CHEMISTRY | कंबाईन गट ‘ब’ व ‘क’ पूर्व परीक्षा 2026 | 2013 ते 2025 PYQ | Abhyas Mitra

[00:01:36]Hello student friends, you are all very welcome to the Study Friends family. So today is our third session of Chemistry. If you have done the previous lectures, you have seen the PYQ of each topic with detailed analysis. Today we have to do PYQ on minerals and metals as well as on any part of chemical reactions.

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[00:02:55]Very good evening to everyone once again. So let's start today's session. We want to see the question on minerals and metals. So the first question is today's dash. Alloys with high strength to weight ratio are recommended primarily in the aircraft and automobile industries.

[00:03:16]Dash. Dash. The all high strain to weight ratio is recommended primarily in the aircraft and automobile industries.

[00:03:26]Mild steel, light steel, light weight tanium, light tanium, light copper, light copper, light weight aluminum, what is used? Everyone wants to answer.

[00:03:46]Start the basic advance batch of science. The basic advance batch of science will start.

[00:03:55]I think it is okay after July 1, that is, in terms of the foundation batch that is. In the details that will be taught, we will start the batch accordingly.

[00:04:06]We have given the correct answer. Light aluminum is used or it is recommended for the use of light aluminum.

[00:04:19]If you look, steel is heavy, titanium is fine, and copper is more conductive, so aluminum is used appropriately.

[00:04:30]If you look, aluminum is a type of alloy and at the same time it is light, strong, and durable.

[00:04:39]So the strain to weight ratio is also good.

[00:04:42]Therefore, aluminum is used in a large amount in all modern industries.

[00:04:50]If you look, aluminum is light in weight, so it saves fuel and increases efficiency.

[00:04:59]At the same time, it is very strong and therefore safety also increases. It is durable. It can last for a very long time. It rusts less, so it can be used for a long period. At the same time, it is easy to bend, cut, or shape it, connect it, etc. So that's why it is used, it conducts heat and electricity well and therefore it is useful in many industries, whether it is in aircraft, automobiles, railways, as well as the ship industry, the space industry, it can be used in everything. Let's move on, then now the next question is which of the following metals cannot be extracted from its alkali solution. Which of the following metals cannot be extracted from its alkali solution? Potassium Copper Argentum Let's see what the correct answer will be. Tell me, duralumin. If we look, then what is aluminum? Then copper, manganese, magnesium, etc. are included in it.

[00:06:10]If we look in aircraft, etc., aluminum is used to the maximum, up to 87 to 91%, aluminum is used, and the rest is magnesium, which is used, around 6%, zinc is used, and to some extent. Silicone foam is made of silicone.

[00:06:35]Okay so what is the correct answer to this question then option number one is potassium is the correct answer you can't extract potassium from its salt water solution i.e. what is it from alkali solution then why can't you understand why you can't do it so look when you are doing metal extraction when you are doing extraction how is the reactivity of the metal at that time what is the reactivity of that metal is important so if we look at the metals then potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminum what are the highly reactive metals if we look at the same zinc ferrous lead then what is copper here then argentum then aurum then how are they then they come in less reactive how are they come in less reactive then now potassium is more reactive highly reactive ok so if we look at it then it is at the top but i.e. the most If it is more reactive, then it is potassium.

[00:07:50]So if we look at the reaction that takes place in water, the electrolysis of the solution occurs, that is, what happens is electrolysis, what happens is the aqueous solution itself undergoes electrolysis. So basically, when this electrolysis occurs, a kind of competition is created between the metal and water. So, if it is metal and water, in this case, if the metal is very reactive, then instead of that metal, what happens is water, the electrolysis of water occurs.

[00:08:29]So instead of the metal being electrolyzed, the water itself undergoes electrolysis and what happens is hydrogen gas is liberated. So here, you cannot extract that metal, but hydrogen gas is obtained from it. So if you look at it, you cannot extract such highly reactive metals from their aqueous solution. Okay, so instead of potassium, the decomposition of water occurs here, and the extraction of potassium is in molten form. It is done by electrolysis of chloride or potassium hydroxide.

