Unit 1

Added: 2026-05-25

[00:00:02]What's the meaning of metal?

[00:00:05]Metal leases substance the last energy in level or the outermost energy we contain one, two, or three electrons. Means what? Means less than four electrons. Excellent. Okay.

[00:00:22]The metal has or have some properties like what? Number one, uh the metal All the metal is solid.

[00:00:32]Okay? Except one metal. Who I mean?

[00:00:35]Mercury, yes.

[00:00:37]And mercury for our balance in the liquid. The man That's who I met the and the same metal. When the English number one who are the metallic luster shiny All the metal All the metals has Uh yes, metallic luster. Okay? It's shiny and all the metal Uh so I can copper, uh silver, calcium, iron, zinc.

[00:01:04]Uh even if even mercury All the other metallic luster.

[00:01:11]And all the metal good conductor of electricity and heat. I don't think you got it. And I was studying the copper to make the electric wires. They They call it a good conductor of electricity.

[00:01:25]Okay.

[00:01:26]What else? All the metal malleable, ductile, and huh formable. What's the meaning that malleable? I can make it shape. Yeah.

[00:01:38]Ductile I can hammer it on it without crumbles, without crash. Huh and formable. Malleable, ductile, and formable. Formable, I can make shape. Right. Okay?

[00:01:54]Okay. You got the metals huh malleable, ductile, and formable.

[00:02:00]>> This is what this is is called physical properties. Physically properties.

[00:02:04]Excellent.

[00:02:05]What else?

[00:02:09]Except for mercury.

[00:02:11]I don't know what this is. Shiny, good conductor of electricity and heat. Okay, what else? I need the melting point of metals here is very high. Excellent. You have a metal to change from solid state to liquid state, I need high temperature.

[00:02:32]Okay?

[00:02:34]For example, the measuring unit, sorry, the melting point of iron iron more than 1,500.

[00:02:51]Okay? And the copper more than 1,063°.

[00:02:57]So, the metals has high melting and high huh?

[00:03:03]Yes, boiling point.

[00:03:06]I don't know what you mean. I don't know what you mean. Metals. The nonmetal and then you have the outermost energy level five, six, or seven.

[00:03:16]Means more than four electrons. Okay?

[00:03:20]All of them nonmetal solid like metals? No. And you mean huh?

[00:03:26]Uh solids like sulfur, carbon, phosphorus, and liquid like bromine, and uh gases like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.

[00:03:38]Okay?

[00:03:40]Okay. What else?

[00:03:43]They don't have metallic luster. Not shiny. What's the meaning of not shiny?

[00:03:49]Opaque. This means the nonmetal is opaque objects, okay? Not malleable or ductile. What do you mean that? Huh?

[00:03:57]Yes, brittle. If you hammer it on it, it will crash easily, okay? And change into powder.

[00:04:04]Okay? By any bad conductor of electricity and heat. Except what?

[00:04:10]Except the graphite. Graphite is a non-metal, the only one, the alone non-metal good conductor of electricity.

[00:04:18]So, I can use it for huh? Yes, manufacture dry cell or battery, okay? Okay, the melting point of non-metal is very low.

[00:04:29]Like what? Iodine, for example, less than 250 degrees Celsius. Okay?

[00:04:36]Okay.

[00:04:42]What else?

[00:04:44]I say this.

[00:04:47]Okay.

[00:04:53]Metallic bond.

[00:04:55]Why the metals like iron, like copper is very solid, very hard? Why? Huh?

[00:05:03]I I see it in the first term. Huh? I talked about what? Yes.

[00:05:13]Covalent bond and ionic bond. What do I mean ionic bond? It can be between ions.

[00:05:19]Positive ions and negative ions. You can have different ions, yes? But what happened?

[00:05:25]Negative charge and positive charge, different charges will have attraction force between them. Electrostatic attraction force between them. This is attraction force is called what? Ionic bond. Okay? And the covalent can be between the nonmetals, yes? Okay, by sharing electrons.

[00:05:46]What?

[00:05:47]The metallic bond between the atoms of the same metal on the same element. We have here There is an example for the properties of metals, okay? For example, the iron. Between the iron between the atoms of iron, we have specific bond is called what? Huh?

[00:06:11]Metallic bond.

[00:06:13]This is metallic bond This reduce what?

