Ethics Attitude (Part-2) | GS Paper 4 Lecture 8 | UPSC & APSC CCE Mains 2026 | Madhusmita Ma'am

[00:00:27]Hello.

[00:00:30]>> Hello.

[00:00:47]Hello everyone. Good afternoon.

[00:00:51]First of all, apologies for the delay.

[00:00:54]Um, so we are on the second part, part two of the chapter of the unit attitude, right?

[00:01:04]Attitude. Yesterday we had covered part one. We had learned what attitude is, what are its functions, what are its components, how is at how are attitudes formed etc. Good afternoon Rea, good to see you. How are you?

[00:01:25]Today we have we will learn the difference. Okay, let's kickstart today's class by learning the difference between explicit attitude and implicit attitude. What does it mean? Explicit, what does the word explicit mean?

[00:01:42]Explicit means something that is outward, something that is obvious, right? And implicit is something uh internal or not not so obvious. It's there internally but not so obvious.

[00:01:58]That's the genuine general meaning of these two terms. Can you hear me properly? Am I audible? Is my voice loud and clear?

[00:02:07]>> Is my voice loud and clear?

[00:02:08]>> It's good. No. Okay. Stop me in case of you know any difficulty in my voice or video or anything like that. And uh uh uh when Okay. So, explicit attitude, what is it called? It is also referred to as self-reported attitude. Self-reported something that you yourself you are aware of. Explicit because it's explicit. It's obvious. It's external.

[00:02:49]And you are very aware of that attitude.

[00:02:53]And therefore it is called self-reported attitude. This attitude is embedded in our conscious cognition or in simple words the person involved is aware aware you are aware of these kind of attitudes that you have. All the attitudes that you are aware of are your explicit attitudes. Yes, this is embedded where in your conscious implicit is subconscious.

[00:03:23]Subconscious here explicit is explicit is conscious and therefore you can report. Yes, implicit attitude is wait.

[00:03:36]Yeah, implicit attitude is mostly governed by past memories. Mostly formed and governed by your past memories. This attitude is embedded in our in our unconscious cognition or your subconscious cognition. It is not in the surface level. Let's say this is your conscious part. This is your unconscious or subconscious part of your mind. And you are aware you can see this part. This is very obvious and very visible to you.

[00:04:11]And you can report about these kinds of attitudes. These are explicit attitude and implicit attitudes are beneath our conscious mind and it lies in our subconscious mind and it is hugely governed by your past memories.

[00:04:29]We will explain with um no I have not watched the Odica.

[00:04:37]Yeah.

[00:04:41]How is it? Have you watched?

[00:04:45]I've not watched though.

[00:04:48]Okay, let's learn in a table format in your exams. It becomes much more easier for you if you write in a table format.

[00:04:58]It becomes easier. It saves your time.

[00:05:00]It improves your presentation and therefore your marks. Yes. So these are the features and uh we will see how it differs from explicit to implicit. So feature is awareness. Awareness.

[00:05:14]Awareness. Explicit attitude. You are conscious. You are fully aware of holding this opinion or stance. What kind of a person you are? What kind of a stance you hold? What kind of opinion you have? You are conscious about it.

[00:05:30]Implicit, subconscious or unconscious, you hold it without realizing.

[00:05:37]Without realizing. Okay. Then control it is deliberate and controllable. Whatever you are aware of, you can control, right? You can control. You can control, you can minimize it, you can suppress it, you can uh maximize it. Up to you.

[00:05:55]And it is deliberate. You can choose when and how to state it or suppress it.

[00:06:01]You can choose to hide it. You can choose to be loud about it. You can choose to suppress it. you can choose to uh do anything about it.

[00:06:13]Yes. Then implicit attitudes are automatic and involuntary. You're not aware of it and therefore you cannot control it.

[00:06:22]Control it. You you cannot have that much of you know control triggers instantly without conscious intent. You may you may not have intended to express it but it sort of gets leaked. It's sort without your conscious control. It sort of gets leaked and people come to know by your behaviors or by how you act, how you what you say. Okay. Then self-reported easily measured via surveys. If I give you a questionnaire, if I give you a survey, these can be plotted, these can be measured or direct interviews. These are you have separate indirect assessments different kind of kinds of tests. It's called implicit association test. You need not know or go into the detail of what kind uh of test it is but just stating it measured via reaction times.

[00:07:20]Via reaction times. Suppose you are given a question.

[00:07:25]You're given a question of about what how do you feel about this thing or a certain childhood memory that you have you know what was your name five most happiest moments of your life in answers to those this test judges you based on your reaction time.

