Introduction to Water Supply and its Importance to Protection

Ajouté : 2026-05-09

[00:00:00]Hello everyone. Uh welcome back to today's session. Myself Dr. G. Wanker Nandra Past at SR University in the department of civil engineering. Uh today I will discuss about the introduction to the water supply and its importance to production.

[00:00:19]So why this object is important? So why we need to study what is the role of environmental engineers.

[00:00:26]So means here we need to means uh supply safe drinking water to the community so that uh they means uh uh they won't get kind of diseases and uh next point will be the and develop skills to the design water and wastewater treatment systems then address the urban sanitation and fus management and ultimately we can control to the pollution and also uh it supports the sustainable development goals. uh United Nation proposed around 17 sustainable development goals uh in that uh sustainable development goal number six that is the clean water and sanitation and uh next one the prepare students for the different industries and government projects and studies that's why this subject is most important and also we need to provide the quality as well as the quantity to the uh community so why means pure water is required So absolute pure water is never found in the nature and which contains only two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen by volume. But the water found in the nature contains number of impurities in varying amounts. Generally what are the fresh water existed in the earth surface that will be there in the acryate. So generally a in the water exist in the aquifer it is due to the interaction between the water and rock surface uh in rock generally contains different minerals that also dissolve in the water. That's why if it is access the uh BH standard that will be contaminated so that's why number of impurities are there. So before taking uh uh for the drinking purpose we need to check the physical chemical biological characterization. After that only we can recommend to drink water. So what are the things not should be there for the drinking purpose. See, so water should be free from the welder. That is the most important. And it should be colorless and sparkling. And it should be order free and cool. And it should be free from objectional matters. Maybe in water contains maybe suspended solids, maybe paper, plastic, some kind of dust particles. It should be it should not be some kind of matrix, obstructional matrix. And it should not be corrod pipes. And finally, it should have dissolved oxygen. If dissol oxy is in there the mean those water considered as the fresh water.

[00:03:06]So what is the importance and necessity for the plant water supply? See here. So why means uh means planet water supply is required. Why it is necessity means we need to supply sustainable resource management ensues efficient use and equitable distribution of water resources across the regions. So first and foremost thing that we need to supply water to the all community in equal levels and also we need to supply sufficient quantity that is called a sustainable resource management and growing demand. So what is a growing demand? The population is increasing and as lifestyles are the changes. So due to these patterns what will happen the quantity of water is required per day is increasing.

[00:03:55]So that makes we need to go for the proper planning, proper distribution network then only we can supply water to the community in equal level equal pressure. Then next factor can influence it is the climate change impact. So we already discussed maybe due to the industrialization the carbon dioxide concentration on the earth it will be increased. If it is carbon dioxide increased the global warming will be happen. The global warming what is the meaning of global warming will be the uh temperature on the earth surface will increased. If temperature increases what will happen the whatever the water existed under the mean water surface get evaporated rots will be occurred then means in some regions ice caps get melted then floods will occur. This is the extreme cases will happen due to the climate change. Then health and sanitation. A plant system ensures clean safe drinking water reduce the waterborn disease and ultimately we can improve the public health. See this is the important. So if you are providing a clean water this good quality sanitation. So what will happen ultimately reduce the waterborn diseases. So means as we know 90%age of diseases come from the water contaminations. If you're proving the quality water then improve of health also will be increased then environmental protection. If you are not means uh not polluting the water uh means you are adopting some kind of sustainable principles and uh you can means adopt some conservation of water resource maybe rainwater harvesting kind of things and during the irrigation process during the watering period in the field areas if you adop efficient uh means watering uh applications like drip irrigation or means sprinkler irrigation you can reduce the amount of water used in the field areas.