[00:09:11]This method is used to extract potassium.

[00:09:13]Or is it used to use water? Got it. So, how can it be extracted from a solution in water? These are the less reactive ones, which are argentum, copper, gold, silver, copper. You can extract these metals from a solution in water. But remember that potassium, sodium, calcium are highly reactive metals.

[00:09:33]You cannot extract them from their quiescent solution.

[00:09:39]Got it. Let's go to the next question. Dash Dash is an important ore of aluminum.

[00:09:50]Which of these is aluminum ore? This question is Halite, Cryolite or Cryolite, Pyrolsite, Chalcosite. Yes, hello, good evening, everyone. The correct answer is Cryolite or Cryolite. This is the ore of aluminum. Right, Cryolite A3 F Si. What is aluminum? Aluminum is an ore. Bauxite is also aluminum.

[00:10:18]What is aluminum ore? So 55% of aluminum is bauxite. Actually, bauxite is used only for the production of aluminum. Then L2 3d H2 plus A2 plus Fe23 is the formula of bauxite. Also, what is Fe3?

[00:10:42]Aluminum ore is calonite. A2 H4 A2O F is also aluminum ore. So these are the four aluminum metals. Here, remember the formula of cryolite.

[00:10:59]Cryolite formula needs to be remembered. Okay, let's go ahead.

[00:11:07]What are the pairs of cryolite? Magnetite, maleicite, palerite. So, here are the different pairs given to you. So, I just told you to remember the formula of cryolite. So, I told you that you are asked to make such pairs.

[00:11:20]So, cryolite, you have seen it now. So, the rest of your pairs are It will not be necessary for you to eliminate, but you will get a scope for elimination, but let's tell you what magnetite, malachite, palerite, what exactly goes with what, let's all answer fast, fast, so here, even if you know a little, what is important after magnetite, or even if you know the types of basic iron ore, you will be a little confused here, okay for the formula between two things, then what is malachite, what is sphalerite, so as I said, even if you have a little hint, what can you do, you can reach the answer, sorry, so look, as palerite, which is zinc sulfide, okay, so here, these two options are eight and eight, cryolite, we just saw, so what is A, what is seven, then A, seven, option number two, this is your correct answer, then what is magnetite, magnetite, then Magnetite is a type of iron ore.

[00:12:43]We see that magnetite is the highest quality type of iron ore. That is Fe3O4.

[00:12:49]Then the rest is malachite. What is malachite? It is an ore of copper. So CuCO3 COH2. Here you will get the formula. It happened yesterday.

[00:13:00]History will happen today too. Okay. So look here. The correct answer will come. Option number two. Now that we have already seen the ores of aluminum, let us look at the ores of other metals. For example, which are the ores of magnesium?

[00:13:19]What is magnesite? Mg3? Magnesite? That is a magnesium ore. Dolomite is also a magnesium ore.

[00:13:26]Mg3d3. Then carnelian is also a magnesium ore. Then there is sodium ore.

[00:13:34]Rock salt. Sodium chloride, which we call an ore of sodium. Cryolite.

[00:13:39]Cryolite A3F C. This is also a look.

[00:13:44]Cryolite is also an ore of aluminum and sodium. We have to remember that it is a metal. Okay, then what is potassium?

[00:13:58]What is potassium? So what is the metal?

[00:14:02]Potassium is a metal. Got it. Let's move on.

[00:14:06]Now the next question is the chemical formula of limonite, an iron ore. Dash. Dash. This is hematite, magnetite, hematite, limonite, siderite.

[00:14:18]We see four types of iron ore.

[00:14:22]And among these, limonite is only one type of iron ore and its type is ore. If it is a metal, then its exact formula is Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeOH FeCO3. Yes, tell me what the correct answer is. Let's all answer.

[00:14:46]So let's see. Very good. Monica. Ma'am. Oh. So, the type that goes into hydroxide is the formula of limonite.

