The Gangs of Hamilton, Ontario: Part 2

Ajouté : 2026-05-05

[00:00:00]All right, welcome to the channel and thank you for tuning in. This is the Gangs of Hamilton part two video to close out this two-part series. As a quick note before I get started, all information in this video is based on publicly available information, and this is intended to be a general overview for people interested in the subject.

[00:00:15][music] In the part one video, I focus primarily on Hamilton's mafia organizations. And in this video, I'm going to cover some of the outlaw motorcycle clubs and street gangs that have been active in the city's history.

[00:00:26]Hamilton has one of the oldest and most historically important outlaw motorcycle scenes in Canada. The original Red Devils Club, founded in Hamilton in 1948, is widely regarded as the oldest outlaw motorcycle club in the country.

[00:00:38]Like many early postwar motorcycle clubs, it emerged from a culture of returning veterans, workingclass riders, and informal riding clubs that evolved into tighter 1enter organizations.

[00:00:48]Unlike some of the later clubs, there is no widely documented founder of the original Red Devils. They were initially just called the Red Devils, but the club later added original to distinguish itself from other groups using the same name. A club called the Red Devils formed in Sweden in 2001, and they are now one of the main support groups of the Hell's Angels in Canada. The original Red Devils based in Hamilton stayed fairly small, regional, and relatively discreet. They developed a reputation for avoiding unnecessary conflict and not aggressively expanding or chasing power. However, despite this low-key reputation, they're still classified by authorities as an outlaw club. They were involved in several violent conflicts in Hamilton. For example, in May of 1984, shots were fired into their Hamilton clubhouse, which resulted in member Michael Kerry being killed. After this event, the club would reinforce its clubhouse walls. In 2000, a police raid on a Red Devil's clubhouse resulted in firearms, drugs, and ammunition seized. Late in its history, the club expanded across Ontario. In 2001, a chapter opened in Chadam, Kent, and in 2014, they opened another chapter in Subbury. They maintained friendly or neutral relations with other clubs, and they had a strong alliance with the Bacas Club. I covered Bacas in the Gangs of Atlantic Canada video. This is an outlaw motorcycle club that formed in New Brunswick in 1972 and expanded across Eastern Canada. The Red Devils in Hamilton did not collapse through violence or police actions. In November of 2014, all three chapters of the original Red Devils in Ontario patched over to the larger Bacus Club.

[00:02:16]And ever since they patched over, the Bacas Motorcycle Club has maintained a chapter and a strong presence in the city of Hamilton. The original Red Devils have a legacy of being the oldest outlaw motorcycle club in Canada, and their eventual absorption into reflects a broader trend of independent clubs disappearing or merging into bigger clubs as larger networks dominate Canada's biker landscape. One of the most prominent outlaw motorcycle clubs in Ontario's history is Satan's Choice.

[00:02:42]This club was founded in Ashawa, Ontario in 1965 by Bernie Gwendon, who created Satan's Choice by merging several smaller motorcycle clubs. Satan's Choice were the dominant club in Ontario in the 1960s and most of the 1970s, and they had established a chapter in Hamilton by 1967. A prominent member of the Hamilton chapter was Mario Paree, who was born in Hamilton in 1949. He joined the local Satan's choice in 1967 and would go on to have a long career in Canada's biker world. Paree was widely viewed as the toughest member of the club and by the 1970s he had become the chapter president. Initially Paree was friendly with another prominent Hamilton biker named Walter Stadnik. Stadnik was born in Hamilton in 1952 and he would go on to become the national president of the Hell's Angels in later years and he is largely credited with turning the Hell's Angels into the dominant club in Canada.

[00:03:32]Walter Stadnik and Mario Peree were initially friendly but had a falling out after Paree vetoed Stadnik's attempt to join the Hamilton Satan's Choice under the grounds that Stadnik was simply too short. After being rejected from the Satan's Choice, Stnick would go on to join the Wild Ones Motorcycle Club in 1977 and very quickly became that club's president. I mentioned in the part one video how Walter Stadnik and the Wild Ones motorcycle club worked with the Musatano crime family during their massive bombing campaign in the city from 1978 to 1980. In July of 1977, a number of Satan's Choice chapters in Ontario, including the chapter in Hamilton, led by Paree, officially patched over to the Outlaws Club. The Outlaws Motorcycle Club is the oldest biker club in the world, formed in the Chicago area in 1935. This essentially established the Outlaws as the dominant club in Ontario, effectively taking over that position held by the Satan's Choice. In particular, the Hamilton chapter became the core power base of the Outlaws in Canada. Hamilton's importance came from its location in the Golden Horseshoe with its dense population and strong industrial base as well as easy access to drug distribution routes such as Highway 401, as well as proximity to Toronto and crossber US markets. The Outlaws Hamilton based leadership controlled drug trafficking networks, prostitution supply chains to strip clubs, as well as extortion and various rackets across southern Ontario.

