Колонизация дагестанских и вайнахских народов

Added: 2026-05-25

[00:00:39][music] [music] เฮ [music] Good evening everyone [music]. Ah, you're back on the Dragon's Teeth channel. Dragon's Teeth is a channel dedicated to, uh, feminist critiques of Imperial myths. And with you, I am Leda Garina, the author of the Feminist Director channel, and our wonderful guest, historian, political scientist, decolonial activist, and LGBT activist Damir Musin. Hello, Damir.

[00:02:52]Hello, Leda. Hello listener.

[00:02:56]And please make Domir a little louder for me, Valentin. As always, I remind you that in addition to the guest, we also have a sound engineer. So when you hear me say Valentine, I'm not crazy. I am contacting Germany to have the sound between Batumi and Olivencia adjusted a little. And now I’m trying to turn on our chat so that you can write to us and tell us whether we can be heard, whether we can be seen, because for now it’s not visible, it’s not clear. Yeah, I'm launching it now.

[00:03:37]And today we continue the topic of how our readers, listeners, and readers have corrected us. When at some point we said that we were talking about the Caucasian wars. Well, of course, we're talking about the Russo-Caucasian War, and not at all about the Caucasian wars, because the Caucasus, as it were, had some kind of wars with each other. It doesn't concern us at all, as Russians, it concerns the actions of the country whose passport we hold, whose passport we are the happy owners of. Damir, it seems, is no longer around, and he has a lot of problems because of this.

[00:04:25]So he doesn’t exist physically, but legally he does. This is a problem. Yeah, [laughter] yeah, me too. Well, okay, I won't say anything about this on air. Damir, please tell me why you chose such a topic about Voinakhsky and Dagestan.

[00:04:46]I know a lot. Tell us a little bit about who they are.

[00:04:53]No, I wouldn’t dare to say that I know a lot about them, no, that’s absolutely not true, right? That is, we are talking about colonization processes that occur in a certain place, at a certain time. But I know a little more about this. Now we'll go over some points from the last broadcast, yes, that is to say, this is a very important point. And regarding, that is, let's say, the processes that took place in the Western Caucasus, they were a little different from the processes that took place in the Eastern Caucasus, yes, that is, among the Dagestani military peoples. Therefore, ah, therefore it is important, yes, that is, to understand this difference that took place there and how, well, that is, what kind of colonial process exactly took place there.

[00:05:51]Therefore, let’s say, if we talk about the Western Caucasus, we must immediately talk about the Eastern Caucasus and somehow compare them. Yes.

[00:05:59]Well, I remind you that you can watch our previous streams. We talked about the Olanovs, uh, about the Kabordins, uh, about the Balkars.

[00:06:12]Here we talked about the Circassians. Why did n't we tell you about them last time?

[00:06:16]Yes, Peace.

[00:06:18]Well, a few points. Even here we already have some such aspects.

[00:06:23]Of course, it’s not that we didn’t say it, yes, that is, but it’s very important that we discuss this with the representatives of these peoples. They correct, for example, about the Circassians, yes, Circassian is the external name of the people, that is, it has been used somewhere around the 10th century. That is, it is an exonium. They call themselves ADG, that is, both the Circassians who live in Karachay-Cherkessia and those who live in Kabardino-Balkaria, who are rulers. And some representatives of these peoples say that the Ubykhs are also, well, considered to be ATG for them. And even their flag is, uh, 12, uh, stars - these are 12 tribes, which represent the Adyk clans, uh, Adyk tribes. Here.

[00:07:19]And, oh, that's important, right? That is, they call themselves adg. This is one people. It's not some kind of separate thing.

[00:07:29]But it is more a result of Soviet national policy, which, in fact, separated these peoples into sub-ethnic groups, which in reality do not exist there, even despite their name. This is an important point.

[00:07:48]This needs to be said. Next point. And this will be the key to today's lecture, because it is such a smooth transition. And they rightly note, and it can be said about this, that the colonial war with the Circassians itself, yes, [clears throat] and with Adyghe it lasted much longer than the Caucasian war. That is, its beginning is somewhere around the beginning of the 15th century, right? That is, the first, well, the first such big story, big, ah, big tragic, yes, let's say, this is 171, ah, there was such a time, ah, which is called po, ​​ah, m, po, ah, po podygke, yes, Zhane, in Russian and this tribe is called the Zhaneevtsy, right? That is, something like this is how it sounds.

[00:09:00]Damir, can I come to you right away? You know, Damir, Damir always thinks that he has lectures, and I always think that I am that student who came to ruin everything.

[00:09:11]Please tell me, do you think the word "tribe" is correct in this case?

[00:09:17]Otherwise, we'll get beat up now. peace, but you can use it. That is, look, there are more neutral groups, yes, more neutral words, like ethnos, [clears throat] there is ethnicity, ethnic group, yes. And if we have a certain, rather broad group of people who call themselves ADG, and among them a certain subgroup stands out, yes, it could very well be a tribe, because the word tribe has nothing colonial in it, nothing offensive, nothing like that, right? That is, it is, uh, an association, yes, of people who are there, yes, that is, but we can say, the Subbotnik group of the Genevans, yes, that is, this is also possible. Here.

[00:10:16]And yes, and here, ah, a very important point, um, is that we definitely don’t have this information, right? That is, but among the journalists, among, uh, uh, activists, there is a hell of a lot of information about 40,000 4,000 killed, uh, during this campaign against the people of Zhane, yes, that is, which one, please tell me, Damir, maybe I already asked you this question behind the scenes, I don’t remember. And Zhane people, this is the localization of the Zhane River, which is located near Gelendzhik. That is, if you have ever vacationed on the Russian coast near Gelendzhik, you probably know that there are dalmens there and that there is now a nature reserve there. And now you can’t even pitch a tent there.

[00:11:16]One time the cops got us out of the forest, they arrested us right there in the forest. Right here on the Zhanera River. Continue. That's all true. That's all true. And here is a very important point. Ah, well, about 40,000 4,000, right? That is, this campaign was led by Fyodor Apraksin, a famous ally of Peter the Great. This campaign was carried out as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711, which, in general, oh, let's not talk about that war, the main point is, yes, quite a lot of people died, no one knows the exact numbers. Well, in journalism, and in Circassian, Adyk, yes, it doesn’t matter, it’s probably better to say Adk, yes, journalism talks about this. This is an important point. That is, the beginning of the war goes deep into the past. The next point, and this is closer to our topic, yes, that is, this is the construction of the Mozdok fortress, yes, that is, which was founded in 1763, that is, long before the fifty-year, and the Russo-Caucasian War, yes, that is, 1800 there, Aa from what time is it officially considered from the seventeenth to the sixty-fourth. But at the same time, we must understand that in reality the Russian-Caucasian wars were much longer and more prolonged, yes. And this fortress was founded, yes, on the territory of, well, Mozdok, yes, the word Mozdok itself, yes, it’s from the Oddyk language, yes, that is, it translates as a dense, dense forest. And this fortress was located in the sphere of influence of the Kabardian kingdom, the Kabardian principality. Yes.