[00:07:49]So this is implicit attitude. Then formation it is formed through recent experiences your rational thought your logical reasoning and and your direct education.

[00:08:02]Your opinion about environment about sustainability about a certain political party will be formed through your recent experience through your education through your logical reasoning through your rational thought processes. Yes.

[00:08:20]And these are formed through early childhood socialization, repeated cultural conditioning and media exposure.

[00:08:30]This basically uh these are formed usually in our childhood days.

[00:08:40]Okay.

[00:08:42]Then we have explicit attitude is another you know different that chart will be sufficient for you but since I had these already I have put it up. So a person is aware of this it is formed consciously. This is basically the repetition. Let's skip it.

[00:09:01]Explicit attitude reflects the values beliefs and desired responses.

[00:09:06]Implicit attitude reflects experiences based on social conditioning. It is easy to self-report. It is usually unknown to us.

[00:09:16]Now the example is a positive attitude towards a product which was manufactured in an environmentfriendly manner. Suppose I give you a product a skin care product for example which the company states that it is produced in envi in an environmentfriendly manner and no tests were done on animals. So because of this information and because of your education and because of your logical reasoning you choose to like that particular product. So this is based on your education, on your logical reasoning and your recent experience.

[00:10:01]Okay. So this is explicit versus positive attitude towards products used by parents during our childhood days.

[00:10:11]During our childhood days, for example, my parents used to use this blue colored Nivea cream. They used to use Vaseline, Boro Plus and things like that. And do therefore I have a warm sense of you know nostalgic sense nostalgic feeling towards those products. Even though at this moment at today I may have access to high-end products nice you know luxury products still those products used by our parents the scent of those products takes us back to the to our childhood days and gives us a warm uh nostalgic feeling and we remember our childhood that smell the scent of it triggers that and therefore we have a liking we have a soft corner towards those products. Isn't it? Am I the only one who feels that or is it the same for you as well? Let me know.

[00:11:13]Can I use these points in questions related to administrative attitude in GS4? Of course, you can. Yes, why not?

[00:11:22]That's the reason I have been um stating this these examples.

[00:11:29]It's good. I'm a Christopher Nolan fan.

[00:11:33]Okay. Okay, Reika, I'll make it uh I'll make it a point to watch. Thanks for the recommendation.

[00:11:40]Same for you as well. Yes, it happens, right? So that is your implicit attitude formed in your childhood days.

[00:11:50]Then we have more examples. Okay, you can use these examples. Pikash, very good examples I have brought for you. So explicit attitude is your conscious belief. We have already stated that. Now when asked in a survey a person explicitly says that I believe everyone in our city deserves equal respect regardless of their socioeconomic background or appearance. So this is what most of us will say that yes I believe in equality. I believe that everyone in our city in our society deserves equal respect you know uh despite no matter what kind of social economic background they come from. We will state that explicitly if asked in interview or in a survey we will state that fine that is your explicit attitude.

[00:12:44]But implicit attitude is what is your unconscious reaction.

[00:12:50]For example, that person or we even late at night on a subway platform, an unfamiliar youth wearing worn out clothes, unfamiliar youth does not look very tidy in their appearance, wearing worn out clothes, sits down nearby.

[00:13:08]Before the individual can even think rationally, before you can even process it or think rationally, their body automatically tenses up and their heart rate rises slightly. We get scared to see unfamiliar or weird looking people, right? That happens involuntar involuntarily and they involuntarily clutch their bag a little tighter because we feel unsafe.

[00:13:38]We feel that the other person might have some wrong intention that happens because of the years of social conditioning and maybe past experience as well. Okay. So the difference is the person's explicit attitude is welcoming and open but years of subtle culture exposure or media conditioning created an implicit attitude which is an involuntary association between a specific kind of appearance and a threat. So they have joined they have linked uh certain kinds of threats to certain kinds of physical appearances.

[00:14:24]Yes. So that is one one example. Another example from administration would be a civil servant might have an explicit attitude like an interview board member firmly believes in total impartiality.

[00:14:43]If you ask an interview board member will anyone say that no I do not believe in impartiality I do not believe in meritocracy no they won't. Each and every one of them will explicitly state that you know they believe in impartiality and meritocracy. [snorts] They'll say I assess every candidate solely based on their qualification, their presentation and their leadership qualities. But implicit attitude, you'll see that happening a lot of times when a candidate enters speaking with a specific regional accent. For example, a specific dialogue, a specific regional accent, belonging to the interviewer's hometown.

[00:15:34]They for example belong to the same uh hometown or same tribe. For example, the panelist unconsciously feels a quick spark of warmth, of trust and ease.