[00:04:51]The Outlaws remained the largest club in Ontario until a major shift happened in 2000. I'll cover that shortly, but I wanted to briefly go back to the Satan's Choice. I mentioned how the Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter patched over to the Outlaws in 1977, ending their influence in the city. In August of 1985, a new Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter opened on St. St. Matthews Avenue in close proximity to the Outlaws Clubhouse on Birch Avenue. This led to a brief biker conflict known as the 1985 Hamilton Biker War in which four bikers were killed. Two members of the Satan's Choice, one member of the Outlaws, as well as a member of the original Red Devils. Shortly after the deaths of two of their members in this conflict, the Satan's Choice disbanded this new Hamilton chapter with remaining members relocated to Kitner. However, the Satan's choice were persistent and a third chapter opened in Hamilton in 1995 under the leadership of an interesting individual named Ian Curro. Ian Curro was born in Hamilton in 1963 and he became wellknown as a professional wrestler working for various organizations around the world including Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, New Japan Pro Wrestling, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, as well as the World Wrestling Federation. As a wrestler, Couttoru went by many names including Johnny Kine, Bruiser Bedum, and Terrace Balba, among others. As Couttorru's wrestling career declined, he went on to become involved with Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs. After joining the Satan's Choice chapter in Toronto in the early '90s, he was given permission to start the third rendition of the club in his hometown of Hamilton in 1995 with himself as president. This Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter became heavily involved in cocaine distribution. And they sourced their drugs from the larger Hell's Angels Club, which had established a strong power base in Quebec. And once again, the Satan's Choice opened their third clubhouse about six blocks from the Outlaws headquarters, which was seen as another provocation and insult to Outlaw's president, Mario PE. One Hamilton police officer stated, quote, "Oh, they hated Pente and they knew it would piss him off to have another club in what he considered to be his town."

[00:06:48]End quote. Shortly after they opened this third clubhouse, Pat Musatano, who at the time was boss of the Musatano family, personally donated a pool table for this new Satan's Choice clubhouse.

[00:06:58]Ian Cru had strong ties to the Satan's Choice chapter in Sbury, and he was quite close to their president, Michael Dubet. In late 1996, Ctoru visited the Solid Gold strip club in Subbury with several members of the local Satan's Choice. The bikers were denied entry to the strip club due to wearing gang colors, and they decided to bomb the club as revenge. Ian Ctoru got a member of the Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter who was a former soldier in the Canadian Army to assemble this bomb and he would deliver the explosive to Michael Dubet and Subbury. However, for some reason, Michael Dubet decided to bomb the Subbury police station instead of the strip club. Ian Curro would be arrested for his role in this high-profile bombing, and this led to increased police attention against Satan's Choice.

[00:07:39]Local police also received information from an informant about the Hamilton Satan's Choice chapter's involvement in drug dealing and extortion. On April 16th of 1998, the Hamilton police raided the local Satan's Choice Clubhouse and confiscated the property. Around this time, the club's national leadership decided to formally disband the Hamilton chapter and expel Ian Couro from the club. Ctorroouro made an attempt to join the Satan's Choice chapter in Toronto, but he was denied. The club's leadership felt that he was just too much of a liability. On January 31st of 2000, Ctor was sentenced to 33 months in prison for his role in the bombing. And after he was released, he would go on to work for Hamilton's notorious Grall family as an enforcer and debt collector. The Gralls are a French Canadian family that moved from Northern Ontario to Hamilton around the early 1970s, and by the 1980s, they had established themselves as an influential criminal organization in Hamilton's underworld. The Gralls were not as powerful as the Italian mafia in the city, and they essentially operated as an independent family-based trafficking group. Their niche was drug importation and mid-level distribution rather than political corruption or large-scale rackets. Early on, they built a reputation in the hash trade, which became their core specialty, and they developed international hashmuggling networks. [music] In 1992, several members of their organization, including Paul and Andre Grall, were among 13 people arrested in Florida during the largest seizure of hash oil in US history. Police would seize 450 kg of hash oil, worth an estimated street value of 14.5 million. And both Andre and Paul Grall would serve prison time.

