SNPUC Fast track Bridge course- Day-09

Added: 2026-05-13

[00:00:19]Good evening dear friends.

[00:00:22]Good evening to all.

[00:00:26]I audible.

[00:00:30]I audible.

[00:00:35]Good evening.

[00:00:45]Good evening.

[00:00:55]journey now beginning.

[00:01:16]So now the class is mathematics.

[00:01:26]Shall we start?

[00:01:30]Good morning sir. Say evening Okay. So my name is Subash. So mathematics.

[00:01:56]So today I'm going to teach you that is linear equations in two variables.

[00:02:02]Linear equations in two variables.

[00:02:08]Yes. So in previous class uh sir is already explained that what is the equation and what is the expression the difference between equations and expressions and madam also explained that polinomials types of polinomials.

[00:02:23]So either the equations so in the 10th class you learn about the equation uh system of linear equations in two variables. Yes, all of you joining.

[00:02:38]Good evening. Good evening to all. Let me start. So here first of all uh you know that system of linear equations right? So there is objectives what is that? Linear equations in one variables, linear equations in two variables and pair of linear equations in two variables.

[00:03:00]graphical method to solve equations and nature of lines and consistent. So these all points you already earned and alto learned in SLC right. So there is one chapter and n standard also there is a chapter linear equations in variables one variables two variables. Yes. So here uh can you give an example for linear equations in one variable?

[00:03:26]Linear equations in one one variables.

[00:03:29]Can you give an example?

[00:03:35]Can you give an example? Linear equations in one variable.

[00:03:48]Students please comment here.

[00:03:51]Can anybody tell that the linear equation in one variable? The equation linear equation.

[00:04:02]Yes.

[00:04:03]2x + 3 which is = 5.

[00:04:10]It is an equation right? It is a linear equation.

[00:04:13]You audible are you getting it?

[00:04:18]Yes s of x + 5 which is equal to 10. It is an equation linear equation having only one variable. Right? Having one variable. So here uh x coefficient is two. 3 and 5 are constant terms right.

[00:04:35]So here what is you get the x value 2x + 3 which is equal to 5 the given equation. So what is the x value we will get?

[00:04:48]Yes. Okay. 2x + 3 which is equal to 5.

[00:04:52]So what you will get the x value that is 2x which is = 5 - 3 2x which is = 2 x = 1. Right? So here x = 10 - 5 that is x = 5.

[00:05:12]Clear? Here x = 1. What we called it as x = 1. Here x = 5. What we called it as so x= 1 x= 5 a solution of given equation right it is a solution of given equation clear yes right sudhani yes it is a five mega b zeros yes is a solution the roots of the equations zeros of the equations right so solutions roots and zeros of the equation on the yes yes we find roots right zeros so here in case they given two variables linear equations in two variables can anybody give the example for two variables two variables. Linear equations in two variables.

[00:06:25]Yes. 2x 2x + 3 y which is equal to 8.

[00:06:40]Is it right? For example, it is a right example for a linear equation with two variables.

[00:06:45]Yes. 2x + 3 y which is = 10 is also example for linear equations in two variables.

[00:06:55]Yes, you are right.

[00:06:58]So here how to get the values of x and y here it is the equation one. What is the equation in? It is a pair of equations.

[00:07:08]We call it as pair of equations system of linear equations. Two variables. Is it right? Here it is equation one and it is a equation two. Solving the linear equations.

[00:07:21]Solving the linear equations.

[00:07:25]There are the methods right. So what are the methods solving for linear equations?

[00:07:32]Yes. By substitution method. Correct. So one is uh substitution method.

[00:07:43]Next another one.

[00:07:47]Substitution method by elimination method. Both.

[00:07:55]Next.

[00:07:59]Is there any other?

[00:08:02]Yes. Elimination method is right.

[00:08:07]Only two methods.

[00:08:11]Only two methods.

[00:08:13]Yes, elimination method is already done.

[00:08:18]Yes, by graphical method. Good. Mega by graphical method.

[00:08:28]So another one is there that is a cross multiplication method.

[00:08:36]Cross multiplication method.

[00:08:39]So, so elimination method as well as graphical method. Uh can you tell that the graphical method approach 2x + 3 y which is = 8.

[00:09:00]Is it having solution?

[00:09:03]2x + 3 y which is equal to 8.

[00:09:07]Is it having solution 2x + 3 y which is equal to 8?

[00:09:18]So can we draw the graph? Can we draw the graph?

[00:09:23]Yes.

[00:09:26]The x-axis the coordinating system that is our origin point 0 comma 0 x ais as well as yaxis.

[00:09:35]Yes.

[00:09:40]Is there any solution for this equation 2x + 3 y which is equal to?

[00:09:48]Yes.

[00:09:49]uh graphical representation of the one XY put X=0 you will get X=0 you will get suppose you can take here 6 it is easy to come okay 3X + sorry 2X + 3 Y which is equal to 6 so put X=0 you will get Y = two.

[00:10:23]Correct.

[00:10:28]Yes. Next. If y =0, if y =0, y =0, x value, put y = 0.

[00:10:45]Then x gives Yes is right. It is a three. So here represent the graph that is x-axis 1 2 3 4 5 so on. So here yaxis 1 2 3 4 here. So here the points are 0A 2 and 3 comma 0.

[00:11:15]0A 2 and 3 0a 2 is a yaxis.

[00:11:24]Clear?

[00:11:26]So 3 0 is x-axis.

[00:11:32]Yes s.

[00:11:34]So here can we draw the line like this in a solution? This equation is having how many solutions?

[00:11:50]This equation is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:11:57]This equation is coming.