[00:15:51]Can you see that happening? Because we all are human beings. We are subject to biases sometimes unconscious. That is called implicit attitude. That is inroup favoritism. Inroup favoritism means favoring having fa favoring people who are of the same group same social group as you. Yes. So conversely when a candidate speaks with an unfamiliar accent opposite also happens when a candidate speaks with an unfamiliar accent in Assam. It could be upper sum, lower some division differences. Yes, the panelist unconsciously perceives them as slightly less articulate or poised because it's because they are unfamiliar because they are not the same as the interviewer who is judging them, who is asking them questions, they might be perceived to be less articulate or less poised.

[00:16:58]Mhm.

[00:16:59]Yes.

[00:17:01]then then that will have an administrative impact. Yes. Even though the interviewer has zero intentional meies, he's not doing it intentionally do. Yes.

[00:17:14]But their implicit bias subtly skew skews how they evaluate the candidates's performance and that leads to discrimination that leads to discrimination.

[00:17:34][sighs and gasps] Okay. Now attitude refers to a subtle way. We are now okay we are done with that part. We are moving on to the next part which is difference between opinion and attitude.

[00:17:49]Is it the same opinion and attitude? Tell me before we go into the slides don't look at the slides. Okay. Tell me is there a difference between opinion and attitude or is it the same? Can we use these two terms interchangeably?

[00:18:06]No. Right? At least you know that these should not be the same or otherwise we wouldn't have discussed it. Okay. So attitude refers to a subtle way of thinking. It's relatively stable, relatively permanent. We discussed that it's a subtle way of thinking or feeling about something typically reflected in a present behavior.

[00:18:30]Then it's deeper and often persistent over time that even that we discussed yesterday.

[00:18:38]For example, someone might have a positive attitude towards recycling due to environmental concerns which influence their consistent behavior. It is consistent. It is relatively stable.

[00:18:51]It is not like having mood swings.

[00:18:54]Right?

[00:18:55]Therefore they exhibit consistent behavior of recycling. That is your attitude. But but opinion is different. Opinion is not so strong. First of all it is on a surface level kind of thing.

[00:19:19]surface level uh not very strong.

[00:19:27]Yes, not very strong. We have tables, we have charts for this as well. So, opinion on the other hand is a view of judgment formed about something or someone not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. Sometimes we go to a party, we go to an event, we come across somebody, we don't even know that person, but we instantly start liking them or disliking them without with no good reason.

[00:19:57]Yes, we do that. Have you experienced that? We like sometimes we instantly like someone and we sometimes they do not give us a good feeling, a positive feeling. We say we don't like their vibes. we like to say. Yeah. So that is your opinion. It is not necessarily based on any fact or knowledge. Then opinions can be can change more frequently and often expressed verbally.

[00:20:24]Opinions unlike attitudes. Attitudes you can get to know uh from the person's behavior how they act. But opinions are generally stated. When we talk to our friends, we express our opinions, right?

[00:20:40]And they can change more frequently and after you know a little bit of socializing, a little bit of icebreaking session, we get to know the person. And often times we change our mind and say and we uh like to say that oh uh you're actually nice, you are actually warm.

[00:20:56]But initially I uh thought I considered you to be a little bit arrogant or pride or full of pride. But you are actually warm. We say that or people say that to us sometimes. Yes. Because and therefore they their opinions of us have been changed after we get to know each other.

[00:21:18]Mhm. For example, a person might express the opinion that one movie is better than the than another without it deeply influencing their behavior beyond movie discussions. It's lighthearted as I said. So one person might be saying that no this movie is better than this one or this director I like this director's work better. So that does not influence their behavior that much beyond just casual movie discussions.

[00:21:53]Attitude is as you taught yesterday cognitive and behavior component.

[00:21:58]Exactly. You're right. Wonderful.

[00:22:02]Thus, while attitudes are deepseated and shape consistent behavior, opinions can be more superficial. As I said, attitudes are deepseated, my friend.

[00:22:14]Attitudes are deep-seated and opinions are superficial. And changeable reflections, these are more consistent and opinions are changeable reflections of one's thought at a particular moment.

[00:22:30]Then we have the chart.

[00:22:34]These are surface level evaluations. It is a specific view or judgment about a particular event, person or policy. Then we have attitude, deep-seated, endearing.

[00:22:45]Mark these key words. These are deep-seated, enduring, predispositions.

[00:22:52]Predispositions. Yes. It's an underlying psychological framework that governs multiple evaluations and actions over time. Yesterday, as we discussed, attitudes act as mental shortcuts and filters and it makes life easier for us and we can categorize people, circumstances or events easily because of having attitudes.

