लेव वाइगोत्सकी का सिद्धांत | कक्षा 1 | TET, CG TEACHER, PRE BED, PRE DELED |

Added: 2026-05-26

[00:00:04]Hello Students Welcome to All in One Coaching Sewri Narayana. Friends, today we are going to read a theory of Lev Vygotsky related to cognitive development. It is a very important topic. you all know.

[00:00:21]If you are studying CDP, child development and psychology, then it is incomplete without Jean Piaget and Vygotsky. This is the topic from which questions are made again and again.

[00:00:40]I have already covered Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development in its previous video.

[00:00:46]You can see that.

[00:00:48]Apart from this, I will not only teach this topic but after this I will make you do all the statement-reason questions.

[00:00:57]You are seeing question statement reason here, similarly here you will see coded questions in question statement reason.

[00:01:05]Apart from this, you can see that here I have brought the entire code questions in the code pattern. There is not a single question where you will not see the code.

[00:01:17]You will see all the questions in the complete code pattern only. So friends, this is the topic from where questions are made again and again and we are going to make you ask all the types of questions that can be made from that topic.

[00:01:29]So let's start the topic without delay. This is very important for all your upcoming exams like CTET, TET, Teacher Recruitment, Pre B.Ed, Pre D.El.Ed.

[00:01:42]So let's get started. So as you all know we are reading Lev Vygotsky. Let me tell you some basic things so that it becomes easier for me to explain that topic and that animation to you.

[00:01:58]So we're reading about Lev Vygotsky.

[00:02:06]Ok? What are you reading about Lev Vygotsky now? So we're studying Les Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

[00:02:19]cognitive development.

[00:02:26]First of all, let me tell you friends, what is cognitive development? Friends, if I want to explain cognitive development in simple words, then cognitive development means intellectual development. Sir, what would you call intellectual development?

[00:02:43]Intellectual development Intellectual development means friends, anything where your thoughts come.

[00:02:56]Wherever there is understanding, wherever there is logic, wherever there is thought, all these activities are intellectual activities.

[00:03:11]Ok? When it comes to knowledge creation, it is all an intellectual activity. So remember, wherever there is talk of intellectual activity, what are all those intellectual activities called? It is called cognitive development. So all these things have to be kept in mind. Now when I talk friends about cognitive development of Le Vygotsky.

[00:03:32]Ok?

[00:03:34]What is cognitive development? I have already told you that intellectual development like thinking, understanding, reasoning, contemplating, all this is cognitive development.

[00:03:45]I have already told you this. But what does L. Vygotsky say about how this cognitive development occurs? So friends, this is what they say about society. They have called this theory social constructionism. What did you say friends? Social constructivism is called social constructivism, friends, what is social constructivism, first of all understand its meaning, friends, it says that the creation of knowledge here, social constructivism means from what is the creation of knowledge, it happens from the society, while reading social constructivism we are getting the same feeling, is n't it, which theory is called social constructivism? Le Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. That is, how does cognition develop? It comes from social constructionism. That means it happens from the society. That's what he's saying. That is, if I say this in simple words, friends, then keep in mind that if we talk about social constructionism, then social interaction, social interaction, interaction along with language because you interact with the society through social interaction. That means we meet with the people of the society.

[00:05:19]Of which you yourself are a part. You yourself are also a part of the society, aren't you? In your society you have your friends, your brothers, your parents, your family, your teachers. All these are in the society. So you are also present in the same society brother. Is it or not? Yes sir, absolutely. So that is why social interaction means how will the society play and interact with us? It will happen through language and it will happen through culture. So, what do all these things, language and culture, together develop for us, friends? Keep this in mind, what do we do with these things? Let's learn. We learn from these things.

[00:06:01]And what is there to learn? It is an intellectual activity.

[00:06:04]What even is learning? Here thinking, understanding, reasoning, ideas or learning, all these are intellectual activities. And all these cognitive developments will come. So, what needs to be kept in mind here is through what does learning take place?

[00:06:20]Learning happens through social interaction, language, and culture. One has to learn. through through through through through what do we have to do with these? One has to learn. Did you understand? Now who are the people in this society?

[00:06:41]Who is in this society? Who is this in society?

[00:06:43]With whom we are interacting.

[00:06:45]From which we are learning through language and culture. That means knowledge is developing within us.

[00:06:50]Cognitive development is taking place.

[00:06:53]Correct? Who are those people? So friends, this could be our family.

[00:07:02]If the family wants to say something different, the parents can say it.

[00:07:07]Parents, siblings, grandparents, everyone is there. Are friends. We also have teachers.