[00:12:02]Sorry.

[00:12:14]Are you agreeing this equation is having infinitely many solutions?

[00:12:24]Are you agreeing?

[00:12:28]Yes, it's right.

[00:12:32]In solution uh we say that uh unique solution and one more thing infinitely many solutions.

[00:12:48]Another one.

[00:12:50]No solution.

[00:12:54]Is it clear? Yes. Unique solution.

[00:12:57]Infinitely many solution. No solution.

[00:13:01]Why here it is having infinitely many solutions?

[00:13:06]Why here it is having infinitely many solutions?

[00:13:13]Yes. Yes.

[00:13:17]Why it is giving infinitely many solutions?

[00:13:26]If you're giving any value of any value for x then it will gives the variations in y right. So if suppose here we are substituting x is equal to one. So obviously y value will changes. Yes.

[00:13:39]Because it's having many points. So like this here this point this point this point there are many points on the line.

[00:13:47]Right? There are million points on the line. That's why it is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:13:56]Yes. Yes. Is a linear line. One or or two or more more points lies on same line.

[00:14:06]So here how you define the given equation is will gives unique solution infinitely many solutions no solution.

[00:14:17]How you tell that it is the equation is giving unique solution infinitely many solution no solution without solving the graph. Can you tell about without solving the graph based on equation can we define it is it gives the unique solution infinitely many solutions no solution no solution is nothing but zero solution Yes. Yes.

[00:15:06]Yes. Super gaming office name. Yes, you are right. A1 by A2 which is equal to B1 by B2 which is equal to C1 by C2. So here there is some conditions. Uh what are the conditions?

[00:15:26]The system of linear equations in two variables.

[00:15:31]Right? The system of linear equations in two variables that is a1 x + b1 y + c1 which is equal to 0 a2x + b2 y which is uh sorry + c2 is equal to zero.

[00:15:55]Yes, only one solution gives a unique solutions.

[00:16:00]It is by formula. This you are right. So here the equations that is a1 x + b1 y + c1 which is equal to 0. a2x + b2 y + c2 which is equal to zero. These equations are namely called as the linear equations in two variables or the pair of linear equations system of linear equations of two variables. Right? So here a1 not =0 b1 not equal to 0 a2 not =0 b2 not equal to z right that is a proper condition. So a1 b1 c1 that belongs to r a2 b2 c2 that is also belongs to r.

[00:16:47]Can you say like this the proper format?

[00:16:51]Is that right?

[00:16:53]Is that right?

[00:16:56]What is that belongs to R?

[00:17:01]What is R?

[00:17:09]So A1, B1, C1 that belongs to R. Then what is R here?

[00:17:24]Yes, please comment here.

[00:17:27]What is far?

[00:17:32]R is a real numbers, right?

[00:17:37]R is a real numbers.

[00:17:40]So here are the cases. If a1 by a2 which is not equal to b1 by b2 then it is a these two equations gives the intersecting lines gives the intersecting lines then two lines are intersecting the point of intersection will gives unique solution. Is it clear?

[00:18:03]The given two equations intersecting lines the both lines are intersecting at a particular point that point will gives the unique solution.

[00:18:16]Is it clear?

[00:18:21]Yes. Yes. Is a real number. Or is it that a b c that belongs to real number only?

[00:18:34]So observe here a1 by a2 which is not equal to b1 by b2 is having unique solution because that both lines are intersecting. Then case 2 is here a1 by a2 which is equal to b1 by b2 but not equal to c1 by c2. That will tells that the given two lines are parallel lines. There is no intersection that's why it is having no solution zero solution.

[00:19:06]Is it clear students please thumbs comment if you have any doubt please raise your hand.

[00:19:22]Yes. Yes.

[00:19:25]Everyone respond here.

[00:19:32]Okay, good. Good. So, see here uh this is a condition case 2. A1 by A2 which is equal to B1 by B2 which is not equal to C1 by C2. That gives the parallel lines. It shows the nature of the lines. It shows the nature of the lines.

[00:19:53]It shows the nature of the lines. Here two lines are parallel lines that is there is no intersection that's why it gives no solution.

[00:20:03]In third case A1 by A2 which is equal to B1 by B2 which is also equal to C1 by C2 that will tells that the two lines are going side lines.

[00:20:16]It gives the infinitely many solutions.

[00:20:20]Is it clear?

[00:20:22]So observe here is the question 2x + 3 y which = 4 3x + 4 y which is equal to 7.

[00:20:33]So what is nature of the line?

[00:20:38]Nature of the lines graph drama. Can we draw the graph?

[00:20:48]Can we draw the graph?

[00:20:54]Yes, it is a unique solution. How?

[00:20:57]Because a1 by a2 which is not equal to b1 by b2.

[00:21:05]Is that right? Here a1 is 2, a2 is 3.

[00:21:09]That is b1 is 3, b2 is four.

[00:21:15]These two are not equal.

[00:21:18]Is it three of the Yes.

[00:21:32]So not equal. So it is a intersecting line. So graph check mark.

[00:21:41]Okay. Here is the origin point 0 comma 0.

[00:21:49]So x ais the y ais.

[00:21:53]First we take this equation that is 2x + 3 y which is = 4.

[00:22:01]So graph points in zone order x y.

[00:22:08]If your x is zero what you will get x we are substituting x =0.

[00:22:18]So y is 2 x =0 4x 3.

[00:22:30]Next y =0 x = 2 is it right? Yes. Yes. You are right.

[00:22:44]So here 4x3 what is the exact value? 4x3.