[00:23:20]Then uh this is primarily cognitive a mental stance belief or statement of fact and thought. You may not act based you may do nothing about your opinion.

[00:23:37]For example, when I gave the example of liking or disliking someone, you may not like someone, you may dislike someone, but that doesn't mean that you'll go up to them and start an argument. You don't do that, right? It simply stops there.

[00:23:51]You have a thought, you have the opinion. Kam nothing beyond that. Yes.

[00:23:56]So it's primarily cognitive. It has only the cognitive component and attitude. As we discussed earlier, it has the cab component. Three components cognitive, effective and behavioral.

[00:24:10]And here the other two components are missing only C. Then these opinions are fluctuating and easy to change based on new information, media headlines or political discourse. You can change your opinions based on new information that you gather based based on media how media portrays uh or highlights a certain event or a certain political party or a certain figure. Yes, these are relatively stable and resistant to change. Again, opinion is a weak predictor of real world action. It is a weak predictor. You can express an opinion without taking any physical risk or action.

[00:24:56]This on the other hand is a strong driver of consistent behavior. An attitude pushes an individual to act or even sacrifice or mobilize.

[00:25:11]They can go to extreme extents because of an attitude but people do not do it for a fleeting opinion.

[00:25:21]Next is for example see you can say that I stand with sona manguk I support his cause I believe he is doing it for the nation and I fully support it. It is important for our education system. It is important for our youth for all the environmental causes.

[00:25:38]That is simply your opinion. It's a thought but attitude is since that person since sonam wanguk himself has a very strong attitude about accountability institutional accountability answerability. Yes. Therefore, he has gone on so many days of fasting because he has an underlying belief system that compels him compels this kind of an extreme sustained action. Now, can you differentiate the can you understand the difference between opinion and attitude?

[00:26:18]I hope you can.

[00:26:24]Good afternoon, Naapeu. Welcome.

[00:26:34]Okay.

[00:26:38]Next is belief and attitude.

[00:26:43]So we have talked about the difference between opinion and attitude. Now what is belief? Belief refers to something accepted as true.

[00:26:52]Like I believe in God. I believe that the existence of God is true. Yes. By an individual often without needing immediate proof. We don't need the immediate proof that God exists but still we believe.

[00:27:08]It's a cognitive acceptance of a statement or a fact. For example, a person may believe in the effectiveness of homeopathic medicine based on personal or anecdotal evidence. I may have personal experience or anecdotal evidence and therefore I believe in the fact that homeopathic medicine is effective.

[00:27:36]Understood? Yeah. Great.

[00:27:40]Now it is being certain about something that exists or is true. I believe you know spirits, ghosts exist. That is a belief. You know example theists believe in the existence of God while atheists deny it.

[00:28:03]Again now we have understood the difference between attitude and opinion.

[00:28:12]The difference between belief and attitude. But what but is there any difference between belief and opinion?

[00:28:20]How is it different belief and opinion?

[00:28:23]Is it the same or is it different? Let's see. So beliefs are deepseated obviously like my belief or anybody's belief in God has to be deep deepseated. It's not like opinion. It's not an opinion. It's beliefs are deep-seated. Yes.

[00:28:40]deep-seated conviction that something is true, real, or exists. Often tied to core values or personal faith.

[00:28:51]Next, opinion. A subjective assessment.

[00:28:54]It is a subjective assessment uh or a preference or judgment about a specific topic, event or a person.

[00:29:07]Clear?

[00:29:09]Now beliefs are built on personal values, world view or faith or deeply internalized experiences over time. What happened?

[00:29:28]Feeling so hot. I think the AC is not working. Wait, let me check.

[00:29:47]Okay. So, uh believe uh beliefs are built on personal values, your worldview, your faith or deeply internalized experiences over time and opinions are based on immediate impressions. Opinions immediate impressions or individual preference or surface level observations.

[00:30:07]surface level observations.

[00:30:11]The next emotional connection is very high for beliefs. When we have certain belief, our emotional connection is very high deeply tied to a personal identity, a self-concept or moral framework. If you start arguing with people that who are you know devout who are like who believe in God a lot like strongly believe in God very deep rooted in their faith.

[00:30:45]So that will become a problem because it's tied to their personal identity their self-concept and their moral framework. Here it is low or moderate.

[00:30:57]low to moderate, usually less personal.

[00:31:00]Holding it does not define who you are.

[00:31:03]If you argue about uh with a person about his or her favorite movie, nothing much is going to happen. It's just going to be a conversation or a debate because the emotional attachment is low or moderate, not very high.

[00:31:21]Then resistance to proof. It is highly resistant. Like even if you don't have immediate proof, still beliefs continue to exist very strongly. Often persists even in the absence of complete empirical evidence or in the face of counterarguments.