[00:06:17]Reduce for what? Huh? Yes, reduced from attraction force between cations or positive ions of metal and valence electrons that revolve around it.

[00:06:31]For example, Each metal has at the center positive cation.

[00:06:38]Positive.

[00:06:40]Yes? Okay. Why? Because, huh, any metal loses one or more electrons from outermost energy level during chemical reactions and changes into positive cation or positive ion.

[00:06:58]Okay? And the free valence electrons revolve or move around the positive ion.

[00:07:06]Yes? Cation.

[00:07:07]So, we have attraction force between valence electrons or between cloud of valence electrons, okay?

[00:07:18]Electronic cloud. And the cation.

[00:07:22]This is attraction force inside the same metal. This one This is called metallic bond. This is what? Yes, metallic bond.

[00:07:32]Okay.

[00:07:34]If I hear metallic bond, yes, metallic bond or in here the attraction force between positive metal ions and negative ions and negative valence electrons which is surround them.

[00:07:51]Okay, the the arrangement. This is metallic bond.

[00:08:05]But, I have other Yes, other expression is called metallic crystal lattice. What the meaning of metallic crystal lattice?

[00:08:17]This arrangement of The arrangement of positive cations and >> [clears throat] >> Ah, yes, and electronic cloud and electronic valence A electrons uh electronic valence clouds around it.

[00:08:35]The attraction force of the arrangement that you have the 30 between the cation and the valence electrons that we call it metallic crystal lattice. I really like the expression that I don't know if you understand me.

[00:08:48]Okay? And with that, the questions I need to answer are not a lot.

[00:08:54]Okay, so there's a difference between the metallic crystal lattice and between the metallic I really like that question again.

[00:09:05]Okay, we already know that the metallic bond here is the solid form of metals.

[00:09:09]Like what? Hardness or high melting points.

[00:09:15]And the metallic bond depend on the valence electrons and depend on the number of valence electrons. Like what?

[00:09:24]I will talk about three metals, three different metals. Okay, which of them?

[00:09:31]Sodium, magnesium, and aluminum.

[00:09:37]Like sodium has one and valence electrons is weak.

[00:09:42]So, the metallic bond of sodium is low.

[00:09:45]And the hardness the hardness of sodium is very weak.

[00:09:51]It's the weakest the metal.

[00:09:53]Why? Because sodium has one valence electrons outermost energy level.

[00:09:59]The attraction force between cations and electrons is very weak.

[00:10:05]And magnesium has two electrons around it.

[00:10:10]Yes, cations.

[00:10:12]So, the attraction force is stronger than sodium.

[00:10:15]And the highest Yes, highest melting point.

[00:10:20]And what? And more hard.

[00:10:23]More harder than sodium.

[00:10:26]Aluminum has three valence electrons, more attraction force, more hardest, and have the most almost Sorry, the most hardest. And what?

[00:10:38]Yes.

[00:10:39]And higher melting point.

[00:10:42]So, the metallic bond depends on number of valence electrons. When the number of valence electrons increase, the hardness of metal will increase and its melting point what? Increase also.

[00:10:57]Recycling metal recycling.

[00:11:00]Why?

[00:11:02]I I need recycling of metals. Why?

[00:11:06]What do you mean by recycling of Any recycling here process to conversation of waste into new usable substance. Why?

[00:11:17]Huh. Any number one, decreasing of the percentage in earth's crust. And metals you see and they have Any And my gate here is small amount is very small amount in the crust in the earth.

[00:11:32]But when delta is starting to feel Yes, if we run out.

[00:11:39]So, I I will what? I will make that any substance, which substance enter recycle it.

[00:11:49]I can use it again, okay? And instead extracting the metal from the earth.

[00:11:57]Okay?

[00:11:58]The extracting process the metals from its ores is very expensive.

[00:12:07]Okay?

[00:12:08]But recycling is lower cost compared what? Compared extracting them from their ores.

[00:12:16]And the process of extracting them from ores is very, very, very hard.

[00:12:22]So, the recycling process is easier than extracting them from ores, okay?

[00:12:30]Okay.

[00:12:33]The last part in this lesson is the alloy.

[00:12:36]Alloy is only in the here about here.

[00:12:39]Yes, I bought a mixture or melting mixture of metals.