[00:22:52]So here is the point 1 2 3 4 yaxis 1 2 3 4 So 4x3 is 1.5 respond yes.5 Check it. Slice between. Slice between.

[00:23:35]Yes.

[00:23:37]So it's like a so 1.3. So here is the point. Here is the point.

[00:23:46]See changing the color.

[00:23:50]next.

[00:23:55]So, one second. One second.

[00:24:06]So, first we write here points So that is 0a 4x3 and 2 0 points.

[00:24:32]So x-axis yaxis it's representing first term that is x ais second term representing the y ais. So 0 4x3 is nothing but 0a 1.3 it present in yaxis. So here is the point.

[00:24:51]So next 2 0 here is the point the line drawn like this square.

[00:25:12]Okay. Now, so another equation, another equation 3x, what is that? 3x + 4 y, which is equal to 7.

[00:25:28]So what it gives?

[00:25:30]If suppose x is 0, y will gives 7 by 4.

[00:25:36]Is that right?

[00:25:39]Next if y is 0 x will give 7 by 3.

[00:25:47]So what are the points here?

[00:25:50]0a 7x 4 and 7x3 0. What is the exact value here? 7x 3 and 7 by 4.

[00:26:06]7 by3 you know the point 7 by3 exact point 2.3 7 by3 7 by 4 7 by 4 7 by 3 7 by 4 Yes.

[00:26:43]2x3 7 by 3.

[00:26:48]What about 7 by 4? So 1.7. Okay. Clear.

[00:26:53]So you're representing the point that is uh 1.7 0 comma 1.7.

[00:27:01]So another one is 2.3 comma 0 representing here 1.7. So here is the point somewhere and 2.3 here is the point.

[00:27:19]So just draw the graph is it okay? So somewhere it is intersecting.

[00:27:31]Yeah. So intersecting in one point. So that shows the unique solution.

[00:27:38]Yes, it is intersecting. That shows the unique solution. Every time we can't draw like this graph. It's take lot of time right. So that's why here is the conditions that is if in case the ratio a a1 by a which is not equal to b1 by b2 then we consider we can conclude that it is intersecting lines and it gives the unique solution clear if we getting here is here is some questions can we directly say that what is the nature of the lines and what is the solution of that solutions for that. So here is the question 2x + y which is = 10. 6x + 3 y which is = 30.

[00:28:35]Take this one. First one.

[00:28:43]Yes, Marty.

[00:28:46]Can you tell the answer for this question?

[00:28:56]Can you tell what is the nature of lines?

[00:29:01]Nature of lines is it gives unique solution?

[00:29:12]Yes. Smite it gives infinitely many solutions. It's right. Basically why it gives a unique solution. So see once here what is the conditions? If case three that is a1 by a2 b1 by b2 c1 by c2 both ratios are equal then it gives infinitely many solutions coincides with x. So here when it gives the unique solution a1 by a2 which is not equal to b1 by b2.

[00:29:43]Yes nature of the lines is coincide lines. So first we are writing the property that is uh 2x 6 a1 by a2 which is equal to b1 by b2 that is 1x3 which is equal to 10 by 30. What is the ratio in this equation?

[00:30:08]is 2 1's are 2 3's are 10 1 are 10 3's are so here a 1 by a2 b1 by b2 c1 by c three three ratios are equal right when three ratios are equal the nature of the lines is what is that nature of lines is going side lines go inside lines. That's why it is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:30:49]Clear is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:31:02]So observe here in this equation we can directly say here that is first equation 2x + y which is = 10. In this 6x we can take the common that is 3. So it will become 2x + y which is = what is that? 3 into 10. So 3 3 it will give same equation.

[00:31:26]It will give same equation. Yes. This second one is a unique solution. Yes, you are right. So, coincide line graph, sorry, coincide line graphs like this.

[00:31:40]If we draw the graph, uh for example, this that line is like this.

[00:31:47]On that only another line will coincide like this. So, one one another one side.

[00:31:59]So it it shows like this.

[00:32:02]Is it clear?

[00:32:05]Yes.

[00:32:08]What about this?

[00:32:14]5x - 2 y which is = 11 3x + 5 y which is equal to 22.

[00:32:25]What is the nature of line? Nature of lines.

[00:32:33]Yes. Is it is a unique solution? Why?

[00:32:43]Why intersecting?

[00:32:46]How we define?

[00:32:48]Because the ratio A1 by A2 which is B1 by B2 that is not equal.

[00:32:57]Is it clear? Is it clear? Because here 5 by 5 by3 is there. Here 2x 5 is there. Both are not equal.

[00:33:12]Both are not equal. That's why it is intersecting line. It gives unique solution.

[00:33:20]It gives unique solution.

[00:33:24]If it is giving unique solution we call it as the solution is consistent.

[00:33:34]So second is a very important concept consistent and inconsistent.

[00:33:44]What is consistent?

[00:33:47]What is consistent?

[00:33:54]If there exist a solution, it will called as consistent.

[00:34:02]If there is a no solution that is inconsistent.

[00:34:10]Yes. Yes.

[00:34:15]So here there is another question 4x + 3 y consistent or which gives solutions.

[00:34:28]So object that have unique value.

[00:34:32]Listen here if it is having unique value or unique solution it it tells that it is a consistent. If in case if in case it is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:34:54]If in case it is having infinitely many solutions then it is also called as consistent.

[00:35:01]Are you forgetting dear students?

[00:35:04]If it is having unique solution, it is also says consistent. If in case it is having infinitely many solution, then it is also say says to be is consistent.

[00:35:16]Consistent means that is having the solution at least one solution. At least meaning that it is having one solution or more than one solution.

[00:35:26]Is it clear?

