Why Saudi Arabia Stopped Pricing Oil in Dollars: The Document Wall Street Hoped You'd Miss

追加: 2026-05-27

[00:00:00]There's a document, quiet, technical, buried in the bureaucratic language of international finance that Wall Street analysts read in June 2024 and then almost immediately hoped you would never find. Not because it was classified, not because it was leaked, but because what it revealed, if understood clearly by ordinary people, would force an uncomfortable conversation about a system that has quietly shaped the price of everything you buy, the strength of every dollar in your wallet, and the foreign policy decisions of every American president for the last 50 years. What that document revealed through what it did not say, through what was conspicuously absent from its renewal, was that Saudi Arabia had quietly, deliberately, and without a single press conference walked away from the arrangement that made the United States dollar the most powerful currency on earth. And almost nobody talked about it, not in the way it deserved, not in plain language, not with the weight it carries. So today that changes because this story, the story of how the petro dollar was born, how it worked, what it bought America, and why Saudi Arabia has now chosen to let it die, uh, is not just a story about finance. It is a story about power, about the invisible architecture that determines which countries can print money and which countries go bankrupt. About a 50-year deal struck in the shadows between a secretary of state and a king. and about what happens to the world when that deal quietly expires. And nobody on Wall Street wants to explain why. Let's start at the beginning. And the beginning is a crisis. The year is 1971. Richard Nixon is sitting in the Oval Office staring at a problem that has been building for years and has finally become impossible to ignore. The United States since the end of World War II had operated under a system. Henry Kissinger, Nixon's Secretary of State, one of the most strategically calculating minds in American diplomatic history, looked at this crisis and saw not just a problem, but an opportunity. If America could strike a deal with Saudi Arabia, OPEC's most powerful member, the country that controlled the largest oil reserves on Earth. It could solve the dollar problem, the oil problem, and the geopolitical problem all at once. And so in 1974, Kissinger got on a plane. He flew to Riyad and he made a deal that would remain secret for over four decades. The details only fully emerging in 2016 when declassified documents became public. The deal was in its bones elegantly simple. The United States would provide Saudi Arabia with military protection, weapons, training, security guarantees, a promise that American military power would stand between the Saudi royal family and any external threat. In return, Saudi Arabia would do two things. First, it would price all of its oil exports exclusively in US dollars. Not British pounds, not German marks, not gold, dollars, only dollars.

[00:02:38]And second, Saudi Arabia would take the billions of dollars it earned from those oil sales, the petro dollars, and recycle them back into the American financial system, into US treasury bonds, into American military equipment purchases, into Wall Street. The strategic genius of this arrangement is difficult to overstate. Think about what it actually created. Every country on earth needs energy. Every country needs oil. So every country that needed to buy Saudi oil. And because Saudi Arabia had so much of it and was OPEC's swing producer, almost every country on Earth was in that category. Now needed US dollars to complete the transaction. You couldn't buy Saudi oil and yen. You couldn't buy it in rubles. You couldn't buy it in franks. You needed dollars.

[00:03:18]Which meant every government, every central bank, every finance ministry on the planet had to hold dollar reserves.

[00:03:24]Not because they particularly wanted to, but because the alternative was not being able to buy energy. And any nation that can't buy energy can't run factories, can't heat homes, can't fuel its military. Oil equals survival, and survival now required dollars. This created something that French Finance Minister Valerie Jiscar Deang famously described as America's exorbitant privilege. The United States could run trade deficits that would bankrupt any other country because the world needed its currency regardless. The United States could borrow at lower interest rates than anyone else because Treasury bonds were in permanent global demand.

[00:03:59]The United States could impose economic sanctions on countries around the world with devastating effectiveness because cutting a country off from dollar access meant cutting it off from the international financial system entirely.

[00:04:10]And the United States could print money to finance its own spending in ways that no other country could without triggering hyperinflation because the global demand for dollars absorbed the excess supply. By 1975, every single OPEC member, not just Saudi Arabia, was pricing its oil in US dollars. The petro dollar system had become the operating system of the global economy, and it ran largely without interruption or serious challenge for 50 years. Now, here is the part that Wall Street doesn't want to explain. This arrangement was never a formal treaty in the legal sense. It was never ratified by Congress. It was never a publicly debated policy. It was a set of diplomatic understandings, a web of mutual interests, as one legal analysis described it, that operated in the background of the global financial system like plumbing. Invisible, taken for granted, and absolutely essential.