[00:09:09]Their organization operated with the Grall brothers leading the operations, runners and mules handling transportation and distribution, and enforcers such as Ian Curu acting as debt collectors and muscle. Testimony from family associates described severe beatings that happened after members disobeyed. There was a major high-profile event in 1998 that was linked to the Gralls. On November 16th of that year, prominent Hamilton defense lawyer Lynn Gilbank and her husband were shot to death in their home. Lynn Gilbank had actually helped drug couriers linked to the Gralls enter witness protection, and the killings were widely suspected to be in retaliation, although this was not ultimately proven in court. The assassination of a defense lawyer is relatively rare in Canada and led to a massive six-year police investigation that cost $6 million. In early 2005, Ian Curu and Andre Grall were charged with their murders. However, in 2006, a judge would withdraw all charges against both men due to insufficient evidence. In 2007, CORU moved to Vancouver and joined the United Nations gang led by Clayton Roo. In 2013, he would be sentenced to 13 years in prison for conspiracy to commit murder related to a gang war between the United Nations gang and the Red Scorpions. Ian Cru would ultimately pass away in a Toronto halfway house in 2017. Honestly, you could do a whole separate video on this guy. Ian Couturu, also known as Johnny Kanine, would go down as one of the most unique gangsters that Hamilton would ever produce.

[00:10:32]Jumping back to the Grall family, although Andre Grall escaped conviction for his alleged involvement in the killing of Lynn Gilbank, this situation significantly raised his family's profile with law enforcement. However, the family remained quite active in their drug smuggling and distribution networks. In 2008, Andre Grall and a number of other family members were charged with trafficking after a sailboat was intercepted off the Nova Scotia coast and police seized a massive amount of hash oil. A spokesperson with the Halifax RCMP said it was the biggest single drug bust in Nova Scotia's history. In the early 2010s, police uncovered another massive marijuana trafficking operation that spanned from Ontario to the Maritimes, which resulted in multiple members of the family being arrested. Daniel Grall would pass away while waiting to be sentenced and Andre would once again be sentenced to prison.

[00:11:17]By 2020, the Grall family was still active, but their influence has significantly diminished. This was largely due to the legalization of cannabis and related products in Canada in 2018, which was obviously a huge blow to a family organization rooted in hash trafficking. However, the family is still active in some capacity. Just last year, in October of 2025, multiple Grall family members were arrested as a culmination of Project Roadk in connection to a drug and autotheft ring involving Hamilton, Toronto, and the Niagara region. And so, you can't mention Hamilton organized crime without mentioning the infamous Grall family.

[00:11:50]They never rose to the heights of the city's three mafia organizations, but remain one of the legendary crime families in Hamilton's history. The family eventually fragmented under significant law enforcement pressure.

[00:12:01]And today, they're likely operating as part of a loose network rather than a traditional formal family hierarchy.