[00:31:43]Even when there's no empirical evidence, even when there is counterarguments, still beliefs continue to persist.

[00:31:53]Here opinions can be very fluctuating can be easily shifted by new facts, logical arguments or changing social consensus.

[00:32:03]Easy, right? Then often held as absolute truth by the individual. This is inherently true and nothing in the world can change their mind kind of a situation believed to be absolute truth by the individual [snorts] recognized by the holder as a personal perspective.

[00:32:24]This is how I see it. People use this term. This is how I see it according to me in my opinion. That means what? They know that it is based on their personal perspective. They do not consider it a universal truth and therefore they use these terms like in my opinion according to me understood simple example let's say health and wellness opinion is I think running in the morning is more refreshing than working out at night that's a personal preference or surface level judgment and it can be easily changed if your schedule changes or if a new new uh scientific research is published that working out in the evening is more effective or better for your health.

[00:33:22]It can be changed because it is not as deeply uh rooted.

[00:33:29]But belief is I believe that maintaining physical health is a moral responsibility owed to oneself and one's family. Taking care of one's health is a moral responsibility to your own self and your family. So that is a deepseated internal conviction that guides lifestyle choices and values. And a person who believes it to be a moral responsibility towards their family to keep themselves healthy, it will be difficult to change the mind of such a person.

[00:34:07]Getting my point?

[00:34:09]Getting my point or not?

[00:34:12]Let's see example. The new online portal for example this we talking about opinion. The new online portal for land records has intuitive user friendly design.

[00:34:26]That's her opinion. Okay, you like the new portal. Good. It's a specific judgment about a tool and it can be updated after user feedback. If it is really good, you can say no, it is actually awesome. It is wonderful. It is the best or it can go down. If it stops functioning properly as you expected, you'll say no. But now I thought initially I thought it was good but it is not as good or it has stopped functioning or there are bugs there are errors and things like that that is an opinion. Then you have belief a belief that transparency is essential to preventing corruption and protecting democratic rights. A person who believes that transparency is absolutely essential to prevent corruption and protect democratic rights. So that is a very strong belief and it is difficult to change that.

[00:35:22]Then we have value and attitude.

[00:35:26]Value and attitude amongst all these opinions, beliefs, value is something it has a difference but very it comes very close to attitude. It comes very close to attitude even though they are different. Let's see. Value means an abstract overarching standard or moral principle about what is important, what is desirable or worth striving for in life.

[00:36:00]It's your standard or moral principle about what is important according to you, what is desirable and what is worth striving for in your life. That is value. And this one attitude we already know general and universal not tied to any single object or situation. Not particular about any not Value is not about one particular circumstance or one particular person but attitude is specific and object oriented always directed at a concrete attitude object. Yesterday we talked about attitude object. Remember there's always an attitude object when we talk about attitude but values are general and universal.

[00:36:56]It serves as a root or foundation upon which attitudes are built. Attitude is one notch higher than values. But values serve as the foundation upon which attitudes are built. So they are congruent. It is impossible to have one set of value and have a different kind of attitude which is contrasting from the value. It is impossible.

[00:37:25]Okay.

[00:37:26]Now values are extremely stable and enduring just like you know hard to change. These are relatively stable but easier to change or modify based on new experience and persuasion. So endurability or stability is high here and is relatively stable here. High or to relatively stable can be changed. Values are difficult to change. Then we have indirect driver of action guides overall priorities in life. Your values the set of values that you hold will determine your life choices will determine how you act in your life will guide your overall priorities.

[00:38:12]Then this is a direct predictor of specific observable actions. Values are indirect predictors of actions and attitudes are direct predictors of actions.

[00:38:26]Let's see example environmental stewardship for example the core value is sustainability and respect for nature. Okay core value then your attitude is this is your value. You have respect for nature and you believe in sustainability. These are the values.

[00:38:45]attitude is a strong positive attitude towards renewable energy projects and a negative attitude towards single use plastic usage. This is very specific.

[00:38:57]Can you see that this is general sustainability and respect for nature? This is like general and universal. But attitude is specific.

[00:39:08]You specifically like or promote renewable energy projects and you specifically have or uh you know do not support single use plastic use single use plastics.

[00:39:24]Can you see the difference?

[00:39:27]Then this attitude determines a behavior. Therefore what do you do? You carry a reusable bottle and you choose public transit for your daily commute. That is your behavior determined by your attitude.

[00:39:50]Let's take a puppet example. Inclusivity and policy stance. Your core value universal overarching value is like social justice is the value and equality is the value.