[00:04:56]The closest thing to a formal structure was the joint commission on economic cooperation established in 1974, which created the framework for US Saudi military and economic collaboration. But the core understanding price oil and dollars recycle dollars into US assets was never written down in a single document that could be publicly audited or debated, which also meant it was never formally renewed. It didn't need to be. It was a practice, a convention, a 50-year habit that had become the default setting of global trade. And it was that default setting that Saudi Arabia quietly deliberately began to change. The signals were there for years before the moment of decision, if you knew where to look. China's rise as a global economic superpower meant that by the early 2020s, China had overtaken the United States and Europe as the primary destination for Saudi oil. Think about that shift. In 2000, the majority of Saudi oil was flowing west to America, to Europe. By the mid 2020s, the bulk of it was flowing east to China, to India.

[00:05:54]When your biggest customer is no longer American, when the country buying most of your oil is paying you in a currency that to use it, you then have to convert into dollars and run through Wall Street. You start asking questions. You start wondering whether the arrangement still makes sense for you. And China was asking Saudi Arabia very good questions.

[00:06:11]In October 2023, China made a landmark transaction. It bought oil through the Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange using its digital UN, the ECNY, becoming the first nation to use a central bank digital currency to purchase crude oil internationally. $90 million of oil settled in digital yuan, small, symbolically enormous. China was demonstrating that the technical infrastructure to bypass the dollar existed, worked, and was ready to scale.

[00:06:38]Then in June 2024, Saudi Arabia joined Mbridge as a full member. You need to understand what Embridge is because this is the document Wall Street hoped you'd miss. Embridge is a crossber payment platform built on distributed ledger technology over blockchain backed by the central banks of China, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Hong Kong. Its purpose is to enable instant lowcost crossber payments between central banks and commercial banks, settling transactions directly in their own currencies without needing to route through the US dollar or the Swift network. By doing so, it potentially breaks two of the most powerful instruments of American financial dominance, the dollar's role as the universal intermediary in international trade and Swift's monopoly on crossber payment messaging, the same Swift network that America has used to impose sanctions on Russia, Iran, and other countries. By late 2025, the Mbridge platform had processed over $55 billion in equivalent transactions with a digital yuan accounting for 95% of the volume. That is not a pilot program anymore. That is operational infrastructure at scale processing real money for real governments in real transactions. Saudi Arabia's central bank, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority is a core participant. And when Saudi Arabia uses Mbridge to sell oil to China, it is settling that transaction in Chinese UN, not US dollars. And then there is the number that makes all of this concrete. Saudi Arabia now settles 45% of all its crude oil sales to China in Chinese UN. 45%.

[00:08:06]Less than two years after the petrod dollar arrangement, the convention that said all Saudi oil goes in dollars, always no exceptions, was not renewed.

[00:08:15]Nearly half of Saudi Arabia's biggest trade relationship is already operating outside that convention. That is not a marginal shift. That is a structural realignment happening in real time. So, how did we get from the convention to the expiration? In June 2024, the informal 50-year commitment lapsed.

[00:08:31]Saudi Arabia made no announcement. There was no press conference, no speech from the crown prince, no formal declaration of independence from the dollar. That silence was itself a message. The kingdom simply did not reaffirm its exclusive commitment to dollar pricing.

[00:08:45]As one financial analyst noted in the weeks after, the Saudis didn't end the petro dollar with a bang. They ended it with a silence. And in that silence, several things had already been set in motion. Saudi Arabia had signed a $7 billion currency swap agreement with China in 2023. An arrangement that allows the two countries to trade in their own currencies without converting to dollars first. Saudi Arabia had joined BRICS, the block of emerging economies that includes China, Russia, India, Brazil, and now over a dozen others, making Riyad a member of a coalition that collectively represents 37% of global GDP and has been explicitly building financial infrastructure to reduce dollar dependence. Saudi Arabia had opened a branch of the Bank of China in Riyad.

[00:09:27]And Saudi Aramco, the world's most valuable oil company, had been quietly conducting discussions with Chinese counterparts about the practicalities of yuan denominated oil contracts that didn't require a dollar conversion at any stage. The IMF's own data tells the broader story. The dollar's share of global foreign exchange reserves has fallen from 71% in 1999 to approximately 57% today. Its lowest level since the mid 1990s. The global USD share of reserve currencies has been falling at nearly 1 percentage point per year from a peak of 85% in 1976, the year the petro dollar system was fully operational to 57% today. That is a generational erosion. And it has accelerated since 2021. According to the IMF's own Kofheer data, the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves, the precise data set that tracks which currencies the world's central banks actually hold. Central banks haven't been replacing dollars with euros or yen or pounds. They've been replacing dollars with two things.