[00:13:18][clears throat] And that does n't mean it was a war, right? But here it must be emphasized again that Russia often had contractual relations and dynastic marriages. For example, the Kabordinskaya princess Maria Tyumryukovna was the wife of Ivan the Terrible. That is, this fact exists. And since then the Kabardian kings had contractual relations. That is, it was neither allegiance, nor submission, nothing. That is, it happened, but we don’t interfere with you, you interfere with us, and so on. This is very important to understand. So, it seems that the Russians, in general, think, or rather, the Russian government thinks, that Ukrainians did not exist. But if you look at it, no Russians existed. What kind of Ruriks, Swedes and Tatars are there? Hey, who lived? Mary lived [laughter] Tatars lived [clears throat]. Ah, Damir, sorry, I have a technical request for you. Let me chat for a minute, please reconnect.

[00:14:24]It seems like your connection is a little laggy and there's a lot of interference on the line. If you are not on mobile internet, reconnect to mobile internet. Uh-huh.

[00:14:33]And for now I’ll talk about exonyms, uh, and about the name, because we were given a completely fair remark, saying that, well, you say Circassians, but you should talk about Ge, you should say either Odyge or Cherkesyge.

[00:14:50]And, uh, it seems to me that you, of course, object to me here, please, write what you think is right, don’t hesitate to leave us comments, that this is one of such targeted policies of the state to divide by name. That is, these names are given externally.

[00:15:11]Then, that is, first we mix people by names, then we territorially remake their habitats.

[00:15:20]We say: “But here, for example, there were Ingush people, Ingush lands, and now here there will be, uh, Ossetia.” Here. And as a result, no matter what we talk about, we cannot cover everything. If we talk about the Circassians, we will be asked: "Where is the AG?" And if we talk about the Adyghe, they'll tell us: "Well, the Adyghe don't have any genocide. Look, their capital is Maykop." Here. And all this blurs the evidence base very much. So, here they write to us: "Eh, mos meod and dog to get. Most dog is a Chechen etymology." Well, you know, there are usually a lot of disputes about etymology regarding absolutely any location. And there are always several versions, because in one language it means one thing, in another language it means something completely different. and I'll help you while Domir is connecting. Let me remind you once again that you are on the Dragon's Teeth channel. We are engaged in, uh, criticism of imperial myths, including gender and feminist criticism of imperial myths. And today we are talking about the resistance of the Voynich and Dagestani peoples. With us in the studio is our improvised political scientist, historian, and decolonial activist Damir Musin. Damir, please say something. Have we eliminated the interference?

[00:16:45]But now I've reconnected. I don't know if all this works or not.

[00:16:49]Well, so far so good. Better so far.

[00:16:51]Please continue. I'm sorry I interrupted you. Yes. Yes.

[00:16:54]That is, the construction of this fortress became a violation of these classical standards. But we already went through this when we were discussing the story with the Bashkirs, right? That is, when there were seven clans, well, a little further, a little more, the conclusion of the Union with Russia, Russia immediately began to violate them, this union, this agreement. And the same thing happened here, right? That is, for the Kabardian part, the signs, yes, that is, Kabardian - in this case, it means the Kabardians as inhabitants of the Kabardian kingdom, yes, there is no need to look for any additional meaning. Well, this construction of the fortress looked like a clear violation of previous agreements, right? That is, and, firstly, around the fortress, Cossacks and settlers began to settle, control over the roads increased, pressure on local creatures, well, local society, the empire grew. So, that is, roughly speaking, the construction of this fortress meant a very simple thing.

[00:18:00]the interference of aa in me in the affairs of the people, in the internal life of the people begins, right? That is, and [laughter] this is an important point, right? That is, I will not tell you about the rest of the area around the fortress. It's not that important. We are talking about o o o o about what can be considered this date. And, of course, the Mozga fortress is one of, well, one of the starting points of the war. In another sense, of course, the entire 17th century, the entire 15th century, a, a-eh, the Cossacks penetrated into Kuban and Terig. That is, ah, this is also another myth that we simply have to consider. This is such a classic story. Ah, they raided, ah, they, uh, ah, took hostages and so on, so on.

[00:19:02]Guys, well, let's start with the fact that they not only, well, that is, a certain number of people agreed because they specifically captured the Slavs. No, they didn’t specifically capture the Slavs.

[00:19:14]They captured whoever was closest. It's true, right? Oh, and that's it. Secondly, not all Caucasian peoples practiced this. Some people had it, some didn’t, that would also be a big exaggeration, but it happened, right? That is, they also captured each other. This is a very, very old practice of raiding economics.

[00:19:37]Not only in the Caucasus in a broader sense. But the main question is: what does this have to do with Russian Cossacks?

[00:19:52]They are newcomers there. That is, it is a slow process, step by step. How do you say colonization over occupation?

[00:20:03]Creeping occupation. Creeping occupations.

[00:20:05]Here. And at some point they actually got closer to something concrete.

[00:20:10]Not only were they already on their territories, yes, but then they simply moved right next to them. This is a very important point, it needs to be understood. Here.

[00:20:21]But in general, in general, yes, that is, if we return to, uh, to the essence, yes, that is, of our conversation, yes, then in general, as it were, the Caucasus, here it is, as I already said in the last issue, it is the most, the most ethnically diverse region. I don't know, maybe even on a global scale, it seems to me, uh, uh, mm, uh, in terms of density, uh, diversity of different, at a minimum, multilingual ethnic groups and representatives of different cultures, language groups, because, if you know, even the Dagestani languages, I'm afraid to lie to you now, but the fact that there are several dozen of them, that's for sure. And in every gorge, in every valley, its own. And they, as far as I understand, are not always completely mutually understandable.

[00:21:28]Well, yes, I’m even more than that, not only not always, but basically we don’t understand each other. I mean, listen, you and I don’t live there.

[00:21:34]So now we're like on this very same thing on Europe and we're spitting here with you instead of mansplaining, right? That is, here here we have clients who were blocked for this very reason. Well, it's not Ukraine that will be destroyed, it's you who will be destroyed in our chat, don't doubt it. And when they write to me that I click, well, I’m doing my job, I ban bots.

[00:22:04]And here is the next point. Ah, well, that is to say, the languages ​​spoken by the Dagestani and Voynich peoples are grouped into the so-called Naga-Tagestani or East Caucasian language. It is likely that, with a high degree of probability, this is also not 100% proven there, but at one time it was a single proto-language, which had already diverged into many others. But I repeat once again, if the Chechens and Ingush understand each other perfectly, and what’s more, I’ll say, well, my Chechen friend told me that I do n’t want to offend anyone here. That is, here is a retelling that, ah, well, the Ingush are the same, only mountain Chechens.

[00:22:49]Here. That's why, maybe it's so, maybe it's not so, it's, to put it mildly, none of my damn business, let's call it that. Here. Ah, but here they understand, right? That is, the wars, yes, are two peoples, the Chechens and the Ingush. What was their historical peculiarity? That's because, ah, it's important to say this. And osono for Chechens. That is, this is the very, I’ll say later, famous phrase, which, actually, uh, which I’ll talk about a little later, yes, I’ll say. But the meaning is this, yes, that is, ah, ah, firstly, the Chechens did not have a rigid hereditary aristocracy. decisions were made by councils of elders, teips and a-e were of great importance, and a high level of autonomy of the communities was maintained, right? That is, well, roughly speaking, the war veterans lived in, well, at least the Chechen part lived in a democratic system, right? That is, it is very important to understand this. Here.

