less I can say we are getting net factor income from abroad including our you know remittance What is the remittances?

[00:59:04]Imports more exports less and can I call it as what a deficient current deficit trade deficit that is what called negative here means yes.

[00:59:20]So from the foreign transactions what we get is called country's grass national product for that year. Clear everyone?

[00:59:29]Grass means total. Net means grass.

[00:59:35]For example, when I say grass, grass means total. When I say net means total minus depreciation, total minus for example batch 10aks. It is my total amount. So net profit 10 minus my depreciation right everyonearies minus depreciation important net value income Net travel gross minus depreciation depreciation and wear and tear and we'll talk in the national income chapter.

[01:00:33]Next go to the next one. So those activities which contribute to the gross national product is called economic activity. Directly an economic activity we can directly define this. What is an economic activity? An activity which is contributing to gross national product.

[01:00:56]Am I right? What is economic activity?

[01:00:59]>> It is an activity which is contributing to gross national product.

[01:01:07]Those activities which contribute to the gross national product are called economic activities.

[01:01:19]General any activity which is contributing to the gross national product is called economic activity. All those who are engaged in [clears throat] economic activities in whatever the capacity capacity means it may be high level or at low level whatever the capacity economic activities sometimes might be higher [clears throat] level sometimes might be and some people who are doing bigger activities someone is doing lesser activities. So chronic activities whatever the capacity may be high or low are workers even if some of them temporarily obtained from work due to illness >> injuries >> injuries and other physical disabilities bad weather festivals social religious functions. There are also workers.

[01:02:20]Workers also include all those who help the main workers in these activities.

[01:02:29]Masterf the masterf okay masterfant workers he is a worker. People working under worker is also workers. That is the point here. Babarinda we generally think of only those who are paid by an employer for their work as workers. This is not so those who are self-employed also called workers.

[01:03:04]So self-employed is also called workers.

[01:03:06]The person who is getting salary is also called workers.

[01:03:12]Go.

[01:03:14]Write down. Write down.

[01:03:19]Workers includes workers includes still. I'm a worker because I'm on leave.

[01:03:31]Workers includes workers includes includes people who are paid by an employer.

[01:03:48]People who are paid by an employer for their work.

[01:03:56]for their work and and self-employed.

[01:04:03]self employed [clears throat] self [clears throat] employed clear everyone these are what called workers next the nature of employment in India is what multifaceted of course we told we are not only doing one work we're doing agriculture we are doing what industry labors Am I right?

[01:04:33]>> Right. We are doing a craft work. So India the nature of employment in India is >> multi- faciated. Very very important.

[01:04:44]You can write in minds.

[01:04:47]The nature of employment in India is multifaciated. We have a cost based employment, religion based employment, gender based employment, sectorbased employment. Am I right? Yes. We say hence India is having what multifaced employment some get employment throughout the year some other get employed for only few months in a year.

[01:05:13]Am I right? Yes sir.

[01:05:14]>> For example I'm working in IT company I have worked throughout the year. If you are in agricultural labor you will work for a season right? Remaining seasons you are unemployed right?

[01:05:24]>> Yes. So some is getting employment throughout the year, some is getting employment only for >> few months of the year. Next, many workers do not get fair wages for their work. While estimating the numbers of workers, all these who are engaged in economic activities are included as employed.

[01:05:49]All those maximum am I right?

[01:05:57]Agriculture.

[01:05:59]Are you getting fair wages? No.

[01:06:01]Government of India made minimum wages act 1947.

[01:06:06]According to minimum wages act basic salaries there is no fair payments in India. Agriculture women where is the fairness right? Informal sector wages are not fair. Informal sector wages are fair and but more or less in India uh the the payments are not fair. The wages are not fair. But what is important all those who are engaged in economic acts are included as employed. It may be for complete year.

[01:06:42]It may be for a months of year. Okay.

[01:06:46]All those who are engaged in economic activities are included as employed. Now you tell me what is an economic activity?

[01:07:03]>> Those activities which contribute to the thought. Those activities which contributes to the gross national [laughter] product is called okay and you are adding something to your gross family income. Yes.

[01:07:31]You are not contributing anything to family. Then am I right?

[01:07:48]Am I right?

[01:08:02]Right.

[01:08:04]So that is what when you are contributing something to your family then that is an economic activity but salary economic activity. No am right that is what so you might be interested to knowing the number of people actively engaged in various economic activities. Interesting economic activities which is nothing but employment rate.

[01:08:32]What is that?

[01:08:33]>> The people who are engaging in economic activities is nothing but employed.

