The video provides a precise and systematic breakdown of fundamental electrical laws, making it an efficient resource for mastering core physics. Its structured approach ensures students build a rigorous mathematical foundation for understanding complex circuits.
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Hello. Hi everyone. Welcome to the student the brand.
Hello students. Welcome to the student brand. This is our today topic is so electric current CBSC great in physics.
Okay. Electric current electric currents great in physics. Okay, let's start discuss about it. Let's start discuss about it. So the rate of flow of charge is called electric current. Rate of flow of charge is called electric current. I = Q by T.
I = Q by T. SI unit of current is ampere.
SI unit of charge is kum. SI unit of time is second. So here SI unit of current is ampere.
Ampere I'm writing small letters and assign it of charges colum and assign it of time is second. Assign it of time is second. So 1 ampere is defined as 1 k of charge flowing through unit cross-sectional area per second. 1 ampere is defined as 1 k of charge flowing through unit cross-sectional area per second that is called electric current. Okay. So if only one electrons are flowing only one electrons flowing. So will you say current is flowing only two electrons flows. Will you say current is flowing? Only two electrons, only three electrons, only four electrons flows.
Will you say current is flowing? No.
Number of charges are moving in the conductor. Then only we can say current is flowing. Number of charges. So number of charges are moving in the conductor.
So then only we can say current is flowing. Number of charges.
Number of charges. Understood or not?
Yes. So now charge is quantized. Q = plus or minus N E. Q = plus or minus N.
So N is the number of charges. N is the number of charges. Okay. And one electron how much charge is present on one electron? 1.6 into 10^ -19 kum. In 1 kum 1 by 1.6 6 into 10^ -19 then you'll get 1 by 1.6 into 10^ 19 then 1 column so you'll get so 0.625 into 10^ 18 electrons in one column in one column 0.625 625 into 10^ 18 electrons are present.
Okay. So like this you can say so 0.625 into 10 power shall we take 19? Yes. Because same if you're doing this one you'll get this one after doing so 1 column 6.25 into 10^ 18 electrons are present in one column in one column 6.25 into 5 into 10^ 18 electrons are present. Understood or not? So 1 I = Q byt I = Q byt SI unit of current is ampere SI unit of charge is column SI unit of time is second understood or not 1 amp is defined as 1 kum of charge flowing through unit cross-sectional area per second. So here Q = plus or minus N. Q = plus or minus N. So in a conductor only one electron flows we can't say current is flowing.
Only two electrons flows we can say current is flowing. Number of charges are booming in the conductor then only current is flowing. Yes or no? Yes. So Q = plus or minus N. Q= plus or minus N. N is a number of charges and one electron 1.6 6 into 10^ -19 column in 1 column 6.25 into 10^ 18 electrons are present.
Understood or not? I hope it is very clear. So coming to the next one electric circuit. Electric circuit.
Okay. Shall we discuss about electric circuit?
Electric circuit. A continuous and closed path of a continuous electric appliances. We'll discuss electric appliances.
Okay. Electrical elements. So we'll discuss about electrical elements. After that we will discuss about electric circuit. Electric circuit. After that conventional current and electric current everything we will discuss. So electrical appliances first one is cell first one is positive terminal negative terminal second one is battery second one is battery understood or not?
So positive terminal negative terminal.
So cell battery cell battery and coming to the third one open switch open switch open switch. Okay. And coming to the fourth one closed switch.
Okay. So this the closed switch.
Closed switch.
Understood not open switch and closed switch. Coming to the next one.
Resistor.
Resistor. Resistor is a device.
Resistor.
Okay. Resistor. I'm taking this resistor.
And coming to the sixth one. Rio start.
Rio start is the RI. This the Rio start.
Rio start. Understood or not? Yes.
Real start.
Real start. Okay. This the real start.
Either we can take like this or we can do like this also. Rio start.
Rio start. Understood or not? Once again cell battery open switch closed switch resistor Rio start. Coming to the next one is ammeter.
Ameter. This ammeter.
So positive terminal negative terminal.
Coming to eighth one voltmeter.
Voltmeter.
And coming to the ninth one is wire joining.
This a wire joining. Next one is wire crossing.
And 11th one is bulb.
Okay. So here you can observe all the points.
All the points let's talk about it. So cell battery open switch closing switch resistor. Coming to resistor. Resistor is a device which is used to oppose electric current in the circuit.
Resistor is a device which is used to oppose electric current in the circuit.
Resistance is the phenomena of opposing the electric current. Resistor is a device which is used to oppose the electric current. Resistance is the phenomena of opposing the electric current. Sinate of resistance is ohm.