[00:07:15]We learn from them too. So what do we do with these? Let's learn. These. So now this was the basic concept. Now if we look at it in bookish language, through animation, then see, I have told the same thing, Lev Vygotsky's theory is Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what do we call it, social constructivism, that is, social constructionism, our learning is structured by the society itself, this is what we call social constructionism, now see how we learned, we learned through social interaction, language and culture.

[00:07:56]The things I mentioned a while ago. Now who comes inside this?

[00:08:01]Who are the people coming into this society?

[00:08:03]Who is coming to our society?

[00:08:06]Teachers, friends, family and society are coming into this society, what happens to all of them in this? plays an important role. What happens to all these friends? plays an important role. So this is how we saw it. So we saw these basic things.

[00:08:23]We completed each step to know how to learn. Now I am telling you some concepts to learn. The concept we call ZPD. ZPD Zone of Proximal Development also known as the stage of proximal development.

[00:08:46]Stage of proximal development. So friends, what is the Zone of Proximal Development? I am explaining the very basic things.

[00:08:55]Then I will explain it to you through animation. First of all, look at this, friends, this is that point.

[00:09:08]Sorry, this is all the knowledge you have. Ok? This is the state of knowledge you have. That's all the knowledge you have, friends.

[00:09:21]Keep this thing in mind. But there are so many in the world of knowledge.

[00:09:29]Ok? You have so much knowledge. And whatever is visible here, we have so much knowledge, this is our knowledge.

[00:09:40][sound of clearing throat] Will you take care of me, a student?

[00:09:44]Our knowledge means the knowledge of a student.

[00:09:49]And how many knowledge are there in the world? So much.

[00:09:53]This outer part which we are seeing is the knowledge of the world.

[00:09:58]Ok?

[00:10:00][coughing sound] Did you understand? This is your knowledge and this is the knowledge that is in the world.

[00:10:12]Knowledge of the world.

[00:10:15]Or the knowledge of the world.

[00:10:21]But what do you want now? Suppose you are a student, this is the knowledge you had. And this is the line for you to get full marks in it, if you are preparing for teacher recruitment or preparing for TET or preparing for Pre B.Ed Pre D.El.Ed, then whatever paper of 100 marks or 150 marks you have, this is the line to get full marks in it. This has to be achieved completely.

[00:10:48]Ok? Now tell me friends, what are we preparing you for? Take care friends, we are preparing you completely. We are preparing your complete syllabus.

[00:11:00]We're not giving up any points from that. We are getting you all prepared. Are you getting the point?

[00:11:08]We are giving you assistance. So this was your knowledge.

[00:11:15]What have you become now that you joined our class? Your knowledge kept increasing, kept increasing, kept increasing. But have you ever seen anyone who has scored full marks? The entire teacher recruitment, the teacher recruitment that has taken place till now, is not at all there, sir. When you help us, when we help you friends, how far does your knowledge go?

[00:11:38]Your knowledge goes this far. Even here.

[00:11:42]Correct? What becomes of your knowledge? If it goes this far then keep in mind that this knowledge is called ZPD. What is this called, friends? What is this knowledge of yours called?

[00:11:54]Z PD. This knowledge is your ZPD. That is, if we say it in simple words, this was your knowledge. Your knowledge means without help.

[00:12:09]You had the knowledge without help. It was your knowledge that gave you what you knew without help.

[00:12:16]Ok? Then what did we do friends? Then we helped you.

[00:12:22]But how far can we help you? You can even do it. That is, the work that can be done with help. This is work that can be done with assistance. With help that can be done. Can do. With help that can be done. This was the complete knowledge of what can be done with help. Ok? Those who can do the work.

[00:12:53]And what did we get? What did you find? You help us, we are getting the preparations done for you.

[00:12:59]Whatever is your syllabus, everyone is getting it done. This is the full assistance we are providing. But what did you find?

[00:13:08]Found between these two. You found this.

[00:13:10]You found this in your result.

[00:13:13]That means what is Z PD? Z PD Z PD Remember, there is a difference between the work we can do with help and the work we could do without help.

[00:13:23]That is, what do we call the difference between these two? Jade says PD. It is called the zone of proximal development. Ok? The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between what you can do without assistance and what you can do with assistance.

[00:13:45]Ok? You did the difference between them.

[00:13:49]This difference between the two is called your ZP PD.

[00:13:52]Ok? So you can see these ZPD things here in this animation friends. Ok? We can do it ourselves.

[00:14:03]Ok? You can do this yourself.

[00:14:08]And they can't do it right now. This is above the current level. The thing you didn't get. Ok?

[00:14:15]But what did you do? With its help you gained this thing. You received this. When we provided assistance, whatever you received through assistance is ZPD.

[00:14:31]What is this area? ZPD means what do we say? If we look at the ZPD, look at the actual development level here.

[00:14:45]Correct?