[00:24:07]This is the first point and a very important one. The second point. Or, let's say, if we're talking about Ingush societies, they were closer to the mountain communities of the Central Caucasus, but also maintained a high degree of autonomy. By the way, this is also an interesting point. But among the Ingush, the so- called clan towers were more widespread. Here. Ah, someone, probably most of you know the Svaska towers, so you’ve heard about them. Here. But the Ingush had similar ones, and not only them. There is partly Kabordinsky there.

[00:24:45]Oh, yes, yes. Damir, can I please interject that there really is, well, the Svaska towers are a UNESCO heritage site and everyone knows about them, everyone tries to get to that region, the village of Uzhguli, in particular, located at an altitude of 2,200 m, I think.

[00:25:00]And then you travel to other mountainous regions and realize that this is, well, just such a high-mountain tradition. These towers differ in architecture. But in general, all these mountain peaks, Tushins, Khivsurs, Ingush, all these towers on both sides of the Caucasus ridge are slightly different. And everyone, uh, everyone, every family had their own tower. It was built to make it easier to fight off enemies when retreating upward. Well, at least that's what they say. And on the first floor the cattle were kept, on the second there were storage rooms, and so on.

[00:25:42]Ah, and they write to us here, uh, unfortunately, Ukraine has long since ceased to exist. There is a colony of the USA and Europe. Well, that's how they came up with Russia, the reptilians. Take a rest in the banlist. Yes.

[00:25:56]And here, well, that is the most important point about, and, as I already said, it is a question of the fact that these societies were democratic, but how the Russian government acted, it took and tried to establish control through the princes and subjugate the entire people. And when you have democracy, yes, that is, this is, and this also has a direct relation to modern times, when you have conditionally democratic forms, when you have self-government, when you don’t have some important uncles who completely represent you, then it becomes more difficult to capture and enslave someone. This is an important point.

[00:26:46]Oh, by the way, we were just talking peacefully about the Chukchi people and the Chukchi resistance. We have a short video and I think there is even a long video on the channel. Look, about decentralization, it makes the people much more mobile in terms of resistance, because, well, you can even bribe some secret policeman or leader, but you can’t bribe the other 25. They think completely differently.

[00:27:16]Yes, yes, yes. And therefore, as I already said, the diversity was not only, yes, not only among the military peoples, there was exactly the same enormous diversity, well, there was self-government among the Dagestani peoples. And here there could have been a khanate, a shamkhalate, an utsmiystvo, free rural unions, religious centers, a federation of communities. Well, that is, and so, for example, the Avar Kagonate, probably, oh, the Avar Khanate was the largest and most significant influence in this region, but many mountain societies actually, well, how to say, governed themselves independently. They didn't interfere in their affairs, no, well, they couldn't interfere. It will be very difficult, because Yes, yes, as you yourself said on the air at the beginning, these are gorges, valleys, so it is simply impossible to establish power here.

[00:28:24]Yes, sorry, I can't help but reply to one of the comments. I'll even send you a video later.

[00:28:30]It's just that it's our How long does the time channel exist? 3 years. [laughter] Every time they write to us that there is no decent word. What about the Indians?

[00:28:41]Preservations [laughter] of America. Don't you want to help?

[00:28:46]So, comrades, who are worried about the colonization of America, why do you all know better about it than about what Russia did? And we will tell you, because your brains have been washed by Russian propaganda. And instead of writing all sorts of nonsense, sit silently and listen.

[00:29:05]Otherwise, what you are saying is called bautism. Here comes autism. It's a form of cognitive distortion where a person fails to accept reality and instead says, "Oh my God, Petya stole the candy earlier. Oh my God, they're lynching blacks in America." What business is it of yours about America? You don't live in America. You've never been there. You don't know how many Native American peoples speak their native languages. How much of the Huron language has survived, how many other languages? You even use the colonial European term Indians.

[00:29:39]There are no Indians.

[00:29:41]These Indians never existed. My God.

[00:29:43]Yes, Damir, I'm sorry, please speak. I'll look for the video. [clears throat] Yes. And this is why it is a very important point to say that before the Russian Empire, the mountain peoples were, to a significant extent, under the influence of either the Ottoman Empire or the Persian Empire. But if we talk about the Eastern Caucasus, it is still more under the influence of the Persian Empire.

[00:30:13]And when did this colonization begin?

[00:30:18]In general, the first attempts to go out, to send expeditions, well, took place back in the 15th century. That is, back in the 16th century there were attempts to first penetrate Baku, Derbent, yes, that is, to these cities along the mm, and along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, right? That is, we can now look at the map.

[00:30:49]Yes, of course, let's look at the map.

[00:30:52]Map. Here. Oh, by the way, let's take a look at these wonderful towers, this is what they look like, by the way. the ones we talked about, right? That is, by the way, what are they needed for? This is also an interesting point. Towers are, well, specifically for the Ingush, this is a kind of protection, that is, this is a ancestral place, it is sacred, protective. That is, people could hide there with their whole families. And when, for example, under the custom of a blood place, the whole family could be saved, because the tower was not touched. This is an important point. Ah, so you mean the towers weren't allowed, weren't allowed to go into them or what? Or was it just difficult to storm?

[00:31:34]No, not in the storm. It's just respect.

[00:31:36]That is, this is such a, well, such an adat, yes, such a tradition. And the adats, of course, were sacredly revered. Here.

[00:31:49]Mm. And the next thing to serve us, close there. Yes. Yes.

[00:31:57]Map. [clears throat] Our map knows him.

[00:32:02]So, here's a video for you about autism. Please look at the merits when you have an attack of it. Yes.

[00:32:11]So share this. Well, this map, [clears throat] [laughter] yes, that is, it more or less reflects how, well, here there are approximately 50, probably, yes, peoples who live here. But as I said, in fact, according to some estimates, there will be even more than a hundred.

[00:32:34]Well, uh, in northern Dagestan, of course, live the Kumyks. Kumyks are a Turkic-speaking people.

[00:32:44]We'll talk about them next time, how they also ended up in the empire. But all the rest are representatives of the East Caucasian languages, which live all the way to Azerbaijan.

[00:32:55]Here we have Avars, here we have Dorgins, Lizgins and many, many more. That is, if we were to list this list of peoples, uh, well, I would, so as not to offend anyone, well, well, maybe there would be 10 main ones, well, I would highlight them, right? So these are the Avars, Andians, Karatins, Chamalins, Botlikhs, right? And then the Dorgins, Megebs, Chinese, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Aguls, Udins. So, go ahead and add those we forgot, right? Therefore, we cannot list them all, yes, but this is the most varied picture. And so, accordingly, what is very important to show is what we will show on the map now. So here it is.

[00:33:55]Yeah, I should come here. Okay, I got it. So, this RBent is a window, the main window, through which communication takes place between, uh, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus. This is an exit from the south, yes, the region of Derbent, by the way, one of Derbent, the oldest city, the oldest city located on the territory of Russia at the moment. Yes.

[00:34:23]Well, let's call it that for now. Here.

[00:34:27]Ah, and as I said, expeditions to these territories were already being sent there, starting in the 15th century. Here. But when this territory was transferred, and in the last broadcast they tried to tell us about this, and what it was according to the treaties with the Persian Empire. Here.

[00:34:55]Yes, let's talk about it. This is important. And why isn't it just that someone, someone passed it on to someone?

