The SCARIEST Stars in the Universe

Added: 2026-05-17

[00:00:00]What's up, dummies? Today, we're about to react to every single type of star explained in only 10 minutes. But a lot of these stars look creepy, bro. Like, look at the hyper giant star. What even is that? What is a magnetar star? What's a quark star? There's a bunch of stars that I didn't even know were things. Uh, we're about to learn all about these crazy stars. Let's go.

[00:00:19]>> Red dwarf.

[00:00:20]>> All right, we're starting off with a red dwarf star.

[00:00:23]>> Dwarfs are the most common type of star in the universe.

[00:00:25]>> Really? This is the most common type of star, bro? Why have I never seen this?

[00:00:29]Why do stars look like white like dots in the air? Is it or in the air? In the sky. Is it because they're so far away that we can't tell that they look like this?

[00:00:37]>> Making up roughly 75% of all stars. They are small, cool, and dim with surface >> small. These stars are small. Wait, what? I'm learning so much, bro.

[00:00:46]>> Temperatures between 2500 and 3,500 Kelvin.

[00:00:50]>> Who the hell is Kelvin? What? Red dwarfs are between 8% and 50% the mass of our sun. Because they burn through their hydrogen fuel so slowly, red dwarfs have extraordinarily long lifespans, potentially lasting over a trillion years.

[00:01:05]>> Bro, what? These stars live for trillions of years. Bro, I'm trying to be a red dwarf.

[00:01:10]>> Orange dwarf.

[00:01:11]>> All right, we're about to learn about the orange dwarf now. So, what's the difference between a red dwarf and an orange dwarf? Orange dwarfs, also called K-type main sequence stars, sit between red dwarfs and stars like our sun in terms of size, temperature, and brightness. They range from about 3,500 to 5,000 Kelvin and are rough.

[00:01:29]>> Who is Calvin, bro? And why does he determine the stars, >> 60% to 80% the mass of the sun. Orange dwarfs are considered strong candidates for hosting habitable planets because they are more stable than red dwarfs, produce fewer dangerous flares and live for 15 to 30 billion years, giving life far more time to develop than a >> Wait, I just realized these stars are literally planets. Like Earth is a star technically because he's saying that life can live on an orange dwarf. Okay, now I'm starting to understand. All right, let's go.

[00:01:58]>> Yellow dwarf. Okay, so now we're getting to the yellow dwarfs. These are like the bigger dwarfs, I guess. Yellow dwarfs are G-type main sequence stars and our sun is one of them. They range from about 5,000 to 6,000 Kelvin and are among the most wellstied.

[00:02:12]>> IS THIS CALVIN, DUDE? Is this what he keeps talking? Is this bald-headed >> in astrophysics? Despite the name, yellow dwarfs actually appear white when viewed from space.

[00:02:21]>> Oh, that's why we see white stars.

[00:02:24]>> Yellow color we see from Earth is caused by the atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths of light. Yellow dwarfs live for roughly 10 billion years. Our sun is currently about 4.6 billion years old, placing it roughly at the halfway point of its life.

[00:02:38]>> Wait, so that means the sun is only 4.6 billion years old. That means it only has about 6.4 I think I just did the right math. Nope. 5.4. I don't know. It only got a like a couple billion more years until IT EXPLODES.

[00:02:53]>> HALFWAY point of its life. When a yellow dwarf runs out of hydrogen fuel, it expands into a red giant before shedding its outer layers and collapsing into a white dwarf. White dwarf.

[00:03:03]>> All right, we're about to find out what a white dwarf is. So, I think these are the white stars that we see in the sky, but I might be wrong.

[00:03:10]>> White dwarfs are not actually living stars. They are the leftover cores of stars that have exhausted their fuel and shed their outer layers.

[00:03:17]>> Oh, so white dwarfs are the stars like the skeletons of the stars that die.

[00:03:21]White dwarf is roughly the size of Earth, but contains a mass comparable to our sun, making it extraordinarily dense. A teaspoon of white dwarf material would weigh approximately 5.5 tons on Earth. White dwarfs produce no new energy through fusion. They simply radiate the remaining heat into space, slowly cooling over billions of years.

[00:03:41]Eventually, a white dwarf will cool down completely and become a black dwarf.

[00:03:46]Though the universe is not yet old enough for any black dwarf to exist.

[00:03:50]>> Blue dwarf.

[00:03:52]>> Are a theoretical type of star that does not yet exist anywhere in the universe.

[00:03:56]>> He just said blue dwarfs don't even exist. Why are we talking about it, bro?