[00:14:47]This is the actual development level that you have in the beginning when you do not take help from anyone and what is a capability is beyond the current capability, that is, even after giving help, you cannot do as much because see friends, every human being has an intellectual capability. Even if things are explained to you beyond the capacity of your intellect, you cannot understand them.

[00:15:14]So this is that and what happens between these two, friends? There is a zone of proximal development.

[00:15:22]What happens between these two? Zone of proximal development.

[00:15:25]You are able to understand this. So what is the area between actual development and the potential level that is outside the current potential level? Z is the area of ​​the PD. This same thing has been explained to you here in a small simple example.

[00:15:40]What has been explained, sir? It has been explained that if we ask a child to add two numbers, he can do it easily. There is a child who can easily add two digits. Adding two digits means if sir asks him to add 13 and 24 then he adds them. He is saying this. But when we teach them further, children, now you have learnt two digits. Now let me teach you children how to add three digits.

[00:16:10]So now when I teach children to add three digits, tell me, ca n't they learn it through the teacher? Yes, I can definitely learn it, sir. When you have learned to add two digits, then is it difficult to learn to add three digits? Not difficult at all. The teacher should just encourage him and teach him to add three digits just like he added two digits. Now tell your child who is learning to add three digits that a + b² is a² + b² + 2ab and you can do the math using this formula.

[00:16:47]You tell me, the boy seems to have just taught couples. Yes and teach pairs after teach algebra directly she know next day I don't opportunity read written ever. Did you understand? So this is the reason friends, keep in mind that if a child is learning subtraction, you give him square multiplication of algebra, look what is there here, there is multiplication here, there is square here, if you suddenly give him such mathematics then tell me, is it beyond his brain capacity or not, even if you explain it to him 50 times, the child will not be able to learn it, so keep in mind what we do friends, we do these things that when children are given their first lesson, for example, you know that you have to climb the roof using the stairs.

[00:17:38]So sir, while climbing the stairs to the roof, you cross each step one by one, right? Isn't it?

[00:17:45]That you jump from one stair straight up to 10 stairs? Can you do it? Can't do it. So a child is born in the same way.

[00:17:55]We first slowly taught addition to a child.

[00:17:58]Then we will teach him subtraction. Then we will teach him multiplication. Then we will teach him the class.

[00:18:04]Then when he knows addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, only then will you teach him algebra.

[00:18:10]You will teach algebra. Tell me, did you understand?

[00:18:19]So keep in mind that from this point onwards we cannot do these things. Even if we teach children, they cannot learn to that extent. So the child can learn just something extra from it and what is this level called? ZPD.

[00:18:36]So now you must have noticed one point here friends.

[00:18:41]Who did you need to get this Z PD? Tell me this. So let me look at this thing here, I have a question here, what I said is shown here.

[00:19:03]What do we call the difference between what a child can do without help and what a child can do with help? ZPD says.

[00:19:06]I have already mentioned this point earlier. So you can see that point here. Ok? Now I am saying one thing here that how did you achieve this ZPD?

[00:19:17]I asked you how you got this ZPD? So your answer is with the help of friends. How did you get it?

[00:19:27]Help. Now who all are there in this help? So there are two things in the help. One is MKO.

[00:19:36]Ok? Who is one? There's MKO and there's guys scaffolding.

[00:19:41]Ok? Who is it? Scaffolding.

[00:19:44]Ok? What is scaffolding Sir MKO?

[00:19:50]More knowledgeable other. More knowledgeable other. MKO is more knowledgeable than other. What does this mean, sir?

[00:20:01]Peacock came to mean more. Knowledgeable means one who has knowledge. Other means someone other than the child who is going to learn, someone who is helping should be someone who is different from the one who is learning [laughs] and has more knowledge than him. Hey brother, only the one who knows more will help. Yes. What I mean to say is that children, imagine that you are drowning in a river.

[00:20:38]Ok sir. Let's not drown you. Someone else has drowned. Ok. If we drown you, who will study? So let's do one thing children, we are seeing that a child is drowning in the river. Ok? Now a child is drowning nearby. So tell me, would you jump to save that child?

[00:21:06]I want your answer from you. All the people who are watching my class right now. I want an answer from you. Does that child have water in the river? Meaning there is water above this much, the river is flowing. There is a small child, he is drowning.

[00:21:20]Would you jump into that river to save that child? I have a question for you guys. Do you have to answer yes or no?

[00:21:31]I certainly hope so. Yes, many children have answers. Yes. Some of them contain answers from children. No. I can say with certainty friends, if your answer is yes, it means you know how to swim, and if your answer is no, it means that you also do not know how to swim. My question now that you have the answer to this is who is MKO? The person providing this assistance is MKO and Scape Holding. So who should be the MKO? It should be someone who knows more than you.

