211 LectLab 1 1 CourseOverview 08 24 21

[00:00:01]all right everyone welcome to cecs 211 principles of engineering one uh now i find that name is just slightly misleading principles of engineering one it's very vague abstract what are we talking about so in this class we're going to be dealing with circuits this is the first introductory class that we have in our program for dealing with circuits and circuit components and things like resistors and current and voltages and all those things that are the basis of how computers can even work in the first place so you um everyone's taken 201 correct or at least is currently taking 201 when you're dealing with digital you are much more abstracted from the electronics you're talking about at the gate level and you're talking about ones and zeros um analog electronics resistors current and voltage that is all a little lower level it is below that okay so that's what we're going to be dealing with in this class and building upon that foundation and then leading into the next class which is 311 which hopefully for everyone here would be next semester at which point you get into a lot more of the applications so this is a circuits class we're dealing with a lot more with circuit analysis techniques drawing schematics how the fundamentals of electricity work so the first place that i want to point everyone to is the website for class okay i'm going to type this one into chat okay it is www.engr.eric.com so let's go ahead let's head over to the website once you get there you'll be greeted by this screen now this page is my own personal website i put all class content as well as recorded lecture videos on this website so this is going to be where all materials for class are held i don't use beachboard for that beach board i use for grades i use for submissions specifically like dropbox for turning in assignments and i also use it for quizzes and exams but i don't use it for dissemination of materials relevant to class i keep all of that organized on the website because i just have more control over that and i don't have to you know redo it every semester so i like for things to kind of stay here and sort of lives and breathes and evolves and gets better plus i can add all sorts of extras and things are just permanently there for anyone to see at any time so once you come over to the website you'll see all the classes that i teach are linked over on the left hand side so let's go ahead let's go over to this class cecs 211 okay ccs 211 principles of engineering or principles of computer engineering one like i said this is really a circuits class and the first link over here is the syllabus so go ahead and open the syllabus and follow along now before i start diving down this syllabus and uh well let me go ahead let me do an introduction of myself first and then i'll get to the next most important thing okay first off my name is eric hernandez um i've been teaching here at cal state for about seven years now i teach a lot of the computer engineering related classes 211 311 your senior design classes 498 490b what else i've taught i teach 262. uh i've taught 346 347 in the past i'm a computer engineer at heart i love computer engineering and i'll try to stay in the computer engineering classes as much as possible now let me go ahead and dive into what i think is one of the most important aspects for taking this class online before i go over any of this stuff i want to point out that in my grading plan item number four [Music] i have listed for weekly submitted notes one of the most one of the most important things for taking this class online for you guys that are sitting at home watching this is actively being engaged with the lecture being engaged with the material and in my opinion the best way and the only way to do that is to actively be taking notes whether that's digitally or whether that's uh on paper pencil and pen marker whatever your weapon of choice is whatever it is that you're using to take notes as you're following along and learning i have to do that to this day regardless of you know what the topic is if i'm trying to learn something new i have to be watching what they're doing i have to be doing the hand motion taking notes asking those questions and uh jumping back and forth before i begin to even learn something so i'm going to be collecting those once a week you have to submit your weekly notes including both lecture days usually we have two lecture days uh two days of lecture and lab now i talk a little bit about this section if you notice it's worth 15 of your grade so um just for taking notes i'm giving you 15 of uh your grade so as long as your notes are reasonable uh and they're mostly complete you'll be getting full credit and that's a free 15 in the class which i think is awesome for doing something that you should already be doing if we go down to the section where i talk about the weekly submitted notes basically things uh that i already said however notice that uh regardless of the method that you use for taking your notes they should be converted to pdf one pdf document and uploaded to the beach board dropbox okay and over here if the class is a tuesday thursday monday wednesday class then those weekly notes are submitted on friday by 11 59 p uh sorry 11 59 pm the latest if it's a friday class which this is not then i would give you till sunday to turn those in but for everyone right now i say this uh very early in the class so that you can start taking your notes right now so if you need to grab some paper if you need to grab some pens pencils whatever it is however you're going to take notes then go ahead and start doing that now because the things that i cover in the syllabus you're gonna forget right after class okay and so i'm going to expect to see those notes that you took today while we're talking about the syllabus submitted on friday so i'll give you a 30 seconds to a minute right now to go grab some paper okay and while you're taking your notes um to keep something to keep in mind is that the whole purpose of this is for each person to be taking their own set of notes this means you cannot have one person take notes for a group of five students or for 10 people and everyone submit the same thing that's going to be considered plagiarism plagiarism that's going to be considered cheating okay everyone's got to take their own notes and submit them on an individual basis uh so somebody's asking a good question just to clarify you want us to take notes regarding the syllabus or when we dive into the actual course material start taking them now so i'm going to be covering aspects in the syllabus as far as materials that we're going to be getting for lab um maybe policies for the class but most importantly probably the materials that you're gonna have to get for the lab i want everyone to take notes on what you need to get and by when okay okay so now that part's out of the way let's move on to uh all the rest of the usual syllabus stuff all right office hours tuesday thursday 12 30 to 1 30 p.m are my official i'm available hours now what i would appreciate is that regardless anytime you want to come to office uh office hours shoot me an email um that way i know somebody's uh might be waiting for me there's times where i may have zoom open kind of off to the side and i'm doing other work and i miss that somebody has uh popped in so um it would be nice not necessary but always nice shoot me an email uh that you are coming to office hours so that i'm you know prepared and on board okay um now it's going to be the same zoom link as what we're using for class so the same link that you used to get here is the same link for my office hours which are on tuesday thursday 12 30 to 1 30.

