All you need to know about Maleria and the development if its vaccine. Part 1. (Group 2)

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[00:00:00]Good day, everyone.

[00:00:01]>> [music] >> We'll be presenting on the topic malaria vaccine. Malaria is caused by a parasite Plasmodium falciparum and is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. [music] It is a major public health problem in the sub-Saharan Africa, mostly affecting children under 5 years. From the diagram, malaria follows a cycle when the mosquito injects parasites into the bloodstream and these then travel into the liver and multiply silently. These then enter the red blood cells and destroy the red blood cells, thereby inducing symptoms like fever and chills.

[00:00:31]Development of a vaccine took over years.

[00:00:34]But here's an interesting [music] thing.

[00:00:36]A major breakthrough came when the WHO approved the first vaccine, the RTS,S vaccine, and later on, another vaccine, which is malaria vaccine RTS,S vaccine, was introduced with improved protection.

[00:00:47]>> We're talking about development of malaria vaccines. First, the pre-erythrocytic stage. This is the stage before the malaria parasites [music] enter the red blood cells.

[00:00:55]Here's what the vaccine does. The vaccine helps the body immune system to destroy the parasites before it switches to blood. [music] Second, use of recombinant DNA biotechnology. The malaria parasite gene is isolated [music] and inserted into another organism, example, yeast, and used to produce parasite proteins [music] in large production artificially for the production of vaccines. Third, the target antigen, which is the circumsporozoite protein, [music] CSP. It's the protein found on the surface of malaria sporozoite, >> [music] >> which is important for the entry into the liver cells. Here's what the vaccine does. [music] The vaccine stimulates the body antibodies to fight against the CSP, hence stopping the invasion of the liver cells. Here's an interesting [music] thing. We have two major malaria vaccines approved by the WHO. We have the RTS,S AS01 and the R21, which is R21. The RTS,S AS01, also known as Mosquirix, [music] was the first malaria vaccine approved by the WHO. It contains [music] a part of CSP from Plasmodium falciparum and hepatitis B surface antigen. [music] The AS01 is the adjuvant system that helps improve the immune response [music] of the body and makes the vaccine more effective. The vaccine helps the body to produce anti-CS [music] B antibodies and cellular immune response. The clinical trial that was done on the RTS,S [music] AS01 was started between the years 2009 and 2014. It was a phase three trial done in seven African countries, which includes Burkina Faso, Kenya, >> [music] >> Malawi, Mozambique, etc. It was done in children between the ages of 5 to 17 months. Its effectiveness reduced malaria cases by 39 to 51% [music] and reduced severe malaria by 30 to 32% in highly seasonal malaria regions. Its effectiveness reached 72 to 75%. A real-world pilot program was started between the years 2019 [music] to 2023 in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi and it reduced mortality rate in children >> [music] >> by 13%. The R21 Matrix-M vaccine underwent two clinical trials. The first, which is the phase two trial, which was done in Burkina Faso, it had an effectiveness [music] of 71 71 to 77% efficacy and that was dependent and that was in over 12 months depending [music] on the dosage. The phase three trial was started in 2019 in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi and it had a [music] 66% effectiveness in year-round malaria areas and a 75% effectiveness in seasonal malaria regions. The target population for this malaria [music] vaccine are usually infants and young children ranging from ages of 5 months to 5 years. And the target regions for this malaria vaccine in the sub-Saharan [music] Africa and the major countries or the countries that have the highest burden [music] of this malaria are Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and Malawi.

[00:03:35]While this while the vaccines are effective in the treatment of malaria or in combating malaria, it is very important [music] to note that they should be used in collaboration with other treatments such as use of mosquito [music] nets, good quality environmental control, and ensuring that the children are taken to >> [music] >> the hospital for treatment immediately after symptoms are being noticed. are taking so um the hospital for our treatment immediately after symptoms are noticed.