Olympus Mons on Mars is the largest volcano in our solar system, standing 13.6 miles tall (2.5 times taller than Mount Everest) with a base wide enough to cover the entire state of Arizona or the country of France. Unlike Earth, Mars lacks moving tectonic plates, so the volcano remained stationary over a single magma chamber for billions of years, allowing continuous eruptions to build an enormous shield volcano with a gentle 2-5 degree slope. Its massive scale creates a unique visual phenomenon where the mountain's base is hidden behind Mars' curvature, meaning from the summit, you wouldn't even see the bottom of the volcano.
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When we try to visualize massive geographic scale, our minds immediately go to Mount Everest. But [music] if you step back and look out into our solar system, there is a physical structure that makes Everest look like a tiny, insignificant hill. Hidden on the dusty surface of Mars sits Olympus Mons, the absolute largest volcano we have ever found in our planetary neighborhood.
>> [music] >> This chart compares their heights. You can see Mount Everest topping out at 5.5 miles. Beside it, the data for Olympus Mons scales all the way up to a staggering 13.6 miles high, two and a [music] half times taller than our planet's highest peak. A mountain that size defies our standard understanding of physical proportion. It tests the absolute limits of how large a geological structure can actually grow.
To really comprehend the volume of this volcano, you have to imagine plucking it off the Martian surface and dropping [music] it directly onto Earth. Its base is so incredibly wide that the mountain would stretch across the entire state of Arizona. Or, if you dropped it over Europe, the outer edges of the volcano would completely swallow the country of France. So, how did Mars manage to produce a volcano that ignores all Earth-bound [music] rules of scale? The answer isn't the Martian atmosphere, but deep underground in the structural mechanics of the planet itself. This cross-section [music] shows Earth's crust broken into sliding tectonic plates. A plate moving over a fixed magma plume creates a small volcano.
Acting like a conveyor belt, it drags the volcano away, cutting off its fuel source, [music] and a second volcano forms. Mars operates on a completely different mechanical system. Its outer crust is entirely stationary. When Olympus Mons first ignited, it erupted right above a massive deep underground magma chamber. And because the Martian crust never shifted, the volcano sat perfectly still, locked in place over that single fuel source for billions of years. [music] This setup triggered a cycle of continuous eruptions. Fresh lava flows poured out without interruption, steadily piling layer upon layer over deep time. Olympus Mons is the result of a planetary environment stuck on pause, [music] allowing billions of years of rock and lava to accumulate in one exact spot. [music] But all of that accumulated scale creates a strange physical paradox. If you were actually standing right at the summit, you wouldn't even realize you were on a mountain.
>> [music] >> Because the highly fluid lava flowed outward in every direction for eons, it didn't build a steep, jagged peak.
Instead, it formed an unimaginably gentle slope. Looking at this geometric breakdown, you can see how shallow the incline really is. The volcano's slope rests at an incredibly [music] flat angle of just 2 to 5°. You have to combine that flat angle with one final environmental factor. Mars is smaller than Earth, [music] meaning the physical curvature of the planet bends downward sharply. This zoomed-out illustration puts those two facts together. Because the footprint of the volcano is so impossibly wide, the sight lines from an observer on the peak extend outward until the planet itself literally bends away beneath the outer edges of [music] the mountain. The structure is so massive that it physically breaks human perception. Its base is hidden entirely behind the curvature of the world it sits on.
>> [music] >> If you want to explore more massive mysteries hidden on the planets of our solar system, click subscribe to see what we uncover next.
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