[00:10:59]and also if those times don't work for you i can be available by appointment so um no reason to not be able to get a hold of me okay my email address i'm going to stick to trying to use the csulb official email address this semester uh i am new for or i should be new for everyone here but for my other classes previous semesters i've tried using my other gmail account and i think just out of keeping everything in one place i'm going to stick to just using my csulb email address for school related stuff so this is where you can reach me okay course website it's how we got here in the first place so um the links in the syllabus but you have to have the link for the website in order to get to the page that holds the syllabus that has the yeah whatever so website address gets you everything okay lecture lab we're meeting at 9 30 a.m uh and this will be running on till 11 45 a.m and it is always going to be on zoom now this brings me to my next point uh all of this stuff's a little little superfluous but a note on this online format being that we are online this is going to be considered a synchronous class by that i mean that even though we're online even though i have some materials posted on the website and i also have lecture videos posted on the website that is not an excuse to miss class okay just because there are lecture videos from a previous semester does not mean i get to tune out during this synchronous online portion and just watch the lecture and think that i'm going to be up to speed because things that i say will not necessarily match a hundred percent with pre-recorded lectures and believe me it's a lot of work to upload those to process those to put them onto youtube to incorporate links onto my website i'm not going to be doing that every semester so each lecture video that's already up there is not going to reflect a hundred percent of what goes on in our class so it is vital it is important it is necessary to actually come to the class that we agreed on i agreed to teach it at this time and you guys agreed to come to it at this time okay so please don't skip out on class okay and we are all responsible for this time from 9 30 to 11 45 tuesdays and thursdays okay the zoom link to get here is always available in beachboard once you log into beachboard and you click on this the 211 page uh there's a zoom link at the top that always gets you here to my uh zoom course but the link never changes and that's the same link for office hours with me so you can always save that link and it's the same link for all of my classes as well as all of my office hours okay uh just a brief overview of kind of what we're doing here uh we're gonna be talking about electrical circuits we're gonna be talking about devices components circuit elements we're going to be talking about schematics those drawings that you connect everything up and how that all works we're going to be talking about different analysis techniques um and we will be trying to go into as much as as much application as we can for kind of these basics of electronics one way i like to describe this course think about math think about how you learn to add you learn to subtract you learn to multiply you learn to divide and you spend a lot of time learning how to do those things but you don't see how it's applicable and then after a few years of doing that all of a sudden you start to realize oh hey this is applicable this does make sense this is useful for doing you know whatever work it is with those basic rules of math the same thing is true for electronics it is hard to talk about the application and how you actually do things with electronics if you haven't learned the fundamentals of adding subtracting multiplying and dividing right so uh we have to walk and crawl before we can run so a lot of this class 201 211 is actually just learning those basic rules and basic things for electronics so that we can have a language to then use to do useful things so i have to say 311 is a bit more practical 211 is a lot of the fundamentals and building blocks okay i will try to keep it as practical as i can um but it is hard when you are just trying to learn all those basics kirchhoff's voltage law ohm's law kirchhoff's current law uh thevenin equivalent circuits et cetera et cetera et cetera mesh analysis phasers yada yada okay um okay let me go ahead jump over to the textbook that we are using we're going to be using grabs basic electronics officially i'm going to be sticking with the 12th edition any assignments that i give are going to be from the 12th edition let me go ahead and pull up what this book looks like here it is okay um i've played around with a few different books and in talking to a few of the older electrical engineers uh asking them hey what do you think is the best book for an introduction and even a you know 311 for electronics they all suggested this book this book comes up a lot um i took a look at it i really liked it so i'm sticking with this book for this class i think it is very practical it stays away from the heavy involved calculus differential equations based electronics that i think the electrical engineering department should go into at that medium uh student level right so they're the ones that are gonna dive into the heavy differential equations aspects of uh electronics that being said we only have two semesters of an electronics class in order to get some useful experience with electronics that is a directly applicable to our field of computer engineering so we just don't have the time or the classes to be able to dive that heavy into the uh underlying theory and believe me it's already hard enough with what we're going into so this book does a really good job of keeping it in the practical realm of electronics without getting too theory based okay so hopefully that's a good thing for most of uh most of us okay uh as far as the book you should get it um i don't care what edition you have however i will be sticking to the 12th edition so that's on you if you have a different edition of the book and you're gonna go ahead and try and match up and you know i'm not keeping track of what pages mean what in multiple editions that's on you okay other things we're going to need some software to do some modeling of these circuits the software package i'm using is lt spice this is free software that is available and made by linear technologies they're one of the big vendors out there of uh of semiconductors of circ of chips of integrated circuits and uh linear technologies made lt spice it's built off of an engine called spice that was developed at berkeley for doing circuit modeling and they kind of packaged it now when you see lt spice it looks like it's pretty bare bones but it is very powerful believe me um now you can get that for free and you can get it from linear technologies there's no sign up or anything you just go over there and download it that being said go to my website it's available for download off of the 211 page and here's the reason why you want to get my version is because i have created components in lt spice that we will specifically be using so if you get the one from linear technologies it's going to be missing things that we will be using okay so you have to get the version from my website let me show you where that is if i go back over to my web page right here tools lt spice now when you download this you'll be downloading a zip file you need to decompress that zip file okay zip file just compresses multiple files into one if you just simply double click windows will give you a browser listing of the files inside it will not actively decompress those files okay so you can't just double click on the zip file when you download it and then run the executable and expect it to work you need to actually uncompress it and we will be doing this in a future lab probably next lab um where we work with this in a little more detail but if you want to get a head start on it download the zip file make sure to decompress it right click drag to a clear part of your screen let go it'll ask you if you want to zip uncompress whatever go ahead and do that and then you can go ahead and open up that folder run the executable and you'll be able to play around with the circuit modeling software most important part get that from my website okay uh i will not be running support for uh macintosh versions or linux versions if you are a linux penguin yourself then just so you know lt spice runs beautifully under wine i use wine all the time to run lt spice and it does a great job so if you're a linux penguin go ahead and you can do that route if you are a mac user i have a little bit of bad news every class in our department uses some type of software for computer engineering and very few of them have mac versions okay you're gonna make life much easier starting now if you just use a