[00:22:13]That's what I told you, MKO more knowledgeable other. That means friends, if we are teaching a child, a teacher is also an MKO. So a teacher teaches you because he knows more than you.

[00:22:29]Ok? So these are the things to keep in mind.

[00:22:32]MKO and you sir we will not be able to jump. The answer to which was that you also did not know how to swim. On the contrary, a double accident will occur. Then someone will have to jump in to save both of them. This is the problem.

[00:22:47]So that's why you have to keep this in mind friends.

[00:22:52][laughter] So now the thing to remember is what is scape folding, sir? Scape folding that is it, friends. Scape folding which is a scaffolding.

[00:23:04]What is a scaffolding, sir? Scaffolding means a support. Well children, have you ever taken help from any friend or your father or any elder to learn cycling? If you have taken help from elders, then my uncles used to live in my neighbourhood when I was learning to ride a bicycle. So my uncle used to run behind me holding the bicycle and I used to keep pedalling the bicycle.

[00:23:30]And I used to tell that uncle to keep holding the cycle, keep holding it, I kept pedalling and in between he would leave the cycle like this, in between he would leave it, when I was about to fall he would catch it, then in between he would leave it like this, while doing it like that, okay I have left it completely, yes I am holding it, yes uncle I am holding the cycle, yes I am holding it, yes uncle I am holding it, let's ride it, okay and uncle where am I following uncle, I am following him, yes I have learnt it, yes brother I have learnt it, let's go, now it is the same, its folding, its folding means you are given support only as long as it is required and as much as it is required, as long as it is required and as much as it is required, but as soon as you learn that thing, that escape holding is removed, that is the support is removed, just like when your buildings are built. When your house is built, shuttering has to be done there to slope the roof and after the roof is set, that shuttering is opened and our roof is completely ready. Ok?

[00:24:46][sound of clearing throat] So this is how scaffolding works, friends. So I hope you have understood this point. So now let me explain it to you once in bookish knowledge.

[00:24:58]MKO and its folding let's [sound of clearing throat] so now let us tell you in bookish knowledge.

[00:25:17]More Knowledgeable MKO More Knowledgeable Other means that the person who is going to learn should be more knowledgeable than the other.

[00:25:28]What do you call a person who knows more than children and helps them learn? MKO. So who in MKO has more knowledge than you? Your teacher is teaching you because he has more knowledge than you. Parents also have more knowledge. That's why they teach you. Your elder brother, elder sibling or your friends who are older than you also teach you because they have more knowledge. Intelligent Friends: There are many friends of your age who are more knowledgeable than you. If they are a little more intelligent, they can also teach you. You also learn from books and from whom are you learning right now, friends?

[00:26:07]Learning from YouTube. So these YouTube videos are also within your MKO. You use all of these. They all know more than you. All of them have more knowledge than you and that is why they are helping you.

[00:26:22]So who could all these be? MKO may be there. That is, all those people who have more knowledge than you and who help you learn. Keep these two things in mind. Those who have more knowledge than you and help you learn are called MKO. So who is Sir Scaffolding? Scape Folding These are the same people. The people you have read about in the example are also the Skaff Holdings.

[00:26:50]These people are the ones who fold it. But what is the difference between scaffolding and MKO? This only shows that this support or help is temporary. What kind of support do you want to give friends? Temporary. It talks about temporary.

[00:27:07]So what does this mean, sir? That means what does it mean? This means that you will get support or help only as long as you need it or as much support as you need.

[00:27:23]This is told. This has to be kept in mind. Like here it means temporary help given by the teacher.

[00:27:31]Keep this in mind. For example, you must be looking at building this building. This type of fare is fixed like this.

[00:27:39]Ok? But as soon as the building is ready, these tenants or those who have set up shelter inside are evicted. Ok? Similarly, it is temporary.

[00:27:51]So, for building a building, a mountain i.e. support is placed and what is done with it after the work is completed?

[00:27:58]is removed. It is like that. The example is explained here.

[00:28:01]More assistance then gradually reducing the assistance. Then independent learning as I reminded you of the bicycle help.

[00:28:09]Earlier, our uncle used to hold the bicycle tightly and we used to pedal slowly. Gradually we started paddling faster and uncle started holding on lighter. Then later uncle stopped holding me and we started riding the bicycle freely. It is just like that too. The teacher understands the child's work and provides full support. What does the teacher do then? Gradually, he just gives hints and the child starts solving the problem himself. Like when we teach you mathematics, we first explain one complete question. Then if the next question is of the same type then give a little hint that it has to be made in the same way and if there is something different then give that hint. Ok? Then when the next question is given, there is no hint in it. You see the entire question and make it yourself. This is just like escape folding. Meaning, giving temporary support is called escape folding.

[00:29:05]Keep this in mind. The beginning tells the same thing here.

