Histories of Regions – Early Modern Bengal (16th–18th C.) | Imp Questions with Answers #sem8 #du

Added: 2026-05-24

[00:00:00]Welcome back to our YouTube channel Guys. So Guys, all the students are BA Programme, BA Honours, 8 Semester Student, Delhi University student There's going to be a video for. So today we are Whatever we are going to do in the video students are in Semester 8 and whose I also have this subject in history.

[00:00:16]History of Regional Early Modern Bengal 60th Century to 20th Century is going to be a video for them.

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[00:00:24]Till now you have read about the History of Regional Bengal Didn't even look at the syllabus. You have nothing Read. Don't worry. You watch this video So you will score very well in the exam.

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[00:01:19]So first of all we will do question number one.

[00:01:22]Let's see. History of Regional Bengal.

[00:01:25]Ok? So our first from Unit First The question becomes: Explain the difference.

[00:01:30]Between the concept of regional history and History of the Region. also explain it In the Cost of Historiography. tell you that regional history History and History of Regions, that is, which There is the concept of History of Regions. and which What is regional history between these two?

[00:01:51]I have to tell you the difference. Also, it is to be said that Regional historiography What role does history play? So We will start our answer with the introduction.

[00:02:00]do. Will end with the conclusion. Always The answer has to be written like this. Ok? Let go Let's start. So history writing which We call it histography. He is only the past does not merely describe the events of Rather, whatever incident has happened in the past to understand and interpret it and which It is a fact and the historians History is a constant dialogue between Writing which is H Kari's line. Ok?

[00:02:27]So history is also an intellectual process.

[00:02:29]Writing in which does what? the historian who He has his own prejudices, his own historical What does one do through fantasy? of the fact What happened on Aadhaar? Why did it happen? what is the reason Was? Removes all those things. Own Uses intelligence. So the time Along with this, the history writing is very much Changes are coming in it and important It is increasing. When in old times history If writing was written then in history writing What attention was paid to? only king There used to be a history of. War and political events and around the elite classes History written as a political narrative used to go. But when the 20th century arrived The nature of history writing gradually changed.

[00:03:06]Put. After 1950, historians realized that began to do that national or There is a lot of social history writing that greater complexity, diversity and dynamism in Not everything is possible, but there is a lot It is more difficult. So, India is multifaceted Countries where different languages ​​are found There are different cultures, different economy is found, different societies structure is found, regions are found Are. So everyone has different field history Should be. So this is what we call regional history.

[00:03:37]They say. Ok? So History of the Region means the history of the region. Any Particular area Bengal is our topic.

[00:03:45]Ok? Regional We are studying The Region of In history we have seen Bengal as a region Took it as a form. so regional area history so What will we read? History of the Bengal region Will read. Ok? Although both are similar It looks like words but both The purpose varies. of the field History is different and regional history is different.

[00:04:04]It happens. Ok? So first of all, let's know Hum History of the Region. That means we will know First, the history of the area. Ok?

[00:04:15]What is the history of a region? So What was the traditional view of the region?

[00:04:20]Of history? that the history of the region, i.e. The history of the region means that descriptive of any area Descriptive Writing history in a specific way means writing about one area We took Bengal, what can we do with Bengal?

[00:04:36]We will tell you about it in full detail.

[00:04:38]will mainly describe his Bengal Political events: Which rulers ruled Bengal?

[00:04:43]How was his war administrative policy?

[00:04:46]Which festivals are celebrated at different times in Bengal?

[00:04:47]When changes occur, this approach gives history a Linear narrative as it looks at the meaning of the line Wise where events followed one after another The latter is occurring in one area. So of the history of the region What is the speciality? So the history of the region It is characteristic that it emphasizes political history.

[00:05:07]Gives. In this view, history The central point of politics is power.

[00:05:11]Meaning the history of a region the history of what is political in the How that area is emerging. Downfall It is happening. How are the wars going?

[00:05:20]What wars are taking place? of war What are the consequences? Who did the ruler Which policies have been adopted? All this is from our area Read in history. So in 1576 Bengal was merged into the Mughal Empire Was. Ok? Bengal was then part of the Mughal Empire.

[00:05:33]He had come under control. and the Battle of Plassey in 1797 The war ended and the British took control.

[00:05:39]Bengal. Here the economy of society Comparison is taking place. Under the first Mughal Was. Then after that I was inside the Englishman.

[00:05:45]So we consider the political event more important.

[00:05:48]Are giving. Giving importance to Bengal.

[00:05:50]To know the area of ​​Bengal. I hope You may be able to understand. Ok? So the incident and Chronology is important for the region In history. i.e. in the History of Regions The event is told in terms of time.

[00:06:03]First this happened, then this happened, then this happened. So The Nawabs ruled from 1700 to 1757.

[00:06:09]In Bengal. What happens after that? Joe Sirajola He was defeated by Robert Clive. And Then after that Bengal was brought under whose control?

[00:06:16]taken? Whatever Bengal has is for the Company.

[00:06:20]Inside the British East India Company It was done. then British East India The company defeated Suraj-ud-Daula.

[00:06:26]Robert Clive, through treachery, captured Murshid Ali Quli Khan was the successor of Suraj-ud-Daulah.

[00:06:33]He was a military commander and he betrayed Defeated his king. This is by deception This was won. Ok? First, this Method from here you can tell that you are British The rule was started for the first time in India In. Ok? So limit what happens Gives. What happened? History of the region It also considers the area as a geographical unit.

[00:06:51]That means what is it? geographical unit He agrees. In this approach, the area that It is seen as a geographical boundary.

[00:06:59]Is. Bengal now covers whatever extent of Bengal all those things inside his political is read. the financial cost of all his things Social units are studied.

[00:07:08]What is the internal diversity of the region?

[00:07:10]of processes in a region and in society What all things have been lacking.

[00:07:15]Ok? So the historian and his perspective What does it mean for the history of the region?

[00:07:20]I know. So you know JS Mill?

[00:07:24]He was a European historian. So JS Mill has 17 In 1817 he wrote his book History of British British India. In this he India was divided into three periods.

[00:07:38]In which he had told one person that he was a Hindu.

[00:07:41]Government. Told others that it was Muslim rule And the third one was said to be modern times. when their Modern times had arrived. Ok? So If ancient times were described like this then Indian Jessamil had shown the society as backward.

[00:07:53]Because his ideology was Eurocentric.

[00:07:55]It was Europe-centric. It was irreversible. Correct Is? So the colonial perspective is to look at it Who gets it. Because what is this even? One Belonged to a colonial place. Area They ignore diversity. meaning which In Bengal we find regional diversity.

[00:08:11]or the diversity of the region in India It is found, diversity is found in it They don't write this, rather they write the opposite.

[00:08:18]Write about backwardness. which is irreversible Let's write that thing. Ok? Others RC Manjumdar is a historian. RC Manjumdar is a part of Bengal's history.

[00:08:28]detailed political description and The third is Jadunath Sarkar. Jadunath Sarkar He also discussed Mughal history and regional political and military and administrative History has been told. Ok? So critique If we follow these, then this approach is fundamental It gives information but it does not delve into the depth of society.

[00:08:46]Does not understand. Meaning the general public Bhumika seems to be missing in all this.

[00:08:52]So the modern view of field history What is? So regional history Area should not be limited to a geographical unit only.

