ictmm.com 2026 May Paper1 50-Target Questions & Answers

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[00:00:02]Okay. So today is the 30th of April and we are discussing some target questions for the 26 Excel paper. So um this is having some uh answers also. So I'm having a little bit of a sore throat. So um we'll just go through this one. So the first one is actually a clear explanation of uh right okay let me zoom this in. It's a clear explanation of what is the difference between uh hard disk and SSD, right? Uh anyway, if there are any questions coming, it will be mostly related to SSDs because hard this are getting phased out. So, what I wanted to do was target questions that are brand new kind of right. Um the second question, laptop includes a center that rotates the screen automatically. Name the sensor accelerometer or gyroscope. So farmer sent me a message asking whether uh orientation sensor is also correct. Uh yeah we can we can take that as also correct. So we'll add that here.

[00:01:09]So but see what do you mean by orientation sensor is actually accelerometer or gyroscope right the internal workings of orientation sensor is this. So the perfect answer should be accelerator meter or gyroscope. But orientation sensor is also uh acceptable answer, right? Okay, let's add that.

[00:01:31][cough] [clears throat] Uh the next one is Alex uses a VPN to connect to client server. Describe the function of a VPN. So mandatory a VPN creates a encrypted. So this is mandatory should be there otherwise no marks, right? Uh encrypted tunnel over a public network like the internet. You can just say the internet also that's fine. this pro. So this is the technology behind it and what it provides is the next next part. If it is a two mark question describe the technology then describe how it works.

[00:02:06]Uh this provides secure remote access to private uh to a private network. Right?

[00:02:11]Uh we can say private uh office network.

[00:02:15]Okay. Office network or uh we can give the other terminology or uh bypass uh go what bypass what Jio blocking >> geo blocking okay uh right so either of these ways I mean I initially didn't want to add everything here but just so whatever you write even a private office network or bypassing [clears throat] J blocking are correct answers. Okay. Right. Uh the office network uses a gateway. State the role of a gateway. So remember uh uh we talked about the role of a router.

[00:02:59]Right. Router is used to uh you know uh send the uh data in the most uh like uh best uh path uh using a uh a routing table. Right. In a gateway, it is used to connect two different types of networks such as a LAN and a VAN. Right?

[00:03:17]So remember this, what is a gateway and what is a router?

[00:03:22]Uh so do you want me to add the definition of a router here also? Hold on.

[00:03:30]Uh this is the reason I didn't share a um what do you call a downloadable one.

[00:03:36]Reason is because uh I wanted to edit this also because to your preference uh wanted to add something more. Hold on.

[00:03:47]Let's add the definition of a router also.

[00:03:51]So these are there are 50 questions. It will grow. But please please read this and go right. Something will be here.

[00:04:01]Don't ask me. I don't know. But I have a gut feeling something. Okay. By the looks of the paper, it should be there, right? Sorry.

[00:04:12]Uh, by the looks of the paper mean don't expect uh uh I know the paper. No, the office network uses a router.

[00:04:23]State the role of a router.

[00:04:29]State the role of a one second.

[00:04:36]shape router.

[00:04:47]So, what [clears throat] is a router?

[00:04:53]>> What's a router?

[00:04:55]>> A router is a device.

[00:04:58]>> Go ahead. So a router is a device that uh routes internet traffic and finds the best route for a device to connect to the internet.

[00:05:06]>> Not internet traffic. It should be router direct traffic not internet traffic between networks using the best possible path.

[00:05:14]>> Okay.

[00:05:15]>> Okay. [clears throat] So is it the same thing?

[00:05:18]>> Yeah. Okay. So related to this we probably should that uh I talked to you guys about remember uh what is bandwidth. Okay, let's add that term because in the book again I'm telling you uh what what is bandwidth right in the book it is mentioned as the the amount of bits that is getting transferred in 1 second but actually in past papers also they use the correct terminology which is this one. Uh basically the correct terminology of bandwidth is that most accurate the technical one is maximum amount of bits that can be transferred in 1 second.

[00:06:03]Even though the book mentions otherwise uh in the um this one in the um hello uh in the past papers marking schemes they use this definition of bandwidth right? If you f try to find the word bandwidth sorry maximum in the book you will never find it because it's not there right so maximum amount of bits that can be transmitted in 1 second okay [clears throat] then what is the name for the actual amount of bits that can be transmitted in 1 second >> through right the actual amount of data successfully transmitted remember successfully okay why did I put this stupid water mark here.

[00:06:59]Uh successfully transmitted or process in 1 second is called uh by which name?

[00:07:10]So the answer is through put. All right. [snorts] So do this.

[00:07:24]Right. Actual uh success.

[00:07:36]Right. So the next one is So the next one is right.

[00:07:48][clears throat] That's enough. Right.

[00:07:52]So what is bandwidth and uh what is the actual amount of uh Right. So this one right. So the next one is explain one benefit to Alex of using a hosted cloud ser software other than local install software. So it allows realtime collaboration. Okay. What is real? So if [snorts] it is two marks one it allows realtime collaboration. What do you mean by realtime collaboration?

[00:08:22]When multiple users work on the same file simultaneously because it is stored on a central server, right? You don't really need to write this centralized.

[00:08:33]Okay. On a on a cloud server. Let's not say that cloud server. Okay.

[00:08:41][clears throat] Right. When logging in, Alexis sent a six-digit code to the smartphone.

[00:08:47]Explain why this increases security. So this is a brand new question right?

[00:08:52]Uh [clears throat] so this is a form of MFA multiffactor authentication.

[00:08:57][snorts] It requires second form of verification that only the authorized user should posess the physical phone.

[00:09:04]So for this one you get one mark right and explain why this increases security.

[00:09:10]So um login in okay what is it and how it increases security is the second part. Even if the password is stolen, the accounts remain protected. Okay.

[00:09:21][snorts] So, any questions up to this point?

[00:09:25]>> Uh, sir, can you explain the first point?

[00:09:29]>> The form of multiffactor authentication this one.

[00:09:32]>> Yeah.