[00:04:00]This guy just creating stuff.

[00:04:01]>> They are predicted to form when a red dwarf begins running out of hydrogen fuel. Instead of expanding into a red giant like more massive stars, a red dwarf would slowly increase in temperature and brightness, shifting from red to blue over time. M >> brown dwarf.

[00:04:17]>> What? That's not even brown, bro. This dude's color blood.

[00:04:20]>> Brown dwarfs are objects that formed like stars, but never accumulated enough mass to sustain.

[00:04:25]>> Bro, what is Calvin doing, bro? Pumping up >> fusion in their cores. They sit between the heaviest gas giant planets and the lightest red dwarf stars, typically ranging from 13 to 80 times the mass of Jupiter.

[00:04:37]>> What? 13 to 80 times bigger than Jupiter? Jupiter's huge. If y'all didn't see the real size of the universe comparison video I made, that video was insane. I looked at the whole size of the universe and Jupiter was actually insanely humongous. If you haven't seen that, watch that. But dude, what? 13 to 80,000.

[00:04:55]>> Sub dwarf.

[00:04:56]>> Okay, we're going on to the the the creepy planets now or creepy stars. The sub dwarf. What is this? Do they like have subway?

[00:05:02]>> Sub dwarfs are stars that are less luminous than main sequence stars of the same spectral type.

[00:05:08]>> Okay. Does anyone understand a single word that he just said? Let me know. I know you guys are way smarter when it comes to the space stuff than I am. So, let me know what anything you just said was in the comments.

[00:05:17]>> They contain fewer heavy elements, which means their outer layers are less opaque and they appear dimmer and bluer than expected. Subdwarfs are typically old stars, often found in the galactic halo, and their low metal content suggests they formed very early in the history of the universe when fewer heavy elements were available.

[00:05:35]>> Blue giant.

[00:05:36]>> Now, we're getting to the giant stars.

[00:05:38]Let's go. Blue giant. Let's see what this is.

[00:05:41]>> Blue giants are massive hot stars with surface temperatures exceeding 10,000 Kelvin.

[00:05:46]>> Bro, 10,000 Kelvin's on this planet, bro. Jesus. I didn't even know they Bro, that's actually that looks creepy, bro.

[00:05:53]This planet actually genuinely looks creepy.

[00:05:55]>> They are extremely luminous. Often tens of thousands of times brighter than our sun. The term blue giant >> 10,000 times brighter than the sun.

[00:06:04]>> You would be dead.

[00:06:06]is somewhat loose and covers a range of evolutionary stages from massive stars leaving the main sequence to evolved stars in later phases of >> bro put a mustache on this star >> their lives blue giants burn through their fuel rapidly meaning they have much shorter lifespans than smaller stars typically only a few million years >> dude said they have short lifespans only a few million that's long as hell >> red giant >> okay a red giant >> red giants are stars that have exhausted the hydrogen fuel in their cores and have begun fusing hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. This process causes the outer layers of the star to expand dramatically, increasing the stars radius by tens or even hundreds of times. Despite their enormous size, red giants have relatively cool surface temperatures of around 3,500 to 5,000 Kelvin, which gives them their characteristic red orange color. Our sun will become a red giant in approximately 5 billion years. When it does, I just said that earlier far enough to engulf Mercury and Venus and possibly reach Earth.

[00:07:10]>> Bro, it's He said the sun's gonna eat Earth.

[00:07:13]>> Oh no, bro.

[00:07:14]>> Blue super giant.

[00:07:15]>> Oh, we're getting to the super giants now. Oh, this is freaking creepy.

[00:07:19]>> Blue super giants are among the hottest and most luminous stars in the universe.

[00:07:23]They can reach surface temperatures of 10,000 to 50,000 Kelvin and shine hundreds of thousands of times brighter than the sun. Okay, somebody got to tell me who this Calvin guy is because he keeps talking about him like he's the smartest person ever.

[00:07:35]>> Hyper giant.

[00:07:36]>> All right, we're on to the hyper giant.

[00:07:37]Now, this is one of the ones I really wanted to see because that looks insanely creepy. It's got like flames radiating off of the planet, bro.

[00:07:44]>> Hyper giants are the most luminous and most massive stars known. They emit millions of times more light than the sun.

[00:07:51]>> Oh my god, look at that, dude. Imagine you wake up, you go outside, and it's just wow.