[00:08:58]rather it keeps it limited to the geography How is life lived? socioeconomic What is aspect? Which cultural Do you follow? Ok? So this approach What happened? Why did it happen further? How did it happen?

[00:09:10]In this area, attention is paid to that thing.

[00:09:12]Its speciality is that it is multifaceted It has a perspective. That is, regional different aspects of history The study is done. of society, of caste, Of class, of region, of culture. Example For if there is Bengal then there is Ganga in Bengal, There is Brahmaputra, there is delta. So agriculture The extent, the population there, all these The focus is on things. So the process What is? that this approach is what happens, this What does the approach do? instead of events Slow work, focus on very long processes Does. such as those of the Analytic School We do. Examples from the 17th to 18th centuries The business of Bengal is development and Under the influence of European trading companies Was. Because at that time the Battle of Plassey in 1797 There was a war. Robert Clive Siraj Defeat Had gone. was then included in Bengal of the British. Ok? So What is interdisciplinary approach?

[00:10:00]Interdisciplinary approach. So regional history Various subjects are used in Is. Geography, sociology, economics all Things are studied. That is what we It is called regional history. Ok? So If I tell you about his contribution as a historian, Ranjit Guha wrote Subaltern Studies in 1982.

[00:10:17]Ranjit Guha, founder of Subalton Studies which are considered to be history from below Let's write. History from Below Meaning Writing history from the bottom up. means the general public Viewpoint: Farmers, laborers, all these are more Giving importance. So their contribution has been Farmer laborer. He wrote history on this.

[00:10:30]Is. Ok? Partha Chatterjee. Partha Chatterjee nationalism and regional identity Studied. Ok? So all these What do historians do? History from below Write to. Meaning the area history Let's write. So if you criticize, then depth and Provides variety. Excessive Regionalism can be seen. be weak Can. There are also problems with vision and hearing.

[00:10:49]Can. Because the area is a source of history Very little is available. So regional history Versus History of Region If we compare the history, the regional History is analytical. Correct Is? It is analyzed. But We call the history of a region descriptive.

[00:11:04]Are. Description means an explanation.

[00:11:07]field history process and The history of the region is an event Is. Area history is key.

[00:11:14]History of the region is secondary. Area History has to be understood and the history of The region has to be told. Ok? So If we look at the context of history writing, Colonial historiography in the 19th century wrote. Who called India backward.

[00:11:29]Promoted History of Regions. Ok?

[00:11:32]So they have kept their history very Said it was important. The other is nationalist.

[00:11:34]History writing. Writes from 1900 to 1947.

[00:11:37]So nations emphasize unity. Area Emphasis on history. The third is Marxist approach. Marxist perspective class struggle on all this Let's study the economy. Sabton Historians General Public History and Regional Let's focus on history. Modern What do people with attitudes pay attention to? it environment, society, economy, all these things Let's focus on. So, this much importance is given to writing history.

[00:11:57]There are all perspectives. So if we can If we analyze, what is the positive side?

[00:12:01]Identifying the diversity of the region's history Does. All the groups on comedy It creates space for women, farmers and Dalits.

[00:12:08]Is. He studies them in depth.

[00:12:09]The downside is that it is highly Fragmentations are visible. fragmentation It can be seen. comparative study of It becomes harder than anything. So in conclusion What would you write about regional history and History of Regions Both historiography It is a very important part of. But both The purpose is different. History of Region Describes the past. Regional History Attempts to understand the past. one of There is a process. So in modern history writing What is regional history? This is too much It is important. inclusive of history Makes it multifaceted and realistic. So History of the region only a chronology of events Rather, the regional history is based on those events.

[00:12:46]the social, economic and cultural Star of history.

[00:12:53]So our critical second question is that Critically analyze the historiography of Bengal Compare the colonial nationalist and subaltern Approaches to the writing of Bengal's history We should approach it critically and colonial nationalists and subalterns History is written from the perspective of all three We have to tell the history of Bengal. Correct Is? So what is history writing? of the past events are arranged in a fair manner has to be expressed in a manner. Ok? Who that on the basis of facts by the historian is done. Ok? based on the source So the Mughals in the 16th to 18th centuries Bengal became very famous in the past.

[00:13:30]Provinces producing textile industry There were crafts and international trade.

[00:13:35]The Ganga Brahmaputra delta was a land. Bengal Because of this there was a lot of prosperity. There There was also fertile land. of business together The route was also sea. so 18th century became the center of colonial intervention in Went. When the Battle of Plassey took place in 1797 Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated by Robert Clive So he established his authority over Bengal. Its After all, Bengal has to bring about economic change.

[00:13:56]Put. He started facing colonial exploitation and he What is there has become a historical laboratory.

[00:14:02]So for this reason various historians have History of Bengal from different perspectives I have tried to tell. So colonial history writing, nationalist historiography and Subaltern historiography: three kinds of history Writing helps us to know the history of Bengal.

[00:14:14]Let's help. We consider these three perspectives We will also conduct comparative studies. Ok? So Facts plus perspectives plus power plus History is made by creating ideology. Ok?

[00:14:24]So, first we look at colonial Bengal from the perspective of history writing.

[00:14:28]So, time and background. Colonial history The development of writing in the 19th century The British East India Company established its was consolidating political power, meaning by 1700 97 You can say that when she came, you made her sit.

[00:14:40]At that time, he considered writing to be academic.

[00:14:43]There was no activity at that time.

[00:14:45]ideologically important to colonial rule adopted the ideology tool, okay, they British rule was legitimized by its history.

[00:14:52]Bengal and India lagged behind in writing.

[00:14:54]Called Indian society backward and barbaric and uncivilized Colonial intervention was declared inappropriate Told that colonial means the British have come To civilize India, to increase civilization. Correct Is? Because the people here are fools. As such told. Ok? By JS Mail. So the chief historian who writes about colonial history The one who comes into writing is JS Mill. Ok?

[00:15:12]Smith & Hunter. Remember the name. Ok? Then What is their main feature? Colonial of writing history that India should be considered stable and They call it a backward society. That is, JS Mill The history of India is divided into Hindu, Muslim, The British divided it into three periods.

[00:15:26]He said that ancient times were Hindu times.

[00:15:28]Was. medieval Muslim period and which The modern era is the British era. Ok?

[00:15:31]So you call yourself very modern.

[00:15:33]Those are the people. Ok? So society can be stable and It is an underdeveloped civilization. the concept of India's progress was lacking and heavy He had intervened in this. Ok?

[00:15:45]So He gave the concept of civilized missions.

[00:15:49]British rule was a civilizing force.

[00:15:51]and said this that we have come here and civilized the people Have come to make it. Political and administrative He also emphasized on history.

[00:15:58]Colonial historians have focused on war, governance and Everyone talked more. While farmers, women, The workers did not talk about all this. So, Bengal's This approach in the context of the Battle of Plassey Tells. This marks the beginning of progress.

[00:16:11]says that progress was made in India after Isn't it? Colonial exploitation began Was. This is the correct depiction of Siraj-ud-Daula.

[00:16:19]We do. Colonial historians consider him Unfit Cruel Rulers for the British Empire Those people do not tell the truth. of Bengal The economy of Bengal is very prosperous.