windows virtual machine to do that under windows sorry under mac right so you're in the mac environment you run some virtualized windows software and then you're able to run windows applications on that so uh many classes you're running you know zylinks or certain types of compilers or especially your embedded systems classes like 346 347 447 those are windows exclusive apps so i'm not a die-hard windows i don't really like windows that much i think in recent times they've gone a little downhill in my opinion uh i just come from it from kind of being a windows power user for many years uh so that it there is familiarity i do admit to that and i'm more comfortable in windows than i am in mac but also just the state of software in general for computer engineering is a bit windows centric as well as linux centric okay so that takes care of this software let's go back to the syllabus okay i will talk about lab supplies in a little bit i'm going to say that for the very end uh copyright notice i'm producing a lot of content these days um i'm almost like turning into a streamer over here and so i'm just saying that all of my work is my own work right i put in time for doing this so um i would appreciate if people do not take my material and then give it out to other people um that being said all my materials available on my website so you can get it from the source right um just do me a favor and don't just start giving away all my material you know especially on chegg you know that kind of thing okay let's get to the grading plan um as far as what's being graded for this class i already talked about the weekly submitted notes which you should already be taking there is a midterm a final exam those are the two big exams for this class uh the midterm will be happening sometime around week seven or eight of the semester and i will let you know at least a week in advance uh when the official date for the exam will be all exams will take place on beach boards so i'll talk more about those exams as we get there one thing to know about these exams is all the preparatory material to get ready for those exams is already available on the website so if i go back over to the website and scroll down here you can see i already have a midterm prep section with pages out of the book i have a sample midterm one with solution the topics that would be on this exam so no need to download the version that's already on chegg because i already put it on my website so i don't understand why it's there as well um but here's the midterm okay for the final uh the final would probably come okay over here there's final exam prep it is cumulative about two-thirds of the material on the final would be new and one-third would be pre-midterm two sorry pre-midterm there's only two exams in this class one midterm and one final so even though it shows here that there's a midterm too just so you know in the syllabus that's the one that matters there's a midterm and a final those are the only two exams okay so all of that is already available there okay do i have any questions about the exams before i move on to the other aspects of grading i have a question yeah what's up uh that midterm two if we wanted to study that would that be more for like midterm one or the final i know uh yeah it's a good question um so probably let's say like the first third of midterm two would actually be for the first midterm that you guys are having that we are having and then the later half of midterm two would be for the final okay thank you thank you yeah in the past and this is the reason why it's like that on the website um for one thing i'm lazy and i don't feel like changing it i already gave out those materials and the problems haven't changed but at the same time i used to do two midterms and one final and for the online section i've changed it to one midterm and one final so that's why it's like that on the website but yeah good question anything else in regards to the midterm final okay let's move on to uh labs and homework there will be labs we have a lab section and we will be uh for the very beginning of class we're going to be doing a little bit of lecturing during the lab time i'm sorry um also we'll be doing some simulation and then it's going to get into a lot more of the hands-on stuff once we get our equipment so i'm excited to get to that part talking about the supplies and what we're going to be doing um i'll get there once we're done with the syllabus okay um and homework is lumped into here there's not that much homework that i plan on collecting but just in case there is i'm lumping it into here weekly submitted notes already talked about that one notice that the late labs late homework late work that i'm collecting like this is going to be losing 10 per day not per class meeting so if you think like oh it's due on thursday and i'm gonna turn it in next tuesday thursday friday saturday sunday monday tuesday was that five or four did i start with this finger did i start with this one it's a good question thursday friday saturday sunday monday two five yeah okay so that's 50 already okay so it's important if you are gonna be late make sure you're turning it in somehow by you know the next day so that you're only losing 10 percent okay um weekly submitted notes i'm not planning on having late of collecting late submissions for the weekly submitted notes um it's just going to create more work for a lot of stuff that i have coming in but just so you know um the weekly submitted notes hugely important for you to doing well in this class and it's not even about the grade if it's mostly there i'm going to be giving full credit for that if it's not plagiarized and not copied the worst thing you could do is take pictures of somebody else's notes and then submit them as your own and i'll tell you right now if that happens if i find that one person did notes and another person just took pictures and submitted it both people involved plagiarizing both people are copying work that's going to be a zero on that assignment one full letter reduction grade of your final grade so if you ended up with a c in class that's going to be a d um so it's not even worth doing that okay please that goes for all assignments okay but if i find especially in the beginning you know if five this is a big class if if i see that a few people are not submitting those notes um it's not really about that grade i'm going to ask you guys to come over to my office hours and we're going to talk about what's going on because we cannot fall off i had this happen last semester and please who's got their microphone on okay i had this happen last semester where people were just falling off everything was great everyone was saying everything was good halfway through the semester all of a sudden people are tuning out people are logging into zoom and then grabbing breakfast or going and doing other things we can't do that i need everyone actually engaged with the material taking notes that's the most important thing to me and that's the whole purpose behind me asking and requiring that everyone needs to submit their notes okay quizzes participation and attendance this is a 10 of the grading plan category uh quizzes may or may not be announced beforehand so i'll put it this way if the quiz is elaborate um i probably will be giving notification about it but a pop quiz it will probably be simpler okay and i can have a quiz on beachboard through the quiz system just like i would do an exam or i might actually just say something during the lecture and ask everyone to email me something okay at which point i can just do a pop quiz within seconds here everyone's got to email me the answer and then that's the quiz okay that being said the quizzes are only 10 of the final grade so a bad grade on a quiz is not meant to hurt your grade i also will be dropping the lowest quiz okay so the quiz is really just more of a tool for me to um not only help with participation but also to help you guys have an idea of questions that may be on the exam i do a lot of hey here's a quiz and then here's that same question on an exam okay all right as far as grading here's how i do this i enter in all grades as is into beachboard like i said i use beachboard for the grades for the grade book so you guys can see that i also use beachboard for the quizzes and i use beachboard for the dropbox those are the main main parts that i use beachboard for as far as the grading goes i enter in the grades as is unadjusted uncurved at the end of the semester once all grades are in i will go ahead and curve but only once at the end of the semester okay so just so that everyone knows you may see that your grade is like in an 87 and you're just like i thought i was doing really well and i should be in an a you probably are it's just i haven't curved the class yet okay so i'll do my best when big items like