CH # 02 Atomic structure in one shot for NMDCAT students only

[00:00:01]Manalamkum subject chemistry lecture number two lecture number two chapter number two atomic structure students atomic structure basic topics discoveries and properties of a node ray topic explain photon as a unit of energy topic orital salor electronic configuration electronic configuration of pinstopic the quantum numbers quantum numbers.

[00:01:05]Now students, now will explain who students atomic theory Dton's atomic theory 08.

[00:01:56]Any kind of kind of matter is made of small indivisible particle called atoms.

[00:02:24]The world atom was introduced by the world atom was introduced by democratus.

[00:02:33]Democratus.

[00:02:36]Democratos.

[00:02:49]A means not means divisibility or divisible.

[00:02:58]Not divisible.

[00:03:05]divisible particle. Now students 1808 the matter smallest particle atomic are the building blocks.

[00:03:30]Atoms are the building blocks of all matters.

[00:03:37]Building blocks element atoms seem atoms of the same element are identical of the same element are identical are same.

[00:03:58]Different types of matter, different kinds of matter.

[00:04:03]Different matter is due to the difference of atoms.

[00:04:11]Difference of atoms different students.

[00:04:30]Modern science particles atomic particles at the small particles students atomic particles more than 100 more than 100 small particles Three particles electron, proton and neutron which are called fundamental particles of atom called fundamental particles of atom.

[00:05:19]Eight on the fundamental particles.

[00:05:38]Quarks made of quarks.

[00:05:52]fordament.

[00:06:17]protons and neutrons also student electrons and neutrons.

[00:06:33]Electver discovery of electron discovery of discovery of discovery of discover discovery of discovery of rays.

[00:07:08]electrod students.

[00:07:28]The electrominal connectinal terminal students 1850 electrons discharge the discharge of electrons. Ferrar 1950 discharge of electron discharge of electron students.

[00:08:27]The gas pressure 180 voltage voltage students pressure normal pressure 760 5,000 vol battery voltage 5000 vol tube nothing was observed inside the glass tube No observation observation nothing was observed inside the glass 0.1 Glow was observed inside the glass tube 01 voltage 10,000 volt Green screen.

[00:10:42]behind zinc.

[00:10:57]Good conductor electricity low pressure. Good conductor students.

[00:11:23]Observe pressure and 10,000 volunteer the conditions originated from electric tube experiment.

[00:12:22]Best charge tube experiment.

[00:12:36]for changes.

[00:12:53]zinc battery inside the glass tube.

[00:13:21]charge.

[00:13:33]ization.

[00:13:54]students come to an origin originated.

[00:14:08]Yeah. produced by ionization of gas. produced by ionization of gas inside the glass tube of gas inside the glass tube. Glass tube cannot be originated from the direction toward the negative were also called positive rays.

[00:15:01]Now the race production towards negative towards negative Anode rays properties.

[00:15:36]Properties.

[00:15:39]Properties of anode rays.

[00:15:47]properties.

[00:15:58]travels and straight line opic object of opic object.

[00:16:27]experiment.

[00:16:46]Consist of bunch of messy particles.

[00:16:50]Bunch of mass particles.

[00:16:57]Experiments experiment.

[00:17:03]Rotation of wheel. Rotation of light pen wheel. Light pen wheel. Experiment.

[00:17:30]participation.

[00:17:55]Particle possess charge.

[00:17:58]Possess charge. Experiment.

[00:18:14]Students.

[00:18:17]your particle straight.

[00:18:36]Magnetter magnet.

[00:18:46]charged particles possess experiment Thompson plus Thompson and Jefferine They bend toward student Important property.

[00:19:43]E by M ratio. Charles 1.76 power 11 per kilogiment.

[00:20:22]In the absence of any field Electric field.

[00:21:01]Equation equation E by M= E / B² R equation equation electric field of the tube 1.7 76 into 10 power 11. The charge unit of the mass unit the charge of one the charge on the charge on 1 kilogram of electrons 1 kilg.

[00:21:55]Now students 1.76 power 11 kilogantly.

[00:22:35]Hydrogen atom oxygen.

[00:22:50]The Estant Eat properties of properties of the anode properties. The anode property students line shows deflection towards negative plate and electric field shows deflection shows deflection towards negative plate in the presence of electric field by M ratio students by Matio students depends upon mass of a rayon.

[00:24:44]The helium Electron electing is called remaining.

[00:25:14]Who is the E by Matio built a mass greater The variable answer students.

[00:26:11]E by Maz greater larger students by large 9.11 L 9.54 L 10 to the power 9.54 10^ 7 kum kg the hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen students answer questions Which of the following has greater E by M ratio?