Sinet of resistance is home. Understood or not? Coming to the riost. Rioart is a device which is used to regulate the current. Rioart is a device which is used to regulate the current without changing the voltage source without changing the voltage source. Coming to the ammeter. Ameter is a device which is used to measure the electric current in an electric circuit. Ameter is a device.
Ameter is a device which is used to measure the electric current in an electric circuit. Coming to the voltmeter. Voltter is a device which is used to measure the potential difference. Voltter is a device which is used to measure the potential difference. Voltter will be connected in parall combination. Voltter will be connected in parall combination.
Understood or not? So wire joining while crossing bulb. So these are all electrical appliances. Electrical appliances. Understood or not? So I hope it is very clear. Coming to the next one. Coming to the next one.
Electric circuit.
Electric circuit.
Electric circuit. A continuous and closed path of A continuous and closed path of an electric current is known as an electric circuit. So I'm taking this the bulb this the bulb. So amter I'm taking this the battery switch.
So I'm taking the switch current is passing here. Okay. positive timer, negative timer current is passing like this.
Okay. So here you can observe here you can observe current is flowing right. Current is flowing. So here you need to understand one thing positive charges are moving from positive terminal to negative terminal. So that is about conventional current.
Conventional Conventional current conventional current and second one is electric current.
Electric current electric current understood or not? Electric current.
Electric current. Electric current. So conventional current is nothing but So the flow of positive charges is taken as the flow of positive charges will be taken as conventional current direction.
Understood or not? So positive charges are moving from high potential to low potential. So here you can see positive charges are moving from high potential to low potential whereas electrons are moving from low potential to high potential. Electrons are moving from moving from low potential to high potential in an electric circuit that is negative terminal to positive terminal.
So whereas conventional current so charges are moving from positive terminal to negative terminal that is high potential to low potential high potential to low potential electric current. So electrons are moving from low potential to high potential understood or not. So a continuous and closed path of an electric current. A continuous and closed path of an electric current is known as an electric circuit. Okay. So it is a continuous and closed path of an electric current is known as an electric circuit. I is it clear or not? Is it clear or not? I hope it is very clear. So coming to the next one.
Coming to the next one that is next one is potential difference and electrical potential. Potential difference and electrical potential.
Potential potential difference potential difference.
So potential difference is nothing but work done to bring unit positive charge.
So I'm taking here this the conductor.
So this a point A and this a point B positive charge we are doing work. So work done to bring unit positive charge from one point to another point within the conductor. work done to bring unit positive charge from one point to another point within the conductor is called potential difference is called potential difference. 1 volt equal to 1 J of work is done to bring one kum of charge. Okay. One volt is defined as one J of work is done to bring one cool of charge from one point to another point within the conductor. within the conductor is called potential difference is called potential difference. Coming to the electrical potential.
Electrical electrical potential. Electrical potential. So what is electrical potential? So here you can see this the infinity positive charge is there infinity. So this the required field. We are doing some work. We are doing some work to bring unit positive charge from infinity to the required field. from infinity to the required field is called electrical potential. Coming to potential difference. Potential difference is nothing but work done to bring unit positive charge from one point to another point within the conductor. From one point to another point within the conductor. Understood or not? I hope it is very clear. So coming to the next one. Next one is Ohm's law. Next one is Ohm's law. Okay.
So what is nothing but So is nothing but So is nothing but the potential difference the potential difference across the ends of the given metallic conductor.
So here this the resistor.
Okay. So voltometry is connected here.
Understood or not? The potential difference across the ins of the given metallic conductor. So here this the uh multimeter connected across the resistor. So the potential difference across the resistor is directly proportional to current flowing through it. V is directly proportional to V = I.
V is directly proportional to I V = I at a constant temperature at a constant temperature and physical conditions also same. Very very important. At a conistant temperature and physical conditions also same at a constant temperature the potential difference across the ins of the given metallic conductor is directly proportional to current flowing through it. So V is directly proportional to V= I V = I understood or not? So I hope it is very clear. So V = I that about ohms. Coming to the materials required. Materials required. Okay. So material required.
Materials required. What are the materials required for doing the activity? One is four cells.
Four cells. So 1.5 volts of each.
1.5 volts of each coming to the nikrome wire.
Necroire nic length. Necroire 0.5 m length.
Understood or not? Okay.
Necroire 0.5 m length. And coming to the third one a meter.
And coming to the fourth one voltmeter, voltmeter and fifth one switch.
Fifth one switch. And coming to the sixth one is connecting wires.
Understood or not? Once again four cells 1.5 volt of each nicro 0.5 m ameter voltmeter switch and connecting wires.