[00:35:04]And there was this, uh, well, there was this Abbas Shah in the 15th century in Iran, who, well, possessed the greatest power and influence. And under his influence in the Persian Empire, well, during his reign, the Persian Empire expanded its influence, including into the territories inhabited by the modern Dagestani peoples. That is, this is this is this is an important point. A and no, and he [clears throat] belonged to the so- called Safavid dynasty. So, when the Safavids, a, came into a crisis of governance at the beginning of the 15th century, and Peter declared the so-called Persian military campaign in Peter I.

[00:35:59]Here.

[00:36:01]What, what didn’t he like about the ephids? Did they [laughter] organize a Maidan or what?

[00:36:07]No, this is a classic example of such a Russian carrion policy of colonial foreign policy. They attacked the weakened state of Rsinsk, because they forced it [laughter] to wait for nuclear weapons. Yes. Yes.

[00:36:24]All. So, well, in general, Peter decided to take advantage of this situation and strengthen himself on the helmet. And then the Treaty of St. Petersburg was concluded, according to which these territories were transferred, uh, to Russia. But what does this mean in practice? Why is it very, very important to understand that this is, mm, and, firstly, the mountain communities of Dagestan did not consider themselves, how can I put it correctly, subjects of the Shah. That is, for them the very fact that, ah, ah, what's his name? The very fact that, mm, ah, they were being transferred somewhere, for them it was a revelation, a discovery. That is, they, in principle, did not consider themselves non- subjects, not even a kilometer. That is, this is the Shah’s power there, in general, was largely formal, yes. In some places they appointed khans, but for the most part they had little control over anyone. Listen, Dami, I have a question for you before your lecture, of course.

[00:37:36]Ah, in Russia, I mean in, well, those classic Russian territories, uh, that adopted Orthodoxy under the stick of the Ryulkovichs of various bridges. And at some point, religion, especially after the fall of Novgorod, becomes not a religion, but a church.

[00:38:00]becomes an instrument of the state. That is, if until the 15th century it was still something and had great separate power and could influence the course of events as an independent force, then later it still becomes such a bogeyman, where you [clears throat] must, among other things, obey the tsar. Well, that is, as far as I remember, the schism with the Old Believers happened because the Old Believers said, “Oh, the Tsar is our father, he’s practically nobody.” Here. But if we talk about Islamic societies, what is it like there, what does it look like there?

[00:38:42]Is the mosque an instrument in which you are told that in reality we are subjects, for example, of the Persian Shah?

[00:38:51]No, no, no. This is precisely what is excluded in Islam. and the Islamic Ummah. Well, that is, roughly speaking, there is no hierarchy in Islam. That is, there is no church hierarchy where there is a very big patriarch and then they go down the ladder, yes, they share the system of power.

[00:39:13]That is, uh, uh, that is, it was much more difficult for the Ingush or Chechens or anyone else [laughter] to convey this information that they, it turns out, are subjects.

[00:39:25]You are sitting somewhere in your native village and you have completely different tasks in life.

[00:39:33]Yes, yes, yes, yes. This can also be said this way. But the main thing is that Islam has a somewhat different, so to speak, different Brazilianism, that is, its dissemination, a different mechanism. There the state is not an instrument.

[00:39:51]In some places, of course, it is, but in the majority of society it is not a tool for promoting Islam. People get involved in Islam there because at some point it becomes attractive to a certain group of people. Here. And, by the way, Persian Iran, yes, that is, Persian and Shiite, well, not Iran, but Ishiid Persia.

[00:40:14]What religions do we have in Dagestan? Ah, Sunni Islam, that is, unrelated things. Moreover, I will say, it is not even a matter of Sunnism, but Sufi tariqas, Sufi tariqas were very widespread, namely in the North Caucasus. This is, well, that is, as is known, this is a philosophical-mystical direction in Islam, which is not that it is fundamentally different, but still different. That is, this is, ah, well, that is, these were other mechanisms of penetration of these things. Yes.

[00:40:54]Yes, of course, it would have been interesting to make a separate issue about the spread of Islam, about how it differs, but specifically in terms of the peoples who are currently located on the territory of Russia. Because what you are saying, if people do not belong to Islam, it is rather very difficult for them to understand. And your namesake came to us and said that we are right in saying that Indians are a colonialist exonym. Good evening. The home world that is not the one in the frame. We hope that we will invite you on air sometime too, because it is obvious that you have a very broad knowledge base. Yes.

[00:41:36]Yes, sorry. Oh, yeah. Next, while I knocked you off your feet, you're going to get with her. And they write to us: "You're telling fairy tales, what once was is now in the past. That's history."

[00:41:49]Russia was able to rise. Well, you know, what is, will pass. Once it gets up, anything can happen. I always say that if you feel bad, then it’s as if the minimum amount of work has already been done. Yes.

[00:42:06][clears throat] Here. Yes. What I mean is what Vladimir writes to us. Uh, to grow up the past, when history is already what it is, Russia was able to rise, turn into a big country, but it could have been different.

[00:42:19]For example, the Khazar gaganate became dominant. Well, the mice can do it. Our main slogan. Eh, our homeland is a rook field. Well, mine is not peace, obviously.

[00:42:36]Ah, well, in general, a peace treaty with Persia was concluded in St. Petersburg.

[00:42:43]Persia handed over these lands, and the local communities were very surprised by this and did not pay attention to it.

[00:42:53]Here. But it was not possible to hold these territories after Peter’s death, because, firstly, there were not enough resources, supply problems, and the local population still resisted this. Well, and on top of that there was the fear of a major war with the Ottoman Empire. And 10 years later another treaty was concluded, uh, according to which there was the Rezh Treaty, then there was the Ganja Treaty, the Ganja Treaty. Ganja, here, is where Russia returned a significant part of the Caspian territories to Persia, that is, it was unable to hold on to them for even 10 years. But at the same time, we must understand that the mountain people themselves did not participate in these negotiations between Persia and Russia; no one asked the authorities of the territory, and, er, roughly speaking, they did not recognize the very idea that they could somehow get rid of these lands.

[00:43:54]Here.

[00:43:57]So, ah, that's how it happened.

[00:44:01]Yes, I wanted to add a little more, but this is not exactly my area of ​​expertise, but nevertheless, Persia itself is still completely unhappy, because someone is constantly attacking it, someone is constantly annexing it. then the Arams, then, then, uh, the Turks, then England came to divide it, then Peter I wanted something from it. Lord, when will they leave Iran alone? Yes.

[00:44:28]Yes, yes, yes, yes. Everything is so, everything is so. Uh, well, actually, we can probably move on to the part that many people know, right? That is, uh, ah, mm, this is a prelude, yes, a prelude to when we move on to this Caucasian war. Imamate, Caucasus, Shamil, Yermolovshchina and other, other things. Here. And in this Russo-Persian War, which already took place from 184 to 1813, the Treaty of Yulistan was concluded. And that is why the peace treaty again transferred Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and part of Transcaucasia.

[00:45:19]Ah, but the same problem arose again, again she conveyed to herself that in general she seemed to have no real control over anything and no one considered her subjects. Here. And this is this time. So this is an important point.

[00:45:39]And what is the difference between the Persian Ottoman colonizers, yes, let's call it that, and the Russian ones, which is also very important. And Persia and the Ottomans limited themselves to three things. Tribute, yes, that is, there was that which was not collected from everyone, some influence on this territory and alliances with the local elite. That's all. That is all they could do.