[00:29:10]What is the purpose of scape folding? So what should we make of the children? To become self-reliant.

[00:29:15]Gradually reducing the support, we turn them into what they are? Self-reliance.

[00:29:20]So these things are here. Now let's move on, friends. Moving on, look at the next point here, social interaction. This social point was told to you in the beginning that we are teaching the theory of Vygotsky. Vygotsky's theory is social constructionism. So if there is social constructivism then how do children learn sir? So we learn through social interaction, through language and culture. So here we are reading about the same social interaction, so in social interaction you people saw that ZPD read ZPD, there was a need for help in ZPD and who were the people needed for help? [laughter] One is MKO and the other is Scapeholding. So who were these MKO and scaffolding people, sir? Those NK and its folding teachers, friends, family and this is our culture and this is our group activity, all these people are there.

[00:30:16]So all these people who were helping us, okay friends, the help they were giving us, actually they were all part of the society.

[00:30:26]Be it a teacher, someone older than us, our elder brother, or our class friend who knows more than us. All these people are part of our society. So this is what has been explained here. What were those things? There was social interaction. What we were studying there at Scape Holding or at MKO, the people who were providing assistance, they were all part of the society. So we interact socially with them only.

[00:30:52]So who are the people who participate in social interaction? So look here we learn through group work.

[00:30:59]How do we learn in social interaction?

[00:31:01]Group work. What does group mean, sir? There is a group. So if there is a group then learn together in the group.

[00:31:06]Next we look at peer learning. What is peer learning? Peer learning means learning from each other. Peer means each other. So learning from each other is peer learning. Guided Participation Guided Meaning What does guiding mean? To give directions.

[00:31:25]And what does participation mean? Involvement of self. I mean, what will a teacher do? What will a teacher do? He will guide the children and he himself will also be included in that guidance.

[00:31:34]Ok? When you guys see that we have sports class, what do the teachers do when there is sports class? Our teachers ask us to play and they also become a part of our team. For example, if you are playing football, a teacher will come to one of the teams. If you are playing cricket, the teacher will come to one of the teams. So in this way, they themselves will participate in those activities. Correct?

[00:32:01]So this is how guided participation is here.

[00:32:04]Remember guided participation. What else? Cooperative Learning.

[00:32:10]What is cooperative learning? To cooperate.

[00:32:12]What do we call cooperating? To cooperate, to help, to support. So cooperative learning is learning and working together collaboratively.

[00:32:20]Helping each other, cooperating.

[00:32:23]So we have to grasp the point here.

[00:32:25]Group means group, so learning in group.

[00:32:28]Peer means learning from each other. Guided participation means that you co- guide and also participate in it. To participate means to take part.

[00:32:39]And here cooperative learning means what do we have to do with each other?

[00:32:43]Learning is about collaboration. So what do we do like this? Let's learn. Now as you saw, the teacher also has a role in this. Whose role is it? Of the teacher. So now see, friends, when we are studying in this activity of ours, the most important thing in schools is the teacher.

[00:32:59]So what is the job of a teacher? So remember, for the work of a teacher, you should remember FG MS FGMS. This is the work of a teacher.

[00:33:09]What to remember from FGMS F?

[00:33:15]What does facilitate facilitate facilitator facilitator facilitate mean?

[00:33:18]To create a facility means to make it easy.

[00:33:22]For an example like Sugam, see friends, to teach this topic I told you to remember FGMS. That is, I have FGMS, what will I do to you in its name? F for facilitator G for guide, M for MKO, S for its folding. F GMS F G MS You have remembered these four letters F G MS and you have remembered these four main qualities of the teacher, so what I did to you [laughs] I gave you a clue to remember the topic which was difficult and which could be difficult to remember, F GMS and you were able to remember it easily, F from facilitator, okay from G you have to remember guide G from guide M from MK and from this its folding.

[00:34:12]Now what did this thing do to you? Made simple.

[00:34:14]So what did I make of your work?

[00:34:17]Made it easy. Made it easy to remember you. I give you lots of tricks in class too.

[00:34:22]So what is that? This allows us to make your journey easier by helping you memorize the route. Now let us make your path smooth. Now, if it makes your path easy, then it is you who has to walk on the path, friends.

[00:34:36]I will not walk on the road.

[00:34:38]This is the place where you will become a teacher, so you have to walk on this path. What do many of you do now? Came here to study. We have shown you the way that children, you should study only those things which I am teaching you, so study them well. You will be selected with very good marks. We told this to the children. But leaving aside the children's route, Chakar Bakar Chal seems to be a good movie today. There is a theatre right next to the All in One Coaching. This is the trend, you went here and you went there. Now tell me, you have to go here, you will not be able to reach on the other route. So we give you back guidelines from time to time and motivate you in the class. So now those of you who are running here and there, we will bring you back to this line. We will bring you back in this line.