[00:10:26]Gold and non-traditional currencies like the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, the Chinese renby. Net central bank gold purchases reached 863 tons in 2025 alone with unreported buying particularly from China which stopped publicly disclosing its gold purchases in May 2024 likely pushing the real figure above 1000 tons. Gold's share of global reserves has risen from 13% in 2017 to approximately 30% in 2025.

[00:10:54]Countries are not diversifying into another dominant currency. They are diversifying into assets that no government can sanction, freeze, or devalue by printing more of them. That is a verdict on the weaponization of dollar reserves. The use of America's control over the dollar system as a geopolitical tool as much as it is a verdict on any specific alternative.

[00:11:13]Price oil and dollars, recycle dollars into US assets, was never written down in a single document that could be publicly audited or debated, which also meant it was never formally renewed. It didn't need to be. It was a practice, a convention, a 50-year habit that had become the default setting of global trade. And it was that default setting that Saudi Arabia quietly deliberately began to change. The signals were there for years before the moment of decision if you knew where to look. China's rise as a global economic superpower meant that by the early 2020s, China had overtaken the United States and Europe as the primary destination for Saudi oil. Think about that shift. In 2000, the majority of Saudi oil was flowing west to America, to Europe. By the mid2020s, the bulk of it was flowing east to China, to India. When your biggest customer is no longer American, when the country buying most of your oil is paying you in a currency that to use it, you then have to convert into dollars and run through Wall Street. You start asking questions. You start wondering whether the arrangement still makes sense for you. And China was asking Saudi Arabia very good questions.

[00:12:16]In October 2023, China made a landmark transaction. It bought oil through the Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange using its digital UN, the ECNY, becoming the first nation to use a central bank digital currency to purchase crude oil internationally. $90 million of oil settled in digital yuan, small, symbolically enormous. China was demonstrating that the technical infrastructure to bypass the dollar existed, worked, and was ready to scale.

[00:12:43]Then in June 2024, Saudi Arabia joined Mbridge as a full member. You need to understand what Mbridge is because this is the document Wall Street hoped you'd miss. Embridge is a crossber payment platform built on distributed ledger technology over blockchain backed by the central banks of China, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Hong Kong. Its purpose is to enable instant low-cost crossber payments between central banks and commercial banks, settling transactions directly in their own currencies without needing to route through the US dollar or the swift network. By doing so, it potentially breaks two of the most powerful instruments of American financial dominance, the dollar's role as the universal intermediary in international trade and Swift's monopoly on crossber payment messaging. The same swift network that America has used to impose sanctions on Russia, Iran, and other countries. branch of the Bank of China in Riyad and Saudi Aramco, the world's most valuable oil company, had been quietly conducting discussions with Chinese counterparts about the practicalities of yuan denominated oil contracts that didn't require a dollar conversion at any stage. The IMF's own data tells the broader story. The dollar's share of global foreign exchange reserves has fallen from 71% in 1999 to approximately 57% today, its lowest level since the mid 1990s. The global USD share of reserve currencies has been falling at nearly 1 percentage point per year from a peak of 85% in 1976, the year the petro dollar system was fully operational to 57% today. That is a generational erosion and it has accelerated since 2021. According to the IMF's own Kofheer data, the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves, the precise data set that tracks which currencies the world's central banks actually hold. Central banks haven't been replacing dollars with euros or yen or pounds. They've been replacing dollars with two things.

[00:14:33]Gold and nontraditional currencies like the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, the Chinese ren minim. Net central bank gold purchases reached 863 tons in 2025 alone with unreported buying particularly from China which stopped publicly disclosing its gold purchases in May 2024 likely pushing the real figure above 1000 tons. Gold's share of global reserves has risen from 13% in 2017 to approximately 30% in 2025. Countries are not diversifying into another dominant currency. They are diversifying into assets that no government can sanction, freeze, or devalue by printing more of them. That is a verdict on the weaponization of dollar reserves. The use of America's control over the dollar system as a geopolitical tool as much as it is a verdict on any specific alternative.