[00:46:08]What was Russia doing at the beginning of the 10th century? Yes, that is, she began to build fortresses, introduced military garrisons there, and laid military roads, resettled the population, and created a permanent administration. That is, Russia's intervention was no longer simply like, well, if you think you control us, go ahead and do the same. It did n't look like that anymore. It already looked perfect and they were already beginning to directly interfere in the local affairs of the peoples.

[00:46:39]Here.

[00:46:40]And so, ah, in response to all this, to this whole colonial policy, yes, that is, the advancement simply into the depths of the Caucasus, the violation of married treaties, the balance of power, in general, simply, ah, the movement of Merdism began, yes, that is, uh, and Myriodism is, ah, this religious movement, the essence of which, but just a minute, and the idea is the following, that is, this is the beginning of a constant desire to unite Dagestan and Chechnya, to create a centralized system and resist the empire. That is, conditionally, conditionally, the Aa Murids - this was an anti-colonial movement from the very beginning.

[00:47:41]Here. And mm, this is this is an important point that we are talking about. This does not mean Damir, Zamir, I have a question for you.

[00:47:56]Why did Russia, a flat country, need to climb such high mountains? This is a huge human loss for themselves. We need to learn to fight in a completely new way. So they sat on the plain, controlled the swamp, took the black soil there, took all those steppes for themselves from those who owned it.

[00:48:20]Why did you go to the Caucasus?

[00:48:23]But this question is about, let's say, how can I say it, this is the logic of any empire, yes, it is not, but, you know, it is the logic of a cancerous tumor.

[00:48:42]This is what it looks like, right? That's probably what I would call it. That is, it is because, uh, the empire does not know how to stop. That is, she begins to see some kind of threats everywhere, ah, military, trade, any. And therefore it strives to expand and control any territory at any cost.

[00:49:08]Here. Just let me control it and that's it.

[00:49:11]And this is the first point. But there's another very important point here: the figure of Peter the Great played a key role in all of this.

[00:49:18]And imperialism—that's precisely what he picked up on, in part from looking to the West. As is well known, Peter also started wars simply, how to say it, but almost out of sporting interest. there, they lost one war, and they start to get into another mark, into this and so on. That is, it’s, well, such a manic desire. Therefore, well, under his rule, more than ten wars were waged in different directions. And so, that is, he laid down this very idea that we need to expand somewhere beyond that. Here. Secondly, ah, mm, well, that's what I'm saying, the very logic of the empire's development is like this.

[00:50:09]Oh, this male gender socialization of yours. It’s all so, all so, how wonderful it would be for us to live [laughter] without her.

[00:50:16]No, it’s just that if we talked about this before, for example, when we talked about expansion to the east, it was obvious that this was expansion for fur-bearing animals, for seal fat, and so on. There, well, okay, maybe there were some salt deposits. If we are talking about Derbent, it is clear that this is Caspian trade, right? Well, at least there is some logic to it. But these very spurs, [laughter] that everything is so, everything is so.

[00:50:50]OK. So, what happened to us?

[00:50:52]Uh, how exactly did Russia encounter the warring peoples? Yes, the warring peoples are, uh, the Chechens, the Ingush, the Batsbis. The Bazbians live in the Caucasus, including some communities living in Georgia, but mainly in the North Caucasus. Yes. Yes. Yes.

[00:51:11]And what? Well, what things were used, yes? That is, I say again, the movement of this Imamate of the Caucasus, yes, which, well, began at the end of the twenties of the 19th century, and the first imams who led this movement and this political union, yes, well, was Ghazi Muhammad, that is, not even Shamil. Here he died in 1032 during the assault on, uh, the city of Gimry.

[00:51:53]Here.

[00:51:54]And tell me, please, can we say that, uh, the growth of such Islamic sentiments, it was, uh, precisely militant, was caused directly by Russian actions to seize territories. That's right. That's right. That's right. And what's more, I'll say, ah-ah, this is a 100% standard reaction to m, specifically to, mm, ah, to, how can I say, to action, to Yermolovshchina, right? That is, now we will also talk a little about it. There, uh, the second leader of the Imamate, yes, the Caucasus, and that was Gamzat Bek, yes, that is, he, uh, was also killed in Khunzakh, well, but there was a conspiracy with it doesn’t matter, yes. That is, we are not talking about this now. Then Imam Shamil came there after them. What happened? Why, actually, how does all this happen? How so? How, huh? That is, once again, this is an anti-colonialist religious and political movement. I will then be able to say where, for example, Wahhabism comes from, yes, and what it means in practice. Then I'll explain how he was born in exactly the same way, right? That is, ah, but, uh, here, yes, that is, this, ah, so that, firstly, Ermolov would say directly: “Fear must become control.” That is, the main architect of this entire colonial policy was this Alexei Ermolov, who directly claimed that since 1816 he was appointed Gauleiter of the Caucasus, yes, that is, an occupation administrator, yes, and that the highlanders could only be subjugated by terror. That is the main thing, that this is the official idea. It wasn’t, well, how can I say it, it was, well, it was stated outright, it wasn’t something hidden. Pure terror and nothing but fear, right? That is, we had one statement there, and that was that the Caucasus should fear Russia more than hate it. So this is what the Russian army did? burned villages, destroyed farmsteads and crops, cut down forests, took hostages, deported the population, and destroyed food supplies.

[00:54:37]Well, of course, such actions could not go unanswered. It's like a natural process.

[00:54:48]Moreover, Russian sources themselves also wrote about the extermination of villages, the conversion of aulofruina, exemplary punishments, all of this happened. Then the fox of Chechnya, and earlier Chechnya, yes, that is, it was much more forested, that is, and where the Russians pass, there is often an ecological disaster left behind. including.

[00:55:18]Here. But it’s clear that the Chechens used their advantage, since they were n’t conducting forest ambushes, quick raids, or, uh, guerrilla warfare, and what was the Russian army doing there? She cut down forests en masse and built clearings and fortresses. This is how the Grozny fortress, the Caucasian line, a chain of Cossack fortifications appeared. That is all this. But the main thing is that even forests are cut down. Here, in order to, uh, to break the resistance. Here is one of these, well, quite famous stories, this is Dadiyurt, right? That is, ah, and a punitive expedition, yes, well, one of the symbols of cruelty. Chechen village of Dadiyur in 1819.

[00:56:06]Ah, well, the houses there were burned down, a significant part of the population died, some of the women, according to contemporaries.

[00:56:18]Here. And this is one of the examples.

[00:56:25]While you're thinking, I'll answer one of the questions and pass you the second question from the same speaker. People ask me what kind of tag I have on my ear. I don't know if the resolution is good. You see it the other way around. Well, those who are sharp-sighted, write your versions of what is written here.

[00:56:42]Here they write us an insult based on our appearance. We're very happy when people write us an insult based on appearance, because it means that the topic we're talking about, uh, irritates you so much that you can't argue on the topic. Continue.

[00:56:57]Ah, what, what do they write there? I'm interested, though.

[00:57:00]Well, I'll tell you later. [laughter] Oh, and they also ask you, Damir, where can one read about the destruction of villages?

[00:57:09]And later, after the broadcast, under this recording of the broadcast, we will put links to literature. Here. Yes.

[00:57:18][clears throat] Ah, well, even Wikipedia has a fair amount of information about this. At least open the article on the Circassian genocide, and there will be related articles, and there will be all the quotes from Russian generals.