midterms uh like when the midterm happens of giving everyone an idea of what the curving or adjustment to the grade looks like so that you can have a better idea of what your final grade in the class is that doesn't mean i'm entering in any of these grades as curved i will curve only once after the final okay um great question do we submit weekly notes through dropbox yes let me go ahead and show you what the dropbox looks like right now okay so notice um there's the equipment loan agreement which i am about to talk about in a couple of minutes and then lecture notes week one lecture notes week two lecture notes week three i do have a list of dates for these i'll put them up on the website but just so you know this is week one so week one this friday is when the first set of lecture notes is due next week will be week two and so forth okay so one pdf with two days of notes that's what i'm looking for so today's lab and lecture and thursdays lab and lecture all in one pdf posted into this dropbox on beachboard and uh like i said if it's handwritten notes you are welcome to just take a picture of your own notes and put them into uh put them into a pdf and upload them that way or if they're already in you know i don't know if you're doing it in word i guess or some other digital format however you get that into a pdf one pdf and then upload that is fine okay uh do you have an estimation of how much your grade will change at the end of the semester or an explanation on how you're gonna curve okay uh yeah sure i can do both okay uh generally speaking between five to ten percent is curved however i've never collected lecture notes before and that's 15 percent of the grade so it is possible that i may not even have to apply much of a curve at all to the class because of that extra 10 to 15 percent that people are just getting from freebie points from taking and turning in notes which you should be doing already so this really is a win for you guys okay how do i curve i'll tell you exactly i take the top two three four people i average them together and i look at how far away they are from a good solid a like a 95 to 97 percent they may be five points away so i go ahead i give them the five points i make them all a's and i give that same five points to everyone that's a linear adjustment so i start off by doing an average of the top three to four and then linearly adjusting the entire class by that same amount then i start going down the list and i start looking for gaps so if i see a big gap just below the b to c category i just bump everyone up so that that gap falls into the b to c distinction right what i'm trying to avoid is all of the 79 percent can i have a b yes you can okay um if you're at 79.4 you should be getting a b i have no i don't want to deal with that so i'm looking for a nice good two to three point gap uh just below the b to c distinction to move everyone up and then i do that for the c to d and so forth right um but remember i start with that linear adjustment of everyone so that's how i do my curving it starts with a linear not so much curve and then it turns into a curve as i try to push more people into the bc range i think if you ask any student that's had me before they're going to tell you that i'm fairly fair when it comes to grading i haven't had anyone dispute a grade with me yet except when they saw the unadjusted one and then they're already sending me an angry email and i'm like dude i haven't even curved yet like give me a break okay so that answers uh that question in chat any other questions okay let's go ahead let's finish this up i still have to do roll lab supplies and i want to use the lab time in order to get into a couple of things midterm final exam labs homework weekly submitted notes quizzes participation attendance already talked about all of these if you have any questions chat ah exam assignment makeup policy okay this does happen usually a couple of people uh don't end up coming to a midterm and then ask me later for a makeup here's the answer to that question right now there are two types of absences you may have an absence that requires advanced notification and an absence that does not require advanced notification advance notification is like uh i'm going to be at a school function like an athletic thing you know about that beforehand i should know about that at least one week in advance also religious reasons jury duty things like that would be under advanced notification things that are not anticipated emergencies sickness illness death of an immediate family member things like that okay now here's the deal when it comes to those emergencies let me know as soon as you can as to what's going on so i can just work with you um and we can go ahead and do a makeup now for any type of emergency there is a requirement of documentation of the emergency so if it's like a medical thing doctor's note if this is a uh a vehicle type accident then accident report things like that okay so i can go ahead and do a makeup for any uh good reason as long as we have some documentation of that okay and this is taken directly from the university policy you can go ahead check out the link from here as to what they say it is almost an exact copy of what i have here then we get over to that cheating plagiarism academic integrity thing that i already mentioned about not submitting other people's labs or homework or other people's notes those are the big ones that at least i'll be able to see right away the other ones is well discord during an exam how much can i do about that i don't know okay um this is also taken from cal state's website you can check on their cheating and plagiarism plan we have a zero tolerance policy in the department and it has been a problem in the department across all classes um and that is something that everyone's been talking about behind the scenes uh which is that there's so much copying and cheating going on okay and i think uh you're gonna see a lot more strictness in terms of this policy so please be on the lookout for it be careful if there is proven cheating copying stuff like that it is zero credit for the assignment in question and whatever your final grade is in the class is a full letter grade reduction so it's not just that you would get a zero on an assignment or on an exam you would also if you got a b in the class you would now be getting a c here's the other thing that is not mentioned here that was talked about in the department meeting last week which is that there will also be notification to the school as to the cheating in question and it is very likely that they can and will remove your ability to do a repeat delete on the class so what does that mean if your c turned into a d then you're going to be stuck with that d on your gpa because you will not have the ability to replace that d with a b or an a later on okay so you're you may also be losing the privilege of doing a repeat delete and if you don't know what the repeat delete policy is you should it's awesome if you get an f in a class you can retake it the next semester and turn that f into an a and it doesn't affect your gpa okay it's a sweet deal for when you had a class that went horribly wrong but if there is cheating and it gets report to reported to the school it's very possible to lose that okay i have a tentative schedule of what's going on so you can kind of see the road map of our topics and where we're headed uh a better place for this would actually just be to go to the website and i'm going to show you something the lecture videos page i have one of these for every single one of my classes if you go ahead and click on that i have lecture lecture lecture lecture lecture lecture lecture there's so much video content here okay so if you're curious about what we're doing next week if you're curious about what happened last class um this is going to be your number one resource however it is not a replacement for class like i said synchronous we're here today and we're going to be responsible for this time prerequisites how many people need to add this class say it in chat right now you need to add this class the screen didn't freeze i'm just waiting i've never not had anyone that needed that did not need to add the class anyone anyone bueller bueller no okay fine no one needs to add then that means you all met the class prerequisites congratulations okay the college of engineering does provide some tutoring services for our major classes you can go ahead check out their website if you're having difficulty with the class the other thing you can do is uh talk to me during office hours shoot me an email i will be happy to try and work with you to figure out how to help you in any way possible okay accommodations the disabled student services or formally disabled student services now called the bob murphy access center that you can find can help