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Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) was the 34th Ottoman Sultan who ruled during a period of significant decline, characterized by territorial losses to Russia, mounting nationalistic movements, and financial crisis. Despite being labeled a tyrant by Western powers due to the Armenian massacres, he implemented extensive modernization including railways, schools, and telegraph systems while secretly promoting Pan-Islamism to maintain Muslim colonies. His reign ended with the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which restored the constitution and eventually led to his deposition in 1909.