[00:16:29]was shown. Runoff train of wealth process of wealth which is British India's wealth was looted by Not shown. So in the Samarth If the approach adopted is critical then contribution What has been the case? Of the vestigial historians He compiled historical sources.

[00:16:43]introduced epigraphic studies and modern Laid the foundation of history. The limit is that European Bias was visible. yourself more Showed positive things, showed civility, the rest If he was shown as barbaric, uncivilized negatively portrayed and portrayed the general public, women, The farmer ignored all this. Ranajit Guha's According to colonial history, which is It is a product of colonial dominance. means one So he talks about the upper class and the upper class Which class am I talking about? Only of Kanoliel. Ok? That is, of colonialism.

[00:17:09]So, in conclusion, we would say that History of the region which has been colonial He has been limited. Ok? Second History Writing is to understand Bengal Nationalist History Writing. nationalist History writing began in the 20th century.

[00:17:24]Is. It developed during the freedom movement.

[00:17:26]It happens. Its main objective is to Resisting colonial history writing.

[00:17:29]All the colonial history writing All of them were written by the British.

[00:17:33]to protest and to honor our history Tell and rewrite. The main one in this Historians come: R.G. Manjudar, Jadunath Sarkar and Surendranath Jain. Ok? So What has been the key feature? indian pride But he has insisted. India has a great It is said that it is a prosperous and civilized country and Have protested. Whose? of the colonial has been criticized. He said that the one who The British came, they came They only exploited the people of India.

[00:17:56]Is. Emphasis has been laid on national unity and Nationalist historians further said that India has to be unified. Field diversity He ignored the nation and Divided into united. In the context of Bengal From a perspective, the Battle of Plassey He described it as a national tragedy.

[00:18:10]saw. Said that it was a tragedy for the nation.

[00:18:12]Only after this did the drain of wealth etc. begin.

[00:18:14]Hui. Siraj-ud-Daulah considered him a nationalist presented as a hero. And Bengal's economy Emphasis on prosperity and cultural development.

[00:18:22]If we talk about the overall approach, then the contribution is nationalist history writing has been He explained history from the Indian perspective.

[00:18:29]and broke the colonial myth And gave importance to culture. Limit Let it be that the great glory has been achieved.

[00:18:36]Because nationalists sing a little.

[00:18:38]was limited to the elite. of the general public This was not discussed either. Sumit Sarkar's What is history according to him? Ah one Virgil represents a nationalist. third The history of Bengal is written in the sense that it is Writing Subaltern History. Subaltern historiography Background of Sabalton in the 1980s Its development through study groups Happened. prominent historians include Ranjit Guha Its founders are Chatterjee and Shahid It is considered Amen. The main feature is that it is from below that it is about history, the workers, the peasants, We focus on tribals, women and all these.

[00:19:10]History from below. So power and dominance Let's analyze. So Inspired by the principles of Gram Domestication resistance and studies were carried out.

[00:19:23]If we look at the perspective in the context of Bengal He led the peasant revolt, the indigo revolt Tried to tell all this in Bengal And caste in rural society What did he tell? to tell everything Meaning the entire area can be said to be from below Tried to tell the history. Ranjit Guha's book was Elementary Expectations of pieces in surgery. In that he farmer highlighted the self-autonomy politics of How they rule. Ok? Problems approach if we look at critical analysis So what has been Sabalton's contribution to Becoming the voice of all sections of comedy democratized women, farmers, laborers The further limitation of all this has been that there is extreme fragmentation because there are too many small History and its sources also had limitations.

[00:20:07]Not many sources are available. Ok?

[00:20:08]So the colonial ah historiography approach Was European. was an Indian nationalist and Sabalton's mass was based. Colonial History writing used to focus on power, Nationalist Nationalism and Subaltern Society Pay. The British are the protagonists in the colonial historian Were. was an Indian leader in the nationalist There were farmers in Sabalton. Colonial Joe His aim was to write history and legitimize it.

[00:20:29]To show your rule as good. And Nationalist's view was that nation building Karna and Sabalton's view was that justice should be provided in society.

[00:20:35]to do. So, in terms of overall analysis, Together, the three perspectives tell us that The colonial regime that had Gave birth to a nationalist. The nationalist Identity gave birth to Samton. then to struggle Gave birth. But no approach is complete.

[00:20:49]Was not there. So modern historians such as Sujata Bose, Amritya Kumar Bagachi one Take a balanced approach. In this these history by adopting the perspective of all three Make it. So the history of Bengal Evolution shows that history is not static.

[00:21:04]Would. It keeps changing from time to time.

[00:21:06]Colonial history came which led to dominance Established. Then came nationalist history.

[00:21:10]Who reconstructed history. Then Sabtan history came that explained everything Raised the voice of common people by protesting. So Today we need to remember such history.

[00:21:19]Write, read, and be inclusive, a mix of everything yes. So the history writing of Bengal was colonial.

[00:21:24]Shows dominance. nationalist Shows the construction. by Sabalton the resistance that has been put up and the public The voice was raised. all these things Shows. ideology and society as well represents the interrelationship of. Correct Is? I hope you understood this question.

[00:21:38]Let's move on to our next question.

[00:21:40]This is our next question. Question Number Third. Our question number three is that Explain the Geographical and Environment Features of Early Modern Bengal 16th Century to 18th century on its social and economic Development. We should point out that the initial Modern Bengal 18th 16th to 18th Geographical and environmental features in the century What was Bengal's? and social and economic Do they also affect development?

[00:22:02]Made an impact? So early modern Bengal which existed from the 16th to the 18th century.

[00:22:06]Bengal has formed a very important part of the Indian subcontinent.

[00:22:09]rich, dense and populous country means state was a prosperous province in which there was a prosperous was not merely a result of Mughal administration Rather it was the geographical structure of Bengal. Bengal Because it was on fertile land. Ganga and The Brahmaputra was between the two rivers.

[00:22:24]There was a delta there. It was fertile land. alluvial There was soil. There were monsoon rains and Trade in Bengal through the Bay of Bengal There was a way too. So that's why Bengal is very Was rich. Ifan Habibi, a Marxist He is a historian. He established Bengal Reasons for the geographical structure of the economy told. The reason given for being so rich is because She was very much in a place where Bengal was very prosperous. Ok? So What were the geographical and environmental features?

[00:22:48]Is? The delta structure of Bengal. of Bengal Most of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna River Three is near the river. what is from?

[00:22:55]What Bengal gets a lot of relief Is. Fertile land is available. alluvial soil It is available. Fertile land is available. as well as Also, when they do business, they get land It doesn't have to be done by. give them a glass of water The way is also found. So deep impact Fell. Agricultural production increased, population grew And the situation is that fertile land It was good on it. The characteristic was that the delta Bengal was not just a geographical structure but was the basis of the economy. more than Most of the trade is either through the Bay of Bengal It used to be from the Arabian Gulf and then Bengal What is Bengal from?

[00:23:28]trade went well so the river system and Waterways are the most important feature of Bengal.

[00:23:34]that the Bengal network is surrounded by its river A river is not only a source of water but also Transport was also a means of trade and communication.

[00:23:41]So what happened because of the rivers?

[00:23:43]The villages were interconnected and If you were doing business with others From the perspective of historian, Hipom Habibi What has been said about rivers economically?