[00:14:56]Then, look at the iron ores that are present in it. What is the formula of hematite? F23 Magnetite Fe34 Limonite FeOH then Siderite FeCO3 Pyrite Fe2 Pyrite is called fool's gold then Chromite Fe C2O3 then this happened Iron ores are okay Iron Copper then lead Zinc these are a little bit moderately reactive Metals Which are the ores of copper Malachite C03d C0h2 Copper Pyrite C2 Copper Pyrite is also called Chalcopyrite Copper Glance C2S and Cuprite C2O So what are these Copper ores These are the ores of copper Next Shis Lead Lead Galena and Lith What are Galena and Lith What are these Lead ores and Zinc Zincite Zd Sphalerite Zd and Calamized C3 What are these Zinc ores So we highly reactive Whatever manganese etc. is in magnesium which is and Aluminum which is We have seen their potassium etc. Now we have seen the medium ones. Now we are going to go into less reactive ones.

[00:16:28]So now look at the electrical conductivity of metals in the order from low to high. So here is silver followed by aluminum and copper. So which sequence is correct? From low to high. So which one has the lowest electrical conductivity? Electrical conductivity means electrical conductivity.

[00:17:03]Good evening everyone. So look now, this is a bit boring part, but important questions are asked in the exam and then you should be able to answer them. So let's do these sessions properly. The more you do it, the more you will benefit from it. Okay, let's tell everyone what the answer will be.

[00:17:33]Okay, so look now if we look at aluminum, copper, silver, if we look at silver, which one has the highest electrical conductivity or electrical conductivity? It seems that silver has the highest electrical conductivity. Okay.

[00:17:52]So silver is needed at the end, then the answer will be two or three, and if we look at aluminum and copper, aluminum is the least, so aluminum is needed at the beginning, so the sequence aluminum copper argon is going to come here, option number two will be the correct answer.

[00:18:11]Remember, if we look at electrical conductivity, silver is the most, aluminum is the least, and here gold comes before aluminum, okay, now silver wires are not possible everywhere, so mostly copper wires are used, copper wires are used, it is the most in silver, okay, and what is less than copper in electrical conductivity? So now if we look at what electrical conductivity is, basically, what is the measurement of how easily electricity can flow through that metal? What is called electrical conductivity? So why does electricity flow? Whatever electricity flows, it happens because there are free electrons. It is possible because there are free electrons. So the more free electrons, the easier they move, the more electricity or electrical conductivity there will be. So if we look at whatever electrical conductivity is, whatever power transmission is in it, be it house wiring, electrical motors, generators, electronic devices, electrical conductivity is important in all of these.

[00:19:24]So we have to remember that it is most abundant in silver. Let's move on to the next question.

[00:19:33]Good evening. Good evening. This was a class every day.

[00:19:37]Okay, what is the most essential in amalgam? What is essential in amalgam? Mercury, silver, ion, platinum. When the word amalgam comes, we immediately remember that after the word amalgam, what is the most important in mercury, mercury, amalgam? If mercury is most important in amalgam, then If we look at an example of amalgam, there is dental amalgam, so what is used in dental amalgam, then mercury, silver, tin, copper, which is a mixture of these things, is used in dental amalgam. Sodium amalgam is sodium and mercury are used, and zinc amalgam contains zinc and mercury, so look everywhere, mercury is common, so basically mercury is absolutely necessary, it is the most important element in amalgam. Let's move on.

[00:20:33]Which of the following looks like gold, so it is known as fool's gold, fool's gold, I told you earlier, so look, when you look at it, it shines like gold, it has a shiny color, it is like gold, but it is not gold, then that is pyrite, what is pyrite called, it is known as fool's gold or fool's gold, it is not real gold, okay, let's move on, in what percentage is aluminum found on the surface of the earth?

[00:21:08]20 to 25 percent, seven to eight percent, 70 to 75 Percentage 50 to 60 percent How much percentage do we find aluminum metal on the surface of the earth? The correct answer is seven to eight percent. Very good. So if we look at the surface of the earth or on the earth, the amount of oxygen is 46.6 percent, then silicon is found at 27.7 percent, and then aluminum is found at 8.1 percent. The amount of iron is five percent, calcium is 3.6 percent, sodium is 2.8 percent, and potassium is 2.6 percent. So what is the amount of each? Here I have given you the percentage- wise. So here in the case of aluminum, option number two is seven to eight percent. This is the correct answer. Okay, oxygen is the most.