[00:40:05]But your attitude is you have a supportive empathetic attitude towards affirmative actions or schemes or inclusive welfare policies for marginalized communities.

[00:40:18]Understood? That is the specific attitude that you have because of your values of social justice and equality.

[00:40:29]Clear or not?

[00:40:33]watching from Hila Kandi. Wonderful, wonderful, wonderful.

[00:40:40]Good to have you. It's so nice to see people from all over joining.

[00:40:46]Vicash is saying that now I feel more confident about ethics paper. Yes, by the end of this series of ethics, I am sure you will be in love with this subject. It will be crystal clear for you and no anxiety, no fear whatsoever will be attached to this ethics paper and you'll feel very confident. You'll feel that this is your strong point that you can leverage to get the highest marks possible. I [snorts] can guarantee that. Wonderful.

[00:41:22]Okay.

[00:41:27]Now then do we have any similarity between between value values and attitude? Yes, there's a similarity. As I had uh stated in the beginning, values and attitudes are two important variables influencing cognitive processes and behavior. Values and attitude derive your cognitive process and behavior. These are learned and acquired. That is also similar that values can be learned and acquired as well as attitudes can be learned and acquired and therefore changed. Yes. So they endure and are resistant to change.

[00:42:07]They are also uh resistant to change.

[00:42:11]They are enduring set of beliefs. Yes.

[00:42:14]Cannot be easily changed and they have a reciprocal influence and are used interchangeably. Sometimes these are used these can be used interchangeably.

[00:42:28]Okay.

[00:42:30]Got it? Got it or not? It is based moral attitude. It is based on the moral conviction.

[00:42:40]Next topic. Okay. Moral attitude. We have come to the next part. This is moral attitude. What are moral? What is what do you understand by moral attitude? How is it different from a normal attitude, a general attitude?

[00:42:52]Let's see.

[00:42:54]Yes, it is based on moral conviction.

[00:42:58]You have to have strong emotions attached to it. You have to have a strong moral conviction. It is based on moral conviction of what is right and wrong. It is associated with strong emotions. My dear, strong emotions and moral conviction.

[00:43:17]Keywords for moral attitude. They are the foundation of a moral life.

[00:43:23]Foundation of a moral life. A moral attitude is a psychological predisposition or a mindset rooted in an individual's core ethical values regarding what is right, wrong, good, bad, etc. It's a psychological predisposition. Keyword again. Keyword alert.

[00:43:48]Yes. So unlike a general attitude see which can be about simple personal preferences general attitude is what like favoring a specific phone brand or sports team. That is your general attitude. You like this team, you like that team, you like this kind of brand.

[00:44:08]So that is your general attitude. A moral attitude is tied to moral convictions such as what are moral convictions? fairness, justice, honesty, human dignity and compassion. These are moral convictions. Fairness, justice, uh equality, dignity, compassion and you feel strong emotions with these uh convictions.

[00:44:40]Moral attitude is anchored in moral values rather than mere convenience.

[00:44:45]It's not about convenience. If you are a believer in justice injust, I'm not talking about injustice like justice. If you believe in justice, then it's not about your convenience.

[00:45:02]It's not about utility or personal gain.

[00:45:05]Therefore, these thousands and thousands of people have gathered to support Sonam Wong Wanguk in his cause.

[00:45:15]It is clearly inconvenient. He's not doing it for his own convenience or any kind of personal gain. But the moral conviction of accountability, of answerability, of responsibility towards the public. That is the moral conviction.

[00:45:32]It has high high very high emotional intensity. Otherwise people cannot go to such extremes.

[00:45:40]Yes, it has to have a very high emotional intensity. Violating or observing a violation of moral attitude triggers strong emotional responses like guilt, outrage and moral indignation.

[00:45:56]Moral indignation.

[00:45:58]For example, Socrates and Plateau had moral attitudes in which they believed that it is better to suffer injustice than to do injustice.

[00:46:11]Socrates and plateau believed that it is better to suffer injustice. It's better that somebody does harm to us instead of we causing harm to others. It was their moral conviction.

[00:46:25]For example, Mahatma Gandhi's moral attitude towards Satyagraha which is truth and AIMSA his stance wasn't a tactical political opinion.

[00:46:36]Aimsa wasn't a political stance, wasn't a political opinion. It was a deeply held moral attitude. It drove him to endure imprisonment.

[00:46:47]He endured imprisonment, fasts, arrests, and physical hardship because he evaluated nonviolence as a moral imperative. Nonviolence as a moral imperative.

[00:47:05]Mhm.

[00:47:07]People like Sona Mangu, JP Narin deserve more respect and recognition. Yes, they do.