[00:27:26]Now students by Matio 11 by Mat The question was clear.

[00:28:06]Which of the following has small E by M ratio. E by M ratio.

[00:28:15]A number the hydrogen. B number the oxygen. C number the florine. D number the nitrogen.

[00:28:31]one the oxygen 16 students topic hydrogen spectrum Hydrogen spectrum.

[00:29:12]end of colors spectrum.

[00:29:19]For example, white light Seven web gear web, green, yellow, orange and red up to 750 nanome rangeum.

[00:30:08]Sharpen deflection.

[00:30:17]Greater deflection.

[00:30:24]Large V. Greater wavelength V small deflection.

[00:30:31]less blue, orange color, green color, yellow, blue, Orange home. Blue green.

[00:31:04]Green spectum of hydrogen atom.

[00:31:35]Spectral line.

[00:31:37]Spectral line.

[00:31:55]lineal lines.

[00:32:03]Hydrogen atom the spectral lines that classify you in several series and hydrogen atom and hydrogen atom. The following spectral series are obtained. hydrogen atom series.

[00:32:23]The following spectral serieses are obtained series.

[00:32:37]Lyman series, Dalmer series, Dian series, Saloret series, Pam series, Asham. Hri series. Hry series.

[00:33:15]High state lowmag students elect the high states high state the second fourth fifth sixth and seven electromagnetic spectrum visible regions.

[00:34:06]four, six, seven break. The fifth, sixth or seventh state.

[00:34:29]The sixth or the seventh fifth state.

[00:34:51]electromagnetic radiation.

[00:35:04]Elect.

[00:35:40]In case of hydrogen atom hydrogen atom series energies Students come electromagnetic spectrum 410.2 Two nanome wavelength blue violet 434 nanome wavelength electron. The fourth blue green color blue green color 486 red 656.3 656 6.3 nanome wave hydrogen atom series blueitation.

[00:37:54]Spectrum of hydrogen atoms quantum theory.

[00:38:10]Quantum theory.

[00:38:15]Electromagnetic spectrum.

[00:38:29]Good students.

[00:38:40]1900 the lives about energy energy release by a hard body absorbed by a cold body. Cold body energy quantum body energy absorb released absorb. Energy not in continuous wave form. Continuous form. Not a continuous wave form.

[00:39:42]But in the form of small pay cuts, but in the form of But in the form of small pay for energy.

[00:39:59]The energy energy energy students quantum plural light energy in case of light energy photons The light energy Electronic particle nature particle nature nature particle nature.

[00:41:25]Particle duality.

[00:41:28]Particles duality.

[00:41:39]particles.

[00:41:54]The energy of a quantum is proportional to its frequency. That the frequencies are directly proportional.

[00:42:03]The energy of a quantum is proportional to its frequency.

[00:42:09]E= H where H is called constant constant students 6.62 62 10 ^ - 34 into E= Hum for a quantum number or any number of quantity of proportional E= N divided by lambda equation equation equation.

[00:43:43]Einstein M C² H new H new is equal to M C² square hid= mc² is equal to h / lambda student.

[00:44:22]The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.

[00:44:26]P= H by lambda lambda lambda= H / P= H / MG Fore students.

[00:45:21]Electromagnetic radiations.

[00:45:33]electromagnetic radiations.

[00:45:40]No need of medium. No need of a medium.

[00:45:47]possess properties possess of both electric and magnetic properties.

[00:45:54]Electric and magnetic behavior.

[00:46:08]For example, infrared for Example student electromagnetic spectrum visible visible region electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic radiation Seven colors violet indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red students. Violet energy Number directly proportional number inversely proportional violet.

[00:48:20]UV frequenc See, Violet, ultraviolet frequenc Princ.

[00:49:24]Xrays micro waves radio.

[00:49:51]radio.

[00:49:55]Now students, the radiog of increasing their way of increasing decreasing their students.

[00:50:33]The game more xray ultraviolet violet Say, the blue green, the yellow, the orange, the red, the mic, the radio, increasing, decreasing order of frequency numbers.

[00:51:24]That is yet important topic. Quantum numbers, huh? That is an important topic, most important important points.

[00:51:44]Quantum number of numbers which define electron in an atom.

[00:51:58]Define an electron in atom.

[00:52:24]location. Important distance from nucleus.

[00:52:45]released energy.

[00:52:50]Electron electing information.

[00:53:30]Quantum numbers. Quantum numbers.

[00:53:35]For example, n = 3, l = 0, s = 0, m = 0, s= half. Now the sodium last elect students ID card number.

[00:54:19]I record number elect numbers quantum numbers is immortal quantum number quantum number quantum number quantum numbers.