[00:22:13]Next question, which of the following statements is correct? The ore of aluminum is L2o3 AO2D2 H2o. Take sideride or sideride. The mineral of aluminum is a mineral salt. Mineral salt means a mineral salt.

[00:22:38]Now look at what we have seen, the formula of aluminum ore looks a little similar, how is it similar, it is similar to bauxite but not the same, in the formula of bauxite, it goes into A2 plus 2o32o, then there plus A2 and plus again, we see Fe, so here this is the correct formula of bauxite, that's why A is wrong and siderite is a mineral salt of aluminum, right? Siderite comes in the iron group, then how are both the statements there wrong, so both A and B are not correct, okay, let's move on, brass is an alloy made of which of the following elements, we already did this in yesterday's lecture, let's tell you all this quickly, copper is made of tin, copper and tin, then that is 80% copper and 20% tin, so brass is made of copper and tin, very good, so let's move on, all these brass and What is zinc called? Let's say stainless steel is a mixture of iron carbon iron chromium nickel iron chromium cobalt then iron tin and carbon what is it all brass is It is okay to give a higher percentage of zinc and a lower percentage of copper. Okay so here the correct answer is your option number two, I said if I am wrong tell me that madam you are wrong okay you gave the correct answer brass was asked what is the correct answer for stainless steel then stainless steel iron chromium and nickel option number two will be correct stainless steel which contains iron carbon chromium nickel or cobalt I already saw everything yesterday so I am not telling you this again okay let's move on then which of the following metals contains copper and iron maleicite chalcopyrite chalcosite azurite which contains copper and iron also I asked there is no class on Sunday Sunday is a holiday one day we also need a rest okay so that's why we don't hold lectures on Sunday so if you see here when I was telling you the ores of copper I told you the correct answer so the formula we see copper pyrites which are ok ca2 so what do we call this so we will include this in this What you see is that we can see both copper and iron in it, and so if we look at it, copper pyrite is called chalcopyrite. Copper pyrite is called chalcopyrite, not chalcosite. Okay, so option number two is the correct answer. Option number two is the exact answer. Very good.

[00:26:58]New updated notes. Time will pass. Time will pass. Okay. So this is already ready. At the beginning, I told you all about the next question. What is the Bakelite polymer from which the handles of electrical appliances and kitchen utensils are made? So, it was a question from 2013.

[00:27:16]This question must have come because something was in the current. Okay, but it can be repeated. So, what is the correct answer? Tell me. Vinyl chloride and ethylene. Vinyl chloride and propylene. Neoprene and styrene. Phenol and formaldehyde.

[00:27:34]So, if the handles of electrical appliances or kitchen utensils have been made from Bakelite polymer, then they would have been made from phenol formaldehyde.

[00:27:44]Option number four is the correct answer. So, Bakelite or If we look at what Bakelite is, it is the world's first synthetic thermosetting plastic. Basically, it is a hard, strong and heat-resistant material. It is heat-resistant.

[00:28:02]Okay, it is made from phenol and formaldehyde. What happens through the condensation polymerization reaction between phenol and formaldehyde?

[00:28:10]Bakelite is produced by water, but the reactant is formed here. Then there are switches, electrical plugs, sockets for your wires or chargers, electric iron handles, cooker handles, pans, and then the handles of pots and pans, and pearls.

[00:28:27]Bakelite is used in all of these.

