S8, E3 - Environment, Occupational health, BMW - Project surya

[00:00:02]Hello and very good evening everyone.

[00:00:04]This is uh season 8 episode number three. A very warm welcome to all the neat PG aspirants. This is a part of the neatp marathon quiz discussion series.

[00:00:14]These are helping these are like PSM booster revision series which will help you boost your preparation. We're going to discuss all the updates till now and along with them the high yield points you need to remember for your exam. So let's get started. Episode number three beta. A very warm welcome to everyone.

[00:00:30]Environment and occupational health. So let's talk about the question number one. Which of the following best describes the objectives of ergonomics?

[00:00:38]Ergonomics that is a scientific word. It is dealing with the science of how to make the work place much comfortable for for optimum human performance. So it is to achieve optimum human performance through work adjustments. It is suiting the job to the worker. It is to suit the job to the worker. That is what is ergonomics. That is what is the definition of ergonomics. Option A is the correct answer. Question two. How often do should the workers employed in dromate industries undergo periodic medical examination? Please remember as far as the the general guidelines are concerned for uh for dromate any chromium compounds they are at risk of respiratory diseases dermatitis. So 6 months is usually taken as the standard norm. Uh very frequently students also get confused like what is the recommendation for radiation exposures.

[00:01:40]There's no recommendation, there's no ruling in that. But generally, it is said that three to four monthly like 3 to four times a year we should be doing radiation exposures. It should always be less than 20 millise per year and never more than not more than 100 millise in 5 years. So that's the total exposure which is which is like permissible under the government of India safety guidelines. So the correct answer over here is it should be once every 6 months. Question three match the following pneumokosis with the most commonly uh associated industries. So silicos is beta. Silicosis one goes with B. Asbestosis is construction and building industries. So construction and building industries two goes with C.

[00:02:31]Binosis that is cotton. So cotton goes with the A that is textile. and anthroposes four goes with D. So 1 B, 2 C, 3 A and 4 D is the correct answer for you guys to mark in your exam. Coming to question number four. A 55 year old coal miner with prolonged exposure to cold dust and chronic cuff dismia, radiographic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, which particle size is likely to cause pneumocysis? So they're talking about the particle size. Of course this person is working in cold. So obviously they might be exposure to anthrocosis.

[00:03:08]Anthrocosis is what is also known as a black lung. Anthrocosis also called as the black lung. What is the size of the pneumoniosis? So any particle size which is more than 10 microns it does not fly.

[00:03:21]So it does not fly. So therefore it is kind of like it it would uh it would not cause any pneumoniosis. 5 to 10 microns it enters into your upper respiratory tract. 3 to five microns enters into your lower respiratory tract and 1 to three microns may even enter your alvuli. Whereas the last one less than 1 micrometers or microns micrometers or microns it's the same name micron is the old name for the micrometers. Micrometer is the SI standard international unit of of the size of the particle. less than 1 micrometer it will be a diffusible particle. It will be a diffusable particle. So what is the numokonosis zone? The pumokiosis zone is anything which is 1 to 5 microns that is going to cause numokonosis. So 5 to 10 3 to 5.5 to 3 is the kind of the safer answer you would like to mark over here. But of course uh if if 1 to 5 micron was there I would have marked that as the best possible answer. But over here option C u this is going to enter into alvuli and cause pneumocosis pulmonary fibrosis.

[00:04:33]Coming to the next question. Question five. A 30-year-old construction worker develops painful muscle spasms after several hours of heavy physical work in hot environment reports excessive sweating, intense thirst and muscle tightness. His vital signs are normal.

[00:04:49]Which heat related illness uh do you think is uh caused by excessive loss of sodium and chloride through sweating? So please note we are talking about heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps or heat syncopy. This is a clear-cut example of a heat cramp. Heat cramp. So heat stroke and heat exhaustion and heat syncopy these are uh thermmorreulation failure mechanisms and heat syncopy the patient is like it's self-limiting and the patient comes back very fast. Heat stroke and heat exhaustion these are kind of more severe thermmore regulatory failures and heat cramps is because of loss of sodium and chloride during sweating. Question six, which of the following is not included in the effective air temperature? Please remember that uh which is not included in effective air temperature option number C radiant heat. So there are two things you have to remember. There is effective air temperature we call it as ET and then there is something called as CC. What is CCT? C stands for the corrected effective air temperature. It is the corrective effective air temperature. It includes all the following. It includes air humidity. It includes cooling power, radiant heat, air movement and air temperature.

[00:06:09]All are included in corrected effective temperature. This is this is one of the best indicators for air quality. Best indicators used indicators is corrected effective temperature. Please remember the correct answer over here is effective air temperature does not include radiant heat. Coming to next one. Which of the following is not discarded? not discarded in a yellow category as per the biomedical 2016 rules. Uh empty bottles from chemotherapy. Yes, this is a part of the yellow category. Of course, it's not a part of the biomedical waste management rules, but these are under the cytotoxic waste. So all the cytotoxic waste they are given special handling rules and they are returned back to the manufacturers or they they are not given just like any unauthorized persons cannot take the cytotoxic waste. Please remember all the cytotoxic drugs the consumable from the cytotoxic waste they all are in the yellow category. Culture media from bacterial isolation. Yes, that is also a yellow category because it falls under the microbiological, biotechnology, laboratory waste. So, culture media is again yellow category.

