11th Class Biology Chapter 11 | Heart Problems and Treatments | Class 11th Biology New Book 2025

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[00:00:07]Assalamu Alaikum class. This is me Gulab Nabi your biology teacher. Okay dear class, the topic we are going to start today is Chapter number 11 Human Circulatory System. His article is Heart Problems and Treatment. Right now we are discussing CBS disorders i.e. cardiovascular disorders.

[00:00:24]In the previous lecture, we saw that all the disorders related to blood vessels were discussed in detail. Now the next portion is, with whom will all the diseases be related? With Hart. So we will look at heart problems and their treatments. The first point DI students discuss is what do the coronary arteries do? Supplies oxygen and nutrients through cardiac muscles. And where does that pathway that is formed start from? Where does it end? We had seen this inside the structure of the heart. DI Students, now the first heart problem is called myocardial infection. Now another name for myocardial infection is tissue death and ultimately it is also called heart attack. So myocardial tissue infection means infection means death. And myocardial means death of the tissues of myocardium, which is the second layer of the heart.

[00:01:17]This is called myocardial infunction.

[00:01:19]DI students, what happens in this is that if the blood flow that is coming towards the coronary arteries or what happens to that blood flow? Block. This means that the blood flow is not able to reach the coronary artery.

[00:01:33]So as a result it results in insufficient supply of blood. fixed bugs?

[00:01:40]Due to which, what will happen is that if the blood flow to our cardiac muscles is getting blocked or restricted, then it can be multiple parts of the entire cardiac muscle or it can be just one part of the cardiac muscle. If the blood flow is blocked there, the blood flow inside the coronary arteries is not happening properly or is getting restricted, then what will be the result of this? The blood supply to one part of the cardiac muscle or to most of the parts may be such that the blood supply to any one part may stop. The supply of blood going towards the cardiac muscles or more than one may also stop. Now when there is no supply, it is obvious that blood will not reach there. Even oxygen and nutrients cannot reach there. What will be the result of this? If heart muscles die. As a result, the heart muscles start dying. Why?

[00:02:35]Because there is no supply of oxygen there.

[00:02:38]Oxygen was not supplied and what else was supplied there? Nutrients. Now what will happen in this disease, in this disorder, is that the heart tissues will start dying.

[00:02:48]So this disorder or condition is also called heart attack.

[00:02:52]DI students, if we talk about its causes, what causes it? So we have already seen the reason. But we see that the supply of oxygen and nutrients is not reaching.

[00:03:02]Why is she not reaching? Whose basic cause is that?

[00:03:07]What happens in myocardial infection is that there is a blockage in the coronary arteries.

[00:03:09]There is blockage in the coronary arteries. for which reason? Because what is slowly accumulating or building up inside it are lipids. We had seen this earlier also. And what type of lipids does it have?

[00:03:23]Especially cholesterol. And where are these made?

[00:03:26]Inner wall of the coronary artery. So inside the inner walls of the coronary artery there are lipids, that is, especially cholesterol. Due to its excess, the coronary arteries get blocked and due to this blockage, blood flow does not go away. Oxygen and nutrients will not reach and ultimately myocardial infection will occur.

[00:03:45]Dia students next move angina ptoris. So, if this blockage condition persists and starts lasting for a long time, it will cause chest pain. Meaning, pain starts on the chest side.

[00:03:59]What happens as a result of this? During periods of stress or physical exertion.

[00:04:04]Whenever you are doing any hard exercise, hard activity or period of stress means that a person is in an emergency or stressful condition at this time, then the chest pain starts aggravating at this time. So this is called angina pectoris. Basically, the pectoris is related to the chest muscles and angina pain. So chest pain aggravates there. So angina indicates that the demand for oxygen is very high. fixed bugs? And that much oxygen is not being delivered. There is more demand for it than delivery.

[00:04:37]So what will be the result of this? Heart attack may occur in future. See what kind of system Allah has put in place that we get an indication in advance that oxygen is not being supplied properly.

[00:04:48]So it is possible that a heart attack may also occur in the future. So, can you say whose pre-existing condition is this angina pectoris? of myocardial infection. This gives us indication in advance.