[00:28:30]So basically, if we look at it, it is a material that when it is shaped, it is shaped only by heating it, but once it is shaped, no matter how much you heat it again, its shape will not change. Then you will say, Madam, if there is a pot in our house, what is happening? If it melts a little, it will have a different plastic in it, it will not have Bakelite in it. Okay, there will be no Bakelite. So it acts as a chemical agent on rust, does not melt again, is hard and strong, has high heat tolerance and is an electrical insulator, so it does not cause shock etc. Okay, let's go to the next question, what metal are electric heating elements generally made of? Tungsten bronze, nichrome, orgone, what is the correct answer? Tell me, can people with jobs attend on Sunday? Okay, I will think about it. Sunday means sitting in muscle memory, or is it a holiday? Okay, that's how it goes. So what metal are electric heating elements generally made of? It is made of nichrome. There is an electric heating element, in which nichrome is used. Then nichrome is nickel and chromium.

[00:30:01]Nickel is 80% nickel and 20% chromium. So it is an alloy made of nickel and chromium. It is a composite. Then there is an electric iron, a room heater, a toast, an electric kettle, a furnace, a hair dryer, an electric stove.

[00:30:17]If we consider its resistivity, we mean resistance. If you look at it, it has a high melting point, is corrosion resistant, is durable, and is the best for heating elements.

[00:30:28]What is this alloy? It produces more heat, has higher temperature tolerance, does not rust, is strong, and lasts a very long time, which is why nichrome is used.

[00:30:42]Now let's look at the question on the next topic, that is chemical reaction. We have also PYQ on this topic today. Look at the first question.

[00:30:53]Today, the molecule with the largest dipole moment among the following is CH4 Methane CH3 Chloroform CH4 Carbon tetrachloride CH3 Iodoform Tell me what is the correct answer.

[00:31:09]Who has the highest dipole moment?

[00:31:22]Look at the given options.

[00:31:26]We need to have a good understanding of some of the concepts. So, let's take a look at the dipole moment. Okay, you may have memorized the answer to this or it's a question from a recent exam, so you may know the answer. All is well.

[00:31:40]CH3CL3 CHCL3 is your correct answer. That's fine, but what exactly is the dipole moment? Let's go into it a little. So, when we look at the dipole moment, the atoms in the molecule, like in CL3, there is carbon, there is hydrogen, there is chlorine, right, then those atoms have electronegativity, right, there is electronegativity, and in that electronegativity, then if we look at it, the difference between the electronegativity of the separate atoms is called the electronegativity difference. So what do we call the electronegativity difference, the final electronegativity?

[00:32:26]Okay, what do we call the resultant electronegativity? So when this difference is greater, the traction will be greater towards that atom.

[00:32:40]Okay, so the one with the greater electronegativity will have attraction, and it has attraction, meaning the dipole moment is in that direction. So now listen carefully and give an example of hydrogen sulfide Hf. So it has hydrogen and fluorine. There are two atoms, one hydrogen and one fluorine. So the electronegativity of fluorine is the highest. The question came up just now. So what is the electronegativity of fluorine? It is the highest. The electronegativity of hydrogen is less, it is 2.1.

[00:33:21]So in this case, since fluorine has a higher electronegativity, the dipole moment will be in the direction of fluorine, meaning the attraction will be the highest towards fluorine. The direction of attraction will be greater, so this is what the dipole moment is called, dipole state or dipole state. Now if we look at the examples given here, in C H Pho, carbon has four hydrogen equivalents on four sides.

[00:33:51]What happens here is that whatever dipole moment you have becomes zero. What happens becomes zero because the symmetrical structure is formed here. Same in the case of C C Pho, but the symmetrical structure is formed and your direct dipole moment again becomes zero. The bonds of carbon and chlorine form a symmetrical structure. Now if you look here in CH3 and CH C3, you get an asymmetric structure here. Okay, the structure is asymmetric here.

[00:34:26]But if we compare iodine and chlorine, how does the electronegativity of iodine or the dipole moment of iodine itself become zero? So the electronegativity of iodine is less than that of chlorine, how is it less than that of chlorine? Whose is C3?