[00:55:06]Principal quantum number or spin quantum numbers.

[00:55:27]Which of the following quantum number is not derived is not derived by the solution of Schroinger wave equation. So the equation first quantum numbers first three principle is magnetic by the solution of wave equation equation student number four quantum Number discovered separately.

[00:56:15]Discover separate number clearucleus Now student numbers.

[00:57:19]A spial orientation. The X is the among Y.

[00:57:38]Clockwise clockwise Number spin of electron Number orientation information number elect first one the principle quantum Quum number principle quantum number.

[00:58:57]Now students the principle quantum number information.

[00:59:12]It gives information about shell.

[00:59:31]V and so on.

[00:59:37]First value.

[01:00:00]and so on.

[01:00:13]Number of electrons in a shell.

[01:00:29]2 into 3 square into 9 18 number of subs. Number of subshells in a shell.

[01:00:54]value of N value of N.

[01:01:11]and so on.

[01:01:15]Number of number of All right.

[01:01:48]N square.

[01:02:04]distance radius R is equal to student N² by Z into 0.5 29st Number 0.529 Z² / N² into 13.6 electron volinc.

[01:03:01]Quantum number students.

[01:03:12]Number is a motor quantum number.

[01:03:26]Is a motoral quantum number represented by small L.

[01:03:37]represented by small information.

[01:04:05]momentum numbers.

[01:04:18]The shapes of shapes of subshell number one.1 students Now the students 3 - 2 3 US value 0 P subshell to the L value two D sub to the L value three sub value four number students DF Forever sub in shapeucleus.

[01:06:59]dumbbell double dumbbell shape. Double number shape complex shape students value one values 0 1 2 0 V 1 V 2 V Shall stay shall be sub.

[01:08:35]The subscal = 1 = 4 L= P= 3 L= L= Answer the values of the values of principle n is quantum number 3D subshell is the 3D= n = 3 = The four studental students the value of quantum Number momentum angular momentum.

[01:10:38]Momentum angular momentum number.

[01:10:45]Hence called Hence called angular momentum quantum number.

[01:11:06]So number of in subshell number of subshell number 2 L + 2 N2 + one 2 0 0 + 1. No one sing 2 into 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 px p y pz px p y and pz but d subshell L 2 L + 1 L through + 1 2 4 + 1 5 number of N of electrons N number of electrons in a subshell 22 + 1 2 0 0 + 1 1 2 1's are 2 two electrons sub electrons 2 * 1 + 1 2 1 2 + 1 3 3 6 electron dial 2 * 2 into the L value 2 D sub 1 2 4 + 1 5 2 5 10 electron if 2 * 3 + 1 2 3's are 6 + 1 7 2 7 are 14 14 electant number.

[01:13:58]Magnetic quantum number.

[01:14:05]Magnetic quantum numbers.

[01:14:17]Magnetic number information about orientations of orbitals.

[01:14:28]Orientations.

[01:14:30]Yeah. Ex of the information number M value - 2 -1 0 + 1 + -1 0 + 1 + 2 n + 3 for 1 2 3 4 5 subshell contain five dxy dyz dz X dx² h y² and dz² dial px of p y and p 2 3 4 5 6 7 If subshell contains seven dimension This is itself in students.

[01:17:31]This student how many how many values of M magnetic quantum number m are possible the mus= value.

[01:17:55]The second square is = 4 value zero.

[01:18:36]Now 1 + 3 last quantum number four spin quantum number spin quantum students represented represented by S.

[01:19:10]The spin of electwise spinning.

[01:19:21]Plus, Students, next topic the shape of substance.

[01:20:02]Shape of subshells.

[01:20:12]The shapes of shapes of shapes of suction s= s when L= Z is M has one value.

[01:21:04]Now this means this means that this subshell contains single.

[01:21:32]is armatital has spherical shape.

[01:21:37]has spical shape.

[01:21:47]All directions same probability around the nucleus.

[01:22:01]The size of energy size of energy is energy of size. Then number three is size of energy say y four is size of energy.

[01:22:22]Now probability of electron probability of finding electron probability of electron keybility 100% number%.3% and so on.

[01:23:02]Pion P sub.

[01:23:06]Now P subs for L= for L is = 1. This means pant when it is equal to 1. Now the m value 0 + 1 number m has three values.

[01:23:41]It means p subshell contains three px py and pzq students.

[01:23:56]Orbital each pital has dumbbell shape.

[01:24:01]Each pbital has dumbbell shape.

[01:24:06]Dumbbell shape. The dumbbell shape.

[01:24:10]Two loops. Two loops. Each has dumb shape with two loops.

[01:24:19]The loops.

[01:24:25]orientation xaxis px y X P Y P Z Pion P submp risky py size of energy and so on.