[00:23:52]artist in which he Arteries have been described which carry what Is? Bengal moves on. So what is the deep impact?

[00:23:58]It fell on Bengal that internal trade increased.

[00:24:00]Markets and ports developed and Rivers helped make Bengal prosperous of. Third is the climate and monsoon of Bengal.

[00:24:08]Bengal receives heavy monsoon rainfall Due to which the land here is always soft and fertile.

[00:24:12]It remains. The long growing season allows The land of Bengal is fertile and has alluvial soil.

[00:24:18]Because a lot of crops grow well. Its The effect is that food residue More and more construction takes place. Draught are less likely to develop and rural The economy becomes good. So the climate What did you do to Bengal? very rich Made.

[00:24:32]Fourth is forests and natural resources.

[00:24:35]The southern part of Bengal is covered with dense forests like the Sundarbans.

[00:24:39]There were forests. rich in natural resources Did. He brought wood, honey, wax, etc. from the forests.

[00:24:45]used to do. Gradually these forests were cut down for agriculture.

[00:24:47]was converted into. which makes agriculture Expansion took place. The profound impact was that Diversification of the rural economy Etc. was seen. So, economic development Bengal also influenced this. That is, agriculture, Expansion and surplus production. of Bengal The economy was basically agriculture based. Ok?

[00:25:04]The land was fertile and there was plenty of water.

[00:25:07]and had fertile land as well as a port.

[00:25:09]There were also others. So did historian Sujata Bose says Agrigon Prosperity Bengal became very prosperous due to which The state received more revenue and the villages They would have become very rich. especially Bengal was developed due to its geography, agriculture and settlement.

[00:25:23]The economic power was enormous. Everyone from this Wanted to capture Bengal. So business and development of commerce i.e. of Bengal geographical location and its international trade was connected to. Bengal from the Bay of Bengal There was trade. From where muslin, silk and Other things that are abroad, such as What were these European companies, Portugal, Dutch?

[00:25:42]Is? She used to take it. It had a profound impact That Bengal is built on the Gugli River tree There was an urbanized city there, so the river, Sea-like trade networks were found there.

[00:25:52]Used to go. Crafts and Industry Agricultural Surplus promoted the development of crafts and industry Encouraged. Textile industry of Bengal Which has been very famous. Dhaka Muslin is very famous all over the world Used to be. He has made a deep impact. So People of Bengal got employment opportunities.

[00:26:09]Artisans flourished and urban The economy was developing. So agriculture Crafts All these gave rise to a mixed economy.

[00:26:14]Born in Bengal. Ok? So social Bengal also influenced development.

[00:26:20]Population growth and settlement led to fertile land.

[00:26:22]Because the resources were there. Because of this Bengal's numbers are growing rapidly It started increasing. forest into agricultural land was converted. causing Richard S.

[00:26:31]He described this as the reason for Bengal's prosperity.

[00:26:34]The development of social structure was based on agriculture.

[00:26:36]in society due to the economy Different classes were born. As that of the landlords, farmers and artisan classes. deep The effect was that class division occurred.

[00:26:44]Structure of rural society, economic inequality and the economy is what it is Started moving in the social hierarchy. Religious And let's talk about the cultural life of Bengal So the rivers and natural religious places of Bengal It played an important role in life.

[00:26:58]River worship, worship of gods and goddesses in Bengal All these traditions are very important.

[00:27:02]Was. both natural and cultural It became the identity of the society. Negatives of Bengal The effect was that the geographical The basis of the specialty created the risk Did it. Floods, cyclones, all this in Bengal A lot of people used to come. damage caused by It also used to happen and the society also got safe and good education.

[00:27:18]If it were so, then the environment would be equal opportunity plus crisis.

[00:27:21]Sometimes Bengal gets opportunities due to environment.

[00:27:23]Used to meet. Sometimes there was benefit and sometimes there was crisis Had to endure it too. So critical If we analyze critically from the perspective The positive side is that agriculture and trade Became rich. Social mobility in Bengal I. Urbanization increased. The downside was That natural disasters also occurred.

[00:27:37]Regional inequality was also visible.

[00:27:39]There was dependence on the environment. Environment If it is not good then the ego of Bengal The economy would have been ruined. So Hifram Habibi gives the economic structure.

[00:27:48]Sujata Bose talks about regional mobility She does. Eastern Environment and Society Talk Let's talk about Bengal. So what in conclusion?

[00:27:54]write that early modern Bengal social and economic development, its geographical and deeply influenced by environmental characteristics Is. The river, delta and fertile land made it It became a center of agriculture, trade and climate.

[00:28:07]Bengal is what it is because of its natural resources.

[00:28:10]Was very prosperous. Bengal is what it is Natural society Both natural and society was connected to. where the environment is only was not a background, but a historical There was a process too. So early Bengal Prove that the geographical and environmental Her background as both a power It has been very important.

[00:28:26]economy, society, culture, everything Its geographical basis and its culture influenced and enriched. Next This is our question number four.

[00:28:36]Number four is to analyze the structure of Provisional Administration of Bengal under the Mughal Rule Explain the State the Government The Parganas in Bengal under the Pargana system system i.e. under Mughal rule The provincial administration in Bengal Tell me about its structure There was a provincial government, a pargana, what was all this, Bengal?

[00:28:56]If I have to tell you about this then Mughal administrative system of empire indian the most developed and organized This is considered one of the systems not only was there a structure of governance but also a There was a well-organized system through which Controlling large geographies Was. The same control is there today. Ok?

[00:29:14]So during the reign of Emperor Akbar, the administrative The structure has a much more streamlined Build structures and control the empire It was done. Bengal was the most prosperous state of the Mughal period.

[00:29:26]The province has been. The morning that belongs to Bengal He has been very famous. through which What was he made to do? collect revenue used to go. Society was controlled.

[00:29:35]The exploitation of economic resources These were also the main means. So Historian Habibi Satish Chandra is According to the centralized policy of Mughal administration And the local functionary is the Subedar Pargana was done by all of them. Correct Is? So the overall structure of the Mughal provincial administration In terms of structure, the Mughal administration was a Hararaki in which Different positions at each level There lived individuals who had different jobs.

[00:30:04]It used to happen. The morning was the most important thing. Ok?

[00:30:08]The provincial level used to take place in the morning. Ok? As Suppose one morning. Bengal would have been one morning Was. What happened to Bengal? The biggest one in the morning.

[00:30:15]After that came the government which used to be District. Now which lakes are there in Bengal?

[00:30:19]It was called a district. Then came the Pargana Which used to be a sub-district. Then came the village which The unit was 100 villages together.

[00:30:26]Ok? So such hierarchy is seen It was in Bengal. What is the key feature his? Centralized policy making across all major Policy by the Emperor and the central administration The same was constructed. thereby completing There was uniformity in the empire.

[00:30:40]It was implemented at the local level.

[00:30:42]These were the Subedars, these were the people, These people used to implement policies in villages etc. In. Ok? revenue and administration to all It was controlled. In the Mughal administration The collection was taken by them and Revenue was also collected. military and There was a mixture of civil administration.

[00:30:57]official administrative as well as military These Subedars also performed their responsibilities etc. Ok? So too does military revenue Used to work. So know about the province We are. Diocese. The province was a provincial level. What was a province? of the diocese concept. The Suba was the largest sub-division of the Mughal administration.