[00:34:47]Whose is chlorine? So since chlorine has more electronegativity, we asked ourselves that who has the largest dipole moment? The one with chlorine is C L3. So here an asymmetric structure is formed and here chlorine is comparatively more electronegative, so since its electronegativity is higher, the dipole moment is the highest. Okay, we have to remember that, so here we go. There is a dipole moment up to zero.5 f in the iodo form in ch3, if you look here, it goes up to one, one dipole moment goes up to pole moment, it goes up to one, okay, so look, the concept of this is electronegativity, etc. Then it is necessary to learn all that properly and to learn it, either you go to the lecture in whatever batch you are in or use a good book, reference book, your concept should be clear. Let's move on. In chemical industries, zeolite is used as a dash dash. Uses of zeolite in chemical industries. Catalyst. Grease. Mertage. Is it a color binder or an alloy? Grease is a lubricant.

[00:36:00]Catalyst is a catalyst. What is the correct answer? Let's tell you what was in yesterday's lecture. I had told you at the end. Did Maruti sir join somewhere else or did he start it himself? It's okay, but he doesn't teach it to us.

[00:36:15]He left it here. It's very good.

[00:36:27]So zeolite is used as a catalyst in chemical industries. It is used as a catalyst.

[00:36:36]Option number one is the correct answer here.

[00:36:39]So look, if we look at zeolite, it is a kind of mineral and a very impactful catalyst.

[00:36:50]We get to see zeolite. It has many pores. The porosity is very high and therefore its surface area becomes available to us. So what does it do for the reaction? It works as a catalyst, basically what does it do? It increases the rate of reaction, increases the speed of the reaction. It works as a catalyst by bringing the chemical reaction fast without spending itself.

[00:37:16]It plays a role in selective catalysts.

[00:37:19]If you look, I have given you the structure of zeolite, along with silicon, aluminum, oxygen, and then the cations that are there. In that regard, the structure is shown to you here. So be it petroleum industries, chemical industries, water purification, detergent industries, what is used in all these? Zeolite is used. Okay, so you can remember this little zeolite topic.

[00:37:47]Okay, let's move on, then now considering the rate percent reaction and recovery, how many grams of hydrogen can be obtained from two moles of H HO of formaldehyde?

[00:38:04]Here H equals and equals equals C. The question of Group B Prelims 2025 is a very easy question, that is, something very different. You don't have to calculate any molecular weight here, otherwise you will have to calculate the molecular weight immediately. I will ask only in the case of hydrogen.

[00:38:32]What is HCHO? There is one mole and one gram in one mole.

[00:38:36]That's okay. So one mole means one gram. So now one mole of HCHO means one mole of formaldehyde. If we look at one and two hydrogens in formaldehyde, that means two grams of hydrogen. So if there are two moles of HCHO, then there will be four grams of hydrogen. Is it easy or not? The correct answer is option number three, four grams of hydrogen. It was such an easy question. There was no need to calculate the molecular weight in this. Got it. The easy question was the same if you were asked about carbon then how many grams is it then it is 12 grams how many grams is oxygen so if you ask two moles then you have to double it let's go to the next question which of the following statements is not correct for a catalyst so here given in Marathi given above in English Catalyst lowers the activation energy Catalyst the time takes for reaction equilibrium Catalyst participates in the reaction at a speed Reactant product and catalyst are always in equilibrium Catalysts reduce the activation energy Catalyst reduces the time taken for the reaction to reach equilibrium Catalyst participates in the reaction and increases the speed Reactant product and catalyst are always in equilibrium so we are given some statements related to catalysis again if we look at reactions then the catalyst is important but we see that all the questions are asked on catalysts so one most It is an important factor in the reaction. It is important for us. We have asked many questions on this in different exams. Okay, let's see what the correct answer is. So let's see what is not the right option here.

[00:40:48]Now let's see. Catalysts reduce the activation energy. Is this correct? Yes, definitely correct.

[00:40:56]Catalysts work to reduce the activation energy.

[00:40:59]At the same time, they reduce the time taken for the reaction to reach equilibrium. Because they increase the speed, that time is reduced. They participate in the reaction and increase the speed. They do not spend themselves. There is no impact on them. They work to increase the speed and therefore the time is reduced. So now the fourth statement is that they are always in equilibrium. Will they all be in the same state? All are solid, solid, solid, liquid, liquid, liquid, gas, gas. Not all are necessarily in the same state. The state of the catalyst can be different, so here is the fourth statement. Wrong is given, that's why option number four is the correct answer here. Then here is a little about catalysts. A substance that increases or decreases the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed itself is called a catalyst.