if you're having any type of learning disability or issue or need an accommodation they are trained to deal with this and they will help you out with that okay next up uh i have this section in there sexual assault rape dating domestic violence and stalking don't do it please um if you or anyone you know has an issue there is some contact information here and uh confidential support for referrals and all of that stuff okay so if you do have any type of issue related to this there is information here on where to get some help food and housing assistance one of my favorite things about cal state long beach is that we are a small city and any issue that you can think of there's a department to help out with that or a program of some kind so uh i know when i was a student i had a friend or two living out of their car um trying to make ends meet this program i believe is set up for those uh people having those issues so you can find out information here again contact support or contact information for this kind of sport okay and that takes care of the syllabus do i have any final questions before i move on to lab supplies okay next up lab supplies can you show the link to your website again please scroll up in chat okay lab supplies okay i'm gonna keep this uh pretty simple and reduce it to three things that we need to get moving on in this class as far as the hands-on labs are concerned [Music] the first one the first one is going to be a free rental from the school the ni my dac the ni stands for the company national instruments the my stands for my as in possessive me and dac is for data acquisition okay that's where the name comes from it looks like this it's going to be a stand-in replacement for all lab bench test equipment so we can create waveforms we can view waveforms we can create power supplies at certain voltages that's what this guy is going to do all of that in a convenience convenient usb based package you will need to get one of these how do we get it we're going to get it from the bookstore but we're going to have to do something first and that is going to be the loan agreement okay let's go back to the website over here oh i didn't update this one yet i have a new version okay on the website if you go down you're going to see a link for the equipment loan agreement okay and i updated my one for 311 and i thought i had done the one for 211 but i didn't so i'm gonna go ahead and i'm going to update that here's where taking notes is important during the first day okay i'm gonna go ahead and update it to reflect the new dates um and i will email you guys when that's done i'll be doing that right after class okay what do you have to do let me open up the loan agreement and show you there's only one section you need to do fill out the borrower signature now you can type in your name and then change the font and make it look like a signature or you can actually take an image of your signature and put the image onto the document and then you can put your name your student id and your date on here okay so signature name id and date i'm writing that down on my notes right now don't worry about filling in the serial number don't worry about any of this other stuff know that if you break it you'll be responsible for 200 bucks don't worry about filling in anything else and then turn it into a pdf and put it in the dropbox there's dropbox already open for it when i need it by the end of next class okay this ensures that if i get it by thursday i can submit it to the department somebody can then physically walk these things over from our department over to the bookstore that means next week you can pick them up from the bookstore and then we can get started on the labs do we need an id to pick them up yes yeah that's a great question yeah you do also wait for me for confirmation that these are actually waiting for you at the bookstore um it takes time for somebody to actually physically take it from one location to another that person may not actually be there on friday if i'm getting these on thursday and then i submit them to the secretary she may not see it till friday morning at which point somebody may not take it till tuesday i don't know it's a weird schedule on campus not everyone is there every day so this is how we'll go ahead and handle that wait for me to let you know that things are good to go and then you walk over to the bookstore during their open hours and check one of these units out okay and then that will get you one of these awesome unit by the way we're going to use it in 211 311 and personally i wish these types of things existed when i was a student because i would have just bought one and kept it for myself and used it for all sorts of different classes because the application of you know a piece of test gear like this is endless there's so much you can do now just to give you an idea of the type of person i am i am a very hands-on computer engineer with a passion for this stuff oh i'm making the wrong picture big my bad make this small so uh yeah we got computer setup microphone all of that stuff and then we get over to the electronics bench lots of test gear i love working with this kind of stuff hands on and i do a lot of work and contracting from home so it's useful for me to have all of my equipment available within arm's reach because i use it almost every single day and then we get to components and stuff like that in boxes filled with more components the nice thing is that i can also stream any one of my devices over to the lecture in the lab when things are applicable so i love doing that when i can just you know within five minutes of talking about a topic that i can just like set it up and be like oh hey here here's what it looks like um and show you live right so i think test equipment is a great way uh to learn and this is a piece of test equipment that actually substitutes for most things on my bench does it do as good of a job no but it is a fairly good substitute for almost all of them uh so like i said i wish this kind of crap existed when i was a student i would have you know been all over it and had one uh somebody just posted the link for it uh that link is also available on the website if you're interested in one of these yourself if purchasing yourself here's the link studica okay um that being said rent it for free right save yourself 200 bucks see if you like it and then buy one yes sir that's it yeah what's up a few people ask before the length if they what happens if they don't have the ability to go onto campus to rent i don't know uh maybe can you have somebody else go for you i mean like what's the uh limitation on not being able to go to campus you know i think this is gonna end up being individual personal uh personalized issues um you know it might be a distance thing it might be something else maybe we should have that conversation over email or privately in chat at a later time like when la when class is over okay so i think that's the best answer i can give right now okay thank you thank you yeah yeah sorry i can't give a sorry i don't have a solution um i know that the bookstore is not shipping units they didn't last semester i don't know if that has changed we can look into it okay what's next we were on the topic of lab supplies we got one down we still have two more to go next up this one is for you to buy multimeter okay what's a multimeter one of these little guys okay it measures three main quantities that we're going to be dealing with so much in this class that we're going to be sick of it voltage current and resistance this little guy has the ability to measure all three of these quantities and we're going to learn about these quantities and we're going to be looking at these quantities all semester long voltage v current i and resistance are if we are measuring voltage we have what's called a meter of volts or a voltmeter if we are measuring current current is measured in amps then we have a meter of amps an amp meter and if we are measuring resistance resistance is measured in ohms then we have an ohm meter and if we put all three of these together we have a multitude of quantities to measure then we get a multimeter if we then attach a digital screen to the measuring of these multitude of quantities then we have what's called a digital multimeter if we don't have an lcd that displays the measurement of these quantities but instead we have a needle that slides back and forth then we have what's called an analog multimeter see where i'm going with this okay i just have to have some fun we need to get a multimeter we're going to be using it a lot you're going to use it in all of your classes my class 311 262 346 347 447 498 490 b and probably a few other classes that i'm not thinking of right now that's a lot of classes you should have your own multimeter and it starts here now let me go ahead and take