[00:35:29]Is it clear?

[00:35:32]So here is another another one is the question.

[00:35:38]So I think uh Unique solutionist.

[00:35:53]If it is having infinitely many solutions then it is also said to be consistent. Clear? Consistent means it is existing the solution. It may be one solution. It may be more than one solution. Is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:36:11]Please look at here.

[00:36:14]5x + 10 y which is equal to 7 x + 14 y which is equal to - 4.

[00:36:22]Yes, subt.

[00:36:25]Yes, you are right. It is inconsistent because the nature of lines are parallel. Because the nature of lines are parallel. See your condition that is 5 by 7 10 by 14 which is equal to 2 by - I hope all are getting yes.

[00:36:56]So see here if you are cancelelling by dividing by two that is 2 5 are 27 is it right? So here what is there the condition that is a1 by a2 which is equal to b1 by b2 then it says the parallel lines which is not equal to c1 by c2. The nature of line shows that it's a parallel lines.

[00:37:24]There is no solution. There is no solution. That's why this nature of lines is parallel lines.

[00:37:37]It is inconsistent.

[00:37:42]Inconsistent means no solution.

[00:37:46]I hope all are understanding.

[00:37:50]All of you are getting right.

[00:37:55]Yes. So is there any doubt in this in this question in this question? Last question.

[00:38:11]Yes. Yes. Super.

[00:38:15]Okay. So another one question is there. Uh what about the pair of linear equations? The pair of linear equations uh always having infinite solutions.

[00:38:34]Pair of linear equations is always having infinitely many solutions.

[00:38:53]pair of linear equations is always having infinitely many solutions is correct.

[00:39:01]No, it may be vary. If it is a unique solution, it may be unique solution. It may be it may be infinitely many solution or no solution. Clear? If they given only one equation that is linear equation in two variables.

[00:39:20]If suppose they giving like this they are giving only one equation.

[00:39:25]They're giving only one equation then we can say that the equation is having infinitely many solutions.

[00:39:35]Okay dear students. So next is it clear?

[00:39:43]class.

[00:39:47]Yes. Okay. Thank you. So, next class s is a chemistry class.

[00:39:56]Okay. Thank you, dear students.

[00:41:56]Hi, good evening.

[00:42:08]Hi. Hi. Good evening.

[00:42:13]Okay. So last right we discuss about the chemical bond how chemical bond is formed how molecule will be stable.

[00:42:30]Okay. Good evening. Good evening. Good luck. Okay.

[00:42:39]Okay. So we are talking about the chemical bond, right? So good evening. See, see this one we study about the molecule and the molecules of compound, right? So molecules of element are hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen means atom of the same element. Right?

[00:43:11]Molecule hydrogen molecule containing two hydrogen atom and oxygen molecule containing two oxygen atom and nitrogen containing nitrogen molecule containing two nitrogen atom. Like that the water we call it as water H2O H2O is a combination of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atom. It is a molecules of compound. They are formed by the atoms of different element. Okay. Formation.

[00:43:43]How molecules and how compounds are formed? Due to force of attraction between the two atom force of attraction in the right. Force of attraction. The force of attraction between cation and the anion. Cation and anion. Then see this one. What is the definition of what is the definition of chemical bond? Chemical bond is nothing but an it is a attractive force which holds the which holds the various constituent atoms or ions together in a different chemical species. Right? What is the definition of chemical bond?

[00:44:27]Chemical bond is nothing but an it is an attractive force which holds various constituent constituent.

[00:44:35]It may be atom or it may be ion. Right?

[00:44:39]It may be atom or it may be ion together.

[00:44:53]Right? So bonding is the natural way of lowering of energy of the system and to attain stability because of due to lowering the energy of the system right molecular compound. Okay. The next step see when we are taking hello gas group 18 they are more stable because they containing NH2 and NB6 configuration configuration because in outermost shell except helium except helium they all noble gas containing Eight electron in their valency shell.

[00:45:51]Octate means eight those element having eight electron in their valency shell that atoms or molecules or compounds are stable. The octate of electrons represent stable electronic configuration. Okay, stable electronic configuration.

[00:46:11]So Thumb.

[00:46:15]Okay. Put a thumb next.

[00:46:26]Next topic.

[00:46:36]Okay.

[00:46:37]Okay.

[00:46:39]Okay. Okay. The octate of electron represents stable electronic configuration. Right? The next see atom achieve stable when they are linked by chemical bond. Right?

[00:47:07]They liberate. deliberate energy right the atom achieve stable octate when they are linked by when they are linked by chemical bond right apart from noble gas other atom attain 8 electron in their valency shell by chemical bond chemical bond outer electmation What is octate rule? Octate rule is nothing but an atoms of various element enter into a chemical combination so as to attain the configuration of eight electron in their valence shell. Eight electron in their valence shell. Octate rule. Right? Octal atoms of the various element enter into chemical combination. Right? So for example H2O, CO2, H2O, CL2. Right? These are all the chemical species atoms of the various element enter into chemical combination so as to attain configuration of eight electron in their valency shell. Eight electron in their valence shell. So it is nothing but an octed rule. Next octed see this one.

[00:48:44]One of the one of the atom releases electron and another atom gain electron together to form and another one is and another one is through sharing and pairing of electron. Okay.

[00:49:04]Sharing and pairing of electron.

[00:49:07]Sharing of pairing of electron in the meth.