[01:25:34]Yes. D sub. Third one. D sub for L= 2 it means D sub= -2 -1 0 + 1 N + 2 five figures the Five videos number five.

[01:26:14]Therefore, D subshell contains five orital five orital name dxy dyz x dx² y² dz² shape shape is the has double dumbbell shape has double dumbbell shape. Double dumbbell shape.

[01:26:48]Four loops containing four loes except DZ² except DZ square which contains two loops.

[01:27:10]For example, dxy dxy along xaxis yaxis among xaxis and yaxis.

[01:27:22]D XY D Y Z along Yaxis Z ais for exampis Two loops containing two loops subs has complex shape.

[01:28:16]has complex shape.

[01:28:23]Complex shape students electronic configuration.

[01:28:36]Electronic configuration.

[01:28:46]Electronic configuration.

[01:28:49]Distribution of electrons.

[01:28:51]Distribution of electrons in shells and subshells or around the nucleus of an atom.

[01:29:11]Electles or principle.

[01:29:23]Rules and principles.

[01:29:33]Principle.

[01:29:38]Principle.

[01:29:42]statement.

[01:29:50]An arital can hold a maximum of a maximum of two electrons with opposite spin.

[01:30:13]For example, electrons atomic number electron value clockwise opposite. Number number value.

[01:31:57]Now number two electrons no two electrons can have can have same set can have same set of four quantum numbers.

[01:32:29]Quantum number same principle exclusion principle.

[01:32:59]For exampibility Maximum HL degenerate degenerate orital degenerate orbital.

[01:33:54]orital of same energy.

[01:33:58]of same energy.

[01:34:07]Same subshell of same subshell.

[01:34:12]The same of same value.

[01:34:26]Y 2 P X 2 P Y 2 P Z 2 P X 2 P Y 2 P two one same sub of the N value of L value and N value the same shell. The same degenerate students value.

[01:35:24]Same 3D XY 3D square.

[01:35:53]Four senerate degenerate degenerate.

[01:36:30]D generate orbitals are available.

[01:36:35]If degenerate orbitals are available, degenerate then electrons are filled into separate orbital.

[01:36:48]Electrons are filled into separate electrons and after that start fearing and after that start fearing for examp 2 2 s2 or 2 p3 Now students 2 px 2 py 2 pzer The stability number principle principle.

[01:38:24]For subs meaning of building off electute building of N plus energy rulemin students the rule Electrons are distributed.

[01:39:23]Electrons are distributed in subshells.

[01:39:27]Electron are distributed in subshells.

[01:39:30]Now the sub on the basis of on the basis of n + l values.

[01:39:40]N plus l values.

[01:39:47]having small n value.

[01:39:51]Subshell having small n + l value.

[01:39:56]N plus l value should be f first.

[01:40:02]should be filled first because of low energy. because of low energy. Energy sub having low energy should be felt first. Subshell having small energy should be filled first.

[01:40:43]plus n plus small should be filled first 2 S 2 P 3S 3 The value zero number one raz The n value of two value the number two the value of two 3 + 1 Answer four plus 2.

[01:42:08]Students, 2, 2, 3, S, 3 P, 3 D, B, 4 S, 4 P, 4 D, and 4 F. 5 is 5 P, 5 D, 5 F. We 6 is 6 P, 6 D, and 6 F.

[01:42:46]7 S 7 P 7 D and 7 F 1 S 2 1 S 2 P number 2 P 3 S 3 P 4 S 3 D 4 P 5 S 4 D 5 P 6 S 4 F 5 D 6 P 7 S 5 F 6 D 7 P 6 F 7 D and 7 Max 14 electron configuration students.

[01:43:56]school schoolwide school.

[01:44:00]Second PS, DPS, DPS, DPS, DPS.

[01:44:25]F DPS F DP F D.

[01:44:42]Next point is sub.

[01:45:06]Three is she. Da four is she. Da five is she. Da six is she.

[01:45:11]7 PV 4 P 5 P 6 P 7 3D 4 D 5 D 6 D 7 D for example 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 We are 10. We are 6. We are 2. We are 14. We are 10. We are 6.

[01:45:57]We are two.

[01:46:00]Now 4 10 12 18 20 30 36 38 48 54 56 70 80 86 88 88 elements chromium copper. Now chromium 24 electron copper 29 electron student 24 electron 1 s2 2 s2 v 2 p6 via 3 s2 v 3 p6 4 s2 v 3 d4 now the chromium configuration students D4 D54 system 4 S1 3D5 The copper 29 1 S2 2 S2 2 P6 3 S2 3 P6 S29 highly unstable system 4 S1 students configuration.