you over to the best resource i've put together for multimeters on my website along the left hand side i have a page dedicated to multimeters you can read about multimeters over here here's my main point you can spend five dollars for a multimeter and it'll act like a five dollar multimeter but if you spend twenty dollars on a multimeter you will get a good multimeter that acts like a hundred dollar multimeter okay so what i'm saying is there is a clear distinction in quality between low cost falling apart not good multimeter and pretty good high quality multimeter and that price point changes at the 20 mark okay so anything under 20 that looks like these i would stay away i give my reasons why over here thin wires cables break connections are not that good chintzy construction inaccurate values lots of reasons for twenty dollars i have put down two awesome options over here one of them is the x tech the little guy that i just uh had up on the screen and the other one is this uh no name konova uh offshore overseas uh budget unit that actually seems to be doing a pretty good job and here they are side by side look at how cute that is now i'm going to go ahead and give a demonstration between these now here's the main difference they're both the same price one of them is non auto ranging the other one is auto ranging okay auto ranging non-auto arranging what's the difference between those two first off look at the dial this one if i want to measure voltage i just put it at v this one over here if i want to measure voltage i have 2 volts 20 volts 200 volts 600 volts okay i have a range that i need to be aware of and select the correct one i also have one for 200 millivolts i'm going to stick this at 2 volts and i'm going to stick this one at just v and then i'm going to take a voltage source in other words i'm going to take a little uh power supply right over here and i'm going to go ahead and connect that and then i'll show you the voltage so this is just like a power supply that you would use to charge a phone or a laptop except that i can change the value i saw a question in chat i will answer that afterwards all right so i hooked up the probes of both multimeters to my voltage positive and i hooked up the other probe to voltage minus we will learn about that i just want to show you the difference so that you can make an educated decision on what you're going to buy right now my power supply is set at 1.28 volts i can adjust my power supply i'm going to start moving it up all right we're at 1.5 volts or at 1.7 volts we are at 1.9 volts and this multimeter stopped measuring this one is continuing 2 volts 3 volts 4 volts 5 volts and it will keep going up notice this is still on v whereas this one is on 2 volts and notice that this multimeter on the left is only working when i'm below 2 volts right 1.9 volts 2 okay we stopped measuring but if i change the range if i manually adjust the range now oh we were at 3 volts 4 volts 5 volts right all the way up to 20 volts at which point i will have to change the range again so what does that mean i got to constantly fiddle with this and change the range for the value of measurement now i think that's kind of cool because um i have to have an idea of the voltages i'm working with in the first place in my opinion makes no difference whether you have this one or this one i've used both i've even used analog meters before when i was much younger um now somebody asked it looks like this is clearly superior in every way because it's auto ranging why would i ever want this one if this one requires less fiddling with the buttons in order to take a measurement well here's the thing this is a no-name brand i don't know about its quality it's durability i don't know how long it's going to hold up for i know xtech's a good brand i've been using this guy for a while not only that i know that his measurements are a little more accurate than this one's measurements in fact i made a video about it and you can check out my hundred dollar workbench video on the web on the web page uh and you'll see that i do a comparison of these guys i plotted out on a spreadsheet turns out this x tech is awesome at getting the voltage measurement very precise and spot on is it enough to say that this one is better than this one because it's more accurate with the numbers that it's measuring no because it's still very close it is a very subtle difference in accuracy not one that i think should concern anyone so judging by that it does appear like this is better value for the dollar than this one but i just want everyone to be aware that there is a quality there has to be a quality difference between these two because these are the same price yet this one has a lot more functionality as far as the auto ranging now if you want the brand name in auto ranging go back over here there's a fifty dollar one that is auto ranging it's made by extech this is an awesome multimeter too if you're curious what i use at home i use more of the industrial multimeters made by amprobe i like my am probe multimeters but they do cost a bit more now what do i use at work at work i use multimeters that have been calibrated and those are 300 to 500 multimeters okay there's no reason to go above 100 there's no reason to even go above 50 and i would say 20 23 24 bucks is the right price that i don't think you're throwing money away by getting any of these units that i've suggested okay i think these units are a waste of money i think you're throwing away five ten bucks two bucks you can even get a free coupon for this one on the left i think that's still too much for it in my opinion um so that's as much as i'm going to talk about for multimeters today it's quite a bit that i feel like i've already talked about you will need a multimeter you will need it by week three okay so we have two things already both of both of them have been test equipment multimeter 20 something bucks free but we need a breadboard we need some electronic components we need a bunch of stuff okay next up this is not the end-all be-all for electronic components i promise you there's a reason i have a ton of stuff on my desk but this is a good way to get started it's an electronics component fun kit what can go wrong we got some wires we got some other wires i prefer these wires i'll tell you why these wires don't have a habit of breaking like these wires do these wires break all the time i have students like debugging their stuff for hours and when i see it i'm like uh it looks like something here is not right let me measure this let me check this and i'm good with my troubleshooting skills so i find the wire pretty quickly usually a couple of minutes but that being said to someone who does not have 15 years of experience tracing and debugging these types of things it can be very frustrating to have a broken wire and not know about it i've seen these types of wires actually just broken right out of the package they're cool because they're like ready to use and they go into our breadboards like this get in there like that but i just find that the connection's not as good what i love is that these wires are bulletproof like how can this go wrong it is straight up metal attached to metal put that in there we got a good connection okay so we're going to be constructing our circuits on a breadboard using some wire with some components like resistors and capacitors and leds and chips and it comes with some prototype boards for soldering stuff there is no requirement to solder if you're curious what soldering is it's uh the joining of these two connections um using liquid lead it's fun and i do a lot of soldering myself a lot a lot of soldering myself and reworking and stuff like that and i'm happy to talk your ear about it uh about soldering but with this online at home there's no need for that okay is it the same kit for 262 no this is a different kit okay where is the link for this kit website go back to the 211 page scroll down here we go basic electronics part kit from amazon please take notes on this so that i don't have to repeat okay so those are the three things that will get us started like i said it's not the end-all be-all of electronic components and it's missing some stuff but you know what uh let me click on this link for 18 bucks it's a lot okay a lot of cool stuff in here for 18 bucks so realistically we're looking at about forty dollars of your own expense and you know how much does a book cost this is less than a buck and you're getting a lot of functionality at your desk for 40 bucks uh the wires that i prefer actually come with it so that's kind of cool okay so we are already at 11 what time is this class over at 11 45.

[01:21:10]i really don't want to lose 45 minutes here let's take a let's take a five minute break does everyone need a 10 minute break okay 10 minute break now we'll be back at uh 1105.