[00:09:33]>> Okay. So MFA means uh so basically now when you uh you want to enter uh like now earlier days uh now in the book also right in the book we always we are I mean MFAS there are in the book right but [snorts] we always are talking about pin password biometric kind of those things right but what is multiffactor authentication is you don't rely on one factor of it you use multiple factors So here now let's say uh I probably you would have seen this also if you try to log into Facebook or WhatsApp or something like that from a brand new computer even though [clears throat] sorry even though you provide the correct username and password it will send a uh OTP code to your uh phone right using that OTP code only like uh uh then only you got you will get uh authorization to access the system because it does not rely only upon the username and password because it is multiffactor two like username and password and OTP right it requires a second form of verification that only the authorized user should possess the physical form generally when you say multiffactor authentication uh there are multiple types right uh the one you have seen is authentic uh hold uh you would have definitely seen this things called uh what um the OTP right then [clears throat] uh have you seen something called like there are there [clears throat] are software that you can install on your phone that's called authenticator right you you have Google authenticator and Microsoft authenticator also rather than sending a a uh SMS message or a WhatsApp message with the OTP code. But what what does uh this authenticator do is Okay, let me see if I can find something to show you.

[00:11:47]So the authenticate app is something you know now you enter the username and password. What will happen is it'll ask what is the authenticator uh code that is there. So basically what you have to do is now when uh first time like like you can't do this at the very first time. So uh very first time you have to install a app on your phone right like this one. So what happens is uh basically now you can see now when you go to Facebook for example okay you go to Facebook you enter your username and password it ask what is the authenticator code. So you have to go to your phone, open the authenticator app and type the code that is visible. You can see something like a small clock here. That means this code is only valid for 60 seconds. Then it goes away, right? So you can only login uh if you know the username and password. Plus if your phone is working and this authenticator code is there, you can put that code and work on it. The beauty of this is now for the OTP code to come you need to be connected to the network using 4G or 3G or uh like mobile network something like that. Now this authenticator app it is actually something synchronized it has actually this is having a a key that is being synced between uh Facebook and your phone preync meaning it has been already agreed always this code that is being generated here Facebook will know right [cough] what does [clears throat] it mean even if your phone is not connected to the internet or even the mobile network this code what is getting generated right will be common every time.

[00:13:36]Facebook will know the same code. Your phone app will know the same code. If you enter the same code only, you will be allowed to access Facebook. Right? So this is another form of au uh multiffactor authentication other than the OTP. This is called authenticator, right? Uh clear something extra, right?

[00:13:56]So sometimes this you don't really need to enter this code. Sometimes you can see uh a push uh authentication meaning meaning like when you go to Facebook can see okay you you put the username and password and login you would have seen in your uh not Facebook this real uh always happens in Google when you put the username and password and login using the computer. Sometimes your phone shows are you trying to log into your uh account yes or no you just need to say yes or no. Okay, that is push authentication. All are multiffactor authentications, right?

[00:14:33]Pharma. Sorry if I explained it more but >> got it right.

[00:14:38]>> Yes sir.

[00:14:39]>> Okay. So the next one is [clears throat] uh right next one. Describe one feature of a wiki that dist distinguishes it from a blog. Right. So what is a wiki?

[00:14:50]Wikis allow collaborative editing where any authorized user can change the content of a page. So Wikipedia what you can go and update the page. You you guys also can go and update the page. That doesn't mean if you update it, it is going to be accepted because there are uh people who are reviewing the content.

[00:15:10]So what happens is uh um if you get past those people who are reviewing only it is getting published but other than that anybody can edit any wiki page right a blog is typically a chronological timeline of post by a single author. So that is very clear.

[00:15:29]No, the [clears throat] next one is Alex, sorry.

[00:15:34]Next one is Alex searches for modern uh office layout uh plus 2026. Describe how the use of plus symbol improves the search result. It ensures that both search terms must be present in the results. So the the main thing to notice is they are putting this in double quotes. That means what? The whole text should be there to be matched. Right? If you put something inside double quotes, that means this whole thing, whole sentence will be matched. Not modern of and layout as separate words. Okay? So this whole thing will be matched together with two 2026. So this will be this one matched [snorts] and this one.

[00:16:23]It ensures both search terms are present in the results. Basically mean this one and this one. This narrows the search to more relevant information. All right.

[00:16:36]Discuss the impact of artificial. Okay.

[00:16:39]This is another brand new question.

[00:16:40]Right. Uh discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on the role of creative professionals. Okay. Now don't worry you might feel this is going slightly out of syllabus. I intentionally made it like that because I have seen they try to go slightly out of the syllabus because to comment and ask questions of on developing trends, right? The key thing in this in this age is AI know. So definitely we need to know about AI. Discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on the role of creative pro professionals.

[00:17:17]AI can automate repetitive tasks like image optimization saving time. uh however it may lead to jobless for entry. So, pros, cons, three mark. Okay. Then it raises ethical questions about copyright and the human element of creativity.

[00:17:34]>> Uh, sir.

[00:17:35]>> Yeah.

[00:17:36]>> Is this a I don't know if I might be wrong, but is this the first time they're having an AI question?

[00:17:44]Have they ever had an AI question with?

[00:17:46]>> They had they had they had they had AI question.

[00:17:48]>> We did uh we did a pass paper. Remember there was a guy who was creating content and it was asking how AI can help his content creation. I think that was in 2025 November or June.

[00:18:04]>> It was June >> last year.

[00:18:06]>> Okay.

[00:18:07]>> Right. So it is not the first time they asking about AI. This time I think heavily there will be AI.

[00:18:13]>> Right.

[00:18:15][clears throat] So so this is also going according to the eight marker structure.

[00:18:20]Right. see positive negative environmental impact right it also raises ethical questions about copyright and the human element of creativity again that's a uh what that's a environmental impact there right so the next one is discuss how online media companies can mitigate the environment impact right again this could be I I mean environment is a big big big thing these days right? Companies can build data centers in cold climates to reduce cool uh cooling energy. They can use renewable energy like solar or hydro.

[00:19:03]They can also encourage recycling all hardware to reduce e-waste right cover all areas. Statewide data centers require large quantities of water right this is like one of the hot topics in the world these days. water is used in uh water is uh used in evaporative calling systems.