[00:49:11]Okay. Next le what is lev symbol? Does le symbol represent the dot around the dot around the element. Okay, that represent the valence electron. Red dot is nothing but an is nothing but an kernel. Right? Nucleus plus innermost electron right is nothing but a kernel. What is kernel? Nucleus plus inner electron together we call it kernel. The outermost dot any blue color valence shell electron. Okay. Veence shell like that. The red color mark is called veence veence electron. So this one is colored veence electron. Okay. Veence electron. The next symbol for lithium, berilium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen. The next is florine. The next one is neon. Neon noble gas there. So more stable as compared to other elements.

[00:50:33]Okay. The next like that of the magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine.

[00:50:42]So that symbol represent the kernel.

[00:50:51]That dot represent the valence elect.

[00:50:53]That dot represent the valence electron.

[00:50:56]Okay.

[00:51:00]The next another name of ionic bond is electroent bond. What is the another name of ionic bond means electroent bond electroent reason.

[00:51:22]Okay. Nature of chemical bond. Ionic bond or electroent bond. Electroalent bond. So ionic bond is formed between cation and negatively charged. Right?

[00:51:37]Ionic bond bond. The ionic bond is formed between cation and anion. And anion is positively charged and anion is negatively charged. Oppositely charged.

[00:51:52]Right. Example, formation of sodium chloride. Formation of sodium chloride.

[00:52:00]The next say sodium atom form sodium atom is a electropositive in nature.

[00:52:12]Right? Sodium atom is a electropositive.

[00:52:15]Sodium metal. Okay. Sodium metal. Sodium atom. It is electropositive in nature.

[00:52:23]What is electropositive in nature? They readily loses electron. They readily loses electron. Electron lose.

[00:52:34]Right.

[00:52:37]They readily loses electron.

[00:52:41]Okay. Wait.

[00:52:50]Wait.

[00:53:48]So here I I'm addible.

[00:53:53]Okay.

[00:53:55]So sodium sodium it is electropositive in nature.

[00:54:06]So loses electron. it can release this into Na+. Okay. The next because it is the electron present in sodium is 281 and this one is 2 and 8. Like that chlorine is having 287.

[00:54:28]It gain one electron. Right? Gain one electron. It form Cl minus 2 8 and 8. So both Na+ plus Cl minus together form NaClar formation NaCCl formation of that okay formation of NaCCl. So the bond between the sodium and the chlorine oppositely charged ion there is a electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ion. So it is nothing but an ionic bond. Right? The formation of bond between the two oppositely charged ion is nothing but an ionic bond. Okay. the next.

[00:55:23]Wait, wait, wait, wait.

[00:59:00]So, are you audible? Sorry for the technical issue. Okay.

[00:59:08]Okay.

[00:59:10]Okay. Okay. Okay.

[00:59:14]Sorry for the technical issue.

[00:59:18]Okay. Okay. Okay.

[00:59:24]Okay. Say ionic bond or electroent bond.

[00:59:28]Ionic bond is formed between the opposely charged ion. So this is formation of sodium chloride. Formation of sodium chloride. Sodium atom loses electron. It form Na plus. Then chlorine atom gain electron is chloride ion. So that's why sodium atom is a electropositive in nature. What is called electropositive in nature?

[00:59:54]Electropositivity means they readily loses electron. Metal having that characteristics property that is electropositivity. Metals that property is known as electropositivity. So sodium loses electron is converted into sodium ion.

[01:00:13]like that chlorine atom is electro negative in nature. Electro negative in nature. What is the meaning of electrogative in nature? So a species or an atom to gain the electron the property is known as electro negativity.

[01:00:30]The element present in the right hand side of the periodic table except noble gas. But in electropositive in nature those element present in the left hand side of the periodic table is nothing but an alkal and alkaline earth metals have highest electropositive in nature.

[01:00:48]Right? So here Na plus and Cl minus. Na means metal metal atom sodium metal loses electron they form Na plus and chlorine atom gain electron to form chloride ion. Right?

[01:01:04]anion formation. The next so together to form due to electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged readily form that is electrostatic force of attraction right they readily form see reaction Na plus 28 288 then readily form sodium chloride they readily form sodium chloride along with so this one is latis energy What is latis energy? Means the amount of energy released. The amount of energy released when one of ionic bond is formed. Okay.

[01:01:53]CBS students concept.

[01:02:01]Okay. So it is nothing but number of entities right amount of energy released. What is latis energy right salt formation not only salt formed along with there is a liberation of energy when the atoms are stable due to release of energy right means decrease their energy and maximum stability. So compared to Na plus and CL minus this Na should be very stable because they releases energy species.

[01:02:49]So that we call it as more stable species right energy that we call it as latis energy. What is latis energy? The amount of energy released when one mole of ionic bond is formed. one of another word is latis enthalpy. Okay.

[01:03:19]The next higher the latisation greater will be the formation of ionic crystal and more stable will be the species. Okay. After the formation of s there is a more amount of energies released. What it indicates? More will be the formation of ionic crystal and more will be the stable species. Right?

[01:03:45]That is latis energy is directly proportional to the stability. Right?

[01:03:50]Higher the latice energy higher the formation of ionic crystal and more stable will be the bond. More stable will be the bond. Okay. Next. So now reaction there are two types of reaction is there based upon the energy releases and based upon the energy absorbed. Okay in that there are two types. One is exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction. What is the main differences between these two reaction is exothermic means when the heat is released when the heat is released during the bond formation during the reaction. Endo means when the heat is absorbed during the chemical reaction, right? Chemical reaction heat abs right Na plus minus N for along with the libration of energy. This is what type of reaction either exothermic reactions or endothermic reaction. Comment sectional. The formation of NCL is which type of reaction? Either exothermic reactions or endothermic reaction. Put into a chart.

[01:05:16]I hope you clear this topic.