[00:47:23]They do. But we are failing them as a nation.

[00:47:27]We are failing them as a nation.

[00:47:32]Now, not all attitudes are concerned with morality.

[00:47:38]Just like we we had discussed about general attitudes, they are not concerned with morality. For example, my attitude towards snakes has nothing to do with morality. My attitude, you know, but my attitude towards democracy will have moral undertones. My dear undertone it is not it may not be 100% like directly attached directly uh you know uh related to morality my views about polit about political uh preference my political ideology my political attitude will have moral undertones that means morality the kind of values moral values that I carry will determine what kind of political party or whom do I What? What kind of opinion do I hold? Okay. But my attitude towards snakes has nothing to do with morality.

[00:48:34]For example, my attitude towards my attitude towards wearing a certain kind of clothes has nothing to do with morality. It is simply my preference, my styling preference, my design or fashion preference, let's say. Okay. Now tell me uh does wearing a certain kind of clothes your choice of attire does it have any moral undertone?

[00:49:07]Is it a general attitude or a moral attitude?

[00:49:12]Your preferred way of clothing. Is it a general attitude or is it a moral attitude? Tell me.

[00:49:26]Tell me, tell me. I'm waiting for your response.

[00:49:31]Sometimes, yes.

[00:49:36]Some places, sometimes some places like religious places, like temples, like hotras, you know, [clears throat] they have a dress code that is considered to be appropriate and while entering those places where there is a specific kind of dress code and you say that no, I am not going to follow that. I'm going to wear whatever I like because it is my personal attitude. I prefer that my preference my life. That rule does not apply. So it has a uh a moral undertone, a sense of morality related to that. So sometimes it may not be uh a general attitude. Okay.

[00:50:26]Sometimes now activities like altruism, volunteerism, social service etc. emanate from a moral attitude.

[00:50:40]Then we have what is a positive moral attitudes can have a very darker side. Sometimes it can have negative implications at times. We'll see how. While a positive moral attitude leads to altruism, compassion, all these things happen because of having a positive me mental attitude, right? Altruism, compassion, public service, a moral attitude can also have a destructive dark side. You should be very very aware of all of these. How? You might be wondering when a group or individual becomes convinced that their actions serve a higher moral duty, they can use that moral framework to justify horrific acts of violence because they are believing that their actions are serving a higher moral duty.

[00:51:44]In ethics, this phenomenon is often referred to as moral self-righteousness.

[00:51:48]means I am the righteous one. My beliefs, my actions are right and yours is wrong. This is moral self-righteousness or moral absolutism.

[00:52:02]Remember how we discussed about moral absolutism.

[00:52:05]That means the belief that the end preserving the moral principle justifies any means.

[00:52:15]Even if if you have to indulge in violence or murder or terror, it doesn't care. It just believes in in holding on to that belief.

[00:52:30]How moral attitudes become perverted.

[00:52:32]Sometimes moral attitudes become perverted when they shaped by extreme interpretations of family, society, religion or pure networks. A moral attitude under goes three psychological shifts. Moral framing is one shift. The violent act is no longer seen. This part you can avoid. This is a little bit deep.

[00:52:54]You don't need to. Okay, just let's go to the examples part.

[00:52:58]Examples are extremely important, my dear. Examples, examples, examples. You will have to fill your ancel scripts with examples.

[00:53:08]Example, honor killings.

[00:53:11]Cultural or familial moral attitude.

[00:53:13]That is a cultural moral attitude that has gone to an extreme extent. Cultural or familial moral attitude. The underlying moral framework is in certain patriarchal social structures and families. Social respect, purity or moral integrity. Is that is that are tied directly to the choices of its female members.

[00:53:40]They think that their honor, their position in a society is determined by who the female members choose to marry.

[00:53:52]Imagine. And therefore, justification is what? When a daughter or sister marries outside her cast, religion, or family consent, the family evaluates her choice not as a personal preference, but as a moral attack on the family's honor.

[00:54:11]Moral attack on the family's honor. And what do they do? Killing the family member is seen not as murder.

[00:54:20]Wow. I mean killing the fam the the the family member, the female, the sister or the daughter is not seen as murder but it is seen as a cleansing act. Cleansing act to restore moral order and public pride in the community. Disgusting, right?

[00:54:46][sighs] Vikash is asking how can I balance ethical principles with departmental codes of conduct.

[00:55:01]Ethical principles will always be in line with your codes of conduct. So there's no conflict. First of all, second part of your question is should I avoid controversial real life examples like CJP protests?

[00:55:19]Uh it's up to you actually it's there's no rule stringent rule as such. If you want to play extremely safe, you can choose that path. But also if you want to be opinion opinionated, if you want to have or hold a strong opinion, you can do that without going against the government directly.