Understood or not? These are the materials required. These are the materials required. Understood or not?
So I hope it is very clear. So coming to the next one. Coming to the next one that is so draw the circuit diagram.
draw the circuit diagram. So I'm drawing the circuit diagram. So here you can see this a circuit diagram.
So four cells 1 2 3 4. These are four cells.
Okay. So coming to the amter.
This amter. Next one. So resistor. We have to take resistor here. Resistor.
This is the resistor.
The switch.
So we have to connect one by one. We have to connect one by one. Understood or not? So I'm connecting one by one. So 1 2 3 and four. Okay. So we have to connect one by one. Current is flowing like this. I So here you can see switch key voltter amter. So how many cells?
How many cells?
1 2 3 4. Four cells. Understood? There are four cells. So first you have to connect one cell.
First you have to connect one cell and note on reading of omit and voltmeter.
So next connect two cells.
Connect two cells and note on reading of voltmeter and repeat the process for three and four.
Repeat the process for three and four cells. Understood or not? First you have to connect one cell and not done reading of ammeter and voltmeter. Next connect two cells and down reading of amter and voltmeter. Repeat the process for three and four. After connecting three and four cells you have to observe the reading of amter and voltmeter then draw the graph. If you are drawing the graph so here you can see.
So I'm drawing the graph.
So first of all we have to draw the table column. After that we have to draw the graph. So serial number of cells reading ultimate reading V by I form.
Serial number of cells reading we ultimate reading V by I form equal to R. So 1 2 3.
Okay. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 understood or not?
So you have we have to take to four cells and four cells readings have to mention. So in the table form and after that if you draw the graph V and I so V on yaxis I on X-axis the graph is straight line for omic conductors. The graph is straight line for omic conductors. Omic conductor. Understood or not? Omic conductors. So coming to the nonomic conductors.
Nonomic conductors. So the graph is curve. V on yaxis I on x-axis.
Nonomic conductors. Understood or not?
Nonomic conductors.
Nonomic conductors.
to VI graph is straight line.
Okay. So I hope it is very clear.
VI graph VI graph is straight line for omic conductors. VI graph is curve for nonomic conductors. So what do you mean by omic conductors? The conductors which obey Omla those are called omic conductors. The conductors which does not obey Ohm's law those are called nonomic conductors.
Nonomic conductors. I hope it is very clear. So next one we will discuss about Okay. So, next So after that we'll discuss about factors depends on resistance factors depends on resistance.
So a b so here I'm taking ameter and the bul so battery switch.
So now you can see here observe first we have to take nicro wire of length necroire of length L and area of the cross-section A first one coming to the so nicro wire of length 2 L and area of the cross-section is A. So second one coming to the next one area of the cross-section is doubled 2 A and the length is L. And in the third in the fourth case in the fourth case we have to take So this is the third one. Coming to the fourth case we have to take copper wire.
We have to take copper wire. Understood or not? So here between A and B first we have to take neire of length L and area of the cross-section and in the second case so twice of the length necro and area of the cross-section is a only in the third case twice of the area of the cross-section length is L connect between A and B and next one the third fourth case take the copper wire of length L. So as we are taking the first case, as we are taking the first case, the same length we have to take in the fourth case also. But instead of copper, instead of nikrome wire, in the fourth case we are taking the copper wire.
Understood or not? Instead of nikrome wire, we have to take copper wire. So now by observing all these conditions after connecting here between A and B we can observe amit reading will vary according to the length and according to the area of the cross-section. So how it will vary? So resistance is directly proportional to length of the conductor.
Resistance is inversely proportional to area of the crosssection. R is directly proportional to L by A. R= row into L.
Understood or not? R= row into L. I hope it is very clear. Understood or not? So, resistance is directly dep directly depends on length of the conductor. So, uh resistance is inversely proportional to area of the cross-section. Area of the cross-section. Is it clear or not?
So, now we can draw So now resistance and resistivity.
Resistance resistance and resistivity.
So here you can see resistance is directly proportional to resistance is inversely proportion.
So r = row into l by a r = row into l by a. So here row = by l. So row = m² by m get cancel. So row = m. So asset of resistance is ohm. Asset of resistivity is ohm meter.
And here you can see oh and here you can see oh meter. And coming to your resistance depends on temperature.
Resistance depends on temperature.
Resistance depends on nature of the material. Resistance depends on nature of the material. Resistivity also depends on nature of the material.
Understood or not? So one check here.
One check.
Okay. So, resistance is directly proportional to length of the conductor.
Resistance is inversely proportional to area of the cross-section.
Okay.
So, resistivity equal to RA by L. Ra A by L.