[00:31:10]It is a provincial unit. Ok? Bengal in which described as an extremely provincial Went. Bengal was a province. Ok? in which The revenue-paying area was Bengal.

[00:31:20]So international trade also started from Bengal.

[00:31:22]It used to be the most. Therefore, the Mughal Dhaka, the capital of Bengal and Murshidabad is very much It was important. So the chief officer and his Talking about the role, the Subedar of the province The owner was the Subedar. of the emperor It represented this. Ok? Our The province and its administration used to maintain an army.

[00:31:41]Law and order was maintained under it and To suppress the rebellion in their area Work was done. as well as the executive These people also played a role. means your Whatever work in the area, whatever Mughal Rules and regulations were made by him Get followed. There was also a Diwan.

[00:31:56]What was the second Diwan? Diwan that What was the person who did? Collection Used to do the work of income and expenditure. Financial It had the authority to collect taxes.

[00:32:05]This was it. The third one was Bakshi. Bakshi Joe He used to be the head of the army. Which is the head of the army of the province of Bengal It used to happen. as well as in the army person who also appointed him and He also used to pay salaries. would have been the fourth He was the Qazi and Sadar. The Qazi was whoever he was There was the judiciary. of Bengal province He who administered justice was called Qazi and The Sadar looks after religious matters.

[00:32:26]used to do. as per Sharia law He used to get people to follow him in the province. Correct Is? So what was there in Bengal? In Bengal We used to see dual rule. Dual Administration. What is this? Morning Administration at the level is divided into two key officers.

[00:32:38]was divided. There was a Subedar who There was work force. I was a man. The second was diwan. controlled by the Subedar Was. Army etc. was maintained. by Diwan Tax collection was done. So it means Bengal was governed in two ways.

[00:32:51]So that there is no corruption. If Habibi says Are. It had good checks and balances in it.

[00:32:57]If we analyze it critically, There was administrative efficiency in it. power balance Was. It was an impressive collection. so farsighted What does this have to do with the area? controlled It was done. What is the second one? Unitarian government Governments were at the district level. concept The government which is in between the province and the pargana There was a unit. This gives the administration as much Follow the laws made by the administration Used to get it done. The chief officer in this used to be. The Faujdar who used to be the Faujdar Used to work for maintaining law and order. One You can say from the other side that to suppress the rebellion Like the police are today. Second There used to be Amil Amal Gulzar who was the revenue Used to collect. The third one was the police inspector who That the city was provided administrative security.

[00:33:36]There are also Kotwal i.e. police types.

[00:33:38]Ok? So the function and importance of policy These were implemented and at the same time He also used to get the Kriyavan done. Implement also Used to get it done. central and local administration This was the middle link unit. would have been the fourth Tha Pargana. What was a Pargana? Pargana The local administration was the centre. Pargana which Is is the most important unit. So the pargana which He used to collect revenue in which There used to be a Sikhdar. law and order was established used to do. Security is also a part of this used to do. Amil who collects the work Was. Land records are the law He used to keep it and the Patwari of the village Used to keep records. So the function and importance What's been going on? So they used to get the land measured.

[00:34:21]How much land do these people own in the pargana? Tax Determination of recovery dispute from farmers Samadhan used to get all these things done. Shashi According to Chandra, the pargana which is the revenue The most important center of administration was Was. So the administration is the real base state and The farmer used to work as a pargana between these two.

[00:34:37]Debt burden on farmers, local exploitation, all this I used to watch it. The village willow comes last This is the village. What was a village like? the smallest There was a unit. Where production took place.

[00:34:48]Social life was organized. Lawsuit Village The head of the village was the Patwari. and its role Taxes had to be paid. social control To create a production base. Ok?

[00:34:59]What was the speciality of administration in Bengal? So of Bengal's central land revenue Bengal has high production due to fertile land.

[00:35:08]It used to happen in. Bengal was the main source of treasure.

[00:35:10]was considered. Bengal was considered the source of revenue.

[00:35:12]used to go. The role of the landlords was important. Tax The collection is done directly by the Subedars.

[00:35:18]was not done by. Rather, the landlords This work was done by. Administrative The challenges were that floods, rivers etc. What is the reason for this? Sometimes there are difficulties in She used to come. The area would deteriorate.

[00:35:29]The positive side is that there is an organized administration.

[00:35:31]He is from Bengal. Good administrative revenue system Was. It was a balanced empire. But The downside was that there was corruption.

[00:35:37]The landlords used to exploit the farmers. So this Everything is fine. What will you write in the conclusion?

[00:35:42]Bengal was a province under Mughal rule.

[00:35:45]It was a well-organized and multi-layered system in which the central government has duly The provinces of the provinces, through all these, was controlled and corruption was curbed.

[00:35:55]was set free. So in the Mughal administration Subedar Pargana, all these are very important were the unit that effectively managed the society.

[00:36:03]influenced and collected revenue He raised his voice against exploitation and These people also recognized the weakness of the empire.

[00:36:11]Gave birth because when these people rebelled Had it been there, Bengal would have been broken. Correct Is? So our next question is Question number five. Our question number Five is that avalat the role of zamindar and Local Powers in Bengal. Landlords in Bengal And the local power of the brother The role is to evaluate. Bhumihar Which is called. Early modern Bengal that the social and viewed as an economic framework.

[00:36:37]operated through a formal administrative structure It was not a local power but It was run by Boomiyar.

[00:36:44]Ok? So it is through them that revenue is generated.

[00:36:47]Reservations etc. were made. local authority It was very strong in Bengal. Economic There was control over resources. In their society He also represented. IF Habibi, Satish Chandra and Aiton have stated that Bengal To understand history, we need to understand local governance.

[00:37:03]Understanding is most important. Ok? only then We will be able to understand Bengal. So the landlord's What was the concept in Bengal? Landlord words The general meaning of is lord. i.e Owner of any land. But during the Mughal period Its meaning had become greater. landlord He was not only the owner of the land but also between the king and the agricultural empire means between the state and the farmer He used to work as a mediator. collect tax He used to do and give. So they collect revenue used to do. He also looked after the local administration.

[00:37:31]He also looked after the justice system.

[00:37:33]Control of your area and society as well used to do. If Habibi in his book book in The Agrarian System of Mughal India This thing has been told. So the landlord is The Mughal revenue system had different parts through which they worked The economy of the village was run.

[00:37:51]Ok? How did the landlords originate?

[00:37:53]So the creation of a landlord class in Bengal It was not uniform but there were many reasons for it.

[00:37:58]The chief and headman in the ancient village development which led to the local It was changed among the chieftains during the Sultanate period.

[00:38:07]And during the Mughal period, they became the owners of the land.

[00:38:10]and then during the British period these came to be called landlords, so such landlords originates. Ok? So What was the multifaceted role of the landlords Is? Used to collect revenue. Mughal Their basic foundation in the economy was The landlord acts as an intermediary and collected and paid taxes Were to the state. According to If Habibi, the state Financial stability is in the hands of the landlord.

[00:38:33]It used to happen and the landlord would interfere He had to manage the state.

[00:38:39]In. Ok? So local administration and justice Talking of, the landlord in his area He also used to get justice done. They are law and order He was maintaining it. to minor disputes Used to solve it. He maintained discipline in the society.