[01:08:38]Employed. If you know who are the total people engaging in that is nothing but employment rate.

[01:08:45]During 1999 to 2000 India had about 400 million straw workforce.

[01:08:54]Since majority of our people resided in a rural areas, the proportion of workforce residing there is higher [clears throat] max.

[01:09:11]Hence, rural development is essential for the development of the nation because the maximum labor force are engaged in rural economic activities.

[01:09:21]rural can I write this point in mind mains yes then the rural workers constitute about 3/4 of this 400 millions and 1999 2000 year low India 400 millions of workforce 3x4 million mean 3X400 MILLIONS OF workforce >> hence what is development is needed rural development is essential for economic development of nation rural Development is essential for economic development of nations for various reasons. For example, write down rural development is essential for rural development is essential for Rural development is essential for nation building.

[01:10:19]Nation building.

[01:10:23]Analyze the statement.

[01:10:26]Analyze the statement.

[01:10:30]Rural development is essential for nation building. Analyze the statement with suitable supporting arguments.

[01:10:41]Relo means suitable supporting arguments.

[01:10:56]Can you write the question just reasons to find out? So rural development is essential for development of nation building. reasons.

[01:11:13]Rural development introduction is on rural development.

[01:11:19]Reasons why rural development is essential for nature building. Reasons supporting government programs. Finally, conclusion.

[01:11:31]Simple question.

[01:11:35]>> Next. Men. Men men form the majority of workforce in India. Of course, right?

[01:11:40]India we have gender inequalities. Hence men is more in workforce compared with women. Right everyone? Because of gender disparities, gender inequalities. Can you use the point? Yes. About 70% of workers are men and the rest are women.

[01:12:02]And women workers count for one/ird of rural workforce. Whereas in urban areas they're just 1/4 and India women workers rural areas low women workforce is higher. Women work force is greater in rural areas than urban areas because of agriculture. Low who is more actively engaging.

[01:12:28]>> Women. Men is not doing agriculture.

[01:12:31]He's engaging in non-aggricultural activities in rural areas.

[01:12:36]Yes. So women carry out works like cooking next fetching water, fuel wood, participate in the form labor, agricultural labor. Right.

[01:12:47]>> Yes. They are not paid wages in cash or in form of grains. At times they're not paid at all. For this reason, these women are not categorized as workers because they're not getting any kind of payment directly. Right. Right.

[01:13:07]Economists have argued that these women should also call workers.

[01:13:14]But economist they're taking care of children's.

[01:13:20]They're doing household work.

[01:13:24]warehouse.

[01:13:31]Obviously, she's also doing unpaid work.

[01:13:35]She's she's a worker but unpaid work.

[01:13:38]She's not getting direct income but she's contributing to nation in building human resources. Building >> human resources women.

[01:13:51]This is what about worker and employment. Clear? These are the points important. Next, participation of people in employment. Worker population ratio.

[01:14:03]Worker population ratio is an indicator which is used for analyzing the employment situation in the country.

[01:14:12]Important worker population ratio total population minus workforce. Total population means labor force minus workforce.

[01:14:30]Okay. Now worker population ratio point as it is prelims.

[01:14:38]Can I say this point can be asked for points? Worker population ratio is an indicator.

[01:14:48]Worker population ratio is an indicator which is used for analyzing employment situation in the country.

[01:14:56]Employment situation in the country.

[01:15:05]Then after this look this now this ratio what ratio worker population ratio this ratio is useful in knowing the proportion of population that is actively contributing to the production of goods and services of the country and the total population low proportion of the population engaging in producing goods and services we call them as what workforce and labor force minus work force is nothing Worker population ratio worker total population lowest active economic activity by producing goods and services and contributing to national income.

[01:15:50]If the ratio is higher it means that engagement of people in greater. If the ratio for the country is medium or low, this means that very high proportion of its population is not involved directly in economic economic more goods and services, more national income and there is a development medium medium goods and services production less contribution to GDPR. Low means low people, low population to worker ratio output is also low.

[01:16:26]>> Low national income contribution is low.

[01:16:30]And India 2047 developed country.

[01:16:38]We need to increase workforce. That is the reason why underat we have given target for what? youth, women, farmers.

[01:16:48]Am I right?

[01:16:49]>> Yes.

[01:16:52]>> Next, you might have already studied in lower classes the meaning of term population. Population is defined as the total number of people who are residing a particular locality at a particular point of time.