[00:41:54]As we have seen, what is catalysis? The process of changing the speed of a reaction in the presence of a catalyst is called catalysis. Then the catalyst can increase or decrease the speed of a reaction.

[00:42:10]Remember that in some cases, there is no permanent change in its chemical structure. You get almost the same amount of catalyst at the beginning and at the end. That is, after the reaction, you can remove the catalyst separately. It only works to reduce the activation energy. At the same time, it is effective in small amounts. At the same time, there is no change in the amount of product. Just look here.

[00:42:35]How much product will be produced will not be determined by the catalyst. Only the speed of the reaction changes here. Okay, so this is important for us. Then what does a catalyst do? It reduces the activation energy, which It works to reduce the energy required for the reaction and speeds up the reaction.

[00:42:56]So let's give a little about the types of catalysts.

[00:42:59]What do positive catalysts do? They increase the speed. What do negative catalysts do? They act like inhibitors and slow down the speed.

[00:43:06]Homogeneous ones are in the same state. Reactants and catalysts are in the same state. Heterogeneous ones are in different states, such as solid or liquid. What is an autocatalyst? There is only one type of product formed in a reaction.

[00:43:23]What does that product do? What does the catalyst do?

[00:43:25]And biocatalysts are organisms like enzymes, etc. that work as biocatalysts. Let's take the next question. Now in the next question, it is said what type of chemical reaction is given below?

[00:43:38]So what type of diagram is the diagram given below?

[00:43:41]Which type of reaction is shown in this diagram? Nucleophilic substitution Electrophilic substitution Nucleophilic reaction Electrophilic reaction Look, as long as chemistry is related to atoms, chemistry seems interesting. When chemistry comes to reactions etc., it seems boring, but these things are asked in the exam, even if it is boring, you have to do it properly. Do it once or twice. It will fit in your head. If a question comes tomorrow, you can answer it. So this is the correct answer. Electrophilic aromatic substitution. So option number two is the correct answer. So what happens here is substitution.

[00:44:25]Okay, so basically, first let's understand what this reaction is.

[00:44:33]So in a reaction in which a ring like benzene is formed, in which a compound like benzene is formed, an electrophile comes in place of a hydrogen atom. Who comes in? The electrophile comes in and the aromatic ring remains the same. That reaction is called an electrophilic substitution reaction. So who comes here? The electrophile comes in. What is an electrophile, that is, one who lacks electrons?

[00:45:05]This comes here okay and what it does is it changes the place of this hydrogen okay takes a place so now in this benzene i.e. the ring that is there is going to remain the same only the place is going to change substitution is going to happen okay so if we look here like this in the previous reaction we see that this place of hydrogen here is taken by this C3 and hydrogen is separated with hydrogen acid so in this way this is an electrophilic substitution reaction so here you are given examples of nitration halogenation sulfonation Friedel Kraft alkylation Friedel Kraftylation all just later you will read okay let's move on under what conditions does a catalyst increase the rate of a chemical reaction catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction under this condition the composition of the catalyst changes the activation energy of the chemical reaction increases the activation energy of the chemical reaction increases the activation energy of the chemical reaction Reaction decreases when the heat of chemical reaction increases in Marathi but in the heart when the combination of catalysts changes when the active energy of the chemical reaction increases when the active energy of the chemical reaction decreases when the heat of the reaction increases so in which case the speed of the chemical reaction is increased by the catalyst is given to us now the question has come that the answer is that when going up f directly here two same statements have come one either increasing or decreasing definitely one of these two will be right or wrong so when the speed of the chemical reaction is what it is it will use a catalyst then it is simple or not when the catalyst participates in the reaction look what is A your reactant is the reactant is ok and its reaction is producing B product ok so this is the product this is the reactant reactant product and here what is shown in this row is the catalyst catalyst so it participates in the reaction only when it wants to increase the speed ok so to increase the speed means What will it do? It will reduce the activation energy.