[01:21:35]sorry for going over on time and this greek philosopher named democritus was sitting there pondering the nature of matter around us and uh i like to think he was perched on some rock with a big flowy beard of sorts just like every good greek philosopher would look like and he was uh thinking to himself hmm i wonder if i take this uh object let's just say it's a rock and i go ahead and i break the rock into two now i got two pieces i take one of the pieces throw it off to the side i take the piece that's remaining and i go hmm let me take this piece let me break that in half all right i discard one of them i take one okay i break that in half i keep on doing this he goes is that ever gonna stop and he said it's got to at some point i cannot further divide this rock it must be made of some fundamental thing and he named this the atom if he spoke english he didn't he spoke greek so he called it atomos okay so that's where we get the atom from or at least that's where we get the name from fast forward 2 500 years into the early 1900s around 1913 turns out he was not far from the truth now obviously we know from you know atomic explosions nuclear weapons we know that you can split the atom but that being said uh not normal not under normal situations right okay so now we get to modern times about 1913 with a gentleman by the name of niels bohr now he was a danish physicist amazing gentleman go look up his track record and he developed the first useful model of the atom in 1913.

[01:25:04]uh to say that this guy was a great and a giant is uh you know it's an understatement this guy's amazing i mean quantum theory all of modern physicist really owes itself to this guy uh really go look him up okay this whole thing of him developing the first useful model of the atom that's like a drop in a bucket compared to all the other things he did and you may be familiar with this model it's what we know from high school it's what we know from grade school right i shouldn't even say high school we got some protons and some neutrons in the center of the atom i will do proton with red and i'm going to denote it with a positive because we say that this has positive charge and it lives in the center of the atom with its no charge companion called the neutron and orbiting around the nucleus is the negative charged electron uh okay now we say that the protons got positive charge we say that the electrons got negative charge um positive negative arbitrary naming convention we could just be that the electrons considered positive the protons considered negative their opposite is what this is saying right okay but we by convention will say that this is positive and we will say that this is negative and it is useful for us when discussing this basic electron theory and eventually the first electrical circuits that we're going to look at to be able to figure out the organization of this structure of the atom that developed by niels bohr 1913 this is a pretty good depiction of what's going on uh it is not the end-all be-all uh there is more accurate than this where you have electron clouds and all sorts of things going on but that being said this is a really good model that works so we're sticking with it okay so how do we talk about the organization of this structure well we're going to need a couple of rules rule number one the number of electrons equals the number of protons i'm going to write this on another paper all right that's all there is to it if i tell you that a an atom has uh 10 protons how many electrons does it have 10 okay it's always going to have the same number of electrons as the same number of protons if the atom is balanced and we're going to assume that it starts out that way we will talk about imbalancing these electrons or sorry these atoms later okay but if we go ahead and look at the periodic table of elements you'll notice that the number of protons is always listed at the top of the um atom in question okay and so this is how it's organized by weight because it turns out that that's what gives it its mass so we know that if we got one atom uh sorry one proton in hydrogen then we should have one electron similarly uh for lithium we have three we should have three if you're looking at copper copper is the fun one then we have 29.

[01:31:05]i say copper's the fun one for us so let's go ahead and let's talk about copper copper has 29 protons therefore how many electrons does it have chat 29 it's got 29 e's right e to the minus because it's negative electron charge negative charged electron okay so 29 e's now i'm not going to sit there and draw 29 little circles so what i'm going to say is 29 atoms and i don't care about the neutrons sorry not 29 atoms dear 29 protons and i don't care about the neutrons in the nucleus the nucleus has 29 protons that's all i care about and it's got 29 e's that are going to be orbiting around this so we got to talk about how that gets organized all right well rule number one did not help us out with that organization of the electrons so we need another rule okay the max number of electrons in shell equals 2n to the square all right so max number of e's in shells shell what is shell okay as it turns out they are not going to all orbit the same orbit there are different orbits further out so we're gonna actually end up with and you'll see why in a minute we're gonna end up with four shells okay now you can't put 29 into one shell and one into another shell or 28 in here and one over here and what there's there's method to the madness follows this little equation so let's go ahead and let's talk about our shells in fact i'm going to set up a table shell number starting from the inside working your way out it's going to be one two three four now each one of these shells has a max number of electrons that it could hold for our first shell it is going to be two times one to the two one squared is one times two is two so two is the max number of e's that can be held in shell one keep in mind this is max it doesn't mean that there's actually two electrons in here it just means that this shell number could hold at most max two all right let's do the same for two three and four two times two raised to the two two to the raised to the two is four times two eight and so forth okay we gotta stuff 29 electrons into these shells following that these shells can only hold a max number of two for the first shell eight for the next one so out of these 29 electrons the first shell is holding two of these 29s one two so let's say the number of e's in shell for copper that first shell two it's got two electrons okay what about the remaining electrons that we have to stuff into these other one other shells let's go ahead set up another column for that remaining is going to be 29 minus 2.

[01:36:52]all right let's go on to the next shell we got 27 electrons remaining that we have to stuff into these next shells the shell number two can only hold a max of eight so out of the 27 eight of them will go here that's going to look like one two three four five six seven and eight all right let's keep going 27 minus 8 gives us 19 remaining electrons all right we got 19 we gotta stuff into three and four however 3 can only hold 18.

[01:37:41]1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18.