[00:57:33]And all this is quite scary and is in absolutely public access. It's just that people usually, well, somehow lack interest in revealing all this.

[00:57:44]Well, that's if you want to get a basic idea. And if you want to get to know it in depth, then we, uh, well, at the latest tomorrow we’ll send you links to the literature on air. Yes, yes, yes. Here. Well, I hope this isn't a provocative question, but a real person who wants to learn, but, as a rule, my experience shows that whether you post a link or not. Here. a-a they won't read it because they often ask questions like "Where's the proof?" Yes.

[00:58:19]What did Shamil try to do? That is, in 1834 he became the imam of this political association, the Imamate of the Caucasus.

[00:58:29]So he divided the territory into districts, appointed naibs, that is, governors who governed, created a tax system, led elements of a regular army, created a judicial system and tried to replace Adat with a unified Sharia law. This, by the way, his last decision, no, but, mm, how to say it correctly, no, well, it caused resistance. Not everyone was ready to accept the fact that adat was being replaced by Sharia law. Shamil himself was an Avar by origin, that is, he was from the Avar Khanate.

[00:59:10]Well, he's not a Chechen, is he? That is, this is aa m a and under him a set of laws of the bottom appeared, right? So, roughly speaking, what was he trying to create? And he tried to create a modern state, which is modern, contemporary, yes, that is, which was standard there for the 19th century in most countries of the world. And maybe, well, that is, it’s a progressive thing, of course, progressive.

[00:59:42]Here.

[00:59:45]And in this sense, Shamil, of course, for Russian historiography, for the Russian historical narrative, for those who invent, how to say, official, state, Russian-patriotic, all this, ah, deeds, of course, is a terrible person, an absolutely terrible person, because what did he do? He tried to unite Chechnya and Dagestan, create a centralized government and transform the guerrilla struggle into organized resistance.

[01:00:18]To this day, this is still the most terrible thing for the authorities. That is, she will not pay attention to the opposition, to anything, everything can be ignored in this country, yes, but only to organized ideological resistance on the part of some peoples. This is literally the biggest fear they still experience. And this is a problem. Well, listen, but on the other hand, on the other hand, from what I read, for example, it was said that precisely because Shamil introduced centralized resistance to Russian military leaders, it became easier for the Russians to predict his actions, because when command comes from one headquarters, then, uh, it is easier for you to launch counterattacks than when you expect one thing from one village, and from another you don’t know at all what to expect. Well, yes. Well, I'll be honest, it's very important to understand, as I've already said, that Mamamat itself wasn't a fully integrated entity.

[01:01:27]That is, there was, but the fact that he limited society often rebelled against him. That is, it was such a complex process.

[01:01:43]Damir, I have a question for you, please tell me, how would you characterize the resistance of the Voynich and Dagestani peoples in general, how did it differ from the resistance of the Circassian peoples? Was there a difference? And why did the Russian state turn against the Circassians and the Adyghe in particular?

[01:02:06]and, well, it affected the Voinyakhs and Dagestanis to a lesser extent. At least it didn't go all the way to a genocidal practice, where over 50% of the population was, well, according to various estimates, exterminated or forcibly resettled. Yes. Yes.

[01:02:29]Oh, the main point here is that the Circassians, yes, or the Anti-Defense Forces, yes, for them it’s here, and maybe because there was no organized resistance there.

[01:02:50]That is, as soon as the Imamate was broken, then this subordination became more widespread. And there this process was going on, well, that is, the story with the Imamate there in 859, and the Circassians resisted longer, yes, from there until 864.

[01:03:13]This is the first thing. Here. Secondly, secondly, uh, ah I wouldn't say that the cruelty that the Russian Empire used varied greatly. The same. It's exactly the same thing. They burn the aola, they burn food, well, they destroy food, they cut down forests, right? That is, everything, everything, everything traditional, that they usually did, right?

[01:03:44]That is, maybe in 1864, when, in fact, they held their victory parade in the air force in the Ubykh village, not far from Sochi, yes, ah, maybe it was already their despair, their rage from the fact that for how long, that is, 50 years, almost 50 years, that is, for two generations, for two generations people fought. There is the history of the Imamate of the Caucasus, yes, it is precisely this tough resistance under Shamel, it is still not that big, long-term, although also, yes, but there is this movement, like when he was imam, yes, and this active military action is from 1834 to 1859, that is, it turns out that it is 14 years.

[01:04:42]No, 24 years old. 24. Uh-huh. Yes, Damir is writing to us now. Good evening to everyone from Dagestan. Good evening.

[01:04:49]We are very pleased that people are watching us, including from Dagestan.

[01:04:52]Today we are talking about the forced colonization of the Dagestani peoples and the war-torn peoples by the Russian Empire. Yes. They also write to us: “The village is made up of huts.”

[01:05:03]Well, you know, a village is made up of huts. And before 1937 in Russia these were also dugouts. Yes. Yes.

[01:05:15]And here is one of these, yes, that is, examples of a symbol of resistance, this is the city, well, more precisely the fortress Aul, the fortress Aul Akhulgo. Ah, and it was located in the Russian gorge of the Indian river Kosu.

[01:05:33]Koysu koysu. The siege there was extremely bloody, yes, of that fortress. Thousands of defenders died, civilians, women, children. And after the assault, the Russian troops simply smashed this fortification, this fortress, to pieces. Here. That is, no stone was left unturned there. Here. Eh, but Shamel managed to break through, right? That is, in this sense, he became a legend of the Caucasus.

[01:06:02]And now, after this defeat of Akhulga happened, Akhulgo, probably, well, tell me how to put the stress correctly, right? Ah, Shamil placed his bet on Chechnya, that is, he already placed his bet on Chechnya.

[01:06:22]Why? There are dense forests, difficult access, a very high level of support for Chechen societies and the possibility of waging a long-term guerrilla war there. These are the main reasons why the city became a veden, yes, that is, on the territory of Chechnya. Here. Mm, well, this continued until the 1850s. So Russia started using huge armies, that is, it started sending large numbers of people there, because it couldn’t cope.

[01:06:58]aa blockade of the mountainous regions, destroyed the economy and Manat, well, that is, the Imamate, of course, was strangled there for 24 years. So, in fact, he died in the city of Gunip. Here. And there, in fact, is his last refuge.

[01:07:21]Here. And they write to us here: "Why did Shamil leave for Russia? And why did he live in Ryazan? If he was so committed, just stop drinking cognac in the mornings." What are we to you?

[01:07:34]Yeah.

[01:07:34]What question, what answer? Oh, tell me, please, Damir, is the assumption of some Russian historians and publicists, who wrote, as far as I remember, back in the Russian Empire, correct, that the goal of this monstrous invasion of the Caucasus was complete control of the territory, which would ensure passage to both the Caspian and the Black Sea in order to further assert its influence, in the fight, for example, against the Ottoman Empire, to trade with European states, and so on. What do you think?

[01:08:15]Yes, that's true, this is one of the main reasons, maybe even. But I do n't know how to prioritize them here. The first reason is general access to and control over the South Caucasus.