[00:05:56]So what is the objectives of community water supply? What are the main objectives? First objective are means to provide the quality that is a wholesome water to the consumer for the drinking purpose to supply adequate quantity to meet at least minimum needs of individuals. Here means the cost of all quality should be there. Then as well as next the quantity also needs to be maintained minimum. So quality plus quantity is required that is the foremost thing. Then next one would to make adequate provisions for the all emergencies like firefighting festivals meeting. Maybe means other than drinking purpose there will be several factors it can influence it. Maybe firefight during the fire it's required large amount of water is required and maybe festival time also means consumption of water will be very high. So and meetings extra some other maybe water may be lost some of the some quantity of water may be lost depth also will be happen. So for that we need to provide some extra. So to make provision for the future demand to the increase population increasing the standard of living living the storage and convenience. See here means before distri before construction distribution network we need to think about the future population the population forecasting is required. So maybe population quotation is required and as well as the standards of living also will be increases. So what kind is standard living maybe means 10 years back nobody is in the washing washing machines. Nowadays everyone is in the washing machine. If you are using the washing machine means it consumes a lot amount of water. So that will be converted the waste water that means that will always convert the convert as the mincible waste water only. So if you are using the hand then the quantity of water is required to wash the clothes will be very less compared to the washing machine. So the standards or comforts are increasing the waste wash generation also will be increased and last option will be the two design and maintain system that will be economical and reliable. These are the objectives of community water supply system. So what is the status of productive water supplies in India? So we need to protect we need to provide the quality quantity and also means we need to see the some of the factors that that's why we need to provide some extra amount all those things we discussed means right now what means um how much uh protected water existed on the 8th. See here covers around 90% of rural and 99%age of urban areas in India have access to the protect water supply. Still that means we are facing some of the problems those challenges. Uh see first one unequal distribution. See disparities in water supply between the rural and urban areas. So and also there will be due to the elevation means uh means maybe the lake or pond maybe reservoir it is the lowest level uh lowest level uh means some houses are there higher elevation level if you are supplying from the river to the means community what will happen due to the means means height of or maybe it is low to high it is not possible to send water to the community area that's why pressure will be varied and also from rural to urban also the water quantity will be varied. In urban areas the quantity of water is required more compared to the rural areas. Then coming to the contaminations.

[00:09:54]So here means uh many sources face contaminations. Maybe lakes, rivers, even acquire also faces the contaminations. Why it means we are using nowadays more chemicals. Maybe in agriculture fields also we are using the means synthetic fertilizers and also means sea waste that is the waste water is coming from our bathrooms kitchen those are meeting uh those are means disposed and the water bodies and coming of waste water from the industries those are the mixing with the lakes rivers those are the fresh bodies that those also will be contaminated that is one of the challenge then uh infraracture issues so here inadequate maintenance underdeveloped distribution networks in the remote regions. So in remote regions so there will be no distribution network. So uh in the in that situation means supplying water to the communities uh difficult. So for the for the uh means this kind of challenges uh government of India is proposed some kind of missions. First one is the national rural drinking water program aim is to provide safe drinking water in rural area. This mission is especially for the rural area. Then J1 mission aiming to provide functional household tab collections to every rural home by 2024. By 2024 every house uh have installed in try to in set up install a tap.

[00:11:32]So what will be the water quality? So over 60% of groundwater sources in India are contaminated. So there will be several research articles published the groundwater quality is degraded or deteriorated day to day because of this mean we discussed what will be the sources of contaminations or means maybe in due to the increase of solid waste the means what are the waste generated from the cities we are means throwing on the outskirts of the city that name is means we call as landfields because of There is land feeds what are the leech is generated during the degraded process it will be contam the surface soil and ground water.

[00:12:18]So maybe in air means in means different industries also is polluting the water maybe domestic waste waste water also is polluting the water maybe different sources means contaminate the surface as well as the groundwater. So generally this groundwater is contaminated with the the fluorides, arsenic and nitrates.

[00:12:42]What will be the mean future goals will be the so to improve the mean water quality and reliable delivery that is foremost then promoting the means rainwater harvesting and wastewater treatment. So uh due to the increased demands the waste water means uh uh quantity also will be increased. So uh we need to apply the sustainability concept here reduce use recycle. So if we means first option will be that try to reduce the usage of water if it is not required. So if we still it is required we need to try to use reuse again. If it is not feasible or not means suitable the water for the means reuse then we need to go for the recycle that is called as waste water treatment.

[00:13:35]Generally means before going for the treatment we need to see the what kind of means characterization of waste water is coming from the particular uh uh means sector maybe industry one sector domestic is another sector institution different like this way there will be different sectors first of all if you want to treat means waste water so waste water is coming suppose waste water is coming from the domestic generally domestic waste water contain what kind of character ization here. Maybe paper may be there, plastic may be there, some kind of stones, uh some kind of inorganic materials, maybe BOD, some kind of oil, it is there. This is the means gender typical uh wastewater characterization of from the domestic waste water. See here means how to treat. So I means um I will tell you the typical wastewater treatment plan could be. First will the screening. Here is the screening means what are the large objects that will be stopped here. Then remaining what will be sent to the next unit that is a grid chamber here maybe inner mater particles maybe some kind of touch particle it will be stopped here and it will be settled at the bottom of the tank. Next feed water will be sent to the uh next chamber that is a skimming tank. Here whatever the oil grease it will be there it will be stopped and it will be formed layer at the top of this surface water.