[00:07:56]>> And can have masses exceeding 100 solar masses. Hyper giants are extremely rare and highly unstable, losing mass at enormous rates through powerful stellar winds. They come in several varieties, including blue hyper giants, yellow hyper giants, and red hyper giants. One of the largest known stars, UI Scooty is a red hyper giant with a radius approximately 1,700 times that of the sun. Hyper giants live for only a few million years and almost always end their lives in catastrophic supernova explosions. Oh my gosh.

[00:08:28]>> Wolf riot.

[00:08:29]>> Okay. What is that? A wolf riot. This is a planet. This is the creepiest one we've seen so far. What is this?

[00:08:36]>> Wolf riot stars are extremely hot, massive stars that have lost their outer hydrogen layers, exposing their helium burning cores. Surface temperatures can exceed 30,000 Kelvin and in some cases reach over 200,000 Kelvin, making them among the hottest stars known. They produce intense stellar winds that eject material at speeds of up to 2,000 km/s, creating visible nebula around them.

[00:08:59]Wolf riot stars are believed to be a late evolutionary stage of very massive stars, and most are expected to end their lives as supernova or even hypernov.

[00:09:10]>> Neutron star.

[00:09:11]>> Okay, what's a neutron star? Bro, I feel like I heard the sound that a neutron star makes in one of my scary space sound video that you guys have seen. But let's see what it is. Neutron stars are the collapsed cores of massive stars that have exploded as supernova.

[00:09:25]>> Oh, so a neutron star is a star that exploded as a supernova.

[00:09:29]>> They are incredibly dense, packing roughly 1.4 to 2.1 solar masses into a sphere only about 20 km in diameter. A teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh approximately 6 billion tons.

[00:09:42]Neutron stars are composed almost entirely of neutrons, compressed so tightly that electrons and protons have merged together. They can rotate at extraord surface of a neutron star is roughly two billion times stronger than gravity on Earth.

[00:09:56]>> Bro, the gravity on a neutron star is two billion times stronger. That means like you'll just get smashed down, bro.

[00:10:03]>> Pulsar.

[00:10:04]>> Okay, a pulsar star. Now >> are a type of neutron star that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation from their magnetic poles. As the star rotates, these beams sweep across space like a lighthouse. If Earth happens to be in the path of the beam, we detect regular pulses of radiation, which is how pulsars got their name. Some pulsars rotate so precisely that their pulses are more accurate than atomic clocks.

[00:10:28]Pulsars were first discovered in 1967 by Joselyn. Oh, let me guess. By >> Kelvin Bernell. And the signal was initially so regular that it was briefly nicknamed LGM1, standing for little green men, because the researchers considered the possibility that it was an artificial signal from an alien civilization.

[00:10:45]>> Wait, what?

[00:10:46]>> Magnetar.

[00:10:47]>> Okay, what's a magnet?

[00:10:48]>> Magnetars are neutron stars with extraordinarily powerful magnetic fields, roughly a thousand times stronger than those of a typical neutron star and up to a quadrillion times stronger than Earth's mag. Bro said what? Magnetars are a quadrillion time. What is quadrillion? Eight eight billions. Eight tr. It's eight more than a I don't even know, bro.

[00:11:13]>> Magnetic field. If a magnetar were located halfway between Earth and the moon, it would wipe every credit card on the planet.

[00:11:20]>> What did he just say, bro? What?

[00:11:22]>> 2004, a magnetar called SG1806 to 20.

[00:11:27]>> Who is naming these things, bro? These planets be called E G A O B O R S O >> released a flare that in 1/10enth of a second emitted more energy than our sun produces in 100,000 years. The burst was powerful enough to temporarily disturb Earth's ionosphere from 50,000 lighty years away. Black hole.

[00:11:46]>> Oh, we're about to learn about a black hole. Now, I don't really know what black holes are, so let's learn.

[00:11:50]>> Black holes are not technically stars, but they are formed from the remnants of the most massive ones. When a star with more than about 20 solar masses collapses at the end of its life, the gravitational force becomes so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. The boundary beyond which escape is impossible is called the event horizon. Stellar black holes typically range from about 5 to several tens of solar masses. Super massive black holes at the centers of galaxies can contain millions or even billions of solar masses. The first image of a black hole was captured in 2019, showing the super massive black hole at the center of the galaxy M87.

[00:12:28]>> Quark star.

[00:12:29]>> Quark stars are hypothetical objects that may exist between neutron stars and black holes. In theory, if the pressure inside a neutron star becomes extreme enough, the neutrons themselves break apart into their component quarks, forming a new state of matter called quark matter. A quark star would be smaller and closer than a neutron star, but would not >> look like a freaking disco