[01:08:30]That is, ah, formal citizenship of Kakheti and Kartli, yes, it did not solve the problem. That is, it's not like, but, firstly, for Russia, these kingdoms retained a high degree of autonomy. Secondly, access to them was through vast territories occupied by peoples there who were not subordinated to the Russian Empire. Yes, this is one of, probably, number one. The second point, of course, is the struggle with the Ottoman Empire and the Persian Empire. It is very important that these are two different directions. The Caspian direction, of course, is to a large extent a struggle with the Persian Empire, because after Russia finally, uh, uh, colonized, yes, finally consolidated its position in the Caucasus there in the second half of the 19th century, yes, that is, it effectively gained control over, uh, the Transcaucasian trade routes, the possibilities of political, military, administrative, any kind of influence. And the exact opposite picture was observed with, well, I mean, not the opposite, even similar, but only with the Ottoman Empire in the Western Caucasus. That is, Ah, ah, the Ottoman Empire, attempts to recapture everything there, well, I repeat, the Ottoman Empire didn't have any particular influence there in those territories, right? That is, formally, it believed that it controlled them. Of course, there's no fact, but, um, having consolidated itself there, it dealt a very strong blow to the military-strategic position of the Ottoman Empire, because it's a large, important piece of the Black Sea coast, through which, ah, well, there's access to the sea, and trade, and everything you want. That is, in general, control of almost the entire northern Black Sea coast, of course, was the goal. Now, if [clears throat] service and can we say here, Damir, look, if we're discussing the topic of Russian colonization, then Russia is up against, um, well, what the imperialists like to call natural borders on all sides, and on the other hand, it's up against other large militarized states with a strong repressive mechanism. That is, in the east, it It ran into China.

[01:11:22]Here, along the Caspian Sea, along the Black Sea, it ran into Iran and Turkey, and there was no one left for it to devour.

[01:11:31]It devoured everyone it could. That's all true. That's all true. That's exactly it. Because they ask us here: "What peoples did the Ottomans preserve on their territory?" Well, we've already talked about this, that the Ottoman Empire, well, by the way, the Ottoman Empire was quite, how can I say it, tolerant.

[01:11:52]And there was ethnic freedom, as far as I remember, it was present there. But like in modern Turkey, they were already forcing people to change their surnames, carrying out ethnic cleansing, and so on and so forth. That is, we're not saying here that Russia is good, the Ottoman Empire is bad, or vice versa, we're saying that both used the same methods. And in general, empires use the same methods. So they ran into each other and stopped. And then they clashed with each other. with a friend. And the fact that it cost the lives of hundreds of thousands, well, in this case, on the topic of our broadcast, of the peoples of the Caucasus, in particular the Dagestanis, uh, Ingush, Chechens, uh, Batsbis and so on, Circassians, who were completely destroyed. And this was of no interest to either empire. And then they asked us: "What about the genocide of the Circassians by the Ottoman Empire?" Well, in this case, they were forced to be forcibly moved to the Ottoman Empire. In this case, it acted as a receiving party.

[01:13:09][snorts] Yes, yes, that's right. Well, these are the questions that anyone who wanted to, yes, he could, and could study for himself, because, well, firstly, the Ottoman Empire allowed the Circassians to survive, yes, today the diaspora of Circassians abroad includes, well, 7.5 million. Not only, of course, in Turkey is quite widespread, yes, they've already forgotten their language, because they use Turkish and so on.

[01:13:40]That's it. But I repeat, there was a large increase in population there, well, that is, there were about a million, if muhajirs, that is, it's not genocide, yes, but, of course, a loss of identity is happening and Turkification is very widespread.

[01:14:01]This problem exists, and no one is hiding it. By the way, regarding Turkey, too, until the last 18th century, Turkey pursued a normal, uh, well, as far as possible, because it's clear that, if we're talking about that time, we had a fairly, uh, loyal policy, yes, there, confessional and ethnic, and allowed them to preserve their own identity. But this brutalization of an imperial nature and so on, it already happened in the second, third, oh, the last third of the 10th century under Abdulhamid. That era is called Zulum, that is, it's an evil era, let's call it that, right? That is, only this kind of Putinism Turkish- style. Then the Young Trotters came to power, right? And the Young Trotters, you have to understand, were no different from the usual standard right-wing national movements that existed in many countries. The Greeks, oh, the Bulgarians were slaughtering the Greeks, the Serbs were slaughtering the Croats. And it was such an endless process, in which there was a similar story. That is, uh, here we need to, how can I say, a similar story, I can’t say it, I can’t help but say it, as a feminist of stupid masculine behavior. I’m sure that women weren’t involved in this.

[01:15:27]Well, yes, that’s true. So, women became victims in this. They, yes, guys, enough already. And we get wonderful comments here, of course. There were 25,000 Ingush. First of all, who counted them, tell us. When was the last census, according to which there were 25,000 Ingush. We are very interested. And in the USSR there were already 500,000. But more than that, I'll tell you that at the beginning of the 20th century there were 1 billion people on Earth, and now there are nine. Uh, and that's all.

[01:16:05]Spring has come, summer has arrived. Thanks to Stalin for that. Cause and effect relationships don't work that way.

[01:16:12]Yes.

[01:16:13]And they have nothing to do with the USSR.

[01:16:18]That's right. [laughter] Well, and the overall population losses over these 50 years of the Russian, well, that is, the active phases of the Russo-Caucasian War, which can, and the Russo-Caucasian wars can generally be considered a series of wars over the course of more than a century and a half, yes. But the active phase is 1817-1864. Those are estimates, too. It's clear that no one kept a proper census there during the wars, and many villages were completely destroyed, and it's unknown how many lived there exactly. Some of the population went to the mountains or to the Ottoman Empire. Well, in general, that's all, well, historians estimate the casualties there from 300,000 to 600,000 people killed and died from war.

[01:17:10]The consequences of these wars. Well, ah, in Chechnya it was about 100,000-200,000 people, right? That is, well, for those times, for this, ah, ah, it was a large number for the people. These are also numbers close to genocidal practices. Here.

[01:17:38]po po po pot what else, yes, that m a very important point that should probably be added here. In the meantime, I'll uh, respond to the comments that our regular subscriber, uh, Izik, writes to us. Uh, hi. This means that Izik managed to get online from Russia. We are very happy about this.

[01:18:05]Super. Very, very. Yes, yes. Well, we'll find it now. Just like in my notes. It's a pity that Izik came to us at the end, because in 10 minutes, I think we'll finish.

[01:18:24]Uh-huh. Yes. Yes.

[01:18:25]There. But In general, we talked about the Dagestani military peoples today. I think that in the near future we will prepare more detailed videos with more detailed maps, uh, so that nothing freezes anywhere. These would be full-fledged lectures. So, please write your questions, we will definitely consider them in a large video, in a large script. Yes, Damir, please continue.

[01:18:52]Yes. Oh, and continuing, yes, what did the Russian government begin to establish after it, ah, well, won the Caucasus Imamate.

[01:19:06]Well, first of all, ah, ah, brought in a new administration there, that is, [snorts] [clears throat] strengthened the garrisons, limited the autonomy of the communities, and expanded the Cossack settlements, yes. So. And the way of life itself changed very much.

[01:19:27]Many communities there lost part of their lands, were forced to move somewhere. ended up. Some there integrated into the imperial system. But roughly speaking, that is, from that moment Autonomy, freedom, and other things, it gets lost in [snorts] [clears throat] in the Caucasus. But that doesn't mean it was 100% just, well, how can I say it, they all came to terms with it and accepted it. But there was still resistance, and well, non-systemic ones.

[01:20:09]That is, after the Caucasian War.

