When reinforcement steel in concrete is exposed to moisture and oxygen, it corrodes and expands up to 6 times its original volume, creating internal pressure that exceeds concrete's tensile strength and causes chunks of concrete to spall off the structure.
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Why chunks of concrete are falling off old buildings?Added:
A dangerous property of rust on reinforcement bars that very few people know about. If there's no protective layer between the rebar [music] and the surrounding environment, then the reinforcement is effectively exposed.
The same problem happens if the ends of the rebar are left unprotected and water reaches the steel. Once that happens, the rebar [music] starts drawing moisture along itself. And the issue isn't just that the steel corrodes and loses adhesion to the concrete, eventually pulling away from it. When steel rusts, it expands with enormous force. Concrete can't withstand that internal pressure, so it starts cracking. Chunks of beams or concrete elements simply fall off because water reacting with oxygen and steel causes the reinforcement to expand and literally tear pieces away. So, maintaining the protective layer is absolutely critical.
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