[00:35:26]So what did we do to you?

[00:35:29]Gave directions. The information and knowledge that we give you in the class is MKO and in between we keep taking tests from time to time and whatever we have already taught you, we explain it to you and teach it to you and leave it to you and make you self-reliant in the exam and you will not take me with you to the exam.

[00:35:49]You will go alone. So that's what scape holding is, friends. We will continue to provide you with support for as long as you need it. But on the day of the exam, they will leave you open. Go perform now. So keep this in mind here.

[00:36:06]You see, I have shown you the path that you have to become a teacher here. You went here and there, I will come back some day and scold you in the class.

[00:36:17]Brought back on line through that medium.

[00:36:19]After bringing you into this line, I am teaching you people every day. I am teaching every day. MKO happened. Then after taking the test, we do not help you in any way in the test. Let's take the test.

[00:36:30]Then they will leave you open even on the day of the exam.

[00:36:33]That was your scapeholding.

[00:36:35]We left you open. So this is what you see.

[00:36:38]Who has such a role? It belongs to the teacher. Please give me a little more time, say 5 minutes. Then our quiz will also be completed in 5 minutes. Now look, the next one is Language and Thoughts.

[00:36:53]Ok?

[00:36:55]How does learning develop in children according to Vygotsky? So to understand this, we have to understand language and thoughts, friends. So remember, thoughts are generated with the help of language.

[00:37:08]Keep this point in mind. With whose help? Thoughts are generated with the help of language.

[00:37:12]This thought itself is our cognition. What are your thoughts friends?

[00:37:17]Cognizance. Language is not called cognition. The language is written in your copy, it is written in the book. It's all language. But what you understand is your knowledge. And what is this, friends? Keep in mind this is your learning. So you have to remember the point that what is called learning to think with the help of language? It is called cognition. So cognition comes from language. What comes from whom?

[00:37:45]Cognition through language. We are studying only to learn, are n't we? So what did I tell you when I told you the topic in the beginning? What does learning take place from? We learn through social interaction, language and culture.

[00:37:56]Ok? That means we learn from language and what is learning? This is our opinion. Correct? Learning is also cognition, thinking is also cognition. So you can say that we learn to think or generate thoughts through language or you can say that we develop cognition through language.

[00:38:16]These two things are the same.

[00:38:19]So remember, with the help of language we learn to think or generate cognition.

[00:38:26]So now see how language works for us here.

[00:38:29]For this you have to remember the trick.

[00:38:32]SPI What to remember friends?

[00:38:35]SPI SPI S stands for Social Speech P stands for Private Speech and I stands for Inner Speech Social Speech Private Speech and Inner Speech SPI I am repeating once again.

[00:38:52]What is the full form of SPI Number Name? S for social speech, P for private speech and I for inner speech. Now what are these things? Let me explain to you.

[00:39:04]What is social speech? Who is in social? Who is in social? That means who is in the society? In society, parents, teachers, elder brothers, our friends. So we talk to them. What we talk to them is social speech. Then what do you do? We talk to ourselves sometimes. I am giving you an example for small children.

[00:39:24]Okay friends? One is still home.

[00:39:28]Ok? It is summer season now, so you all know that aunts come to our homes to spend their summer vacations. Ok? So mom was talking. Hey friend, Aunty, please change your mind and come here now, these demands of your heart will start. Ok? Now a small child is listening to this. He is a small child. I don't understand much. Aunts and aunts will come here and place their orders. Sister-in-law, get this made, sister-in-law, get that made. Ok. Now this was it. Now the child is listening to that thing. Where did you hear it from?

[00:40:02]From the society. Society means mom and dad society. Now aunt came. Now when aunt came, mother was saying that you should come occasionally, sister-in-law or whoever it is. Ok. You come, you come, I feel like making something. Ok.

[00:40:20]Now the child is saying that mummy kept on saying that on those days there used to be a lot of trouble, after saying this, get it made, get it made, what did the child do, he said okay, what did he do, so friends keep this thing in mind, the child said this because the child is not able to understand that mummy was saying something different that day, she is saying something different this day, today aunt has come so he understood, that is why what did he do, he said okay, now tell me, now Bhabhi's work is done, tell me, so in this way you have to keep in mind that the same things are there here also. Children first learn from others and then talk to themselves. Now if this child had been intelligent, he would have thought in his mind, hey I saw mummy is very active, when mummy came, she would say in her eyes that I have made a good kick and those days when she kept saying that if you want then there would be trouble, so if this child keeps this in mind, if he becomes intelligent here and grows up a little, then that child develops the ability to think in his mind.

[00:41:38]That's why friends, what is it called? One should not talk in front of small children. One should not indulge in gossip.