[00:04:58]DI Students, if we talk about its treatments, then the treatments include if we make lifestyle changes or medication, that is, change our daily activities or take light medication. Have no relief. If even after these lifestyle changes or medication, the symptoms do not get relieved, that is, the symptoms do not go away, then ultimately or apart from that, the narrow coronary arteries are at imminent risk of heart attack. Now what happens is that even after lifestyle modifications and medication, if the coronary arteries which have become narrow are at risk of heart attack, then we will adopt two types of treatments there, one will be coronary bypass surgery and the other will be angioplasty. One by one we discuss in detail what is coronary bypass surgery and what is angioplasty? D.A Students, coronary bypass surgery means see, coronary relates to coronary arteries or vessels and bypass means making a suitable way.

[00:06:00]Now what happens inside this is that basically in the coronary artery, let's suppose we have a coronary artery or any coronary vessel, there is a blockage inside it like this, then what happens is that some alternative route is found, see the blood flow will not be able to go further from here, so what happens is that some alternative route is found. What does Alternative Way mean? If the direction of blood flow is changed through some other route, then a bypass is made.

[00:06:27]Due to which, ultimately the blood flow does not stop due to that blockage but remains continuous.

[00:06:33]But blood flow happened, why has the blood flow stopped? Ok? His reason cannot be treated like this.

[00:06:38]We discuss this point further.

[00:06:40]See what coronary artery bypass surgery is and how coronary it is one of the most common. These are very common and effective procedures.

[00:06:51]Why? So that you can compensate for the blockage in the blood flow, that is, the blood flow towards the cardiac muscles is no longer happening, so ultimately what is the method that you adopt to compensate for it? Coronary bypass surgery. Now if we talk about the procedure, I have just told you the procedure.

[00:07:14]Now let us overview what happens in this procedure? What happens in this surgery? The surgeon takes a healthy blood vessel from a different part. For example, a blood vessel can be taken from a leg, a blood vessel from an arm, from the chest or from the abdomen. See, even if one takes blood vessels from these parts, there are too many blood vessels. So it does n't make that much difference. So if he is taking any blood vessels from these parts. Because if there is no blockage inside these parts then it will take blood vessels from these parts of these patients. Now that blood vessel, let's suppose this is the blood vessel. Now with whom will he connect both ends of this blood vessel? Look, he is saying this. It attaches what does he do? Attached end of blood vessel. There's this end and there's this end that's taken from some other part.

[00:08:03]What will he do now? This is a blocked coronary artery. One is its upper end being formed and the other is its lower end and there is a blockage somewhere in between.

[00:08:11]So what will he put on both its ends? This blood vessel which is carried will attach itself to some other part.

[00:08:18]So what will happen ultimately? So Blood Is Bypassed Around The Damaged And Blocked Area. So the blood around the blocked area is not passing through there.

[00:08:28]So the blood will change its path and will bypass from here like a different path. But the thing is that due to blockage the blood is flowing because if you have given an alternative then it is called coronary bypass surgery. Yes dear students, but there are some limitations and some obstacles in this.

[00:08:45]He says that actually you have provided the desired path but what happens? Coronary bypass surgery basically cannot treat the underlying disease that is causing this blockage.

[00:08:59]Ok? If that blockage actually occurred, then what was the reason for it? Let's suppose it's because of the accumulation of lipids there. So it cannot eliminate the accumulation of lipids.

[00:09:07]Ok? So as he talks about the same thing that if there is any accumulation of anthrocyclosis or any other coronary artery disease, then it will not treat it, rather there is also an alternative method which does not treat the underlying disease, if DI students, we come to its effects, what are its effects, then he talks about lifestyle changes like you have stopped smoking, cessation means you have stopped it, so this is a very important method or you can say it is an important step to reduce the chances of future blockage so that blockage never occurs in the future and heart attack can also be prevented.

[00:09:44]This is a preventive measure and even after the surgical bypass, smoking cessation is an important step in lifestyle changes to prevent any blockage in the future. Now the patient also makes some more lifestyle changes within this. The doctor advises him.

[00:10:01]What are those lifestyle changes?

[00:10:03]That the patient is also told not to take these specific types of fats in his diet.

[00:10:07]Just as there are saturated fats, there are unsaturated fats.

[00:10:11]So the doctor prescribes it so that the cholesterol does not accumulate there. OK DIA Students again physical activity is increased so that blood flow can be good throughout the body. Then there is controlling high BP. Blood pressure is reduced.

[00:10:26]Diabetes: Diabetes of those who have diabetes is controlled. And some other risk factors that are causing heart disease are controlled.

[00:10:35]dia students next we will come angioplasty or standing. What does it mean? Angioplasty is a procedure used to repair a blocked or narrow artery. It is opened.