[00:12:46]How?

[00:12:47]For example, I will take copper, 95 copper, and this main metal and five and [clears throat] two five percent only from that.

[00:13:06]This is I will uh Yes, I will melt copper and it will melt uh tin and mix them together.

[00:13:16]Will Yes, this is mixture this what? Bronze alloy. You got bronze alloy consists of 95% copper and 10% only tin.

[00:13:31]10 not resist resisting rust The other thing is number two not very hard It's very hard and Yes, I am very hard and resistance rust Okay.

[00:15:01]Okay.

[00:15:06]The copper with 10 it bronze alloy is more resistant to rust and is very hard, okay?

[00:15:18]Why prefer use alloy instead using pure metal? not only pure metal.

[00:15:26]Yes. Because the properties of alloy is different from properties of original elements of pure metal.

[00:15:41]Leave us Canadian or why I can use or I can prefer use uh bronze alloy instead of alloy because the bronze alloy is very hard and Yes.

[00:15:56]Rust resistance.

[00:15:59]Okay.

[00:16:00]>> [clears throat] >> To make make medals, sorry, to make a statues.

[00:16:10]This is unit lesson one.

[00:16:14]Unit one, lesson one, okay?

[00:16:17]The metallic bond which make it again in the metallic bond uh first of all mean the metals only. Yeah, and if you have a metal chlorine and a 17 in atomic number no metallic bond, huh?

[00:16:37]Lesson two talk about acids and alkaline.

[00:16:42]Well, then how many I have to gain?

[00:16:46]How many elements?

[00:16:50]Sorry.

[00:16:53]Okay.

[00:16:54]Number two.

[00:16:55]I mean the cations and anions.

[00:16:58]When lose one or more electrons, they change into cations, I mean positive ions.

[00:17:04]The name of positive cations is the same name of metal atoms, okay?

[00:17:10]Okay, but the anions is a different name.

[00:17:14]The anions or negative ions has different names from atomic atoms.

[00:17:20]Name of atoms.

[00:17:21]Okay, then what's chlorine?

[00:17:24]I will remove E and add ions. So, chlorine become chloride.

[00:17:33]Chlorine become chloride.

[00:17:36]Bromine become bromide. Iodine iodide. Side. Oxygen oxide. Sulfur sulfide. Okay? Okay.

[00:17:48]What about the negative ions and the positive and negative charge?

[00:17:54]But, the ions consist of one atom, one element.

[00:18:00]But, the atomic group or the atomic group or polyatomic ions the name they are about ions or the charge, but not one atom, not one element. Consist of composed of more than atom, more than element.

[00:18:20]Okay?

[00:18:22]But, what are the negative one?

[00:18:26]Positive group they are mean ammonium.

[00:18:31]Ammonium here only positive, huh?

[00:18:34]Group and NH4. What are the negative one and the positive one and the negative one and the negative one?

[00:18:40]The ion and ammonium and ammonium mean ammonium gas.

[00:18:45]Ammonium and the ammonium positive charge.

[00:18:48]And what is it?

[00:18:49]What are the negative one?

[00:18:56]If I mean ammonium NH4 I mean the positive charge. The atomic group has a positive charge or carry one positive charge or between ammonia here NH3.

[00:19:12]This natural basic gas.

[00:19:19]Yes.

[00:19:23]And this is positive group.

[00:19:26]Okay.

[00:19:33]One atomic group carry three negative charge.

[00:19:38]Okay, like what? Like phosphate.

[00:19:41]PO4 And three groups carry two negative charges. What I mean? Yes.

[00:19:48]Carbonate, sulfate, sulfite. What's the difference between sulfate and sulfite?

[00:19:53]The difference between them number of oxygen. Okay? Sulfate contains four oxygen atom and sulfite contains three oxygen atoms. So, if I have a lot of oxygen, this ate, this ate, I will add syllable ate.

[00:20:15]But if I have little oxygen, I will add ites.

[00:20:22]Okay? What's the difference between sulfate and sulfite? Number of oxygen.

[00:20:28]Okay. And I have some groups carry negative charge. One negative charge, should I put like hydroxide, nitrite, nitra nitrate, nitrites? What's the difference between nitrate and nitrites?

[00:20:41]Yes, number of oxygen. NO3, nitrate, and nitrite have NO2.