[00:41:46]So, keep this thing in mind. So, first the children learn by themselves. Then the children talk to themselves.

[00:41:51]Small children do not think in their mind what their mind thinks. That's why small children study. You guys watch.

[00:41:59]First look at the small children, first of all I will tell you their age. 0 to 3 years, then 3 to 7 years, then more than 7 years. 0 to three, three to seven and then more than seven.

[00:42:12]Three seven and more Three seven and more first for 3 years then for 7 years then for more than seven Now in this I am explaining this with another example.

[00:42:21]You see, we have to tell small children again and again, only then they speak. Ok? Like teaching a child A B C D. So we have to speak first.

[00:42:33]Those children will find it very difficult to pronounce A B C.

[00:42:36]We will speak then.

[00:42:40]Now the little child is three to seven years old.

[00:42:42]Now you ask the child to read. That child will not read it in his mind. That child will read by speaking. A for Apple, B for Ball, C for Cat, D for Dog. That child will read only by speaking. You read that child in your mind. If you tell him, he won't read. So that child talks to himself. That's why he understands at this age. But when it becomes older than 7 years, like when I ask you to read, then maximum number of students among you will be such, 99% students, whom you read in your mind. That means we read in our mind because we have learnt to convert them into thoughts through our mind.

[00:43:16]So that is why remember this, social speech is first talking to the society, then talking to yourself, then the ability to think with your own mind develops last.

[00:43:28]So this thing has to be kept in mind. This is what is called. Private speech gradually changes into inner speech and what does this process do to children's thinking ability? Develops. So that's the point, friends. Now let us quickly come back to the topic. It's time for our teacher recruitment class. There was a little more time today and I started the class late.

[00:43:50]Let's get started. Everyone will answer [sound of clearing throat].

[00:43:56]Consider the statements. The statement is that in the theory of L. Vygotsky, the amount of pie i.e. scaffolding or what we also call scaffolding is changed in nature according to the level of performance of the child. Meaning how much to pay for scape folding?

[00:44:14]Vary according to the child's performance. Scape folding is a temporary aid that is removed as the child learns to work independently.

[00:44:26]Answer quickly. If you have been watching our class from the beginning, you will definitely not have any doubt in this.

[00:44:34]I know you will answer it correctly.

[00:44:38]Absolutely friends, the correct answer is option A because we know that scaffolding is temporary. Just like when a house is built, we remove the rent from it.

[00:44:49]Similarly, as the child learns, we gradually reduce the help and eventually remove it. So it is absolutely correct and the reason is also correct. Both things are correct and the explanation is also correct. Let's move on to the next question.

[00:45:00]Question number two. If a child is unable to solve a difficult problem at all with the help of the teacher, then that problem falls under ZPD. If a child is unable to learn with assistance, they have ZPD. The ZPD is the area where the child can only complete the task with the assistance of a skilled guide or a more knowledgeable MKO.

[00:45:29]Tell me, he is not able to learn at all. So that's what we need in the ZPD and the efficient path to help us in the ZPD? MKO is required. Let's answer quickly. Keep in mind guys what did I say to ZPD? The difference between the knowledge he has before and what he cannot do even after providing assistance is called Z Pappidi.

[00:46:00]One way or the other way to understand ZPD is that whatever he has been able to learn through help is ZPD. But what is he saying?

[00:46:11]Even after providing help, I am not able to solve it at all.

[00:46:13]We say that the extent to which assistance is learned is ZPD. Jade Puppy has been learned in two ways. Based on a difference and based on what is Z PD. So this thing is absolutely wrong here friends. The amount learned by providing assistance is ZPD.

[00:46:28]And who needs it in the ZPD? MKO, scaffolding, all these things are needed. This is true. So what is the right answer to this? Option D is its correct answer. Let's move on to the next question.

[00:46:41]Question number two Question number three According to Vygotsky, a teacher should provide ample opportunities for children to discuss among themselves and work in groups in the classroom.

[00:46:54]What should the teacher say? Opportunity should be given to work in groups.

[00:46:56]What is the reason?

[00:46:59]Why should it be given? Cognitive development is an independent process that is not influenced by social interaction and culture.

[00:47:08]Come on, answer quickly.

[00:47:25]Look guys [sound of clearing throat] we know what social interaction is according to Vygotsky?

[00:47:34]Creation of cognition means creation of knowledge i.e. creation of learning. Knowledge, cognition and learning are all the same. So we have read about group form in this.

[00:47:42]Absolutely correct. But here it says that social interaction and culture do not have any impact.

[00:47:50]We have already read it in the first point. Social interaction is influenced by language and culture. This has not been said. This is wrong, wrong. Therefore our statement is correct and reason is wrong. Option C is its right answer. Let's move ahead. Next Question The next question is that according to Vygotsky, learning is a social process. A child can learn only from a book.