[00:12:07]Now, I'm going to get back to the Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs. I had left off with the Hamilton police raiding and confiscating the local Satan's Choice Clubhouse in 1998 with the club's national leadership disbanding the Hamilton chapter and expelling Ian Couturu. At this time, the most powerful biker club in Hamilton was the Outlaws, led by Mario Paree. In fact, the Outlaws were the biggest outlaw motorcycle club in Ontario, and their Hamilton chapter was the most powerful one. However, the 2000s saw the collapse of the Outlaws dominance in Hamilton and the rest of Ontario. Earlier, I introduced Walter Stadnik, a Hamiltonbased biker who attempted to join the local Satan's Choice led by Paree, but was denied due to being too short. However, this would not discourage Stadnik, and he would go on to become one of the biggest players in Canada's biker history. I mentioned how after he was denied membership in Satan's Choice, he became president of the Wild Ones Club in Hamilton and worked with the Musatano Mafia producing explosives for their bombing campaign of the late 1970s. At first, the Wild Ones were considered one of the lesser clubs in Hamilton and the larger Outlaws Club tolerated their presence. This would change when Walter Stadnik started showing interest in joining the Hell's Angels. The Hell's Angels were formed in California in the 1940s, and they are now a massive international operation and the largest outlaw motorcycle club in the world. In my Gangs of Montreal part one video, I covered the Lurbion massacre. In October of 1978, Walter Stadnik and several members of the Wild Ones traveled to Montreal to meet with Hell's Angels National President Eve Bhau at the Lurbion bar. While the bikers were meeting, two American members of the Outlaws Club stormed into the bar and shot at the bikers, killing a member of the Hell's Angels and two members of the Wild Ones. Walter Stadnik would survive the attack by hiding under a table, which would not be the last time he escaped a deadly situation. By late 1978, the Wild Ones motorcycle club had dissolved and Walter Stadnik decided to join the Hell's Angels in Montreal, although he would maintain a residence in Hamilton. Stadnick received his full Hell's Angels patch in 1982 and in 1988 he had risen to national president of the club. At this time, the Canadian Hell's Angels were based in Montreal and their main power base was the province of Quebec. Walter Stadnik played a vital role in expanding the Hell's Angels across Western Canada throughout the 1990s. organized crime groups in Ontario, had always been the most resistant to the Hell's Angels Canadian expansion. Johnny Papalia, one of the most prominent members of the Hamilton Mafia, was known for his intense hatred of outlaw motorcycle clubs, particularly the Hell's Angels. Additionally, from the late '7s to the late '90s, the Outlaws were the most powerful biker club in Ontario, and historically, they have been the primary rivals to the Hell's Angels. However, by the late '90s, the Hell's Angels had basically taken over most of the rest of Canada.

[00:14:41]And finally, on December 29th of 2000, Walter Stadnik arranged for a mass patchover in Montreal where most of the Ontario biker clubs joined the Hell's Angels. This included clubs such as Satan's Choice, the Lobos, Last Chance, Veabonds, Paradise Riders, and even some members of the Outlaws. Overnight, the Hell's Angels became the dominant biker club in Ontario and basically completed their takeover of Canada's biker scene.

[00:15:05]Around this time, Mario Peree was made national president of the Outlaws Club, and he completely refused to patch over to the Hell's Angels. Hamilton's Outlaws chapter continued on as an independent club during this Hell's Angels Ontario expansion. Although they were no longer the top biker gang in Ontario, this wasn't the only major hit to the Outlaws in the 2000s. In 2002, the Ontario Provincial Police launched Project Retire, a massive police investigation and operation intended to [ __ ] the Outlaws Club in Ontario. During a series of raids across the province, police seized firearms, vehicles, about 1.6 million in drugs, as well as five clubouses owned by the Outlaws. This massive police operation resulted in all 58 full patch Outlaws members in Ontario being arrested. And this operation inadvertently helped the Hell's Angels solidify control of the province. The Hell Angels officially opened their first chapter in Hamilton in 2005, and they have been the dominant outlaw club in the city ever since. In 2009, Mario Paree resigned as the Outlaw's national president and Richard Williams took over the position. Over the 2010s, Hamilton's Outlaws chapter would continue to decline. And currently, the Outlaws do not have Hamilton listed as one of their official chapters, although they do have chapters in numerous other cities in Ontario. And so, for decades, the Outlaws controlled Ontario's biker scene, and their Hamilton chapter was the most powerful. But eventually, they too would fall to the Hell's Angels conquest of Canada's biker scene.

[00:16:24]Currently, the Hell's Angels are the most powerful biker club in Hamilton, and one of their most prominent support clubs, the Red Devils, also have a chapter in the city. The Red Devils are not to be confused with the original Red Devils, who formed in Hamilton in the 1940s. The Red Devils motorcycle club started in Carlad, Sweden in 2001, and by 2003, they had chapters in the US and Belgium. They are now a major international club with chapters in 19 different countries and 18 chapters in Canada. Their Hamilton chapter has been involved in several high-profile violent events. In June of 2020, a member of the Hamilton Red Devils chapter named Matthew Quattro Chioki was charged with assault after he beat a member of the Outlaws Club with a baseball bat in broad daylight in the city of St. Cathine's, the largest city in the Niagara region. They would be involved in several other incidents, and the Red Devils are currently the Hell's Angels main support club in Canada with a strong influence in the city of Hamilton.