[00:15:20]There's a document, quiet, technical, buried in the bureaucratic language of international finance that Wall Street analysts read in June 2024 and then almost immediately hoped you would never find. Not because it was classified, not because it was leaked, but because what it revealed, if understood clearly by ordinary people, would force an uncomfortable conversation about a system that has quietly shaped the price of everything you buy, the strength of every dollar in your wallet, and the foreign policy decisions of every American president for the last 50 years. What that document revealed through what it did not say, through what was conspicuously absent from its renewal, was that Saudi Arabia had quietly, deliberately, and without a single press conference walked away from the arrangement that made the United States dollar the most powerful currency on earth. And almost nobody talked about it, not in the way it deserved, not in plain language, not with the weight it carries. So today that changes because this story, the story of how the petro dollar was born, how it worked, what it bought America, and why Saudi Arabia has now chosen to let it die, uh, is not just a story about finance. It is a story about power, about the invisible architecture that determines which countries can print money and which countries go bankrupt. About a 50-year deal struck in the shadows between a secretary of state and a king. and about what happens to the world when that deal quietly expires. And nobody on Wall Street wants to explain why. Let's start at the beginning. And the beginning is a crisis. The year is 1971. Richard Nixon is sitting in the Oval Office staring at a problem that has been building for years and has finally become impossible to ignore. The United States since the end of World War II had operated under a system called Breton Woods. Under Brettton Woods, the US dollar was pegged to gold, specifically money to finance its own spending in ways that no other country could without triggering hyperinflation because the global demand for dollars absorbed the excess supply.

[00:17:10]By 1975, every single OPEC member, not just Saudi Arabia, was pricing its oil in US dollars. The petro dollar system had become the operating system of the global economy, and it ran largely without interruption or serious challenge for 50 years. Now, here is the part that Wall Street doesn't want to explain. This arrangement was never a formal treaty in the legal sense. It was never ratified by Congress. It was never a publicly debated policy. It was a set of diplomatic understandings, a web of mutual interests, as one legal analysis described it, that operated in the background of the global financial system like plumbing, invisible, taken for granted and absolutely essential.

[00:17:47]The closest thing to a formal structure was the joint commission on economic cooperation established in 1974 which created the framework for US Saudi military and economic collaboration. But the core understanding price oil and dollars recycle dollars into US assets was never written down in a single document that could be publicly audited or debated which also meant it was never formally renewed. It didn't need to be.

[00:18:10]It was a practice, a convention, a 50-year habit that had become the default setting of global trade. And it was that default setting that Saudi Arabia quietly deliberately began to change. The signals were there for years before the moment of decision if you knew where to look. China's rise as a global economic superpower meant that by the early 2020s, China had overtaken the United States and Europe is the primary destination for Saudi oil. Think about that shift. In 2000, the majority of Saudi oil was flowing west to America to Europe. By the mid 2020s, the bulk of it was flowing east to China, to India.

[00:18:45]When your biggest customer is no longer American, when the country buying most of your oil is paying you in a currency that to use it, you then have to convert into dollars and run through Wall Street. You start asking questions. You start wondering whether the arrangement still makes sense for you. And China was asking Saudi Arabia very good questions.

[00:19:02]In October 2023, China made a landmark transaction. It bought oil through the Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange using its digital UN, the ECNY, becoming the first nation to use a central bank digital currency to purchase crude oil internationally. $90 million of oil settled in digital yuan, small, symbolically enormous. China was demonstrating that the technical infrastructure to bypass the dollar existed, worked, and was ready to scale.

[00:19:29]Then in June 2024, Saudi Arabia joined Mbridge as a full member. You need to understand what Embridge is because this is the document Wall Street hoped you'd miss. Embridge is a crossber payment platform built on distributed ledger technology over blockchain backed by the central banks of China, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Hong Kong. Its purpose is to enable instant lowcost crossber payments between central banks and commercial banks settling transactions directly in their own currencies without needing to route through the US dollar or the swift network. By doing so, it potentially breaks two of the most powerful instruments of American financial dominance, the dollar's role as the universal intermediary in international trade, and Swift's monopoly on crossber payment messaging. The same swift network that America has used to impose sanctions on Russia, Iran, and other countries. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the missile divisions, the drone squadrons began firing. They hit Israeli cities. They hit US military bases across the Gulf. They hit Gulf Arab states that had quietly allowed American forces to operate from their soil. Bahrain, Qatar, UAE bases felt the shock wave. The entire Persian Gulf, which had spent years building itself into a global hub of finance, luxury, and trade, suddenly looked like a war zone. And then Iran did something that changed the calculus for the entire world. They shut the straight of Hormuz.

[00:20:49]You need to understand what that means.

[00:20:51]The straight of Hormuz is a choke point 21 miles at its narrowest between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Omen.