[00:07:20]Floor cleaning fluids and detergents.

[00:07:23]This is also a yellow category. [snorts] All the antiseptics, disinfectants, floor cleaning fluids, detergents, uh anything of that sort, any chemical which is fluid chemical, it is again a yellow category. Discarded vacuutainer.

[00:07:37]Vacutainer beta it has to go to the red category. If the MCQ was saying that discarded vacuutainer which contains blood in case the vacutainer with blood in case the MCQ had said vacutainer with blood. Now if with blood then you go into the yellow category but if just vacuutainers it goes directly to the red category. So uh option D is the best one to mark in this question. Question eight. Which of the following is not a correct statement for biomedical waste disposal? So debur burial of placenta or human waste is done if the biomedical waste treatment is more than 75 km away.

[00:08:16]This is true. This is an provision which this is a provision which is given by government of India that in case the biomedical waste treatment is more than 75 km. Uh deep burial can be done for the human waste fetus or placenta or the deadborn thing but uh all the syringes plastic materials uh needles sharps everything has to go into the sharp pit.

[00:08:38]So option A is true. Option B segregation of the waste should be done at the site of waste treatment facility.

[00:08:45]This is a false answer. So this is a false answer. It should never be done at the site. Segregation of the waste should be done at the level of level of generation only. Wherever we generate waste there only you have to segregate.

[00:09:01]Gloves go into different category. Blood bag will go into different category.

[00:09:05]Cotton soiled with the blood will go into different category. So segregation is done at the level of generation of the waste and not done at the site of waste treatment facility. So option B is the false one. Option C, non-cllorinated bag should be used for both yellow and red. Yes, this is a true answer.

[00:09:24]Cardboard box can be used for blue category. Absolutely true answer.

[00:09:28]Cardboard boxes or PL plastic bins can be used for blue category. So A, C and D are true. Which is the correct one you would like to mark in your exam? That is option number B. Uh coming to question nine. Which of the following waste material can be discarded in yellow category? Again lot of questions on biomedical waste treatment. Which of the following waste material can be discarded in yellow category? Waste mercury from broken thermometers. X-ray films and CT scan. X-ray developer fluids. Gloves. Gloves soaked with blood and feces. So which one do you think will go into yellow category? Please note that gloves whatever gloves they may say gloves soaked with blood syphley's blood HIV blood feces urine whatever it goes it is always a red category please note gloves will always go into the red category uh many students just get confused unnecessary waste mercury beta waste mercury this is a hazardous chemical it is not under a biomedical waste treatment system of course lot of mercury is used in in the hospitals but mercury is not a part of the biomedical waste general mechanism. So it has to be collected very securely and it has to be returned back to the manufacturer and waste mercury is under hazardous chemicals. It is not under biomedical waste. So it does not go into any of the category. No yellow, blue, red and white. X-ray films and CT scan films again they are not a part of the general biomedical waste treatment because in general X-ray films and CT scans we don't consider them to be biomedical waste they will not have any infection or they are not soiled with blood or urine or feces something like that so X-ray films and CT scan films beta they contain silver and because this contains silver nitrate they there should be a mechanism because there is an economic value which is attached to the extra films and seedings CT scan films they are collected very securely and they are given a separate mechanism they are sent for recycling. So they are sent separately for recycling all the X-ray films and CD scan films from the radiology department. Please remember that X-ray films CT scan films they are not radiation waste. They don't uh they don't emit radioactive material but yes they do contain silver and because they contain silver there has to be uh extraction of the silver from the X-ray films and therefore they are sent to a separate mechanism. They don't go into the yellow blue red and white categories. X-ray developer fluid is of course your correct answer over here.

[00:12:04]X-ray developer fluid beta. It goes into the yellow category and of the biomedical waste treatment rules and it goes with the it is again going back to the manufacturer but it is under the yellow category. X-ray films are not given any category they are just simply collected and they are under a separate mechanism for recycling and for silver extraction. Question number 10. Which of the following microbiological test is considered as the best indicator for recent fecal contamination in drinking water? So recent fecal contamination recent contamination is best given by the fecal streptocoide test. Please remember that the total caulifform test this is the best indicator for general contamination of water. General fecal contamination of water it is the general biological indicator. It is the general biological indicator that is total caulifform test and the investigation which is used to do the total caulifform test that is the m uh uh mpn method that is most probable number method test. It is the most probable number method test.

[00:13:14]Caulifform perence beta. This is the investigation which is used for remote or a distant contamination.

[00:13:22]Distant contamination or remote contamination. Hetrophic plate cl count count is just to do the colony count and it is not used as a fecal contamination indicator. Question 11. Which of the following statement regarding who recommendation for the drinking water quality is incorrect? You have to find the false one. Turbidity should not exceed 5 NTU. Color is 15. Drinking water should ideally contain zero caulifform. Nitrate should be less than 100. So which of the following you think is the correct answer over here? Please remember that uh all the following are correct answers. The acceptable limit for nitrate concentration nitrates should be less than 50 mg per liter. So 50 mg per liter that is the acceptable concentration and therefore obviously option D is the correct answer. It's like a factual thing. You have to just remember that turbidity should be less than 5 NTU. Color should be less than 15 TCU.