[00:19:26]Okay. So this is a uh one word you know actually I uh uh I I used some uh uh GPT model to uh look at the trends that happened in 2025 uh situations issues and problems that arise and try to base the questions out of what has happened right so try like the paper is more leaning towards what is happening currently in the world Okay, [clears throat] rather than asking questions about what is there in the book, right? So what it tries to build upon is your knowledge on what is happening throughout in the world and how you can describe that using the theoretical knowledge that you have gained in the book. Right? State why data centers require large quantities of water. Water is used in operative calling systems to prevent servers from overheating. Right? So this one you know know we watched videos also. Yeah.

[00:20:26]>> Has this question ever arised or is it like from your own?

[00:20:30]>> My once.

[00:20:32]>> Okay. So, you are telling that questions like this may come.

[00:20:36]>> Yeah.

[00:20:37]>> Okay. So, >> why you doubt me?

[00:20:41]>> Oh, I just don't like it. That's why.

[00:20:43]>> Why?

[00:20:45]No. No. Tell them. Why do you don't like it? cuz it's it uh in the past papers they didn't prioritize this as much like >> okay >> like but the recent one 2025 it had something about AI >> and environmental so I'm just thinking what will come this year like you know >> I'm not telling the whole thing will come okay right I didn't put obvious questions here what is you know like calculation of image file to might be a GIB thing. Sorry that that things you already know right I'm telling one of these might be coming some way I believe the paper will be having such environment like present situation related at least three to four three four five questions right farmer >> okay sir >> so don't don't really worry about it right but it is trying to see whether So you know what is happening in the world.

[00:21:51]Okay.

[00:21:53]Right. Next one is >> sir.

[00:21:55]>> Yes.

[00:21:57]>> Um permission to say something like a joke.

[00:22:01]>> Fine. Go ahead.

[00:22:03]>> At this point don't you think the paper's going to be made out of AI and also do you think there'll be questions about Trump?

[00:22:10]>> Uh I have included certain ones. As you progress you can see right. uh paper made by AI could be uh could be that is one of the reasons I wanted to discuss these questions also right [clears throat] explain one environmental concern of building that was not a joke right that was not a joke that's a real thing explain one environmental concern of building these centers in droughtprone regions right this [snorts] is a concern these days drawing massive amounts of Water depletes the local receivers which can create severe water shortages for local communities and agriculture. Now you know Sri Lanka like during now we we actually are at the edge of a drought period now right edge it is ending. So there was a massive wahoo uh water was being used for uh uh generating electricity but it was not go not being given to farmers and drinking needs.

[00:23:13]Right? So that was a problem. There was like lot of uh like you know uh blasting towards the government from farmers and everybody. So that's a problem like even okay forget about we don't have data centers at Sri Lanka but [clears throat] the the the electricity consumption has exponentially increased in Sri Lanka.

[00:23:31]Okay. [snorts] So we can see this thing happening in a very small scale in Sri Lanka but in other countries this is happening quite large. Right.

[00:23:43]Okay, next one. Describe. Okay, this is based on a recent attack that has happened. Okay, describe how a ransomware attack affects a computer network. Malicious software encrypts files and data on a network making them inaccessible. Attackers demand payment in exchange for decryption key. Right.

[00:24:02]So, [clears throat] ransomware uh hot topic. Explain how fishing attack works. Again, hot topic these days.

[00:24:09]Attacker sends a fraudulent email pretending to be a fraud trusted source to trick an employee into clicking malicious link or revealing login credentials. Okay, next one. Discuss two methods in IT department uh sorry an IT department should implement to recover or prevent from ransomware damage. One is routing offline backups. Remember this what does it mean? You don't keep your backup in the same network. I I told of a story where I was tasked to take the backup from my office and take it to a different site. That was even for fire prevention. Right?

[00:24:47]But uh in IT terms routing offline backups offline means what it is not connected to the network. Maintaining backups isolated from the network allows data [clears throat] restoration without paying a ransom. Right? Other one is staff training. Teaching employees to recognize suspicious emails prevents the initial infection. So this is the most important thing like that is even happening in our offices also. There is lot of staff training and even simulated ransomware attacks are also there. You know what uh the company itself sends us emails to see who is clicking and who is falling uh who is uh falling for the trap. And if you if you click and you fall for the trap, what will happen is you will have to uh you know uh you will have to participate for training and do all of those things. Right.

[00:25:39]Right. [clears throat] State what is meant by cloud storage saving data on remote servers access to internet rather than on a local hard drive. Okay, you don't need to say hard drive. You can say local storage, right? Local storage can be SSD or whatever it is, right?

[00:25:59]Explain one risk to individuals whose sensitive records are exposed in a data breach. This is you know this is happening always. No right. So what are the risk if your if your data get exposed?

[00:26:10]The personal information could be solved on the internet leading to identity theft. Right? What is identity? Somebody using your identity uh for different reasons where criminals open bank accounts or take out loans in their name. So people can do that.

[00:26:28]Compare the use of cloud storage with local server storage for a large organization.

[00:26:33]Cloud storage is highly scalable. What is highly scalable? What do you mean by highly scalable? Can anybody tell me?

[00:26:43]>> Storage capacity can be modified?

[00:26:46]>> Can be modified in which way?

[00:26:51]>> You can increase the storage capacity.

[00:26:53]>> Uh increase like it is beyond the limit, right? and allows remote access, right?

[00:26:59]Meaning it can be accessed from anywhere. Local server storage gives the organization complete control over security. Okay, what does this mean?

[00:27:10]Local server storage gives the organization complete physical control over security and does not require an active internet connection. Right? This this one you already know. What does this mean?

[00:27:25]H what does it mean?

[00:27:31]Okay, I'll ask you this question.

[00:27:32]>> It allows it allows the uh it allows them to completely uh have control over the storage >> which means they can have storage on what they can have control over what's stored and what's not stored.

[00:27:49]>> Okay. Right. Very good. So now let's say you uploading uh a photo to iCloud or Google drive or one drive. Do you have control over that?

[00:28:01]Of course you can have restrictions but do you know if it is whether that is stored in USA or in Somalia even nobody knows right? Right. So that is what that is a limitation of cloud storage. Right. [snorts] So companies like a lot of companies they like very like I told you banks and everybody they never go for cloud things because what highly sensitive they have to control everything within themselves.