[00:48:15]Social interaction will lead to development in thinking and language.

[00:48:21]Let's answer quickly. I'm late, friends. I'll answer quickly [sound of clearing throat].

[00:48:33][Sound of clearing throat] Umesh, turn it on, open one curtain, it will be blown there.

[00:48:48]Let us consider that according to Vygotsky, learning is a social process. Of course, friends, we have read social constructionism.

[00:48:55]Social constructionism is absolutely correct. Next we look at. The child learns only from books.

[00:49:00]So the child does not learn only from the book.

[00:49:03]We have also seen the book in MKO.

[00:49:06]Also learns from YouTube. He also learns from his parents. He also learns from his brothers and sisters.

[00:49:11]It's all in the MKO. So this is wrong from the book alone. Social interaction leads to the development of thinking and language. It absolutely happens.

[00:49:18]So keeping this in mind is also absolutely correct. Yes, he should keep this in mind that our first and third answers are the right answers. Don't open the gate. Do n't open the gate. The first [sound of clearing throat] and the third are correct. Its correct answer is option B. Correct?

[00:49:37]Come on, let's move on. Next question. The next question is question number two, consider the following statements.

[00:49:46]Consider the following statements.

[00:49:49]In peer learning, students learn from each other. The first is that the second is that group work emphasizes individual work. Ok? Then the third thing to remember is that cooperative learning is based on cooperation. Let's see which of these questions are correct? You have to answer.

[00:50:17]Let's answer quickly.

[00:50:22]See, through peer learning students learn from each other. I had told you that the meaning of Pir is learning from each other.

[00:50:28]Group means group means learning in a group. Whereas what is being said here? Individual work. Personal work is being called.

[00:50:38]This is where it is wrong. This is group learning.

[00:50:40]Whereas it is also correct that cooperatives help each other.

[00:50:42]So these two things above are correct.

[00:50:45]This middle one is wrong. One and three is our right answer. Its correct answer is option B. Let's move on to the next question. The next question is consider the following statements.

[00:50:55]Consider the following statements.

[00:50:58]In this the teacher plays the role of facilitator. The teacher is the example of the MKO and provides teacher scape holding.

[00:51:08]Come on, answer quickly. Let's keep answering.

[00:51:20]Third question.

[00:51:24]Our right answer for the third question is option D because when I taught you guys about escape hold facilitator, I told you about F G M S, okay FC facilitator from G, guide from M, MKO from S, its folding, whose work were all these, it was of the teacher, that is, facilitator came, MKO came and its folding also came, all three things came in it, the right answer is option D. Let's move ahead.

[00:51:59]Next question, fourth question. Our fourth question is consider the following statements.

[00:52:04]Guided participation involves participation with guidance. Vygotsky has emphasized on social learning. The child is not influenced by society at all. Let me tell you.

[00:52:22]Fourth Question: We will answer the fourth question.

[00:52:34]Absolutely the correct answer to the fourth question is option C. Option C is the right answer. In this, guided participation means guide means guidance. Participation means participation. That means the one who is going to teach will also participate with them. will participate in it. For example, if the example of cricket or football is given, then the teacher who is teaching will also be involved in it. I told this.

[00:53:01]Vygotsky has emphasized on social learning.

[00:53:04]So, when I told you about his theories in the beginning, his theories are called social constructionism. So this is absolutely correct what we mean by social learning. The child is not influenced by society.

[00:53:19]How can the brother not be influenced if he emphasizes social learning? Keep in mind here that our third point is wrong. Let's move on to the next question. The next [sound of clearing throat] question is the last question. Then consider the following statements. Culture influences children's learning. MKO is the person with more knowledge who provides learning support and scaffolding provides sustainable support. Let's answer quickly. The fifth question is the correct answer. Culture, we have seen that learning is social interaction, along with social interaction, ah social, first of all social interaction, then language and culture, we learn through these three things. So this is absolutely correct here. Culture MKO is the MKO More Knowledgeable Other that helps in learning.

[00:54:26]Meaning the person who helps and has more knowledge is right. Scape holding is permanent. That means we have to keep giving help always.

[00:54:34]A teacher will accompany you on the day you appear for the exam.

[00:54:38]Ok? So this is wrong. Scape folding is not permanent. This is temporary. And this is why this point is wrong. This is our right answer. one and two. That means option A is our right answer. So, this was today's class friends. I hope it will be useful for you all and I will try to bring it a little early from tomorrow because our offline batch time is over here.

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[00:55:59]So these are all children. So see you again with some new information. I hope you liked the class. If you liked the class then please like the video. If you have not subscribed to the channel then please do subscribe to it. See you again with some new information. Till then Jai Hind Jai Bharat Jai Chhattisgarh