[00:20:49]Bicarbonate, HCO3.

[00:20:55]The carbonate have CO3 and carry two negative charge. But bicarbonate Yes, HCO3 and have one negative charge. Okay?

[00:21:08]Okay.

[00:21:11]Okay.

[00:21:20]I can classify the compounds into four groups. And I can classify the compounds [clears throat] How many groups? Four groups.

[00:21:33]And number one, acids. Number two, alkalis. Number three, oxides.

[00:21:40]And the fourth one is salts.

[00:21:45]Arrhenius this scientist And in the acids and alkalis, they are about substances if dissolved in water, will take or will produce a specific ion.

[00:22:01]Like what? Acids.

[00:22:03]Any acid if dissolved in water will produce what? Yes, will produce hydrogen cation.

[00:22:10]And the alkalis will it change or will produce, huh? Hydroxide.

[00:22:15]Arrhenius. Who said that?

[00:22:17]Yes, scientist is called, huh?

[00:22:19]Arrhenius.

[00:22:21]Okay.

[00:22:28]I hope H. I hope acid I hope H. Okay.

[00:22:35]You have an acid [clears throat] who are about hydrogen cation any anion any anion other anion. Okay.

[00:22:43]But meaning basic of acids meaning acids meaning main products of acids meaning main components of acids and hydrogen gas.

[00:22:54]Then the hydrogen cation here is basic or acids there in acids.

[00:23:02]Okay.

[00:23:02]>> Okay?

[00:23:07]When I think in the ending two types of acids, oxy acids and acids without oxygen.

[00:23:22]atomic group hydrogen plus atomic group like this.

[00:23:40]This is my oxy acid.

[00:23:43]oxy acid except hydroxide hydroxide Then I will have here hydroxide. I think water and water is acid.

[00:23:56]I mean Yes, I mean here oxy acids. I mean here A. oxy acids without giving hydro. I don't put word hydro.

[00:24:11]I think what's the matter This is what sulfuric acid.

[00:24:28]This is my sulfate, right? sulfate and add what? Yes. ic I change the A to ic.

[00:24:40]The thing I have here sulfate is sulfuric acid.

[00:24:46]Okay? I want else.

[00:24:49]phosphate phosphoric acid carbonate carbonic acid Okay?

[00:24:58]I just want to give Yes, acid.

[00:25:02]What else?

[00:25:05]Doesn't contain oxygen like what?

[00:25:09]Like HCL.

[00:25:15]I will name it boy.

[00:25:17]Yes, hydro There's oxygen without oxygen. A hydro chloric acid.

[00:25:24]I H B R Hydrobromic acid. Like H 2 S Hydrosulfuric acid.

[00:25:38]H 2 S O 4 contain oxygen. You got to use my A sulfuric acid without hydro. But H 2 S without oxygen, this one hydrosulfuric acid.

[00:25:54]Miss, now I have this sulfite.

[00:25:57]I'm going to have to add acid to make it I need a sheet of ice to hold all this.

[00:26:02]I need a sheet of ice to hold all this.

[00:26:05]It's a sulfite sulfurous.

[00:26:08]Nitrite nitrous.

[00:26:11]Okay. If I had what now I had to get H 2 S O 4 it's my sulfuric acid. But now I had to get H 2 S O 3 If 3 oxygen I said we had a sulfurous acid. I said we had a Yes, sulfurous acid.

[00:26:30]Okay.

[00:26:44]We bought all some acids the name depend on its state of physical state.

[00:26:51]Yeah, now we have a gaseous state but I would like to recommend a lot of people and solution without like what hydrogen chloride hydrogen chloride in the gaseous state.

[00:27:04]The name of the time I would like to name of an ion.

[00:27:09]Okay, I'm going to go here for gaseous state and I want to have inside the water and dissolve it.

[00:27:15]Let me have hydrochloric acid yes hydrochloric acid.

[00:27:19]The same hydrogen bromide.

[00:27:22]I need the aqueous state hydrobromic acid.

[00:27:27]I sulfide hydro sulfuric acid.

[00:27:31]Okay, okay.

[00:27:36]So it become and the eyes become those okay.

[00:27:44]Okay.