[01:05:19]Kindly put into a chart your comments.

[01:05:22]Either exothermic reaction or endothermic reaction. Formation of ionic crystal.

[01:05:29]Put a thumb and uh write a comments.

[01:05:38]Exo. Very good. Marudi exothermic reaction because there is liberation of a releases of latis energy. Exothermic.

[01:05:48]Very good. Abishek Peli exothermic reaction.

[01:05:55]Gaming office Canada. So very good. The next definition of ionic right. What is definition of ionic bond?

[01:06:09]The bond is formed by elect transfer of one or more electron from an shell to one from one atom to another.

[01:06:33]leading to the formation of ions right means leadings to the formation of ions which are linked by Na plus CL minus through electrostatic force of attraction is nothing but an ionic bond ionic bond. Okay. Ionic bond. Okay. What is the definition of ionic bond? The bond is formed by name ions.

[01:07:15]Bond. Okay. So oppositeely charged due to electrostatic force of attraction the bond will be formed. The ionic bond is also known as electrovalent bond.

[01:07:27]Electroalent bond. The bond is formed by complete transfer of one or more electron from one atom to another leading to the formation of ions which are linked by electrostatic force of attraction. It's nothing but an electroent bond. Next another one example. Second one example formation of calcium chloride. Formation of calcium chloride. Calcium periodic table.

[01:08:00]Calcium. Calcium atom.

[01:08:05]Group name.

[01:08:08]Anybody put into a chart?

[01:08:11]Calcium atom is belonging to which group? And the group name?

[01:08:19]Extra exothermic four group number four calcium. Madam anybody very good.

[01:08:48]There are two group. Group one and group two. Group calcium atom. Either group one or group two. Alkaline earth metal.

[01:08:59]Okay. Alkaline earth metal element. Group two element. Okay.

[01:09:05]Pium is a metal. Okay. Alkaline earth metal.

[01:09:11]Okay.

[01:09:13]See calcium loses electron. Now previous example sodium containing sodium containing one elect.

[01:09:42]Sodium loses one electron to form Na plus H2 one electron it loses the species containing one plus that atom loses two electron the species carrying two plus charge when the atom loses three electron there are three positive charge like that calcium containing two valence electron in their valence shell so that's why it loses how many electron there are two electron calcium loses two valence electron right so get calcium atom get converted into Ca2 plus like that chlorine atom chlorine atom right calcium metal chlorine chlorine is a nonmetal that what is the nature of chlorine it is a electro negative atom so it gain electron it gain electron right get converted into chloride ion it get converted into Ca2+ the Next calcium is assigned positive electro valence of two and chlorine is assigned at negative electroance of calcium charge two chlorine atoms. two chlorine atoms, right?

[01:11:08]Formation ionic bond formation Ca Cl2.

[01:11:21]What is the formula? Ca2 one calcium require two chlorine atom to the formation of ionic bond. Right?

[01:11:29]Next.

[01:11:33]So ionic bond is formed between positive charge and negative charge or the positive charged species called cation and negatively charged species called anion. So ionic bond formation involves formation of cation and formation of anion right the element of group one and group two are highly electropositive. This is the very important one. Group one element and group two elements are highly electropositive in nature. What is some meaning of electropositive in nature?

[01:12:10]They readily loses electron get converted into cation.

[01:12:16]Group one and group two alkal and alkaline earth metal and having a very low values of ionization potential and thus preforms to form sorry it prefers to form cation. they prefers to form cation. Okay.

[01:12:34]What is the meaning of low ionization potential? Low ionization.

[01:12:40]Next.

[01:12:49]Okay.

[01:12:53]Ionization potential.

[01:12:57]Ionization potential. Okay. Meaning this is one of the properties of this is one of the properties of atom rightial there readily loses his electron. They readily loses it electron. Right?

[01:13:24]N plus electron plus electron. Okay. Even those neutral metal atom in the for example positively charged nucleus. These are the shells. That shells containing the shell containing electrons. Okay.

[01:13:41]Electrons electron.

[01:13:46]See wait positively charged nucleus. Then these are all the shells.

[01:13:56]Shells element shell they containing electron right. Then the electron present in the valence electron green the electron present in the valence shell. That electron is known as veence electron. Okay.

[01:14:16]Most right that energy we call it as ionization liberation from their valence shell. Right? What is right?

[01:14:56]I ionization energy. What is ionization energy or ionization enthalpy? The amount of energy required to remove the valence electron from their isolated gaseous atom.

[01:15:13]They exist in their electron to energy requirement that energy we call it as ionization energy right we require lower potential energy lower potential energy lower potential, right? This type of metals are readily form ionic bond. This is one of the criteria for formation of ionic bond.

[01:15:56]Okay? So what is the main criteria? They readily form cation.

[01:16:03]We giving energy ionization potential. What is ionization potential or ionization energy? Amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom is nothing but an ionization energy lower right. We require small amount of energy to remove that valence elect.

[01:16:32]Okay. The next so next the second point for the formation of ionic bond is formation of anion. Formation of anion means formation of negative charge. Formation of cation means positive charge.

[01:17:03]group two elements are readily loses electron. So that's why they are electropositive in nature and have very low values of ionization potential. So they prefer to form cation element highly electropositive in nature. Another one criteria is there there is having low values of ionization potential. The next formation of anion.

[01:17:32]Second criteria the element of the group 15 16 17 15 16 17 15 15 nitrogen family then 16 oxygen family 17 H hallogens they readily form. They are highly electrogative in nature.

[01:17:54]From left to right elect we call it as electrogative in nature.

[01:18:05]Right?