[00:20:57]Through that strip of water passes roughly 20% of the world's entire oil supply. Every single day before this crisis, about 17 million barrels of oil and massive quantities of liqufied natural gas were flowing through that straight to Japan, South Korea, India, China, Europe, and beyond. When Iran shut it down, they didn't just cut off oil. They pulled a trigger on the global economy. Oil prices didn't just rise, they exploded. Inflation, which had been stubbornly high across the Western world, accelerated into territory that economists were comparing to the 1970s energy crisis. The kind of crisis that toppled governments and reshaped global power and end the petro dollar with a bang. They ended it with a silence. And in that silence, several things had already been set in motion. Saudi Arabia had signed a $7 billion currency swap agreement with China in 2023. An arrangement that allows the two countries to trade in their own currencies without converting to dollars first. Saudi Arabia had joined BRICS, the block of emerging economies that includes China, Russia, India, Brazil, and now over a dozen others, making Riyad a member of a coalition that collectively represents 37% of global GDP and has been explicitly building financial infrastructure to reduce dollar dependence. Saudi Arabia had opened a branch of the Bank of China in Riyad. And Saudi Aramco, the world's most valuable oil company, had been quietly conducting discussions with Chinese counterparts about the practicalities of yuan denominated oil contracts that didn't require a dollar conversion at any stage. The IMF's own data tells the broader story. The dollar's share of global foreign exchange reserves has fallen from 71% in 1999 to approximately 57% today, its lowest level since the mid 1990s. The global USD share of reserve currencies has been falling at nearly 1 percentage point per year from a peak of 85% in 1976, the year the petro dollar system was fully operational to 57% today. That is a generational erosion and it has accelerated since 2021 according to the IMF's own Kofheer data, the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves, the precise data set that tracks which currencies the world's central banks actually hold. Central banks haven't been replacing dollars with euros or yen or pounds. They've been replacing dollars with two things.

[00:23:11]Gold and nontraditional currencies like the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, the Chinese ren minimal bank gold purchases reached 863 tons in 2025 alone with unreported buying particularly from China which stopped publicly disclosing its gold purchases in May 2024 likely pushing the real figure above 1000 tons. Gold's share of global reserves has risen from 13% in 2017 to approximately 30% in 2025.

[00:23:39]Countries are not diversifying into another dominant currency. They are diversifying into assets that no government can sanction, freeze, or devalue by printing more of them. That is a verdict on the weaponization of dollar reserves. the use of America's control over the dollar system as a geopolitical tool as much as it is a verdict on any specific alternative media and said something that sent shock waves through every energy market, every trading floor and every government intelligence agency on the planet. He said a deal with Iran, a deal to end the war, a deal to reopen the straight of Hormas has been quote largely negotiated and that the final details will be announced shortly. Now, here's where it gets complicated. Here's where the suspense doesn't end. It deepens.

[00:24:21]Because Iran came out within hours and said Trump's announcement is quote incomplete and inconsistent with reality. The straight of Hormuz Iran says will remain under Iranian management. The deal isn't done. The war isn't over and the world is still holding its breath. So what is actually happening? Who is telling the truth?

[00:24:40]What does this deal actually say? Who are the real power brokers behind the scenes making this happen? And most importantly, what happens if it falls apart? Let's go through every single piece of this from the very beginning.

[00:24:52]Because to understand where we are today, you have to understand how we got here. China was demonstrating that the technical infrastructure to bypass the dollar existed, worked, and was ready to scale. Then in June 2024, Saudi Arabia joined Mbridge as a full member. You need to understand what Mbridge is because this is the document Wall Street hoped you'd miss. And bridge is a crossber payment platform built on distributed ledger technology over blockchain backed by the central banks of China, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Hong Kong. Its purpose is to enable instant lowcost crossber payments between central banks and commercial banks settling transactions directly in their own currencies without needing to route through the US dollar or the Swift network. By doing so, it potentially breaks two of the most powerful instruments of American financial dominance. the dollar's role as the universal intermediary in international trade and Swift's monopoly on crossber payment messaging. The same swift network that America has used to impose sanctions on Russia, Iran, and other countries. Right now, as you watch this, the world's most critical oil artery, a narrow strip of water just 21 miles wide, is sitting on the edge of either the greatest diplomatic breakthrough in decades or the most catastrophic energy collapse the modern world has ever seen. And the next 48 hours may decide which one it's going to be. Something happened yesterday that almost nobody is talking about clearly.

[00:26:13]Donald Trump, the president of the United States, picked up the phone and called the leaders of eight different countries all at once. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Bahrain. And then separately, he called Benjamin Netanyahu. And after all those calls, he went on