[00:28:30]So because of that they really go for cloud storage providers. So they will have their own own local storage. Local storage see look again local storage does not mean having it in your laptop or desktop computer. Okay, this is meaning about network operating systems where the server are centralized storage. Okay, we can say okay let's say local uh server okay this says local server storage local server storage means what there is a centralized server having storage and everybody stores the files there okay so when I'm telling this just listen to this yeah so make this sink into your brain right uh you can study this but just try to remember this right don't don't get carried away don't watch phones or anything like that these are the final days right Next one.

[00:29:24][clears throat] So any questions up to now?

[00:29:29]>> Can you just repeat what you said about the local server storage?

[00:29:34]>> Okay. Local server storage means basically so here local server storage means what you have a remember the client server model uh in a in a client server model clients are there servers are there servers are centrally providing services to the client. Okay.

[00:29:52]So similarly local server storage means it's the client server model nothing different whereas there are dedicated servers providing storage to clients.

[00:30:05]Now the clients will store data on those uh storage servers. Understood?

[00:30:12]>> Uh yes sir.

[00:30:13]>> Right.

[00:30:15]Uh right.

[00:30:18]State one biometric method that could that could be used as a alternative uh authentication factor.

[00:30:26]State one biometric method that could be used as a alternative authentication factor. Fingerprint scanner, facial recognition. Okay, you have you know voice recognition everything is there.

[00:30:36]So this question okay lame question anyway I just kept it there.

[00:30:42]Uh the other one is explain why Wi-Fi protected access is more secure than wired equivalent privacy. Okay, here if you look at my networking note at one location I have mentioned W as what what do you remember W being called?

[00:31:11]Okay, I'll show you. It's in the last uh last slides, right?

[00:31:18]I'll show you that in the networking note.

[00:31:21]This I will show you, right? Uh this is code. Hold on.

[00:32:06]One second.

[00:32:09]Right. So, here's the thing.

[00:32:12]I made a small Okay, don't blast me.

[00:32:24]Right.

[00:32:28]Hold on.

[00:32:33]Right. [clears throat] In your uh see in your note, I used to only have W is called WiFi protected. Uh no, no, no, hold on. Sorry, my bad.

[00:32:49]It was called wired equalent privacy.

[00:32:52]Oh, sugar.

[00:33:10]>> Uh, aren't those two completely different?

[00:33:13]>> No, no, no, no, no, no, no. I messed it up. Bad.

[00:33:18]Fine. Forget about it. Okay, fine. Let's go with this. Right. I think I uh did a typo here. Okay. Note is correct.

[00:33:29]Nothing wrong with the node.

[00:33:32]There was another name. That's why I was trying to find fine. Okay. Explain why Wi-Fi protected access WPA is more secure protocol than wired equal and privacy W. Right. Two marks. W uses the same shar key for uh every transfer which can be identified by studying the data packets.

[00:33:52]one mark WPA generates a new key for each device and each packet of data center. Remember we talked about this in the uh student nodes for the online class guys. I shared this. I think I briefly talked about what is W and WPA, right?

[00:34:08]And uh Y is uh okay. So here we talked about what is W just just pardon me. W is wired equivalent privacy. It is a Wi-Fi security method. It uses the same encryption key for every device and every data packet. So it is using symmetric key encryption. Due to symmetric key encryption being used, it is easy for attackers to capture the packets and discover the key. Once the key is known, all the network traffic can be read. So WPA on the other hand is Wi-Fi protected access is an improved Wi-Fi security method. It has following key security enhancements compared to WP. Unique keys for each device. Every device gets its own encryption key.

[00:34:52]Changing the key for every packet uh even for the same device. keys change for each packet sent. Above features makes it harder for attackers to analyze the patterns eventually making the network much more secure. All right. Uh so online class guys any questions on this WP and WPA?

[00:35:17]>> No sir.

[00:35:18]>> Okay. So in general if the question is explain why Wi-Fi protected access is more secure protocol than vent privacy W uses the same shar key for every transfer which can be identified by studying data packets it can be okay studing data packers WPA generates a new key for each device and each packet of data sent right so because of that that means it is more secure okay again another question describe how a key pair public and private keys is used to send and receive an encrypted message. Palmer, the question you are asking today, >> right?

[00:35:54]>> Yes, sir.

[00:35:55]>> The sender uses the recipient's public key, right? Recipient's public key, right? Remember that the sender uses recipient's public key to encrypt the data. The encrypted data is transmitted across the network. Recipient uses their own private key. So, who has the two keys? Sender or the receiver? the receiver, right? To decrypt and read the message. All right, so that is how public key and private key authentication work, right?

[00:36:28]Next one. So this is another target one.

[00:36:31]A smart thermostat uses sensors to control the temperature of a house automatically.

[00:36:37]State one type of sensor it uses and describe its function. Okay. Obviously, [clears throat] it is a temperature sensor to monitor the physical environment and input data about the room's heat level so the system can adjust the heating or cooling accordingly.

[00:36:51]Explain how. Yeah.

[00:36:54]Is a distance sensor and a proximity sensor the same thing.

[00:37:00]>> Uh, not the same thing. Is it here?

[00:37:10]No, it's just I was doing a pass and I got I came across a question uh like describe the role of a distance sensor.

[00:37:19]Okay. Proximity sensor.

[00:37:22]Uh hold on. So I Okay. The difference is from a proximity sensor like uh like you can't uh you can't measure the distance right proximity sensor says whether something is in the vicinity.

[00:37:43]Now for example if you if you would notice when you are reversing a car there are like small sensors in the buffer of the car. So when you're reversing it will have a audible tone right it can it can say something is nearby it can say it is nearby to a certain like to a certain degree like what is the distance to it but it can never accurately tell what is the distance. A distance sensor on the other hand is a accurate device for measuring the distance.

[00:38:18]Now for example, have you seen distance sensors?

[00:38:23]>> I don't think so.

[00:38:24]>> No. Okay. Distance.

[00:38:27]Wait.

[00:38:30]Distance sensor.

[00:38:34]So >> question was about uh the role of a distance sensor in a car.

[00:38:40]>> Right.