[01:18:16]Electrogative in nature. They are having highly electrogative I electrogative in nature group number 15 16 17 element having a highest electro negative in nature.

[01:18:29]Okay. Then next and possesses high values of electron affinity and does prefer to form anion. Okay.

[01:18:42]Electron affinity. Okay. What are electron affinity? Electron affinity.

[01:18:50]See say for example element they are also in gaseous form. They're also in gaseous form. We are adding one electron to the neutral element element. Right?

[01:19:07]But 15 16 group element right group 15 they are in gaseous form they in gous form. So we are adding one electron. We are adding one electron to the neutral gaseous atom negative along with the liberation of energy. That energy is nothing but an electron affinity. Right?

[01:19:42]Electron affinity.

[01:19:47]Another word is electron gain enthalpy.

[01:19:52]Electron gain enthalpy and the health.

[01:19:55]Electron affinity or electron gain enthalpy meaning previous ionization potential ionization potal requ ionization potential. It is an it is an endothermic process. I ionization potential endothermic process. Okay.

[01:20:52]process.

[01:21:00]Previous we are removing electron from an isolated gaseous atom. But in this case we are adding electron towards the neutral gaseous atom. So they convert into negative charge right they are also in gaseous form. So along with the liberation of energy along with the liberation of energy that energy is nothing but electron affinity or electron gain enthalpy. Electron gain enthalpy.

[01:21:39]So that we call it as affinity. What is affinity?

[01:21:46]So they readily accept electron right more energy will be released more will be the formed. Here are the two important criteria.

[01:22:09]We are requositive nature of due to electropositive in nature of metal. And how anion is formed? Anion is formed by the gaining of electron with the liberation of energy. That is nothing but an electron gain enthalpy.

[01:22:32]Electron gain enthalpy. These are the two important criteria for the formation of ionic bond. The first criteria is ions. Ionic bonding ions form right.

[01:22:47]There are two types of one is another one is anion. Okay.

[01:22:54]Okay.

[01:22:57]So cation formation generally metals generally metals form cation. The next anion formation annions from nonmetals generally non-metals. Okay. Cations are metals are highly electropositive in nature. Electropositive in nature. Okay.

[01:23:22]Then along with there is having lower lower ionization potential. Lower ionization potential lower ionization potential means small amount of energy required to remove the isolated electron from the isolated gaseous atom. This is one of the criteria. How annion is formed? Anion is generally formed by nonmetals means group 15, group 16 and group 17 element they're electro negative in nature.

[01:23:59]What is the nature of that nonmetal?

[01:24:01]They are electro negative in nature.

[01:24:05]They're electro negative in nature.

[01:24:07]Okay. Then another one is highest highest electron gain enthalpy. Highest electron gain enthalpy. Okay, electron gain enthalpy should be very high. So this is the very very important criteria for the formation of ionic bond. Okay, this is the conclusion.

[01:24:33]The next.

[01:24:51]Okay.

[01:24:56]Put a thumbon complete.

[01:25:02]Please put there are two types of ionic bond. Another one is bondent.

[01:25:14]So okay ionic bond and electroent bond.

[01:25:21]Okay. Okay. Thank you. So we'll be meet on tomorrow session we start with the coalent one. Okay. Thank you.

[01:28:17]Good evening students.

[01:28:25]Good evening.

[01:28:36]Students, in the last class we discussed about the branches of mechanics.

[01:28:43]Mechanics as mainly two branches. One is statics. Second one is dynamics.

[01:28:54]name. Here's the thing. Clear mechanics two branches.

[01:29:02]One is statics. Second one is mechanics.

[01:29:15]branches. One is statics, another one is another one dynamics. Very good.

[01:29:24]Dynamics. Dynamics again classified or it has a again two branches.

[01:29:32]One branch.

[01:29:35]Now discussion is the branch of physics which deals with the study of motion of a bodies.

[01:29:54]Motion of the bodies without considering the cause for the motion.

[01:30:17]How much the body under displacement?

[01:30:20]What is its velocity? What what is its acceleration?

[01:30:24]concept body in the body's discuss force perpendicular distance.

[01:31:08]Finally, we also discussed about the motion and its types.

[01:31:14]In motion motion means a position. If the position of a body changes with respect to surrounding and time to time on the body types three types So first one rectus straight line motion explain best example a car moving in a straight road.

[01:32:06]Second type rotational rotator motion circular motion.

[01:32:15]Best example, planets revolving around the sun. Best example.

[01:32:21]Finally, the third type is oscilly motion.

[01:32:29]What is meant by an oscilly motion? A body moving to and fro and motion. Example similar to concepts clear example.

[01:33:04]Very good.

[01:33:06]These are the three types of motion.

[01:33:12]types discuss.

[01:33:35]One minute.

[01:34:14]No distance or distance.

[01:34:39]This distance is also called as path length. 1 minute 1 minute. Wait for it.

[01:36:10]Sorry students. One minute. Wait for motion discuss clear.

[01:37:11]Okay.

[01:37:14]Some of the important terms related to the motion in which the first one is distance. Distance is also called is also called as pathgenerally.

[01:37:51]For example, first definition, the length of the actual path traveled.

[01:38:16]number of A in the B in the C. Example Example next point next.

[01:38:59]This actual path is nothing but a distance covered.

[01:39:04]Distance covered.

[01:39:07]The length of the actual path traveled by an object during the motion in a given interval of time.

[01:39:24]distance or path. Distance is a scalar almost vector.

[01:39:32]Scalar means it has only magnitude only. Example example example.

[01:40:06]One minute example first.

[01:40:14]in the example 10.