[00:27:48]The acid is very important in our life like what hydrochloric acid this is acid inside our stomach point to digest food to help us to digest it okay but if the HCL acid or hydrochloric acid increase than normal amount or normal concentrated inside the stomach then you will Yes then you will will feel acidity inside it's digestive system so will need use magnesium or milk of magnesium what the meaning of milk of magnesium this is contains this is substance contains magnesium hydroxide.

[00:28:37]Why to neutralize the hypergastric acidity I shall I and hypergastric acidity okay.

[00:28:50]And lactic [clears throat] acid.

[00:28:53]Our muscles need oxygen to provide it for with Yes, energy.

[00:29:00]But sometimes the oxygen doesn't enough to provide our muscles with energy, with needed energy.

[00:29:13]The body gets some kind of organic acid inside our bodies is called lactic acid. It's called lactic acid.

[00:29:23]Lactic acid will provide our body with small amount of energy when the oxygen is small amount or the lack of oxygen.

[00:29:34]Okay?

[00:29:35]But if the lactic acid accumulate inside the muscle, the muscle will stop working and will cause Yes, muscle cramp. But if harmful lactic acid and important lactic acid. Lactic acid importance that it provide the muscle with energy when it the lack of oxygen. But the harmful if it accumulate or concentrated inside the muscle, the muscle will stop working. Okay?

[00:30:05]Okay. Alkalines.

[00:30:10]Alkalines here are any cation in a positive ions with hydroxide.

[00:30:18]Except Yes, except hydrogen. We can't put hydrogen in the cation. Why? Because H2O is water.

[00:30:27]But alkalines.

[00:30:30]Like the name the name. I will have to the cation name and positive and So, the hydroxide.

[00:30:39]Like what?

[00:30:40]Like Yes.

[00:30:44]Calcium Calcium hydroxide.

[00:30:51]hydroxide two hydroxide group And I have the calcium carry two positive charge and I have the two hydroxides. Okay? Right.

[00:31:11]Right. I should be able to calculate charge again. Zero. Because any compound is natural. The difference between atomic group and the compound is the summation of the charges.

[00:31:24]In atomic group the summation of the charges equal the charge that carried by group.

[00:31:30]But in the compound the compound the summation of ions summation of the charges equal zero. Okay? Why? Because the compound here is natural. And there's no charge.

[00:31:50]Acids like what? Like lemon, ketchup, grapes, and alkalis, detergents, any detergents is alkaline. Okay? It goes bath and baking soda.

[00:32:01]We already said that acids here are substances that produce hydrogen cation when dissolved in water and alkalis produce hydroxide anion when dissolved in I have indicators and indicators they are chemical substances that change its color based on the media.

[00:32:31]Yeah, if I put it in acid it will give me color and if I put it in alkali it will produce Like what?

[00:32:40]Yeah, I don't know.

[00:32:41]Yes, litmus paper, universal indicators.

[00:32:45]What else? Red cabbage, excellent. Okay.

[00:32:50]For example, litmus paper would produce red color inside the acids and Yes.

[00:33:02]Inside the base or alkali, blue. Like this.

[00:33:14]Contain D. End with D.

[00:33:16]Red end with D.

[00:33:20]Okay? You got acid D, red D. Bye.

[00:33:24]Alkali contain L letter.

[00:33:28]Alkali L, yes, blue L. Or base contain B, huh?

[00:33:37]Yes.

[00:33:39]Base contain B, blue.

[00:33:42]D.

[00:33:43]Start with B, blue base and acids red.

[00:33:48]Okay? Any problems?

[00:33:53]I don't have any. Weak acid, strong acid and weak base and strong base. And the other strong acids in here good conductor of electricity, like what?

[00:34:03]Yes, like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid.

[00:34:09]But weak acids like what? Like vinegar or acetic acid, the name or nitrous sulfurous. You got nitrous sulfurous O's weak. O's weak acids.

[00:34:22]But hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric strong. You got sulfuric strong.

[00:34:29]Sulfurous weak. Nitric strong. Nitrous weak. That means carbonic acid weak acid. Carbonic acid weak.

[00:34:41]They are good conductor of electricity.

[00:34:43]What else?

[00:34:44]And this alkali is a strong alkali and weak alkali. Like what? Strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. And this sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide strong.

[00:34:56]Sodium hydroxide 1A group strong.

[00:35:00]Alkali good conductor of electricity.