[00:17:16]Another major Canadian biker club with a chapter in Hamilton is the Loners. The Loners Motorcycle Club was founded in Woodbridge, Ontario in 1979 by prominent Italian Canadian bikers Jaro Roso and Frank Lenty. Lenty was a former member of the Satan's Choice, who left that club to establish a new Rebels chapter in Toronto in 1978. But in 1979, this Rebels chapter would become the newly formed Loners Club. I actually did a separate video on the Rebels motorcycle club a couple years ago, and I also covered a lot more of the Loners history in the Gangs of Toronto part two video.

[00:17:48]The Loners are now an international club with chapters in at least 13 different countries and a strong presence across Canada. Shortly after the Loners were established in 1979, they expanded across Ontario and formed a new chapter in Hamilton. They largely operated as a mid-tier club under larger organizations such as Satan's Choice and the Outlaws.

[00:18:06]I cover the Ontario biker war of 1999 to 2002 in much more detail in the Gangs of Toronto part 2 and the Gangs of London videos. During this conflict, the Loners Club played a big part in fighting the Hell's Angels expansion into the province, but of course ultimately the Hell's Angels emerge victorious. The Hamilton area played a much lesser part in this biker war. Most of the conflict occurred elsewhere, primarily in the London and Toronto areas. Currently, the Loners still have an active chapter in Hamilton, and they have been involved in significant drug distribution and weapons trafficking operations. The Loners are generally considered to be a mid-tier club, not quite as powerful as the larger Hell's Angels and their support clubs. Again, I covered the Loners Club in much more detail in other videos. There's also been an interesting recent development in the Canadian biker scene, and that is the resurgence of the Satan's Choice. I mentioned how in December of 2000, the Satan's Choice in Ontario patched over to the Hell's Angels, essentially ending that club in the province. However, just last year in August of 2025, Harley Quinn, who was the son of Satan's Choice founder Bernie Gwyn, announced his plans to revive the Satan's Choice with the blessing of his father. Harley Gwyn is based in Ontario and established chapters around the province, including the city of Hamilton. This new rendition of Satan's Choice has been very popular. There are new chapters popping up across Canada, and this is a notable recent development in the country's outlaw biker scene.

[00:19:27]In addition to the larger mafia organizations and outlaw motorcycle clubs, there have been a number of smaller street gangs that have been active in Hamilton throughout the decades. From the 1960s to the 1980s, several smaller street gangs operated in Hamilton's east side. The two biggest groups during this time were the Parkdale gang as well as the Barton Sherman gang. The Barton Sherman gang were led by bodybuilder Luchiano Petroatzio, who allegedly had ties to the Lupino Mafia. Both the Parkdale and the Barton Sherman gang were involved in street level drug distribution and weapons trafficking. They would be involved in several high-profile murders, including the assassination of Steve Constantini in 1981. These violent events led to increased police attention, and the Parkdale and Barton Sherman gang seemed to have petered out by the '90s. However, certain associates would go on to further careers in organized crime. In 1998, former Parkdale gang associate Lee Whitley was sentenced to 12 and a half years in prison in Buffalo, New York for his role in a massive international drug trafficking operation. Both the Barton Sherman gang and the Parkdale gang played a prominent role in Hamilton street gang history, particularly during the 1970s and 80s, and they were tied to several highly publicized arrests and shootings.

[00:20:34]A vicious street gang that entered the Hamilton police radar in the 1990s was the Oriental Blood Brothers, also known as the original Blood Brothers. This gang was known for wearing red bandanas over their faces, and they were linked to various crimes such as drug trafficking, car theft, home invasions, violent assaults, and a number of murders. The Oriental Blood Brothers were comprised largely of Cambodian Canadian teens and young adults. The most high-profile violent event involving this gang occurred in May of 1999 when 30 members of the gang swarmed a group of high school students and viciously attacked a number of people.

[00:21:07]Apparently, this was done in retaliation for one of these students fighting a member of the Oriental Blood Brothers the week prior. This gang attack left several people severely wounded. Jason Garner had his skull fractured and his hand was almost completely severed. And then a couple years later in 2001, members of the Oriental Blood Brothers killed 19-year-old Matt Daly at another high school gathering in this area.

[00:21:29]This gang would be active throughout the 2000s, and they were involved in several assaults and drug busts throughout the city. There's little recent reliable evidence that this gang still exists as an organized group. But to this day, the Oriental Blood Brothers have a reputation as one of Hamilton's most violent street gangs.