[00:47:35]It works to reduce the activation energy.

[00:47:38]Okay, so it is reducing energy, right? Then under what conditions does it increase the speed of a chemical reaction?

[00:47:52]When the activation energy of a chemical reaction decreases, what happens to its speed? What happens to it?

[00:47:58]So option number three is your correct answer.

[00:48:05]Here you will read a little more about catalysts.

[00:48:11]Consider the following statements. Bosons are the smallest particles, they are called divine particles. They are powerful, omnipresent, yet very difficult to find. So here are two statements.

[00:48:23]Which of these is correct or incorrect? You will be asked: Arson and Reason.

[00:48:33]So look, these bosons are the smallest particles. Yes, they are called divine particles.

[00:48:44]They are the most powerful, omnipresent, and very difficult to find.

[00:48:50]This is also correct. Okay, so both A and R are true. If we look here, the region that is given to us of the boson, what is it given here, that region is given correctly, then now the correct answer will be option number one, let's look a little bit about this boson, so what is a boson, a fundamental particle, a fundamental particle that does what it does, it works to give mass to a particle, so the Hix boson is an elementary one, we get to see the subatomic particle, so it is related to the invisible field of the Hix field, then mass is obtained, okay, if we look, we get to see almost everything in the universe, the Hix field, at the same time we get to see the Hix field everywhere, when the fundamental particles like bosons etc. that we see, quarks, WZ bosons, they go through this field, then now here, something to remember is that the first thing is that this divine and the nickname given to it, then that divine particle is something like God. There is nothing related to this, why did you give it that nickname? A scientist named Leon Liderman mentioned it in his book called The God Particle and the divine name that is from that God Particle has become famous.

[00:50:22]Okay, so in order for science to reach the common people, he made that name a little popular. Okay, but he had to zoom in. It is visible only on the phone. That is, if you do not keep the chat box open, if you hold the phone horizontally and close the comment box, it looks fine. There is no need to zoom in. I also have a phone in my hand. I can see it. Okay, so in the comment box, unless you want to answer, you can continue to answer only when you want to answer. If you do not want to answer, you can immediately tilt the phone a little and set the quality to a higher quality, so that you will see the image clearly.

[00:51:04]See the next question. If vegetable oil is reduced, which catalyst works in this reaction to obtain vegetable ghee?

[00:51:14]Manganese oxide, nickel, etc. Cobalt and zinc are given, so vegetable ghee is vegetable ghee, which we have heard for so long, vegetable ghee is Dalda, then what kind of catalyst is used in this? To get ghee from vegetable oil, Rennie Nickel is used as a catalyst. What is used? Rennie Nickel is used.

[00:51:45]So look, whatever vegetable oil is, they reduce it from this oil and what do we get from it? The hydrogen gas that is present is added to it and ghee is obtained from it. Rennie Nickel is used as a catalyst there. Basically, hydrogen and Rennie Nickel in plants are used to make ghee from it.

[00:52:10]If we look here, you can remember a little about Rennie Nickel. Nickel is an active catalyst for hydrogenation, which is a reduction reaction. For this, Rennie Nickel is used the most. It easily absorbs hydrogen and increases the speed of the reaction. Okay, so remember this about Rennie Nickel.

[00:52:38]Got it. So what have we done in this way?

[00:52:42]Today's topic is complete.

[00:52:46]In tomorrow's session, we want to see the PYQ on acids, bases and bases. If we have time, we will also take the carbon-related questions. So I hope it is clear till here. Go subscribe to the channel, like the lecture, share it and if you want to join any batch of yours, for detailed preparation, if you are preparing for the combine next year, then you can join Foundation Batch 6.

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[00:53:42]Friends, study together, subscribe to the current affairs channel, there are lectures on current affairs on a daily basis. I hope you have been cleared till here. Let's stop here today.

[00:53:54]Thank you very much for taking care of me. See you again.