[00:55:47]Without going against the government directly. You can voice your opinion but do not directly write against the government. But what is there? What is like black and white? something if something is plain and clear even that you can write.

[00:56:07]It does not mean that you will not voice your opinions. You can do that.

[00:56:22]Extremism and terrorism. This is another example for religious ideological moral attitude extremism and terrorism.

[00:56:31]Underlying moral framework is what radical groups groom individuals to believe. Radical groups are grooming actively grooming individuals and youngsters to believe that the modern state, secular laws or other religious communities pose an existential threat to their fate or divine order. Mhm.

[00:56:56]Then the justification is terrorist organizations frame bombings or armed attacks not as acts of hatred or violence but acts of holy defense towards their fate or justice against perceived oppressors. Justice against perceived oppressors.

[00:57:21]Okay. Then the violent outcome is the so suicide bomber acts under a distorted moral attitude convinced that sacrificing their life to destroy enemies is a virtuous and heroic deed that they are doing.

[00:57:42]Understood?

[00:57:45]That's another example of moral policing and vigilantalism.

[00:57:50]vigilantism sorry soci societal subcultural moral attitude so here similarly self-appointed vigilant groups believe that they are guardians of traditional culture people who roam around during Valentine's days catching couples public decency or moral customs but moral policing happens all the time in our society not just on a particular day justification is when young adults express their personal freedom such as celebrating ing western holidays Christmas. Have you seen what happened in last year Christmas? They tore and broke down and destroyed all the Christmas decors and you know made people uh say s uh things that support their own faith.

[00:58:42]Yes.

[00:58:43]So interfaith dating, they are against interfaith dating or wearing non-traditional clothes. We see moral policing against these things all the time. They assault individuals in public. They harass couples or destroy property and they think it is justified because they are protecting societal morality.

[00:59:05]They think they're protecting societal morality.

[00:59:12]Next is again similarly hate crimes, ethnic cleansing because extreme nationalist or xenophobic groups they hold a moral attitude that their ethnic group is inherently superior they think and therefore they entitled to exclusive land rights.

[00:59:28]Yes. So minority groups, immigrants or outsiders are framed as parasites or threats to purity and safety of the nation.

[00:59:42]Then the next part is societal attitude.

[00:59:46]Societal attitude.

[00:59:49]Sorry, social attitude. It is the outlook of a person towards social entities like society, culture, organizations, institutions etc. Outlook of a person towards social entities is a behavior pattern a conditioned response or anticipatory tendency towards a social stimulus.

[01:00:17]So social attitude is a behavior pattern how you act in your society towards your society and of course it is a conditioned response or anticipatory tendency towards a social stimulus. It is shaped by personal experiences and observations. How are social attitudes formed? By your personal experiences, by observations and it can be learned, predispositions like attitude of mainstream society towards LGBTQ community. These are learned. These are taught.

[01:00:54]A baby, a child does not know how to hate a specific community, how to hate LGBTQ community. They do not know that.

[01:01:02]But they hear the opinions of others and they form their own opinion.

[01:01:09]Okay.

[01:01:14]For example, positive attitude towards poverty, deprivation, discrimination, etc. implies empathy and caring nature of the person. It signifies compassion towards the weaker and marginalized section.

[01:01:33]Weaker and marginalized section. It is an example positive. If you have a positive attitude towards poverty, deprivation, discrimination, it says it implies that you are an empathetic and caring person. It signifies your compassion.

[01:01:55]Then why are these important? You already know it. Just let's go through it quickly.

[01:02:03]Significance for a civil servant. What kind of social attitudes must you have? Compassionate attitude. That's there was a question.

[01:02:14]What kind of attitude should a civil servant possess? So compassionate attitude you have to have tolerance high levels of tolerance towards people who are different from yourself.

[01:02:27]Cervodia and antioda civil servants should work in the spirit of upliftment for all which is cervodia and the last which is antioda.

[01:02:38]Yes. Then you have to have proactive empathy. What does that mean? Proactive empathy means not just feeling but doing something about it. That is proactive empathy. You have to avoid stereotypes and prejudices.

[01:02:54]Avoiding stereotypes and prejudices is a part of social attitudes that a civil servant need to possess.

[01:03:03]Then we have prejudice. We'll continue from here tomorrow. We'll enter class today uh at this one. Tomorrow I'll teach you what prejudice is. How are prejudices formed? How can prejudices be changed and all of that and also we'll talk about political attitude. Okay.

[01:03:21]So, thank you so much everyone and happy learning. Take care. Study well. God bless you.