[00:35:02]But ammonium hydroxide NH4OH the weak alkali.

[00:35:10]Like what happened when I add acid acid react with alkali. Acid with alkali will contain Yes, will produce salt and water. Excellent.

[00:35:26]This is reaction is called neutralization reaction. The reaction this week, yes, neutralization reaction.

[00:35:33]What is the meaning neutralization reaction? Yes, acid react with alkali to produce salt and water.

[00:35:42]You have a salt here substance produced from what? Yes, produced from reaction between acid and alkali. Okay?

[00:35:52]Good.

[00:35:53]>> [clears throat] >> I will make of magnesia on the way to neutralize my acidity inside the stomach. Or you will give reason because it contain magnesium hydroxide. Like this human. What if I use it from soil?

[00:36:15]If I have acidic soil, I have high acidity of soil. What if I use neutralize? I will use magnesium hydroxide like human.

[00:36:22]No. I will use calcium hydroxide. You have calcium hydroxide for the soil.

[00:36:32]Okay.

[00:36:35]If I have to get an acid type of eating I have to separate part of and nonmetal and they don't want to produce more When I take metal burn it when I get I think that it didn't use all the stuff that's all.

[00:37:01]Other substance. The substance that you send me have metal metal They have a house in reaction between and metal and Andy between oxygen in the in the atmospheric air. Okay. I think that it didn't use all the stuff that's new metal oxide metal oxide I think that means basic oxide Yes, basic oxide. You have a in metal oxide Okay. I think that it's the same that you can have Andy metal I burn it in town oxygen to produce basic oxide. Okay. Why the basic oxide is named Why this name?

[00:37:51]I don't know if you can get an oxide Yeah, when you dissolve in water you produce Huh? Yes. Alkalize.

[00:37:58]I think that you have a lot of good things in here. Change in the paper into blue also. Yes.

[00:38:07]Okay.

[00:38:12]I think that the words in my life Yeah, yeah.

[00:38:17]I think that it might have acids and to form a salt and water.

[00:38:22]Okay? Okay.

[00:38:24]Like what? Magnesium? Where is the magnesium? It's used magnesium oxide.

[00:38:30]Magnesium oxide out of the way of dissolving water and give magnesium hydroxide.

[00:38:36]Okay?

[00:38:38]But this one is a nonmetal. The nonmetal in action but the nonmetal here about an acid. Okay? Like Is there a nonmetal with its burning like for example carbon? When carbon give me carbon dioxide. The nonmetal oxide and the nonmetal oxide like carbon dioxide in dissolving water will reduce carbonic acid. Oh, will form what? Will form acid. Okay? Okay.

[00:39:05]Like sulfur.

[00:39:07]It is right side salt. Right, huh?

[00:39:11]Sulfur trioxide. But sulfur trioxide dissolving water will reduce sulfuric acid.

[00:39:17]Change rate must be brown too. Yes, red color.

[00:39:23]The chemical I mean reaction between metal oxide or basic oxide and between the alkalis?

[00:39:32]No.

[00:39:34]I should have made up the same parts. It can't match.

[00:39:37]Okay?

[00:39:39]In acid rains. I should get it. Let me be cool and make it rain fossil fuel burning fossil fuel a lot. The course or power plants or whatever.

[00:39:50]In the air so in the atmospheric air contain a lot of air. Yes.

[00:39:56]Acidic oxide. The acidic oxide when dissolved in water vapor or rains will form acids. And will form yes, acid rains. Acid rains. What is the harmful of acid rains? Acid rains causes destruction of forests, harming of aquatic organisms, kill the fish, okay, corrosion of building, and health problem in human respiratory system.

[00:40:29]The second lesson is in The third lesson talk about what? Talk about huh?

[00:40:38]Chemical indicators. What do we want in chemical indicators? They are about a substance changing the color according to Yes, it's according to their medium.

[00:40:56]Okay.

[00:40:59]Come on. I can distinguish between different acids or alkalines by taste or by smell or by touch because it's very dangerous materials, okay? For example, in sulfuric acid is very dangerous. It's very corrosive. It's very burning, okay? And the alkalines are very caustic.

[00:41:26]So, I will use indicators to distinguish between them.

[00:41:34]What's wrong with the litmus paper? Like the litmus paper, why the litmus paper gives you red color in the acid?