Understood or not? So, next one we'll discuss about resistors are connected in series combination.
Resistors are connected in series combination.
Resistors are connected in parallel combination.
Okay. Resistors.
Resistors are connected in connected in series combination.
So here I'm taking 1 2 3 R1 R2 R3 across R1 V_sub_1 across R2 V_sub_2 across R3 V3.
So here amter.
So here I'm taking this.
Okay. So throughout the circuit current is same. Throughout the circuit current is same. I = I1 = I2 = I3 = I from Ohm's law V = I I = V by R from Ohm's law from Ohm's law V= I = V by R understood or not? So V S = V1 + V_sub_2 + V3. So I R equ= I R1 + I R2 + I R3. So I am taking common RS = I am taking common R1 + R2 + R3. So I get cancel. So RS = R1 + R2 + R3.
Understood or not? So RS = NR.
If n number of resistors are connected in series combination.
So if n number of resistors are connected in series combination.
Okay. So V = I = V by if N number of resistors are connected in series combination RS equal to NR.
Okay. So coming to the next one, resistors are connected in parall combination.
Resistors are resistors are connected in parall combination. Let's discuss about it.
Resistors are connected in par combination.
Parl combination.
R1, R2, R3, I1, I2, I3.
So current is passing here.
So throughout the circuit potential difference is same.
Understood or not? Potential difference is same.
Is it clear or not? So current is dividing but potential difference is same. So then v = vp = v_sub_1 = v_sub_2 = v_sub_3 = v from Ohm's law v = I v = I understood or not from law v = I = v by r. So here you can observe throw out R1 I1 through out R2 I2 through R3 I3 understood or not.
Oh thank you so much Monalysria.
Okay. So coming to the next one here you can see I = I1 + I2 + I3.
Then V by RP = V by R1 + V by R2 + V by R3. So shall I take I V common? So I'm taking V common RP = V. I'm taking common 1x r1 + 1x r2 + 1x r3. So we will get cancel they're rebinding. So 1x rp = 1x r1 + 1x r2 + 1x r3. Okay. If n number of resistors are connected in par combination.
So 1x rp = n / rp = r by n rp = r by n understood or not?
So I hope it is very clear right. So this is so like this we have to do it like this we have to do it.
Is it clear or not?
So resistors are connected in parall combination.
Resistors are connected in parall combination.
Okay. So next one. So I'll discuss about we'll discuss about Okay. So that's enough. This is about this is about resistors are connected in parall combination.
Now we'll discuss about Now we will discuss about So now we are going to discuss about heating effect of electric current.
Okay, heating effect of electric current. So let's discuss about v = w by q w = v into q. So p = rate of doing work vq by t that is v into q by t. So q by t is i.q by t is i. So p = vi. So energy = p into t. Then so we can take H = V I into T I R into I into T understood or not? So then we will get I² RT. Heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to square of current. Heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to resistance.
Heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to time. Once again observe here. So potential difference equal to work done work done to work done to bring unit positive charge from one point to another point within the conductor. So V = W by Q. We know rate of flow of charge is called current. So cross multiply cross multiply W = VQ to P = electrical work P = rate of doing work = VQ q byt is I p = vi energy is given to the conductor = p into t h is whatever the energy is given to the conductor that will be in the form of heat that will become in the form of heat h= to vi into T V= I. So into T. So heat produced in the conductor is directly proported in the conductor is directly proportional to square of current. Heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to resistance and heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to time. Understood or not? So I hope it is very clear. So this about heating effect of electric current. So we can say the definition we can say the definition the source of energy continuously gets dissipated entirely in the form of heat.
Okay. Whatever the energy is coming from the source so that will be converted in the form of heat. Okay. So this is known as heating effect of electric current.
Definition is the source of energy continuously gets dissipated entirely in the form of heat is called heating effect of electric current. Understood or not? I hope it is very clear. So this is about heat produced or it is also known as Joel's law of heating. It is also known as Joel's law of heating.
Jo's law of heating. Understood or not?
So next one.
So we'll do a few problems. So we'll do few problems related to electric current. So let's do that. Okay. Let's do the problems.
Problems problems. Problems. Problems.
Problems. Problems.
Let's do some problems.
D.
Gram point.
So no one is going to come and work for you. You do your work, you improve yourself, you develop yourself.
Automatically you will become a brand.
Okay? A brand new version of you. Right?
So the competition is within you. Okay?
So yourself only you should competate.
Okay? Day by day you have to improve yourself. That is very very important.
Okay? So shine yourself. Shine yourself.