[00:38:50]According to Satish Chandra, the landowners were local He also got the administration to do the work and He also used to control. as well as the situation He also used to handle it. Talk about the military role The landlord had a private army.

[00:39:03]She also had her own things which she could do for her own safety.

[00:39:05]I used to keep it for myself. to suppress the rebellion use to have. Sometimes when the state needs it had it been so, he would have given the army to his kingdom as well.

[00:39:10]Was. So, Sachin Chandra explains that the Mughal The ruler limited the military power of the landlord.

[00:39:14]Had done it. and had complete control On the landlord. Ok? So the landlord This increased his challenge. Agricultural Extension And look at the settlement. Now we are from Bengal Delta Bengal which is a deltaic region is in. So they cut down the forests and The fields were harvested. settled the farmers Went. Irrigation was increased. So what of it Is? Bengal became even more prosperous. So What was the position of Bhuhiya who were Bhumihars?

[00:39:44]So Bhaiya who is the powerful local of Bengal There used to be Sardars. especially in East Bengal This class which has become very big, what is it?

[00:39:53]used to do? Isa Khan did it. this its Leadership is not under Mughal control.

[00:40:00]and these people sometimes acted as independent rulers Used to behave in Bengal. Ok? So The Bhaya region was a regional power center that that he used to challenge the Mughals from time to time In. Ok? So revenue and local power If we know the fears regarding the Mughal Empire I was very complicated between the landlord and the brother What do we have to see in both of them?

[00:40:23]Do you get it? Satish Chandra says that both We get to see a lot of sobriety in It is available. Dominance is okay? Sovereign cooperation lived as. Assistance in tax collection used to do. Used to increase administrative support.

[00:40:34]Local leadership was in place. to do, to give Rebellion and demand for independence Brother used to get all this work done. because fear Whatever it is, they did not consider the Mughal rule as legitimate.

[00:40:45]Ok? What are the social and economic impacts?

[00:40:46]Used to be? clear class division of fears, landlords, peasant artisans, social inequality, The rise of the dominant, the elite, all of these Happened. At the same time, the economic impact was Agricultural production increased, and revenue increased Growth occurred because Bengal was very prosperous.

[00:40:59]So if we study it critically, then The landlord and the brother both are on the same side Can't see. Both have different duties Was. Ok? The positive side is that Both have strengthened the structure. Economic Developed. Bridge between revenue and society Did the work of. The downside was that Farmers have been exploited. local tyranny and corruption and political Instability has challenged all of these things.

[00:41:22]So according to the historian Islam Habibi Let's talk about the economic and revenue aspect.

[00:41:26]Satish Chandra on administration and political structure Let's talk. And Aston, which is regional.

[00:41:30]Talking about history and social change Are. So what will we write in conclusion?

[00:41:33]Role of Zamindars and Bhagis in Bengal It is extremely complex and multifaceted. Ok?

[00:41:39]Another Bengal's support to us in administration It has been seen that Bhumihar The landlord gave us the pargana by the subedar It is seen that the village society is very Bengal is considered more important In. They exploited the farmers.

[00:41:54]Increased local taxes etc. and also the central power The challenge was given by the Bhumiyans. Ok? This Thus their role is both cooperation and conflict.

[00:42:03]has been seen in. Also protested against exploitation.

[00:42:05]Both centralized and decentralized governance Got to see it. So in Bengal the landlords and Both the brothers were important figures in the Mughal administration.

[00:42:11]There are tools. who have local power strengthened and whose role in the development Control as well as exploitation and resistance We get to see him in both forms.

[00:42:21]Ok? So our next question is Question number six.

[00:42:26]The next question is question number six.

[00:42:28]So our question number six is ​​that Critically Analyze the Agricult System and Land Revenue System of Early Modern Bengal. It should be noted that the early modern The agricultural system in Bengal and What was the land revenue system like? Ok?

[00:42:40]So early modern Bengal, which was from the 16th It was until the 18th century. of the subcontinent in Bengal is considered the most prosperous and dynamic region.

[00:42:47]was considered. Bengal is very prosperous Was. There was political stability in Bengal.

[00:42:50]Business was very brisk. Agriculture in Bengal The arrangement was very good. Revenue system Bengal used to have the highest incidence in India.

[00:42:57]Was. So the economic structure of the Mughal Empire It was mostly focused on Bengal.

[00:43:01]Because Bengal had fertile land. province Was. Bengal Bengal climate Bengal Resources were abundant.

[00:43:07]Bengal was self-sufficient. It was interregional.

[00:43:10]Used to do international trade. Bengal There was a lot of prosperity in it. Ok? So Bengal Agrarian System, Land Revenue System It was very advanced in all of this. with and At the same time, we see dual rule in Bengal.

[00:43:22]Who gets it. one of the Subedar and one who Collects taxes. Ok? So agriculture What has been the nature of the system? Bengal in and structure. So early modern Bengal its agricultural system and geographical conditions is deeply influenced by. Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Delta, all these Bengal is very fertile because of the river.

[00:43:40]There was land. A lot of crops are grown here used to go. Multi cropping was done. Very Different types of crops are grown here Was. Rice, rice etc., all these things were grown used to go. Due to which India which is the most You can say more fertile land, and there was a lot Most of the trade took place from here. Agriculture Expansion happened and what happened? Bengal in Bengal The agricultural system was not stable. Different processes, especially in East Bengal New land was cleared and made suitable for cultivation.

[00:44:08]Was. Ok? So in this process Historian Richard Eisen says what that the agricultural sector is expanding In Bengal. According to him, only economic It was not a process but a society and There was also a change in culture. for example For this, the Sundarbans area is gradually They were moving towards the settlement. developed agricultural land was happening there and the landlord and the local What is by the chieftains? by settling the farmers Production was being carried out there.

[00:44:32]Due to which the number of people was also increasing.

[00:44:34]What was the structure of the land revenue system?

[00:44:36]In Bengal? Economic power of the Mughal administration The basis of this was its revenue system. So The main source of income of the state is land.

[00:44:44]There was revenue. There was land tax. So production is about one to two thirds of what it is Whatever was there, she used to take it as tax.

[00:44:51]And also 100 maunds of paddy which is 100 maunds of paddy And used to pay 30 to 50 rupees as tax.

[00:44:59]Were. So either in cash or kind The land which used to be taxed to the Subedar used to be the owner of. So historian Iram Mughal Revenue System According to Habibi It was the backbone of the state. Financial Backbone The biggest money is land revenue.

[00:45:15]Used to come from here only. What was the role of the landlord?

[00:45:18]And how did the mediation work? I told that the landlords used to collect taxes and They worked as Vasta and evaded taxes.

[00:45:26]To whom did they give the money collected from the farmers?

[00:45:28]The Su is the Subedar and the province is the Mughal The administration used to give it there. Meaning Used to work as a middleman. Ok?

[00:45:36]What was the condition of farmers in Bengal? So The farmer who is the biggest contributor to his revenue system The important but weak component was the peasantry.

[00:45:44]Because the farmer is very dependent on his crop.

[00:45:47]Whether it grows well or not, you can blame it on nature.

[00:45:49]Even if a disaster strikes, he still has to pay taxes.