[00:41:42]Because the acid contain hydrogen cation. High percentage of hydrogen cation. Hydrogen cation is responsible or responsible for properties of acids, okay? Like why the litmus paper give us blue color in alkalines? Because the alkalines contain hydroxide anion. Hydroxide anion is responsible for properties of alkalines.

[00:42:07]Okay?

[00:42:08]Okay.

[00:42:12]Remember in the litmus paper case distinguish between strong acid or weak acid, strong alkaline or weak alkaline.

[00:42:21]But distinguish between acid and alkaline only.

[00:42:26]Okay, why? Because both strong or weak, both will will give the same color.

[00:42:34]Okay?

[00:42:36]But to differentiate between acid, strong acid, weak acid, we will use the other indicator which is called universal indicator. Universal indicator on the normal different colors with that to differentiate or distinguish between acid with alkaline or the different acids or different alkaline. Okay? It depends on its strength. Okay?

[00:43:03]All right. And some gases have different effects on the atmosphere. Like what? Acidic gases.

[00:43:10]Like what? Like carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide if touch the wet litmus paper, that is wet, not dry litmus paper. If touch the wet litmus paper, will it change the litmus paper color into red color. Okay? So the carbon dioxide is what? Carbon dioxide is acidic oxide.

[00:43:33]And ammonia gas, ammonia gas is alkaline oxide.

[00:43:38]If dissolved in water or if the touch the litmus wet litmus paper, will change its color into Yes, blue.

[00:43:49]Gaseous state.

[00:43:51]Gaseous state, natural gases or element gases doesn't affect on the litmus paper. Like what? Like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen except chlorine. Chlorine not doesn't affect on the litmus paper but remove its >> Remove it.

[00:44:13]The color will remove where it change into white.

[00:44:16]Okay? Okay.

[00:44:20]On a universal on a red cabbage red cabbage in orange in acidic medium will produce red color.

[00:44:29]In inside the basic medium or alkaline medium will produce green color and its a water is natural. What do you mean by natural? Natural means the amount of hydroxide anion equal the amount of hydrogen cation. So, this natural doesn't affect on the litmus paper, doesn't affect on the universal indicators, doesn't affect on red cabbage.

[00:45:02]I have a hydrangea flower. Hydrangea flower has different colors according to the type of soil.

[00:45:10]So, if I have acidic acidic soil, the color of hydrangea flower will become blue.

[00:45:19]And inside the basic soil red. About the opposite of litmus paper and tell me about that.

[00:45:25]We want to neutralize the soil to acidic soil, I will use calcium hydroxide. And they got any calcium hydroxide from the soil to neutralize the acidity of soil. Like in magnesium hydroxide to neutralize gastric acidity of human.

[00:45:46]I have a potential potential of hydrogen in here pH.

[00:45:52]pH scale here what I am scale ranging between values of zero to 14. The main use is to mine between acids and alkalis or different acids, different alkalis.

[00:46:07]Okay?

[00:46:08]Meaning that I mean the pH scale that and S.P.

[00:46:13]Sorensen. Sorensen.

[00:46:16]Yeah, I mean say to the scientist.

[00:46:18]That's a scientist. Okay. Well, I want to number it from zero to 14. Well, I need seven here natural. And acids less than seven basic more than seven. But I mean like numbers around the seven here weak. Yeah, six or five don't weak acids. Seven, eight don't weak alkalis.

[00:46:42]Well, I mean like when I go away from the in the seven or I neutral, uh, the strength will more. Okay?

[00:46:56]Universal indicator I understand the move to determine the pH value or we can use pH meter device to distinguish to determine the pH value directly. Okay?

[00:47:10]Okay.

[00:47:11]Well, I mean like this device.

[00:47:21]Salts.

[00:47:25]Come.

[00:47:26]I mean like acids with alkali give salts with the first type of compounds. I mean like the way I mean like compounds here salts. We have a lot of anions with cations.

[00:47:37]I mean like all the name of cation at first, then name of anion. So, NaCl sodium, this cation sodium at first, this cation and chloride this anion. I mean like name of anion the second name. But as the first name is what? Yes, the time. For example, the name is yellow.

[00:48:03]This is what? This is a first this time.

[00:48:06]And this naked naked this online.