[00:10:48]Here we did not open it but did bypass surgery.

[00:10:52]Mutaba gave way to blood flow.

[00:10:54]But what happens in it? If we talk about its procedure, then its procedure is very easy to understand. What happens is that there is a small wire inside angioplasty which is called catheter.

[00:11:08]fixed bugs? First of all, a catheter is inserted in angioplasty. Small wide catheter under X-ray guidance. This is a big point. X-ray guidance pass through the narrow coronary artery. Like we had read earlier, we have come after reading NGOgraphy.

[00:11:28]So what happens inside it? First, insert the catheter. The catheter will be monitored from there, even above the X-ray machine. So under its guidance you have to insert a wire.

[00:11:37]What is that wire called? There is a guided wire.

[00:11:39]Earlier you used to put diagnostic.

[00:11:41]Now guided white art, what do you have to do with that catheter or small wire through any coronary artery? Have to get it passed.

[00:11:50]But there should be a guide from behind the X-ray machine. After that, the DI students tie a balloon to that wire whose sausage is shaped like a kebab.

[00:12:01]So what is a small sources shaped balloon made of? Then advance over the vile. What is done by wrapping a balloon sauce type balloon on that wire and placing it on the upper side of that wire? Advancement is done in the narrow section of the artery. Now look, let's suppose this is a wire going to you. A catheter went in. Ok? What have you guys wrapped around that catheter? Like this blue colored structure you can see. This is a balloon. Ok? There is a stunt on its inner side.

[00:12:32]We will come to that later. Now DI students, what happens is that as soon as that balloon goes inwards, when the balloon goes inwards, that balloon gets inflated. What does inflate mean? It swells. Now look at the second diagram when the balloon went inwards.

[00:12:48]Look, this plaque is made. Plaque formed.

[00:12:50]Plaque means anything blockish. When the balloon went inwards, it inflated. I felt elated after going there. Now what happened was that when the balloon got inflated, the narrow vessel it had formed was smaller in size. Now its size has increased. What did you do to him? Got it done.

[00:13:04]Now what are DI students? Once an artery is dilated, once the artery is dilated. If its size increases then what is done after that? Small amount of dye.

[00:13:17]We have also read about contrast medium or dye in the previous topic. So he is made to enter.

[00:13:21]It is injected into the intestine so that we can check whether the artery we have has actually dilated successfully, that is, whether its diameter has increased or not. If it has increased then you go to the next procedure which is standing. Inside stenting, he says that this can be done along with angioplasty.

[00:13:42]You might have also heard about that standing that such and such patient had heart stands placed inside his heart.

[00:13:49]So what is stenting basically? We will look at this today. What is a Diastudent Stent? Features an expandable stainless steel mash tube.

[00:13:57]This is a mesh tube, which means it is a mesh-like wire that can expand and is stainless.

[00:14:04]No kind of rust can develop on it.

[00:14:06]Now this is mounted on the balloon catheter, that is, see, mounted on the balloon catheter, it is mounted there, it is wrapped, now what happens is that as soon as the stent or balloon takes its position inside the narrow artery, what does it do to it, it dilates it, so what happens is that the balloon inflates at that place, see here in the diagram you can see that the balloon inflates, what happens because of the inflation of the balloon is that that artery also expands and first look at the stent, you can see here that first the stent is not expanded. As soon as the artery expands, the stent opens, so when that mesh-like structure opens, what happens is that the size of the artery also increases and it dilates.

[00:14:51]What happens next? The balloon is removed from this place.

[00:14:53]You can see in the third diagram. When the balloon is removed from this place, the stands remain here.

[00:14:59]fixed bugs? What will happen with the stunt now? The black colored stretch marks on the walls of the arteries, what does this do to them? This will provide support and ultimately keep the artery open and dilated. So DI student, this was our lecture today and after that he says that heart problems are the leading cause of death. I am telling you about the side box.

[00:15:17]After that he says that if our heart is damaged, then if the damage is not so big then the heart can recover. It can recover in such a way that all the blood vessels you have around it do what? By expanding itself a little, it starts supplying blood to that damaged area and the heart gets recovered there. And the third box is that there is an open heart surgery.

[00:15:41]Open heart surgery means that the heart inside is still in beating condition.

[00:15:45]So dia student that was all from today's lecture which was we had heart problems and their treatment. So hope you understood the lecture. Take care of yourself. Allah Hafiz.