Okay. Each and every stage, each and every place, each and every point. So improve yourself, develop yourself, learn the knowledge. Okay? So whatever the place you are, wherever you are, you must improve yourself, you must develop yourself, you must learn the knowledge, you must acquire the knowledge. Okay? So then you will become a brand new version. You'll become a brand new version of you. Right? So try to learn as much as possible. So whatever the point, whatever the knowledge you want, so gain the knowledge, go in depth of the knowledge. Okay? So if you are preparing physics, go in depth of it. So prepare each and every concept, learn each and every concept, practice including numericals, everything right.
So be a master of it. So in the in your own field then you'll get to know the okay. So feeling of being dedicated to your work.
Okay. Come to the point.
So here 6 a 6 ohm resistance wire resistance wire resistance wire is doubled doubled on itself on itself.
Calculate Calculate the new Calculate the new resistance calculate the new resistance of the wire.
So find out, let me know.
What is the answer for this question?
What is the answer for this question?
The answer is so normally resistance is given 6 ohm.
R = 6 ohm. resistance of the wire is doubled on itself doubled on itself.
So best example.
So I'm taking this the length of the wire.
This is the length of the wire doubled on itself.
Doubled on itself. Length becomes of area becomes twice. Understood or not?
Very simple. once again. So length when it is doubled on itself length becomes of area becomes twice right. So l dash = 2 l a dash = sorry ld = off of of a dash = 2 area of the cross-section is doubled length is off length becomes off okay so next so rdash = row into ldash by a dash here rdash is nothing but so row into L by A. Okay, that is original one. So then R = row L = L by2 and A = 2 A. Then Rash = 1 by 4 into row into L by A. So we know = L by much 6 R = 6X 4. So 1.5 ohm, right?
So yes Rdash = 1.5 understood or not? So like this we are to solve like this.
Like this we are to solve. Is it clear or not?
Understood or not? Is it clear?
Yes. So next one we'll discuss about one more question.
One more question.
If you like the content, if you like the channel, do like, share and subscribe to student brand. Share to everyone. Inform to everyone.
If you want to win in your life, if you want to win in your life, if you want to be successful in your life, if you want to be strong in your life, if you want to be successful, if you want to be great, if you want to be strong, if you want to be courageous in your life means Do creative works then you'll face so many hurdles.
In order to face all the hurdles you gain all the requirements all the required materials confidence.
Okay. So courageous and uh so you can able to tackle all the problems then you can whether you are able to tackle or not it depends but you'll get confidence first. Yes. Yes I can able to handle the things. Yes I can able to do this work.
Yes I am very confident enough to do this work. I am very strong. I am very confident. I am very uh interested towards this work. Then automatically you will move forward. Okay. So whether you are successful or not so you are starting the work. Okay. So you are able to start the work. That is very important. Start the work. Start doing start doing. So this is very very powerful and extraordinary motivation to you all of you. Okay. So that is start doing work. If you want okay so 600 out of 600 if you want particular okay so J rank if you want to neat rank so if you want uh get good marks in 11th grade and 12th grade even if you are studying 10th class so this is about 10th class whatever I'm saying the topic is related 10th class if you want to know good good marks so you have to start doing yes so we have time So we can prepare one day night. So before the exam we will do whole night. Okay. Night out we will prepare and write exam. No. So it won't work out. Okay. You must do work. Start do it. Start do it. That's enough.
Definitely you will reach your goal.
Right. So very powerful very motivative.
Understood or not? So I hope it is very clear. So do like, share and subscribe to story in the brand. If you like the content, if you like the channel, if you like my explanation, if you like the channel, do like, share and subscribe and share to everyone. Right. Yes.
Now click on like button if you Now we can do it. Right now those who are watching you can click on like button.
If you like the content, if you like the channel.
So next one question number.
So three 2 ohm resistors 2 2 ohm resistors A, B and C are connected in connected in such a way that such a way that Such a way that the total resistance the total resistance the total resistance of the combination.
Total resistance of the combination is 3 ohm.
Show the arrangement.
Show the arrangement of the 3 ohm resistors.
Three resistors and uh that's enough.
This is the question.
So try to answer to this question.
Okay. So, Yes, the answer is so here you can see so 2 ohm resistors connected in par so they didn't mention but we are to get final answer 3 ohm understood or not for that we are to connect so two in parallel then one in series.
So 2 ohm 2 ohm 2 ohm this effective resistance will get 1 and here is 1 ohm total is 3 ohm.
So those who got the correct answer very good.
So thank you so much for joining attending and listening. So if you like the content, if you like the channel, do like, share and subscribe to student brand. This is signing off. Thank you.
We'll do the problems in the next class, right?
Yes.
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