[00:38:42]Okay. So the role of a distance sensor in a car is what is for what what reason to apply the brakes appropriate like so see using a proximity sensor you can say there is a object right but if you want to automatically apply the brakes you will need to know the distance why >> if you break hard now let's say the object is far away you don't need to break hard if the object is nearby you will need to break hard. So depending on the distance of the whatever the object you will need to decide automatic braking applies or not. Got it or not? Clear.

[00:39:30]Yeah, make sense. Okay, make sense now.

[00:39:32]So distance measures. Okay, there are if you go to YouTube, you can find lot of videos where like lesser distance sensors are there. They are very accurate uh you know uh laser uh okay uh yeah laser measure those are called laser measures actually right you can actually do like you don't need to even um you know uh if you want to measure the distance of some building you don't need to like you just need to point the laser and it will measure the distance right okay coming back explain how automation devices uh uh typically connect to user smartphone.

[00:40:14]Explain how home automation devices right what are the home automation devices that you know now for example uh now people who came to my class I had two home automation devices in the class can you uh remember them >> sir you had what >> I had two home automation devices in the class one is I had the ACs connected to my phone the other one I had a camera inside the class that was also connected to the phone. Basically, those are automation devices, right? Home automation devices. Some people have home automation devices, you know, they can switch on light, switch on fan. I like switched on the AC. No. Likewise.

[00:41:01]So, I don't know like people do have these things and it's very cheap to buy.

[00:41:05]You can order it from Mali Express. You can buy a a small device for something around 500 600 rupees. connect it to a light and you can switch on the fan or light or whatever it is from your mobile phone itself. That is called home automation. And you can schedule it also. At this time you turn on the fan.

[00:41:23]At this time turn off the fan. At this time turn on the lights. Like likewise that is called home automation. They connect via a Wi-Fi network.

[00:41:33]Right? They connect vet usually Wi-Fi to the internet. The user controls the functions remotely from a app in their smartphone. Right? That's simple. I'll ask that.

[00:41:45]Describe what is meant by a personal area network. A PAN is a group of connected devices that all positioned within the range of a individual user typically within uh 10 m. So basically pan is centered around a person. Right?

[00:41:59]You have to write that. Next one. Smart glasses connect to the smartphone using Bluetooth. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using Bluetooth instead of Wi-Fi for this connection. Advantage.

[00:42:13]Bluetooth has lower power consumption than Wi-Fi. Remember I gave you tables which helps preserve the battery life of the glasses. Disadvantage Bluetooth has a lower bandwidth than Wi-Fi which might cause lag if the glasses need to transfer high definition video data to the phone. Smart glasses you know if you don't know smart glasses just do a Google search. You can see there are glasses where people wear it has dual cameras and whatever that you are seeing can be recorded using smart glasses. I have seen people doing wedding photography also using smart glasses not in Sri Lanka in videos.

[00:42:52]Right.

[00:42:54]Okay. Next one. Smart glasses do not have a keyboard. Instead they use Yeah.

[00:43:00]>> So can another disadvantage. Can we say that uh the phone may go out of because Bruther has a a very small range so that if the phone is becomes out of range then it could get disconnected easily.

[00:43:12]>> How could your phone get out of range?

[00:43:16]You have the phone and the glasses at the same person, right? It's a pan.

[00:43:23]H okay.

[00:43:25]>> Idea is correct. It is not practically applicable.

[00:43:30]Right.

[00:43:31]Okay, technically correct but not practically applicable. Right, smart glasses do not have a keyboard. Instead, they use a voice interface. What is voice interface?

[00:43:43]So, uh you will have to command like you know Amazon, Alexa, something like that.

[00:43:47]Likewise, right? State one disadvantage of using voice interface in a public space. What software might pick up background noise or voices from other people leading to incorrect matches and unwanted results. Right. So these are brand new questions. Huh? Brand new questions. Right. Uh farmer, any questions?

[00:44:10]>> Currently. No.

[00:44:11]>> Okay. Good. Describe how the voice recognition software normally authenticates a user. This is voice recognition.

[00:44:20]Not Okay. Voice recognition means a microphone captures the user's voice and produces a voice print. Voice print is what? the signature of the voice software then compares the voice print against the saved original to check if the two prints match right this is not speech recognition okay again I'm telling you I told about this speech recognition and voice recognition are two different things recognition is it is identify who is the user it is used to identify who is the user voice recognition means who is the user Speech recognition means what? It is used to identify what the speaker like what the person is talking about right the specific words the sentences so Amazon Alexa kind of those things you know um I don't know what Siri everything they use speech recognition voice recognition I have not seen being used by Amazon Alexa or whatever it is but does iPhone anybody who is using iPhone can No. Can you unlock the iPhone by just telling a word or something like that?

[00:45:37]>> Uh, so when you ask to unlock the phone, it just directs you to put your password or maybe even face ID.

[00:45:45]>> That is speech recognition. Basically, it will recognize you are asking to unlock the phone, but it'll ask for your authentication. But voice recognition means it will notice that is your speaking and it'll unlock the phone.

[00:45:59]>> Okay.

[00:46:00]Some iPhones uh like if you try to ask Siri a question like you say hey Siri it doesn't work unless the person like the owner of the phone says it.

[00:46:09]>> Ah that is voice recognition correct that part is voice recognition. Okay.

[00:46:15]So state two disadvantages of using biometric scanners for security. One they cause privacy concerns because detailed personal biological information is stored electronically. One mark. It is sometimes possible to trick and confuse biometric scanners such as using a high quality deep fake or high resolution photo. Do you know what is deep fake?

[00:46:40]Have you seen that so many Trump videos and you know like okay you know Ellen Musk selling to in India. So those are deep fakes right?

[00:46:52]>> Selling WhatsApp.

[00:46:54]>> Yeah. Alan selling like uh dose dose in India.

[00:47:00]>> Dosa.

[00:47:01]>> Yeah, you know Indian dosa, right?

[00:47:03]>> Yeah.

[00:47:04]>> Okay.

[00:47:04]>> Wow.