[00:15:02]So we we can remove easily. Then next s the primary clarifier here what are the suspended solids remaining suspended solids then some portion of also will be removed. Here what we have to do means here we need to provide the some kind of detection time means whatever the water is coming to the reactor we need to wait for some particular amount of time maybe 15 to 20 hours so that whatever the impurities what are the B it is there it is try to remove from this reactors next will be the some kind of secondary treatment here we need to provide the aation so and also bacteria will be there bacteria is try to degrade the bod in this process It will be settled and then some portion of the B will be sent to the aeration tank to maintain the microbes and the organic matter. This way the waste water will be treated and also this is the waste water means we need to store water. So how to store water during the rainy period? So we can uh give P. So that is called as rain water harvesting. So that means this is the one of the efficient way to store the water and also uh we can adopt some kind of uh wetland techniques. So means why it is helpful means wetland will be uh restrict the flow of water. So whatever the contaminants present in the water it can uptake by plants and remaining water get filtered and it will be reached the acify here means what will happen water won't flow on the surface it will be stopped it will try to infiltrate on the acryify so what are the sources means we discuss the production means and quantity quality means what are the sources existed so we know mean two major sources subsurface uh uh sources and uh surface sources. Here surface sources means rivers, legs, rivers, impound reservoirs, legs.

[00:17:05]Subsurface means here infiltration galleries, infiltration where springs. Here springs will be divided into three types. Gravity springs and surface springs and artician springs. Gravity swings when the surface of earth drops sharply water brain stratum is exposed to atmosphere and gravity springs are formed. Next one this is formed when imperous strata which is supporting the groundwater reservoir becomes out the crops. Then artician cross spring means when the ground water rises through the fish means here means crack of the any rock if the water gets out that is called artician spring.

[00:17:46]So next one is the water quantity estimation. How we can estimate the quantity for suppose in a city in Warangal city the population will be around 7 lakh and then per capita demand will be around 130 liter per head per per day means how to estimate the warangal city water means water uh quantity so quantity for a warangal city equal to mean we discussed already population 7 lakh is multiply with the per capita is 130 liter per head per day.

[00:18:22]So what are the intakes for the collecting of surface water? The main function of the intakes box is to collect water from the surface source and then discharge water. So collected by means of palms are directly to the treatment unit. So the main function of intakes is to provide highest quality of water from the source. That is a thing.

[00:18:45]So I will show you the mean different types of intake structure. There will be different names. Submerged intake, exposed intake, wet intake, dry intake, lake, reservoir, river, canal. See is the submerged intake. What are the structure? This is the uh structure. It will be a kind of submerged in the water. That is called a submerged intake.

[00:19:12]So the water means taking from here then it will be sent to the treatment unit.

[00:19:20]Then this is the exposed intake structure. We seen several uh means uh uh several means pictures we seen in the besides lakes and rivers. It is in the form of well or tower constructed near the bank of river or in some cases even away from the river banks. This is called as exposed intake structures.

[00:19:44]Then wet intake structures. It is typically intake tower in which water level is practically same as the level of sources of water supply. See here water level will be here. Then intake also means we are taking water from here also that is called as wet intake structure. Dry intake structure. In case of dry intake there is no water in the water tower. Water enters through entry port directly into the conveying pipes.

[00:20:11]It is usually for operation of forms.

[00:20:16]So water demand by sector wise. So water demands refers to the quantity of water required to meet needs of various sectors. Maybe domestics required, agriculture, industrial sectors, maybe some kind of institutional or uh kind of public uh public areas required water.

[00:20:36]So this is the agriculture, industrial, domestic, environmental.

[00:20:41]So this is the demands we discussed maybe domestic, industrial, institutional demand for public use, fire demand, losses and kind of tabs also will happen. Then coming to the domestic water demand for the means see the calculations how much quantity of water is required per head for the domestic purpose. year. Drinking five liters, then cooking five, bathing 55, washing of clothes 20, washing of is 10, washing of clothes, cleaning of houses, residences 10, flushing of water closets is 30. So all together 135 lit required and and an average for the Indian people. So coming to the industrial water demand here based on the means name of the industry and based of the production the quantity of water also will be increased. See here in automobile industry the for for designing or for making of one vehicle it's required 40 kil. So in petilages also to make of one ton of petilages is required 80 to 200 kil. Like this way textile also one ton is required 80 to 140. For distillery alcohol preparation for 1 kilo liter of alcohol it's required 120 to 170 kilo lit of water is required. This is the means based on the industry the means quantity of water also will be varied for domestic purpose is and an average 135 lit per day. For coming to the commercial water demand here may be in commercial it may come offices, schools, hosts, hotels, hospitals, cinema the water quantity per head it will be varied here from offices around 45 means coming to the cinema is very less as means 15 lit per head per day as hospital is required more water here 450 L per head per day. So here also apart from drinking purpose we calculated industries also we know we means we estimated we understood what means how much quantity of water is required and commercial also schools colleges hospital means public guidance request some of quantity of water those things also we discussed now here means in particular incidents maybe fire accidents it's required at a time large quantity of water is required so for the calcul ation of this fire demand how much quantity is required the three empirical equations are there here means American incidence association then equaling formula free man's formula here equations are empirical means that means what are the units existed for particular parameter will be fixed here Q always should be in the data part means and one known one unknown parameter that will be the population P always should be in the thousand. If population will be given as one lakh then P value should be 100. If it is given population as the five lakhs then P value should be the 500. Then mean after calculation the from the equation what are the keys getting that value should be always liter.