[01:37:51]all right well how many remaining electrons do we have to fit into the next shells one okay the last shell can hold up to 32 but it only needs to hold one because we had one remaining that means that this outermost shell's got one electron hanging out by itself now electrons in the outermost shell are referred to as valence electrons we care about the number of valence electrons because the valence electrons are the weakly most weakly bound electrons to the atom so let me go ahead define valence electrons okay so valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell these are not as strongly bound as the rest of these electrons which means these can be taken away these can be given okay it always happens here at the outermost shell that's going to end up being incredibly useful and valuable for us now as it turns out not just are the valence electrons the ones that are easy to take away or to give but the number that we have in the outermost shell the number of valence electrons actually determines how easy it is to take them away and give them easiest way to show you this is a graph table line line drawing number of valence e's we could have one all the way to eight in other words we could have one electron here and we could go all the way up to eight we could have one two three four five six seven eight that determines how easy it is to take away this electron or to give it an extra electron in other words if we have fewer this is unstable and the more that we have all the way up to eight means we have very st a very stable atom one that does not want to give or receive valence electrons the result of this is that the very unstable the one that we can take away an electron and give it another electron and we can kind of keep on passing the electron back and forth this is conductive and the one that is very stable that i can't easily give it an electron or take away one of these valence electrons is a very poor conductor it's an insulator so what does this mean well [Music] now you know why copper is a good conductor it's because it's got only one valence electron and the fewer valence electrons we have the easier it is to pick them take them away and give it more however plastic glass things that are not metal rubber those are all very stable poor conductors with about eight electrons in its outermost shell what's the best conductor go ahead and put that in chat what's the best conductor out there gold gold gold gold and one silver gold is not the best conductor silver is but wait my audio file connections from my million dollar vacuum tube receiver with the wi-fi's and stuff that's got gold connections isn't gold the best conductor why do you think they like to use gold for connections when you could just use the best conductor which is silver what does gold not do that silver does gold resists oxidation exactly okay silver tarnishes silver rusts silver oxides which makes for a terrible connection i don't want rusty connections so for connectors people love gold because it doesn't tarnish it doesn't oxidize there's no rusting involved there right so that's why you're going to see connections being made with gold but in a non-oxygen environment you are much better off with silver because silver uh actually is a little better of a conductor than gold is okay so that's my uh my fun with conductive metals now i have another question what if i have four electrons i'm not a good conductor but i'm not a bad conductor i'm a semiconductor right i'm not bitter chocolate i'm not sweet chocolate i'm semi chocolate wait semi-sweet that's what i meant okay semiconductor okay this is silicon germanium all of that cool stuff that we have for making transistors and diodes and all sorts of active components that we will learn about next semester or at the tail end of this semester okay so that is it for my electron theory no there's a little more sorry [Music] all right i can also actually do the action of taking away this electron or giving it that valence electron so uh let's go ahead let's do that i can take this hydrogen i can give it an extra valence electron if i do that i have made this more negative in other words i've made this more negative right because it's you know i got two electrons and one proton these two cancel each other out i'm left with more negatives so we got a negative ion i could also do the opposite to this little hydrogen over here this poor thing it's already got so little i'm going to take even more away from it i'm going to take away an electron and i'm going to be left with just a proton okay now since i took away the electron i'm left with something that's just got one proton so one positive this is a positive ion okay this process of taking away or adding these valence electrons uh is referred to as the process of ionization and we care about this because it alters the balance of charge more negative more [Music] positive we have balanced over here then we get positive if we remove an electron and we get negative if we add an electron okay and keep in mind these electrons that we are giving and taking can only occur in that valence outermost shell okay these are valence electrons that we are willy-nilly taking away or adding to it okay how do we do this how do we cause ionization to happen there are a few different ways to do this and they all involve imparting energy on the material so okay a few different ways we can do this first off is with chemical energy think of batteries okay batteries are chemically induced little cells that already have a situation where you have more positive on one side and more negative on the other side creating a situation where the electrons want to go back and mingle so that they can be positive or so that they can be balanced again okay um that's chemical energy so chemical energy i can go ahead and create this ionized situation mechanical energy think of a generator i can take a magnet i can wave it over some wire and i can go ahead and cause electrons to move away from one material into another one okay so that again can cause this process of ionization okay there's another one i'm going to use this example today friction static electricity let's see can i get this balloon to stick to my head right cover up that bald spot on my head i'm getting old okay what just happened i rubbed a balloon against my head and it got stuck to my head why well first let's take the professor's bald head i look like krusty the clown okay and in my head in my hair i have a balanced situation i have one negative for every positive all right the same is true for this balloon all right what just happened i rubbed the two together and because of friction energy going into the system caused electrons to fly from the balloon and actually deposit themselves into my hair okay so now i have uh more electrons over here and less electrons over here what just happened i lost electrons this became more what say it in chat and this became what say that in chat and what do positives and negatives like to do to each other attraction they attract okay this falls under the basic law of charges opposites attract like repel okay that's your basic lot of charges i got three minutes left we have a little more fun to do okay let's go ahead and let's talk about what we're gonna see with this apparatus that i just brought out here this is known as an electroscope i have a jar with a conductor running down the center of it at the bottom are two foil leaves that can freely move it is constructed of some conductor let's just say it's got one valence electron and it is currently balanced now what happens if i take that balloon that i ripped away the electrons from right they went from the balloon to my head and i take that balloon that is now positively charged and i physically move it close but not touching to the top over here what is going to happen to this positive and negative charge in here say what you think is going to happen yeah matt's got it positive is going to attract the negative the negatives are going to freely move up and they're going to collect up here so we get electrons that move from the bottom to the top that means the bottom two foil leaves remain more positive and these foil leaves are free to move around so now i got two freely moving foil leaves that are both positive what are they going to do they are gonna repel each other all right let's see if this happens sorry close your eyes if you get dizzy and motion sick what just happened why did my i lost my face camera [Music] let's go with something kind of like a black background here all right all right that kind of works there's a little bit of a reflection that's okay we can live with it let's go this way i kind of want to get both okay that's good enough why did i lose this [Music] okay i think i can be back online in a second sorry i got too many cameras around here i know we're three minutes over i'm gonna be done in 30 seconds here okay we're back up on it however instead of using uh the balloon in the head i'm going to use a plastic ruler and fur to get the same effect so what i'm going to do here is i'm going to go ahead and impart some energy put some friction into this thing and now electrons are coming off of the ruler and they're going into the fur and now i have a positively charged ruler let's go ahead and let's bring it close to the electroscope i hope this works ah not bad right no tricks this isn't a free energy device on youtube no motors in the background the foil leaves or the thing that's kind of like a foil leaf is repelling the other one and moving away right okay not wizardry it's basic law of charges and energy and atomic theory and everything that we talked about thus far okay is that good enough can i get an ooh and ah i can't see i don't know if people are impressed or not or just everyone's like all right that's rad thanks aiden okay sweet um that is it for today i'm sorry i went a little over in time we had so much to do so much to talk about please get that loan agreement remember i will send an email about updating the loan agreement there's all that stuff you should have taken notes on it because i don't remember things anymore um and i will see you guys on thursday uh stick around if you have any you know private messages for me and uh you're always welcome to email me and aside from that i will see you guys later i was in shock didn't know what to say thanks guys yeah thanks i appreciate it thanks for hanging around i know there's a lot to cover today i appreciate the uh the patience and the note taking you uh will any of the lectures be recorded okay so to address that question um the recordings from previous semesters are already available on the website and believe me it was a ton of work however there are key lectures that i will be re-recording things that i personally want to make better things that i want to improve and then put them on the website there is no guarantee that the lecture that you want is going to be uploaded and new you