[00:14:23]Many students do get confused that what is an ideal water. Ideal water is going to have less than one NTU and it will have less than 5 TCU. So this is the ideal uh recommendation but total it should never exceed more than this.

[00:14:39]These are two separate MCQs. Coming to question 12. A major earthquake disrupts the water supply in a densely populated city. What is a regular uh resal chlorine to be maintained after 1 hour of contact. So please remember for general drinking water for general drinking water it should always be less than it should not less than of course sorry wrong answer it should be more than 0.5 um ppm uh ppm or mg per liter uh with a contact minimum contact time of half an hour and in case of impending outbreak in case of impending outbreaks it should be more than 0.7 mg gram per liter. So obviously uh option D is the correct one. Best answer for you guys to mark in the exam. [snorts] [clears throat] Question 13. A sanitation officer plans to disinfect overhead water tank using high test hypogchloride. Which statement is correct? 7 uh.5 g tablet is sufficient to disinfect 20 L.

[00:15:45]So you have to find the true one. You have to find the correct answer. Okay.

[00:15:49]So you have to find the correct answer.

[00:15:51]It contains 60 to 70% available chlorine marketed as Nesps and Bcolene tablets no longer recommended. So please note that in case we are talking about general household chlorination household chlorination for household chlorination we have these tablets. These are called as halazone tablets. So halazone tablets they come in different sizes or numbers. Total dosage 4 migram tablets, we can have 8 mgram tablets, we can have 50 migram tablets and so on. So different uh total gramage milligram dose of the highest hypogchloride chlorine will be there.

[00:16:31]These are halazone tablets. So generally speaking halazone tablets beta generally speaking halazone tablet 4 mg halazone tablet. Please note 4 mg is good for one liter of water. So if 4 mg is good for one liter of water, this question is saying about 20 lit of water. So 4 mg is good for one liter. So how much will it come? It will come out to be 20 lit will come out to be 80 mg of halazone. So obviously.5 g is not correct. It is it should be 80 mg of halazone is enough. So high test hypocchloride or calcium hypocchloride it contains 60 to 70% free chlorine and nfels and bcoline tablets these are iodine based tablets and of course they are not used so.5 uh g tablet option A that is incorrect answer it contains 60 to 70% chlorine it is correct answer it is Nesfield and berscoline tablets this is wrong answer because these are iodine containing tablets and option D it is no longer recommended of Of course not. It is recommended. It is recommended. So, option D is the wrong answer. Of course, option B is the best answer for you guys to mark in the exam. Question 14. Which of the following statement regarding water hardness is incorrect? Beta. You have to find the incorrect one. Sodium carbonate removes both temporary and permanent hardness. Temporary hardness is caused by calcium magnesium sulfates.

[00:18:00]1 m equivalent is 50 mg of calcium carbonate. Moderate water hardness may have protective effect on the cardiovascular diseases. So if you talk about the hardness of water, if we talk about the hardness of water, there are two types of hardness. We can have temporary hardness or permanent hardness. Temporary hardness is because of calcium or magnesium bicarbonates.

[00:18:23]Okay. And the permanent hardness is because of calcium and magnesium sulfates or they can also be because of nitrates.

[00:18:32]Sulfates or nitrates. So calcium carbonate sodium carbonate can be used to uh remove both temporary and permanent. These are ion chilating agents. Yes, this is true. Temporary hardness is caused by calcium magnesium sulfates. This is a wrong answer. This is a false answer because sulfates is for permanent hardness they are caused by calcium magnesium bicarbonates.

[00:18:56]Uh temporary hardness is for bicarbonate. So option B is the false answer. Option C 1 mill equivalent is equal to 50 mg of calcium carbonate.

[00:19:04]This true moderate hardness yes because the salts are there and they may have some protective effect on the human body on the cardiovascular diseases. Yes, this is the correct answer. So obviously option B is the best one for you guys to mark. Temporary hardness please remember is by car biccarbonates whereas the permanent hardness is by sulfates and chlorides and nitrates and sodium carbonate can remove permanent hardness and 1 mil equivalent is equal to 50 mg of calcium carbonate. Last question which of the following is not used not used as an indicator of air pollution grit index soiling index air quality uh index and mardal index. Please note that air quality index, sulfur dioxide concentration which is the industrial air pollution, grit index is used for dust particles, soiling index is used for smoke in the air, all are used for air pollution. All are used for air pollution. On the other hand, mardal index that is unrelated to water qual uh air quality and it is used to it is used to find the air it is used to find the air comfort air comfort levels in terms of the corrected effective temperature. So they will talk about the mardal index and uh it it is for air comfort levels. So with that thank you so much for listening to this whole uh explanations for the MCQ discussions. Keep on revising and study hard. All the very best beta.