[00:47:05]>> Right. Okay. Explain why banks encourage users to use multiffactor authentication rather than relying on solely on biometrics. Ah, good. MFA adds a secondary layer of security such as a code sent to the separate device. If the biometric scanner is tricked by a deep fake, the attacker still cannot access the account without also proceeding the secondary physical device. Now I go to let's say I can go to ATM. I can press my fingerprint but still it won't uh okay fingerprint okay not correct but let's say there is some kind of a uh ATM that is uh looking at a photo right looking at a photo for face identification then uh if the face is identified then what it'll do is it'll authorize the user to withdraw the money but MFA says even if the face is identified. OTP code is required to uh withdraw the money.

[00:48:10]Okay. Uh so I need to take a call that is coming. Uh so take 2 minutes break, drink some water and come back. Okay. So we'll continue from question number 33.

[00:52:55]Sorry.

[00:53:21]So we'll continue. Did somebody give the class link to somebody from gateway for next?

[00:53:35]>> I can't hear you. that much.

[00:53:38]>> So, sorry, sorry. So, I I don't know.

[00:53:41]Somebody joined this class and messaged me. I am Nexa from Gateway School. My friend gave me as a class link. Are you doing paper classes? And that person left.

[00:53:51]Anyway, that's fine. Uh, next one.

[00:53:56]Right. Explain how satellite communications transmit data through a digital device on Earth. Satellites in Obit transmit radio signals down to Earth. Fine. Digital devices or local setups use antenna to receive these radio signals. We talked about these things now, right? State one. Yes, >> sorry.

[00:54:15]>> And what does a setup box do?

[00:54:18]>> Same thing.

[00:54:21]Setup box. See, you can replace this setup box. Use antenna. This is to receive the radio signal from the satellite and show it to the consume.

[00:54:34]Right now dialog TV setup box setup box means it is taking the signal from the satellite through the dish and it is coming through the antenna wire to the setup box and it it like basically there is some encryption also involved. So decrypts the video signal and shows it on the TV that's the like digital device means the set of books. Okay, it could be set of books or something else like there are a lot of devices now. So set of books falls under this category.

[00:55:07]Okay.

[00:55:08]>> Okay sir.

[00:55:09]>> Right. Next one. State one environmental factor that can negatively affect satellite communication. Signal can be affected by atmospheric weather conditions such as heavy rain uh or snow. Right. Uh okay. Snow is there.

[00:55:25]Remember discuss how the expansion of satellite broadband impacts the digital divide. What is this question about?

[00:55:36]What is this question about?

[00:55:39]What is the product? Anyone?

[00:55:43]>> Is it?

[00:55:48]>> What is this question number 35 about?

[00:55:55]Who is providing broadband through satellite?

[00:56:05]Starling.

[00:56:05]>> Stalling.

[00:56:08]How difficult is this? Discuss how the extension of satellite broadband impacts digital divide. Basically, it is asking how is Starlink affecting digital divide. Right? Digital divide is the gap between people who have access to highspeed internet and those who do not.

[00:56:28]Previously, rural mountainous areas lacked infrastructure because running fiber optic cables was too difficult or expensive. Satellite broadband bridges this gap by providing highspeed access without the need for physical cables.

[00:56:42]This allows remote users to access online education, global markets, e-commerce, giving them the same opportunities as urban populationations.

[00:56:51]Harida.

[00:56:53]Okay. Now you don't know about Starink in Sri Lanka right I'll ask you a simple question is pure TV more uh popular in Sri Lanka or dialogue TV >> dialogue >> why sir I don't know I'm new here what >> efficiency >> not efficiency do you have everywhere pv telephone cables and fiber optic network in Sri Lanka Huh? Okay. It's this answers your question that the dialogue is using from the sky. So the satellites are up there.

[00:57:32]You can be it from anywhere you want.

[00:57:35]Doesn't matter. So exactly same thing.

[00:57:38]So that is why uh Starink right it's it's uh it's a very nice thing. So this question number 35 is completely about Starink and how it is changing the atmosphere. Right?

[00:57:52]Important question.

[00:57:54]Identify two types of sensors and autonomous. Okay. Somebody wanted Trump questions. This is Trump.

[00:58:01]Identify two types of sensors. An autonomous drone requests to navigate safely and avoid collisions. What is this talking about, >> sir?

[00:58:11]>> Yes. I don't think these drones are trying to avoid I don't think Trump's Trump is trying to avoid collisions.

[00:58:17]>> No. No. Uh okay. No, I'm talking about drones being used in wars, right? Have you seen Ukraine, Russia, right? And you know the Iran, uh Israel, US kind of a war everything are drones. You can't write war questions here. That is why it is asking in a different way. Identify two types of sensors. An autonomous drone.

[00:58:45]Request to navigate safely and avoid collisions. Okay. It will avoid until arriving at the target. Right. A GPS sensor to calculate its exact location and route and proximity sensor, a motion or a camera sensor to detect the detect and avoid physical obstacles. Okay.

[00:59:07]Zoya. Happy. Now you have the Trump question here.

[00:59:11]Right.

[00:59:11]>> I hate him, but like, yeah, thanks.

[00:59:14]>> Okay, next one. Drones use microprocessors to control their flight path. State the difference between a microp processor and a mainframe computer. A microprocessor is a single device that takes input and control specific task for a single appliance or a system, embedded systems. If you remember a mainframe is a large highly powerful computer used by large organizations to handle complex bulk processing tasks for many users simultaneously.

[00:59:44]You don't need to write the exact words.

[00:59:46]Get the idea right in your own words.

[00:59:48]Okay. [snorts] Right. Discuss the ethical and social.

[00:59:53][clears throat] Look discuss the ethical and societal.

[00:59:59]Right. Societal concerns of using autonomous drones in residential areas.

[01:00:06]Now what is this talking about?

[01:00:09]Brand new questions are nothing is going out of the syllabus. None of these are going out of the syllabus. It is trying to relate all the concepts that you have learned to practical scenarios that is happening in the world. Right?

[01:00:23]Autonomous drones in residential areas.

[01:00:26]Uh tell me what people are taking photographs, you know, recording video and in other countries even delivering packages through drones, right? If you order food, drone will come and deliver the food to your home, right? There are severe privacy concerns [snorts] as drones equipped with high resolution cameras may record people and private properties without consent. Right? There are also safety risk if a drone control software fails or hack causing it to crash and injure pedestrians.

[01:01:02]Furthermore, police and authorities must develop new protocols to respond to negative use of drones. Okay? Right?