[00:45:51]Was. There was pressure from the landlords. His They used to exploit. So the condition of the farmers is very It was becoming more pathetic. day day Impact on trade and the wider economy Fell. This led to agricultural surplus in Bengal.

[00:46:02]Promotion of trade, industry and all these things Gave. The muslin of Dhaka, the silk of Murshidabad, What did ports like Hooghly do to all this?

[00:46:10]The business expanded significantly. By which The British, Dutch and Portuguese all started coming to Bengal.

[00:46:14]A cash economy began to develop and The trade became a trading route. So Social influence and class structure in Bengal What's been going on? To see the landlord in Bengal see you. Farmers are visible.

[00:46:23]Artisans can be seen. So the landlord economically and socially powerful Are. Farmers are the source, they are dependent Are. The landlord is the mastermind behind all this.

[00:46:31]The middle class consists of people who do small jobs.

[00:46:34]Let's get it done. So structural analysis If we talk about this whole system, Positive if evaluated in a balanced manner Both the negative and negative aspects are visible in Bengal.

[00:46:43]Will meet. The positive side is that Bengal was very prosperous, producing There used to be more, there was water, there was a delta and There was a lot of trade route there.

[00:46:51]The downside was that there The Zamindari system was a very exploitative system.

[00:46:55]used to do. The burden on farmers increases Was. If a natural disaster occurs, the crop may be destroyed.

[00:46:59]used to go. causing the condition of the farmer to become miserable used to go. Understand the historian's perspective On Bengal. So Islam Habibi calls this system Considering revenue as the basis of economic power Are. But at the same time, a huge burden on farmers Also used to tell. Agricultural prosperity of Bengal and emphasize regional mobility and We try to understand it in the society.

[00:47:19]So what do we conclude by saying that Agriculture in Early Modern Bengal system, land revenue system, all these Things were multifaceted. We are a more economic We see prosperous trade in Bengal.

[00:47:31]On the other hand, social inequality in Exploitation of farmers, all this is also going on in Bengal.

[00:47:36]Used to be. So both things happen together in Bengal It is happening. So in early modern Bengal Agricultural land revenue system all these things I can see conflict and light in it.

[00:47:45]Is. At the same time, we have prosperity global business networks social inequality all these Things are also visible. Ok? I Hope you understood this question also. Go We are on to our next question. Our Next question is. Question Number Seventh. Our question number seven is that Analyze the internal and international trade Network of Bengal includes the role of European companies like Portugal, Dutch and English. Interior Bengal and international trading network Have to analyze. European companies such as What does the Portuguese, Dutch, and English have to do with it?

[00:48:16]Has it been a role? This has to be told. Ok? So The early modern period, from the 16th to the 18th centuries Bengal was the most populous state of the Indian subcontinent in the last century.

[00:48:23]prosperous and active trading area Is. Its prosperity is based solely on agriculture.

[00:48:29]was not a surplus but a highly developed The inter-state was a network. Ganges, Brahmaputra, the river being due to all these Bengal was very fertile. So in Bengal If there is a lot of prosperity, Therefore, international trade is of Bengal It was very good and all the foreign companies were here.

[00:48:48]I was attracted to him. So the interior of Bengal Talking about the trade network, the river based trading structure. In Bengal Geographical structure Natural water based The economy was based on rivers Trade was carried out through the Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers.

[00:49:00]used to go. Communication was done between a village From another village. Ok? In these rivers which Water used to flow throughout the year. remote areas I could be reached. This transports People got access to ports and everything else.

[00:49:13]Could be found. So Iram Habibi is from Bengal.

[00:49:15]Rivers are not considered natural resources but It is called the line of economic life. Meaning Bengal These rivers were the economic lifeline of the country. River based network has given Bengal a lot of Made prosperous. from one village to another couple. Local market system of Bengal.

[00:49:28]The basis of Bengal's economy is its was not a trading center but a local There was a market system. It had three levels.

[00:49:35]There were hearts which were sold in the weekly market of Bengal.

[00:49:37]I used to be. The second was the rural level.

[00:49:39]Mandia which is run by local traders Small-scale urban merchants by occupation Cities were centers where trade took place.

[00:49:46]and traders used to come there to sell their goods These markets were characterized by Products Local Regulations All of these You could see things by making cash transactions If you could, then here we have farmers selling paddy.

[00:50:00]The merchant used to sell, the city used to buy.

[00:50:03]And there used to be export and import to see this If we had got it then what would we have to see in Bengal urban center and commercial structure So cities were built in Bengal and exports were made there.

[00:50:14]Imports were made into cities like Dhaka Cities like Murshidabad became Dhaka muslin Murshidabad for silk It was an international port where foreign Traders from used to come and buy from here.

[00:50:24]The production center was Bengal, right?

[00:50:27]Manufacturing and trading took place here.

[00:50:28]It was the center and also the financial center.

[00:50:30]Banking and other activities were also carried out.

[00:50:33]Growth in the city, business, everything is in Bengal would have been from International Business Network in Bengal Was. Bengal's role in global trade Played it. Indian culture from the 16th to the 18th centuries Ocean World Economic has the highest There was trade with Bengal. Those here The routes are Southeast Asia, Mecca, Indonesia, all of this, Britain, the Netherlands, There was also trade with Portugal, Persia and Arabia.

[00:50:53]Was. According to Om Prakash, historian, Bengal Leader of the global textile trade was an exporter. did the most business In Bengal textile. Ok? Bengal is what it is There was an export separation economy. global Business was his strong point. exports as well Bengal used to do taxes and also import and export What could I do? I used to do it. Bengal is the most more cotton textiles and sugar, opium, He used to export salt. Ok? muslin So much meaning there was a lot of demand in the world Muslin from Murshidabad, India. Import India also used to buy something. Bengal. Bengal What did you buy? horses, metal, Luxury goods, all this silver and so on I used to buy it from abroad. European company What has been the role of in Bengal? Such as The Portuguese Empire came first. This entered the banks of the Huli River and Bengal What's in it? Started the business. Then The Dutch arrive. The Dutch also made capitalist gains from all these Because of this, I spread my legs. Then the British East India Company arrives, which builds the Battle of Plassey.

[00:51:52]Completely controlled by war She takes over Bengal. So European influence There are also positives to be seen in European influence What did you get to see? global trade market development port urbanization as well The downside is that the business Monopoly has been seen in.

[00:52:08]The merchants went into small decline. Wealth The British evacuated it. From Habibi says this intervention is commercial There has been exploitation. which completely destroyed India's Changed the society. Ok? Society of Bengal Changed the. So what in conclusion write that early modern Bengal Business network is very important Used to be. It has been multi-level. which has Bengal greatly enriched the economy of Made. Bengal is a very prosperous nation.

[00:52:30]Was. Both export and import in Bengal Used to be. Bengal had Dutch Portuguese All the European companies used to come. Bengal I am in Murshidabad, Dhaka of Bengal, all this is very It was a famous city. where export import It was done. So the clothes here, The things here are in great demand It was all over the world. I hope you understand this You may have come. So on to our next question Let's go. Our next question is Question number at. Our question number is at that avert the social structure, caste, class and Ruler Society of Bengal. of Bengal social structures including caste, class and To evaluate rural society.

[00:53:06]Early Modern Bengal 16th to 18th Social structure of Bengal in the 19th century It has been extremely complex. It has been multi-layered. These based solely on the traditional caste system There was no society. Rather, it involves class struggle.