[00:48:10]What is chloride? Sodium chloride. Like potassium chloride.

[00:48:15]Which cation? Potassium. Which anion?

[00:48:18]Chloride. Like sodium sulfate. Which anion cation? Sodium. Which anion?

[00:48:24]Sulfate.

[00:48:26]Okay.

[00:48:30]What's the chemical name here? I have magnesium chloride. Magnesium chloride. Yes. Like magnesium chloride.

[00:48:37]Why is the magnesium bond with two chlorine?

[00:48:41]Yes, because the magnesium or valence of magnesium two. Divalent. Okay. I think it is here and that two positive charge I think a bond with two negative chlorine.

[00:48:54]Sorry, chloride.

[00:48:57]Okay.

[00:49:00]The bond is solid. It's solid. Yeah, what are compounds? If it's summation of the charges uh must be equal zero. Okay.

[00:49:17]Compounds.

[00:49:19]Okay, okay.

[00:49:22]I have some difference and similarity between different salts.

[00:49:30]Like what?

[00:49:32]The parts of salts.

[00:49:34]I want to a physical solid physical state of all salts is solid. But not solid you like. I mean Like how is solid state can conduct electricity? I don't know.

[00:49:48]The salt but I mean here solid state doesn't conduct electricity. Electricity doesn't flow, can't flow. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, can't Yeah, actually sorry, actually flowing electricity, I need ions.

[00:50:02]When powder or solid salt doesn't contain ions, okay? But, if I dissolve it in water, we produce ions, okay? So, it will become good conductor of electricity.

[00:50:16]I if I melt it by heat, yes, contain ions, also with a good conductor of electricity. You have a solid salt doesn't conduct electricity. The electricity can't flow, but electric conductivity doesn't allow me. Yes, liquid or aqueous of salt or salt solution.

[00:50:38]Okay? Like salt solution, salt melts, they contain them all good conductor of electricity.

[00:50:46]But, solid salt bad. Yeah, I don't know if I need to mention solid sodium chloride. Bad conductor.

[00:50:55]I don't know if I need sodium chloride solution, good conductor.

[00:50:59]Okay? Got it? Okay.

[00:51:02]Different about different in colors, the solubility in water, the antibody solution.

[00:51:08]Number one, I don't have different colors of salts. I have white salts or I have colored salts. White salts like zinc sulfate, this is white, okay? Colorless.

[00:51:19]And then sodium carbonate.

[00:51:22]But, colored salts like what? Copper sulfate, blue or blue, its color is blue. Zinc chloride, its color is red, green, okay?

[00:51:32]If I dissolve copper sulfate in water, we dissolve it. When it's soluble, soluble in water, okay? And will form clear solution, okay? Okay, homogeneous solution, I mean.

[00:51:49]Nickel chloride dissolve in water and any salt contains sodium, potassium, ammonium, nitrate group dissolve in water. Any Any salt contain sodium, potassium, nitrate, ammonium Mhm.

[00:52:08]>> [clears throat] >> Yes. When dissolve in water. Addition to what? Addition to nickel chloride and the copper sulfate.

[00:52:16]But silver chloride, calcium sulfate doesn't dissolve in water.

[00:52:24]Okay? Doesn't insoluble in water.

[00:52:28]And all salts of carbonate insoluble also except sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate.

[00:52:39]Those soluble. Any other carbonate salts doesn't dissolve in water.

[00:52:45]The pH value different between from acid from salt to others. Okay? For example if the salt produce from reaction between strong acid, weak alkali will form what? Yes, will form acidic.

[00:53:09]Weak acid Strong acid, sorry. Weak alkali and acidic effects. The acidic salts like what? Like NH4 huh?

[00:53:20]Cl NH4Cl and NH4 is salt from a salt from ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide weak alkali. And the HCl have to have H to be a hydrochloric acid is strong. You have an acid who is strong so the salt acidic effect.

[00:53:42]Like NaCl the cation have to be NaCl in Qatar with NaOH sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid about that hydrochloric acid all strong acids so this natural acid natural salt sorry sodium carbonate sodium I will add NaOH group but yes sodium hydroxide strong alkali carbonic acid weak weak acid alkalize or weak basic salts I will let you see in the concentrated of salt inside it more than 10 times that it's okay okay clinic one is finished