[01:20:15]And why, tell me, please, look, the Russian Empire came, destroyed the resistance for a total of more than 100 years, destroyed it, imposed its power, installed its administration, destroyed pockets of resistance, set up its fortresses, and began to control trade routes. So, literally yesterday I was preparing a script about the Kurmanjan Datka, uh, Datka, I don't know which is correct. And it said that, well, despite the fact that, you know, the Russian Empire came, uh, its son, it turns out, according to Russian sources, he was engaged in, uh, smuggling. Well, that is, like The guy was transporting whatever he thought was necessary on his own land, wherever he thought was necessary, and the Russian Empire hanged him for it. That's how it looked. That's how it was.

[01:21:08]So why did the Russian Empire then, under the Soviet Union, start deporting everyone?

[01:21:17]That's not enough.

[01:21:21]Um, well, that wasn't enough, that... Yeah, yeah, let's start the next thing, right? I mean, as I said, after the fall of Emama, yeah, nothing really ended. There were still local uprisings, refusals to pay taxes. Attacks on military posts, escapes to the mountains, then another form of resistance, which we all remember - muhajirism, which was also common among the warriors of the Dagestani peoples. That's why all of this happened. And that's why the empire considered, uh, the Caucasian peoples as unreliable.

[01:22:03]Well, the Caucasian peoples, that is, the peoples of the North Caucasus, unreliable, that is, those people who... where you can expect anything. There you go. Ah, but in the opinion of this Russian government, that is, they didn't want to be part of it, they didn't want to integrate into this, uh, how can I say it, into the system of imperial power. There's such a swear word, yes, obrek, yes, that is, [clears throat] and it's like the Soviet government was fighting against these obrek, who had gone into the mountains.

[01:22:43]Yes, yes, yes. But it was also fighting during and before the Soviet government, yes. That is, but but the fact is, yes, this has never been a peaceful region. And in the forties, of course, when, well, in 1944, when February 23rd, yes, that is, this deportation, it was the most, how can I say, the most unreliable from the point of view of... Listen, let's somehow clarify the meaning of " unreliable", because it seems to me that "unreliable" is such a Soviet, well, at least the term used in the Soviet Union.

[01:23:26]But what exactly? Those who retained their national identity, retained their language, obviously not thrilled about the Russian presence, and trying to preserve their national culture—what else can we add here?

[01:23:42]And these were peoples with their own pride who did n't want to submit. That's all. That's the key point.

[01:23:51]And that's why they were basically punished for this, yes, because collaboration among these peoples was minimal, and yet the entire nation was deported. So, you're to blame just because I want to eat?

[01:24:07]Of course, of course. That's why the Russians are the first to talk about collective guilt and collective responsibility.

[01:24:14]Actually, by the way, the Russian-Soviet government, right? I mean, and there's no need to pretend to be Stalin or a Georgian, right? That's complete nonsense. The Russian-Soviet government actually committed an act of genocide, Yes? So, the displacement of people, deportations, is a genocidal practice.

[01:24:35]Some estimate that 2/3 died during the deportation process.

[01:24:40]There. Ah, well, that is, out of a million deported Chechens and Ingush, some estimate that almost 700,000 people caved in, right? So, these are terrifying numbers. There. Yes, even if it was a third, it’s a huge, catastrophic figure. There. Ah, and that’s why they were punished for precisely this, precisely for their pride, for the fact that they don’t want to be with this empire. It’s something that she never forgives. It’s something she never forgives. And you know how it is when you ask a woman why she doesn’t leave her rapist? Well, because she knows he’ll kill her. She’s simply assessing her risks. Rapists never turn a woman away when she leaves. They try to catch up with her in every possible way, to punish her, because for them, the thought that they’re sweating and We don't need women, and we don't need spurs, but we need a sense of personal control, because that's how a sense of personal identity is built.

[01:25:49]That's how it's happening. I see that we have a very active discussion unfolding in the chat. Add that the USSR and Russia are different things. Well, it depends on how you look at it, because they are, of course, different things from a legal point of view, but from the point of view of imperial politics, they are the same thing.

[01:26:09]And I see that we have, uh, flown somewhere.

[01:26:13]Yes, peace. A federation is a union, not a republic. Russians don't have their own national borders, which means that Russians are not a nation, but just an ethnic group. I would even say a tribe. How do you like that?

[01:26:26]And further down the list follows, uh, Damir writes to us, uh, whom we read all the time, the Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volyn, Podolsk. If with Lithuania and Volyn everything was more or less clear, the empire included these provinces, uh, what is the Principality of Smolensk? I think we should do a separate episode about the Principality of Smolensk, because it's, of course, a slightly different country.

[01:26:57]Yes. Yes.

[01:26:59]Well, Damir, what do we want to say in parting? What thought did you not have time to develop? Let's start with that.

[01:27:06]Mm, yes, it seems to me that the main thing, uh, that needs to be remembered and which, well, this empire is very, well, that is, it knows how to take revenge, and it always takes revenge. That is, it takes revenge for any resistance, for any freedom. And this, unfortunately, is a problem. It doesn't always even take revenge for the thought of a crime, like, well, you're not doing anything now, well, I know that you could, yes. Remember, the main idea is to understand that these are all wars, which, firstly, it, uh, there's this Mithraic saying about not starting wars, of course, it started.

[01:27:47]Many, most wars were started by Russia itself, yes. Well, uh, never Losing.

[01:27:56]Losing, and how. The Russo-Caucasian wars are a classic example of how small groups of people, but simply against huge detachments of these Russian troops, coped, and coped for a long time. It took 50 years just for the active phases. That's not to say, in fact, the process took longer. It took 50 years to, uh, to establish this control through a huge sea of ​​blood, through, well, along with the Chers, these are millions of victims, millions of refugees, muhajirs. That is, this is a marauder, a murderer, whatever. That is, this is not, uh, there is nothing heroic in this story. There.

[01:28:53]Except for the bloody past.

[01:28:55]Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And here Damir writes to us : "The only Russian territories that can be taken are the Smolensk province and Zapadkaluga." There, they can create a Russian republic." Belarusians will not agree with you.

[01:29:13]By the way, regarding what you said, that there was a period that was associated with something evil. I don’t remember what it was called. It’s Zulyu. Zulyu. Yes. We have a short video called The Great Anger about the moment in the Russo-Swedish War, when the Russians seized the territories of Finland and that it was a separate historical moment. In Finnish and Swedish historiography, as far as I remember, it’s called the Great Anger due to the degree of the destructive impact of the Russian Empire on these territories.

[01:29:49]Well, yes, yes, yes, yes. And I am terrified, of course, uh, I know that they don’t agree. I read the reviews, Namir writes to us.

[01:29:58]And it’s terribly funny to me to read that, my God, we are such an old people, my God. People, when the Georgians built Kalkhida, we were hanging upside down on the Christmas trees [laughter] by our tails. What are you talking about? Well, or there’s Armenia, or at least there [laughter] Rome. What are you talking about here?

[01:30:22]Well, uh, Damir, thank you very much. We will develop this topic.

[01:30:27]Uh, watch our previous episodes, watch our short videos. I hope that next month we will start doing large, full-scale ones, not invasions, but lectures.

[01:30:43]Oh, and you can always donate to us.

[01:30:45]The details are in the profile header. Have a good evening everyone, and glory to Ukraine.

[01:30:51]Glory to all the heroes. Bye.

[01:30:54]Bye. Bye, everyone.