[01:40:18]Next to A to B 5 m. Next B to C 15 m totally 10 + 5 + 15 30 m. What is the X?

[01:40:31]X means here distance 30 H in the A in the B in the C in the B C in the A direction will depend Distance is a scalar quantity. It has only the magnitude but not direction.

[01:41:19]Consider 10 to increase.

[01:41:49]Example 10 distance Never be zero.

[01:42:23]distance never be zero.

[01:42:29]It has only positive value.

[01:42:33]Important. It is always positive. Never be zero.

[01:42:42]What is meant by distance?

[01:42:45]It is the length of the actual path or it is actual path covered by the particle during its motion. Motion actual path distance.

[01:43:00]Generally path length or distance is represented by the symbol x. Now x represent it is a scalar quantity. It never be zero. It never be negative. It is always positive.

[01:43:25]Next term important disrespectant First definition displacement it is the shortest distance from initial to final position final position to short Disatch only initial position in the final position.

[01:44:24]Shortest distance.

[01:44:32]It is in a particular direction specific direction or particular direction.

[01:44:48]Best example clear in the big travel.

[01:45:06]The distance between these two points is 5 m.

[01:45:22]That distance is 2.

[01:45:28]What is the actual path covered by the person 5 + 2 7 x is a distance that value is here 5 + 2 that is mus shortest distance between initial and final here in this example Example, initial position is a final position.

[01:46:06]Straight line A in the initial position in the C that gives the disment.

[01:46:26]Find out right a square + bc square + 2 a into bc cos theta angle But 90° next square plus square. Next example.

[01:47:37]distance between initial and final position in a specific direction.

[01:47:44]Direction of displacement is always from initial to final.

[01:47:53]A is the initial position. C is the final position. A to it is a vector.

[01:48:14]It is from final position.

[01:48:19]It has both magnitude and direction.

[01:48:25]Next.

[01:48:28]Finally.

[01:48:36]Previous examples.

[01:48:46]Two examples.

[01:48:54]First example. Next. Second example.

[01:48:59]Explain. Consider a particle moving from A to B.

[01:49:04]Aleve here. The distance traveled is equal to the whereas the disalment 15 displacement is always less. For example, distance is greater than displacement in case of a curved path.

[01:50:41]Clear? Next. Similarly, second example observe not second example observe.

[01:51:00]Second example 3 m a 3.

[01:51:15]Similarly B to C 4 A plus B.

[01:51:27]This is the distanceic.

[01:51:37]Next.

[01:51:42]What is meant by displacement? It is the shortest distance between initial and final.

[01:51:49]A point then we get the value a= roo<unk> of a square a 3 3 square to clear a square. Next BC square BC square.

[01:52:23]What is the value of BC? 4 16 totally 25 distance is more disment is less.

[01:53:03]means distance is always greater than distance. Sorry. Displacement is always sorry distance is always greater than displacement. X distance.

[01:53:35]X is more. Yes. Is less distance is more displacement is lesser.

[01:54:02]correct comment. Displacement is depends on the starting point, ending point, how it depends on the positions. Very good.

[01:54:23]X is more than S.

[01:54:34]X is not X is not less than S. Wrong.

[01:54:52]X= But X= Yes. Proof.

[01:55:00]Very good.

[01:55:02]In case of a straight line motion, if a body start from A and it come to B in a straight line path. In that case, what is the value of X? Yes.

[01:55:26]Very good.

[01:55:28]Very good.

[01:55:31]Conclusion.

[01:55:33]Straight line.

[01:55:51]The distance is more than displacement and also equal to and also equal to displacement.

[01:56:05]Equal number of example.

[01:56:49]concept distance.

[01:56:56]Next if magnitude of a in order to find the magnitude of a quantity we use this formula roo<unk> of op² ² + 2 O cos theta or minus 2 OP theta clear displacement zero.

[01:57:49]If the particle start from A and finally after it journey completion of its journey it come to the finally that point in position final position example circular What is it?

[01:58:42]Finally circular complete positioner.

[01:58:55]It has a distance but disbal it comes to it in position again in that case displacement is zero in final position shortest distance zero Give an example which represents the zero displacement.

[01:59:32]If the initial and final positions are same then they say then we say that the displacement is zero.

[01:59:52]Now that is taken as negative displacement opposite direction but distance it is having only positive values in the B only positive distance never is always positive. Important. It never be zero.

[02:01:31]Only one Take distance.

[02:02:09]Next. Displacement. Displacement definition.

[02:02:14]Displacement properties distance is greater than or equal to displacement. Never less than clear.

[02:02:51]Next the third term first term distance generally speed how much the body is how much the traveled. Distance traveled in a given time.

[02:03:18]Rate of change of distance.

[02:03:28]X is the distance traveled by the object.

[02:03:32]Time.

[02:03:42]Next point traveled by the body in unit.

[02:04:00]Rate of change of distance.

[02:04:09]Rate of change of distance is nothing but a speed.

[02:04:14]Speed is a scalar quantity. Scalar quantity.

[02:04:20]It has only value not clear. Next, it gives no idea about the direction because it is a scalar.

[02:04:40]Speed of the body can be zero.

[02:04:55]X position is distance by anything which is at rest.

[02:05:21]Clear?

[02:05:34]5 m travel. Example x is taken as five time 1/ second.

[02:06:00]Now x is always positive.

[02:06:30]Sorry.

[02:06:36]CG.

[02:06:43]What is the unit for speed?

[02:06:47]Speed second distance clear students. Next class velocity velocity clear.

[02:07:15]Please give session. Thank you students. Thank you.

[02:07:30]Five minutes pray.