[00:21:44]Various street gangs in Hamilton have used the names Bloods and Crips over the years. The Crips were formed in Los Angeles in 1969, and the Bloods gang was formed in the same city a few years later. Over the years, the Bloods and the Crips have expanded across North America. However, they have no centralized leadership or structure.

[00:22:01]Each individual set of the Bloods and Crips have their own leaders, and they operate independently from one another.

[00:22:06]For example, the city of Toronto has many Blood and Crypt sets, but they're not necessarily associated with the larger groups in the US. I covered a bunch of these groups in the Gangs of Toronto part one video. Another gang in Hamilton using the Bloods name was the Frontline Bloods. There's much less information on this group, but they were thought to be mainly involved in drug trafficking. Paul Manning is a former Hamilton police officer who worked undercover for an OP and Hamilton police joint task force for 18 months, successfully infiltrating the Musatanos, Papalas, and the Hamilton Hell's Angels.

[00:22:35]Manning alleged that while he was undercover, he was sold out by other police officers affiliated with organized crime, and that there was an attempt made on his life by members of the Frontline Bloods. It's thought that this gang was closely connected to the larger criminal organizations in the city of Hamilton. This group has not been widely referenced in recent major investigations or news reports, and currently the Frontline Bloods are thought to be less active than they were in the past. Another street gang in Hamilton that comes up is the North End Crew. Also thought to have ties to larger criminal organizations in the city, particularly the Hell's Angels.

[00:23:06]One of the gangs founding members named Michael Cudmore was actually believed to be the person who shot Angelo Mousatano to death in 2017. In 2020, Michael Cudmore was found dead in a vehicle in Mexico. In 2024, the RCMP busted a sophisticated drug network trafficking meth and fentinyl among other drugs across Ontario, including Hamilton, Calonia, and the Niagara region. Police alleged that a number of North End crew members were leading this operation.

[00:23:32]This major bust was only 2 years ago, and it's thought that the North End crew is still active in Hamilton in some capacity.

[00:23:39]And then there have been a number of other streak gangs that have been documented by Hamilton police. The Rhymal Road Crips, Orol Crescent Crips, the Cutthroat Bloods, Vice Lord Bloods, Downtown Crips, Hamilton Blood Soldiers, the Get Money Squad, the Assyrian Kings, and the Red Dragons to name a few.

[00:23:56]There's definitely less information available on many of these smaller organizations, but in general, the city of Hamilton has had a number of smaller street gangs that have been active throughout the city's history. A prominent street gang that has been making headlines in Hamilton is the Hot Molly Squad. This group is tied to a Bohemian gang network known as Dirty South. And that group has been connected to One Order, a major criminal network in the Bahamas. In 2019, Hamilton police noted a significant rise in violent crime linked to a street gang operating in Hamilton's downtown core. This group was identified as the Hot Molly Squad, and they've been connected to drug trafficking, robberies, daytime shootings, and homicides. This gang is based in Hamilton, but they have expanded to Brford, Halton, Waterlue, and Toronto. Ontario police would launch a massive multi- agency investigation called Project Churchill that targeted this group. On November 13th of 2024, police conducted 17 search warrants in Hamilton, Niagara Falls, St. Catherine's, and London, and arrested 24 members of this group. In total, 172 charges were laid, and police seized 14 firearms, 880 g of cocaine, and 1.2 2 kg of fentinel. Obviously, a lot of these cases are still being processed through the court, but in September of 2025, Hot Molly Squad member Anthony Law was convicted of the murder of Sabir Omar in 2021, who was shot in the head at a Tim Horton's parking lot. Anthony L received a life sentence with no possibility of parole for 25 years.

[00:25:20]Currently, the Hot Molly squad is very much active in Hamilton and one of the most violent local street gangs.

[00:25:26]And that's pretty much going to wrap this one up. Again, this was a very general overview and a lot of information was left out. I covered a lot of ground in the series and I tried to put together a reasonable summary of about 110 years of organized crime in Hamilton's history. If you haven't watched it already, the part one video I posted a few days ago primarily covers the various mafia organizations that have been active in the city. I hope you found this one interesting and informative. And if you haven't already, then please consider subscribing to my channel. I upload a variety of Canadian content and I typically post something new about once a week. And if you want to support my channel further, you can buy me a coffee and there's a link to that below. Thank you for watching. I hope you have a great day and I look forward to seeing you next time.