[00:53:17]Class relations were visible. professional Diversity was visible. educated people Etc. Different diversity Religious diversity It was also visible. village town structure Diversity was also visible in it. Correct Is? Historian Iram Habibi says these people that Bengal's society was rigidly caste-based and static What was it if not a structure? an inclusive History was that, society was that. so caste system How was it in Bengal? Caste in Bengal The system clearly existed But less and more than in North India Was flexible. talk about structural features So the principle of the caste system has been Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra but Caste at the commercial level is did not hold an important position in the profession There were castes like fishermen, sailors, weavers Teli Kalhar played all these important roles.

[00:54:09]What has been the social mobility in Bengal?

[00:54:12]New social settlements were established on new lands.

[00:54:15]Identity became profession, caste became race.

[00:54:18]Change has come, progress has been made in society.

[00:54:21]If Islam is propagated then it becomes religious.

[00:54:24]What was the impact that the Bhakti movement and this All were widely spread in Bengal like Bhakti movement, devotion to Krishna and All the Sufi sects were very much in Bengal.

[00:54:36]spread in okay Samraj means if we Analyze the caste system in Bengal It was flexible and changeable, it was beneficial to the lower class.

[00:54:45]Opportunities to rise were found in Bengal.

[00:54:48]by writing and doing business but Social discrimination has not completely ended.

[00:54:52]Was. On the culture of Brahmins and upper castes The effect was immediately visible. So Talk about class structure. of Bengal society is clearly divided on economic grounds was divided. Class relations are visible Was. The landlord class is the one that controls land and resources But he controlled it. collects revenue Was. Controlled the local administration.

[00:55:12]Ok? So wide-ranging effects were seen.

[00:55:15]So exploitation of farmers, excessive tax collection, Inequality, all these things were created by the landlord Gave. The peasantry is the largest and The most productive class was the special class.

[00:55:24]was internally divided. prosperous farmer And the middle peasant and the poor peasant are divided into three things: The farmers were divided. The problem was high taxes.

[00:55:32]It was on the farmers. Natural disasters would occur.

[00:55:34]There would be trouble. Pressure from landlords used to live. Then their situation would worsen.

[00:55:38]Was. Ok? So let's talk about rural society.

[00:55:41]Of Bengal. Village structure in Bengal, Muqaddam, track, farmer laborer work in this used to live there. Agricultural and social status land The master had a master. Landlord society I had prestige. also produces Was. What was this social relationship? farmer who They were dependent on the landlord. artisan who They were dependent on the market and the market Whatever trade there was, it depended on the village.

[00:56:05]And the cities would have been connected to the port.

[00:56:07]Were. Everything was connected to each other. So If we look at the religious and cultural aspects Hindu Muslim Sufi devotion, all these things Coordination is seen in Bengal.

[00:56:17]Social flexibility is visible in Bengal Is. At the same time, if we look at Bengal If we do a structural assessment, then in Bengal We will see if it is on the positive side.

[00:56:30]It is Bengal that has been flexible. of Bengal Society has been changing and everything in it It has been talked about. The negative is that Inequality Exploitation of peasants by landlords This is the atrocity. So what in conclusion write that early modern Bengal Social structure is a complex multidimensional system who divided caste, class, village and everything Impressed. This society is neither completely stable nor Nor was he completely egalitarian. In this Change was visible. Sometimes its It was favorable. It was also exploited in the society.

[00:57:00]of farmers etc. by landlords. This Thus, Bengal's society is multifaceted.

[00:57:05]which did not show any similar structure.

[00:57:07]It is available.

[00:57:11]Let's move on to our next question.

[00:57:12]On question number nine.

[00:57:16]Let's do our question number nine.

[00:57:18]Our question number nine is to analyze the Role of the Bhakti Movement and Sufi Tradition In Early Modern Bengal. Early Modern The Bhakti movement and the Sufi tradition in Bengal What was his contribution? So the initial Modern Bengal from the 16th to the 18th centuries Used to be. It includes the social and Cultural life changes a lot It has been happening in this. Gradually, political Economic development took place. as well as religious and Cultural changes were also observed.

[00:57:43]In Bengal. The Bhakti movement emerged in Bengal.

[00:57:45]The Sufi tradition emerged in Bengal. who Society of Bengal, Culture of Bengal, Bengal religious consciousness affects all things of. Religious movements brought about social reforms Did. cultural integration and Bengal One became rich.

[00:58:01]The role of the Bhakti movement which is The Bhakti movement in Bengal was characterized by The Bhakti movement which The basic foundation has been on devotions There are rituals and caste discrimination in dedication.

[00:58:22]Everything was opposed and the individual Linked to local culture The focus was on the Bengali language.

[00:58:28]Criticism of racism was made. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu has contributed a lot to this.

[00:58:32]who gave a lot of importance to the Bhakti movement Spread it. This impact on society in Bengal I found that all the caste evils in the society His participation was also with women Increased. Read all these things. as well as The cultural impact was that kirtan, Hymns, folk songs, literature, religious experiences Increased consciousness of all these things and Krishna Emphasis on devotion. and the Sufi tradition What did the Sufi tradition also do? Love, The magnanimity and Ganga-Jamuna culture Also gave birth. The main feature is that love, devotion, feeling for God, All these things were taken into consideration.

[00:59:13]What was the speciality of Sufi saints in Bengal?

[00:59:18]to see settlements in rural areas Got it and development was seen. local To see close relationships in society. Sufi saints What did he do? important important played the part. Caste in society in Bengal classes such as the Bhakti movement opposed Similarly, he also protested.

[00:59:33]This had a cultural impact. Hindu Muslim Seeing a fusion between the Sufi traditions Got it. Ok? So if we are creative Religious tolerance, if evaluated Increased. The Bhakti movement and the Sufism influenced society.

[00:59:45]Brought equality in. coordinated cultural and empowered the classes. The limit was this that the caste system has not been completely abolished It could happen. Inequality also persisted. movement every Could not spread in the area. There devotion and The Sufi tradition brought about change as well.

[00:59:59]with the structure of society not fully Could change. So what will you write in the conclusion?

[01:00:03]Bhakti movement in early modern Bengal and Sufi traditions have further transformed religious life.

[01:00:09]profoundly influenced the cultural landscape Did. within Hindu society as well Inequality is evil and evil in Islam too.

[01:00:16]Efforts to adopt an inclusive model Did. Together they made Bengal prosperous.

[01:00:22]cultural, diverse, tolerant Tried to make it. So the initial The Bhakti and Sufi traditions in modern Bengal Brought religious streams. Changes in society brought about cultural change and society Made a coordination.

[01:00:36]Our last question is question number 10.

[01:00:38]Which I am showing in the PDF.

[01:00:40]Okay, right? You can read it like this.

[01:00:42]Ok? This is the last question. So the video I am making it at night. Because of this I I am not asking the last question.

[01:00:48]Ok?

[01:00:49]Just one question remains. You guys see.

[01:00:51]That was all. Take a screenshot, read it.

[01:00:53]Take. Ok? So the video was good Like and share the video. Video Do let us know how you liked it in the comment section.

[01:00:58]Also, on which topic do you want the next video?

[01:01:00]let me know. Thank you.