[00:23:59]So water quantity by sector wise. So in previously we discussed further means different different sectors but here al together means what is the domestic water it is required 65 to 300 industrial and commercial demand it is required 45 to 450 public usages maybe including fire demand water loss so together 20 to 90 losses and waste it will be around 45 to 150.

[00:24:27]So here we need to calculate the fire demand.

[00:24:34]How to calculate the fire demand is the population is given as a two lakh.

[00:24:42]See here read the question example 1.1.

[00:24:47]Compute the fire demand for a city of two lakh population by any two for laws by any two for including the national of fire under rights. See it this is the essential to the essential to calculate the fire demand.

[00:25:07]So Q = 4 637 P * 1 - 0.0 01 roo<unk> B equal to so here the population in the question is given as 2 lakh then B should should substitute as 200 so 4637 200 * with 1 - 0.01 01 square 200 here whatever the calculated value should be around 56,3 08 liter per minute. So here we need to convert liter per minutes to the uh million lit per day.

[00:25:54]How to convert? So here liter liter means so 1 million liter will be equal to 10^ 6. So the 10^ 6 it will be comes in the bottom 10^ 6 and the minutes we need to convert in the days. So here it will comes to the nu numerator. So here we need to multiply the uh 60 minutes mean 60 is uh 60 hours then 24.

[00:26:29]So 24 hours and 60 minutes. So we need to multiply with the 60 and 24 divided by 10^ 6 it will give the MLDD. It is calculated ML will be 81.08 MLDD.

[00:26:47]Next we are using the formula's formula. Here the Q value will be 3182 square<unk> P. So here 3182 square root of 200. Why 200 means already explained the population given in the question will be the two lakh.

[00:27:07]Then whatever the answer we are getting is the liter per minute. The final the Q value will be 45,000.27 27 liter per minute. Here also we need to multiply with the 60 and 24 divided by 10^ 6 that will gives the MLDD 64.8 MLDD.

[00:27:32]Now uh tell me what are the points we discussed here. The first thing will be the Y means what are the roles of environmental engineers.

[00:27:45]So what are the roles of environmental injury to protect the public health. So in that we need to supply the quality water as well as the quantity is must required and what are the means objectionable matter is there we need to remove it and also means means what are the sources existed means we discuss surface sources means subsurface sources and uh it's kind of what are the surface sources legs rivers, ponds, dams, these are the kind of surface sources means subsurface means here maybe uh means acifiers or maybe springs. So means uh these are the sources but how we can take water?

[00:28:37]Before taking the water we need to analyze the water means in terms of physical characterization, chemical characterization, biological characterization. If you know this characterization then only we need to put a proper treatment unit so that uh the water uh means free of contaminates those water we can supply to the community uh community then means so means and also we need to estimate them means before uh designing a distribution networks we need to design a distribution. For that we need to forecast the population and also uh standards of living is increased means the quantity also needs to be increased. uh for that situation we need to forecast the population and after means means forecasting the population we need to multiply with the per capita water demand and after calculated value we need to multiply some of the factors so that it will be included the t some kind of losses and they will be included. So uh these are the things and means this uh uh slide we discussed about the fire demand how to calculate what are the equations are there all are empirical equations what are the units there for particular parameter it will be fixed when you are calculating the Q value will be always liter per minute when you are substituting the P value that should be always in thousands for suppose a population in a city is given as five lakhs then p value should be 500. If it is given 10 lakhs the p value should be 100 uh not 100 it is 1,000 like this way we need to substitute the values and the final Q value should be comes at the liter per minute and after that it is coming as 80,000 or 45,000 or 50,000 per liter it is very difficult to means uh means uh pronounce ing maybe telling this many liters is not a good idea. So that's why we are converting this lit to the MLB. So here means using two formulas we calculate the fire demand.

[00:31:11]One will be the 81 MLDD is coming that is the using of national board of fire under writers. Then the next questioning formula used here is getting around 64.8 MLDD.

[00:31:24]So thank you very much. Uh uh next section we will discuss about the how to forecast the population.