[01:01:09]Nothing is out of syllabus. Everything is related to what you guys know. Right?

[01:01:15]For a smooth cloud gaming experience.

[01:01:17]What do you mean by this?

[01:01:20]Anybody playing cloud games here?

[01:01:30]Anybody playing Free Fire?

[01:01:35]>> No. None. Oh god. Nobody's playing.

[01:01:38]>> No.

[01:01:39]>> What are the games you're playing?

[01:01:44]Nobody's playing any games.

[01:01:46]>> Minecraft.

[01:01:48]>> Minecraft. Okay.

[01:01:50]impact.

[01:01:51]>> What?

[01:01:54]>> Genshin Impact.

[01:01:56]>> Okay. That's online one, right?

[01:02:00]>> Uh yeah.

[01:02:02]>> Okay. So, whatever the online game that you're playing, that is called cloud gaming, right? Even free fire, whatever the things that you're doing, right? For a smooth cloud gaming experience, low latency is critical. Define the term latency. What is latency? Latest is the amount. Yes, >> I was going to give the answer. Fine.

[01:02:24]>> Okay. In the interest of time, I'll just go through. Huh? Latency is the amount of time delay it takes to send data between devices across a network. Fine.

[01:02:33][snorts] 40. Explain why high bandwidth alone is not enough to guarantee a good user experience in competitive online gaming.

[01:02:42]Why?

[01:02:43]High bandwidth allows large amount of video data to be transferred quickly. So the picture looks good. Fine. However, if latency is high, the game will lag and will not and not respond instantly to the players controller commands making it unplayable. All right.

[01:03:03]Okay. Right. Everything that you know nothing nothing new. Okay. Right.

[01:03:10]Explain how a smishing attack operates compared to traditional fishing attack.

[01:03:15]So smishing is happening in Sri Lanka very well these days. Smishing uses SMS text. Okay. Don't write WhatsApp but uh WhatsApp also here don't write it.

[01:03:30]Smishing uses SMS. You can say text messages. Text messages is a form of WhatsApp. Okay.

[01:03:37]Smishing uses text messages to send a mobile phone uh send to a mobile phone instead of using emails. These text contain fake links designed to trick the user into entering personal information into a fraudulent web form. Right?

[01:03:56]Describe how farming could be used to steal victim's credentials even if they type the correct banking URL into their browser.

[01:04:06]Farming redirect the users internet traffic away from the legitimate site to a fake website. Criminals achieve this by using malware or by altering the domain name servers right the [snorts] DNS right to point the correct URL to the criminal's IP address right you can just briefly say it is redirecting the users indirect traffic away from the legitimate site to a fake website this is a acceptable answer right next one is state to environmental hazards caused by disposing of digital devices in landfills.

[01:04:47]Toxic chemicals such as mercury, lead, bromine can leak out and contaminate the water supplies and soil. Additionally, batteries left uh left in devices can catch fire, right? So, you can say like lot of things you know not only these two modern smartphones re uh rely heavily on cloud storage. Again going back to cloud [snorts] explain how relying on cloud storage.

[01:05:14]Okay cloud and environment storage shifts the environmental impact from the users device to device to the service provider. Now what does it mean?

[01:05:24]Modern smartphones relies heavily on cloud storage. What does it mean? Now you you are photos getting uploaded to whatever i cloud all of those things right and you know if you're using any AI features with the camera of your phone everything happens through the cloud right the users device requires less local storage hardware and power the cloud provider okay for for a plus point users device requires less storage hardware and power because it is getting offloaded to the cloud. However, the cloud provider must run massive data centers that require huge amount of electricity to power the servers and keep the cooling systems running. Right?

[01:06:10]Lot of environmental uh impact coming from there. Okay. [snorts] Next, discuss the so uh societal and environmental benefits of extending the lifespan of digital devices through repair. Environmentally, it reduces the volume of toxic e-wastage entering landfills and decreases the need to mine raw rare earth materials which causes habitat destruction.

[01:06:39]Society a robust repair market makes technology more affordable through refurbished device. What do you mean by that? again lesser digital divide helping the bridge helping to bridge the digital divide for those with lower incomes. Okay. Right. A VR headset uses dual screen placed very close to the user's eyes. So virtual reality headset you would have seen state one health risk of using VR headsets for a prolonged periods and how to minimize it.

[01:07:17]Staring at a screen for long periods can cause eye dryness and eye fatigue. To minimize this, user should take breaks and look away from the screen into the distance regularly.

[01:07:30]Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using virtual learning environments compared to traditional physical classrooms.

[01:07:38]Benefits students avoid having to travel or relocate uh to be closer to the colleges or universities saving time and money.

[01:07:47]Okay, that's a benefit. Other problem is students may become isolated and suffer from a lack of face-toface uh social interaction with their peers. Furthermore, requiring expensive virtual reality hardware and fast internet could worsen the digital divide for students who cannot afford that. Okay, you don't need virtual hardware, expensive uh digital devices.

[01:08:13]Okay, digital devices and fast internet could worsen the digital divide for students who cannot afford technology. Next one.

[01:08:26]State the wireless technology used by smart watches, smart by V smart to make contactless payment at the ticket barrier. So you can usually touch your uh like watch and make a payment right it's called near field communication.

[01:08:41]Next one explain one security risk of carrying contactless payment devices and how users can protect themselves.

[01:08:49]Criminals can use concealed and uh sorry, criminals can use concealed card readers or smartphone apps to intercept the weak NFC signal and steal small amounts of money without user knowing.

[01:09:05]Criminals can use concealed card readers. Okay. So what's asking? Explain one security of carrying contactless payment devices and how users can protect themselves. Right. Criminals can use consial card readers or smartphone apps. Remember, I think I showed you a video, right? [snorts] Or smartphone apps to intercept the weak NFC signal. Remember the card has the NFC signal, right? And steal small amounts of money without the user knowing. It may be 100 rupees, maybe something like that. This can be prevented by wrapping the device in uh device or card in foil to block the signal. All right. Next one, discuss the impact of user generated reference sites and so uh social media on society's access to truthful information.

[01:09:58]Social media has caused a shift in power allowing ordinary people to broadcast messages to global audiences.