[01:17:10]Right? Now we are doing population census. Now, right? So what is a population? Population is defined as that total number of people [clears throat] who are resided in a particular locality at a particular point of time is called population.

[01:17:29]These are NCERTT definition.

[01:17:32]Population is nothing but the total number of people residing in a particular place in a particular point of time in a particular point of time is called what?

[01:17:53]Population.

[01:17:56]If you know, if you wanted to know worker population ratio for India, divide total number of workers in India by population into 100 and the worker population ratio total number of population divided by workers into 100 worker population ratio.

[01:18:23]Total number of population divided by workers.

[01:18:28]So that work clear up to this point everyone. So worker population ratio is nothing but total number of population divided by workers into 100. That gives you how much population engaged in working activities. If you look a table of shows different levels of participation of aithmama not required this.

[01:19:06]So why do we why why do not go to the schools, colleges and other training institutions even if some go the discontinuity in the middle to join the workforce they whereas in urban areas considerably the section of the section is able to study in various educational institutions where we have literacy rate high urban or rural >> where we have literacy rate high urban where we have skilled people urban where [clears throat] we can get formal employment urban compared to females.

[01:19:39]Compared to females, more males are found found to be working. The differences in participation rate is very large in where >> the where more number of people will participate in work >> urban less [clears throat] member in >> rural. For every 100 urban families only 14 are engaged in some economic activities in a rural areas for every 100 30 is participating. But problem urban areas it is formal rural [clears throat] it is informal.

[01:20:13]Going back to what was already has been mentioned above.

[01:20:17]Next go to selfmployed and hide workers.

[01:20:24]Important remaining all are to make you understand but you know them already. Next one.

[01:20:33]Self-employed and hired workers doing business is what?

[01:20:40]>> Self-employed. Look at this. Does the worker population ratio say anything [clears throat] about worker status in society or about working conditions? By knowing the status with which worker is placed in an enterprise. It may be possible to know one dimension. one dimension quality of employment in the country quality of employment I'm a software quality of work is good I'm a daily wager quality of work is less quality of work quality of employment can easily determine it is it it it also able to so it also enables us to know the attachment ment a worker has with his or her job and the authority she or he was over the enterprises over other workers.

[01:21:41]This is male workers and female. So look at this male workers.

[01:21:48]Let us say this is a male worker how much 51. Whereas female workers 8% self-employed dark self-employed regular salary employed casual wage labors okay now white is a casual wage labor casual wage labors right casual wage labor women unorganized self-employed but regular salary employees are comparatively less data because old datas let us take three workers from a construction industry a cement shop owner and a construction worker and a civil engineer [clears throat] of a construction company since the status of each one of them is different from means of owner mu worker What kind of civil engineer everybody is equal status? No, they are also called differently workers who own and operate an enterprise to earn their livelihood is known as >> selfmployed. Point self-employed definition.

[01:23:12]Self-employed definition.

[01:23:16]Worker who own and operate an enterprise.

[01:23:23]Worker who own and operate an enterprise to earn their livelihood. He is known as self-employed.

[01:23:34]Terms are definitions important is called self-employed.

[01:23:43]is cement shop owner.

[01:23:45]>> Self-employed. The cement shop owner is self-employed.

[01:23:52]The construction worker >> casual wage labor.

[01:23:59]Shop owner is self-employed. The casual labor construction >> construction labor. Construction labor.

[01:24:06]What about this civil engineer?

[01:24:08]>> Salary.

[01:24:09]>> Salary. regular salary employed.

[01:24:14]So civil engineer is a regular salaried employee. Construction laborer casual casual laborer whereas cement cement shop owner that is the point.

[01:24:34]Not required.

[01:24:37]Not required. Next. Employment in firms, factories and offices.

[01:24:49]We'll complete it today. I mean tomorrow important unemployment employment question okay knowing self-employed knowing casual labor knowing regular minimum regular salaried and regular salary center right who are called wage what do you called uh casual labor is self-employed minimum right that's it see the next lecture correct self-employment for example I'm a self-employed kind of so NCERT NCERT concept you will understand more you know conceptual clarity employment self-employment he will understand little more concepts that is the preparation for your examinations then have a Nice day right even I don't know that you are having ide self-employed casual labor right then you knew about where where population worker population ratio orinda.

[01:26:48]>> Yes sir.

[01:26:49]>> What is economic activity? You know >> what do you mean by economic activity?

[01:26:54]National income. India law rural law women participation is more comparative urban areas. But where we have more labor force rural areas. Hence rural development is essential for nation building.

[01:27:09]That is the point. Have a nice day.