[01:10:06]However, because truth and accuracy are no longer checked by a limited number of experts or editors, ordinary people can put the information online that is false. [snorts] This allows deep fakes and fake news to misled the public.

[01:10:23]Remember we talked about wikis, right?

[01:10:25]Wikis also can be used to do this.

[01:10:27]Social media has called 15 power allowing ordinary people to broadcast messages to global audiences, right?

[01:10:34]Anybody can send a message to anyone.

[01:10:37]However, because the truth and accuracy are no longer checked by limited number of experts or editors, ordinary people can put information online that is false. Somebody can say, "Okay, something right. Everyone will believe it." This allows deep fakes and fake news to misled the public. All right.

[01:10:56][snorts] Next one. State the function of a control device actuator in a computer system. I don't think we ever covered this but there is a section like not a section just a very brief mentioning about actuators in your book right but I just wanted to put it here actuators make something happen in real physical world applying brakes or turning the steering wheel remember uh ion you had a question of distance senses so the distance sensor will like measure the distance and L okay how far the object is and the amount of braking pressure and the actuator is the device that will actually apply the brakes in the car. Okay.

[01:11:45]Give one example of a sensor used in smart car and explain its purpose.

[01:11:50]Proximity and distance sensor. I the question you asked two different things.

[01:11:55]Huh? A proximity and distance center is used to input data about how close the car is to other vehicles to prevent collisions. Proximity sensor measures if something is near. Distance center measures what is the distance to it. Two different things, different purposes.

[01:12:13]Discuss the ethical and safety implications of relying on artificial intelligence to control self-driving cars. Final question. AI can react much faster than human potentially reducing car accidents caused by human error.

[01:12:27]Okay. However, AI lacks human judgment and common sense. Okay. This was written by AI. Okay. It [laughter] if a self-driving car must serve to avoid another vehicle but in doing so might hit a pedestrian. It raises severe ethical dilemmas about how the computer decides who gets hurt and who is legally responsible for that decision. So this is actually actually this is the real problem is this right? How do you make a conscious decision? Right? There are in every decision there are ways, right? It could be wrong, it could be right, like whatever it is, right? So, how can a AI take a decision like that? Okay.

[01:13:12]Finally, just look at this diagram and go right the components of a magnetic storage device. I'm just referring to this because previously they were asking about optical storage. And they were asking about hard disk drive. Only thing they have not asked about is this magnetic strip storage.

[01:13:33]However, however, it is very rarely they could ask. If they ask, this would be it. Okay.

[01:13:46]Right.

[01:13:49]>> Yes.

[01:13:50]>> I have a question.

[01:13:52]>> Yes.

[01:13:53]So when when the question asks about ethical and safety basically more about ethical >> is there like a specific structure we should write our um see now it is now consider this discuss the ethical and safety implications of relying on artificial intelligence. So safety you can write no you know right.

[01:14:22]So when you say ethical right uh always think now what is the question asking about let's say ethical concerns regarding monitoring using CCTVs ethical concerns regarding you know something else right so the structure to answer that is um one is if the ethical word is Yeah, definitely something negatively impacting the social environment should be there right now. For example, CCTVs ethical problem is people are monitoring. Now for drones, the ethical problem is drone can monitor uh like drone can video anybody.

[01:15:10]Uh so that's a ethical problem, right?

[01:15:13]Always there is a negative aspect of it.

[01:15:15]Huh? Right. So make sure it if it says ethical definitely there should be a ne negative aspect of it write that negative aspect right but don't conclude your answer on that but say even though this is there what is the positive benefit of that now let's say drones can be used for various purposes right uh AI in a car will be you know uh you know you can predict and do lot of things And it will require less human drivers take the burden of drivers. So a lot of things. So always when the word ethical is there a good question B right always try to describe about the negative impact. Then say what is the positive also about that. There will be definitely a negative impact. Tell about the positive side of things also. Okay.

[01:16:15]Did I answer your question, Farmer?

[01:16:19]>> Oh, yeah sir. Okay.

[01:16:20]>> Right. Uh, anyone else has any questions?

[01:16:27]If not, I will let you go.

[01:16:32]Uh, so this is the last class before your exams on 7th and uh, so okay. Um so online class guys I'll be having uh on the 6th the junior class so don't join for that right no you just uh just take a break and one more thing for everyone don't do like take a break on sixth right do something enjoyable right uh enjoyable doesn't mean go to a park and write something don't don't break your hands don't break your legs don't get injured said, right? Make sure your Okay, final week, very important things.

[01:17:21]Take care of yourself. Right now, you have learned so much for this week. You need to extreme take care of yourself.

[01:17:33]Number one, uh your physical uh activities, right? Make sure I really don't recommend going out this week. Try to stay at home, right?

[01:17:48]Try to stay at home. Stay healthy, right? Drink lot of water, right? If you are having any if you are even having a simple medical weakness now, don't wait go to the doctor tomorrow itself for whatever the thing. Right? Then make sure uh you drink, you eat appropriately, right? Try to eat food uh from home itself. If you're eating food from outside, please make sure you're eating food from known shops, right? Uh don't try to like uh eat things from different places, right? Last thing that you want to happen is being sick, right? Of course, we can't help. We are human beings. No, right? We have fragile bodies. We might become sick. But for your utmost like try your utmost best. Keep yourself uh safe. Make sure make sure you are not sick in physical and in mental. Right? If anybody is talking bad thoughts about okay, you are not prepared for the exam, just ignore them. Don't talk to any of them. Right?

[01:19:06]Study, right? Don't don't see it's just the exam, right? You just need to go and study and write the exam. That's it.

[01:19:15]Right? Don't overburden yourself. Take care of yourself and go and write the exam. Don't talk to negative people.

[01:19:24]Right? Just be yourself. Write the exam as best as you can. That's the final closing note that I can tell you guys. I hope you guys all the best in the exam and uh let's see. Best of luck, guys.

[01:19:43]All right.

[01:19:46]>> Thank you, sir.

[01:19:48]>> All right. See you guys.

[01:19:50]>> See you, sir.

[01:19:51]>> Best of luck. Bye. Bye. Thank you, sir.

[01:19:54]>> Bye, sir.

[01:19:57]>> Bye, sir.

[01:19:58]>> Bye. Bye.