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[00:01:15]All right, someone to confirm now that you can see. Okay, someone saying clear.

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[00:01:23]Um, yeah. So, we can begin.

[00:01:27]We can begin.

[00:01:30]And of course like I said this is organic chemistry. So these are compiled questions or like I said we are going to look at organic chemistry. So these are compiled questions uh starting from 2016 to 2023. Quite a number of past papers uh to revise. In the case of those that are writing exams surely this one is a good one.

[00:01:56]Okay. So let's see how much we know organic uh chemistry.

[00:02:02]Let's see how much we know organic chemistry.

[00:02:08]So here is the first question that we are going to answer and this one's coming from these papers are not in order of uh in which the year I mean they are not in order of uh the years in which you are written but they in order of the topic. So the first part covers our canes and of course we're going to move in that order.

[00:02:36]So three hydrocarbons given are members of homologous series. CH4, CH4, H10, CH10.

[00:02:46]Explain the term hydrocarbon.

[00:02:51]Explain the term hydrocarbon. What does the term hydrocarbon mean?

[00:02:56]What is a hydrocarbon? Let me see the answers. What is a hydrocarbon?

[00:03:03]So for hydrocarbon we are just looking at compounds compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. So carbon and hydrogen only those are what you call organic compound. So organic compounds are just looking at the elements not elements please but compound which contain hydrogen and oxygen I mean hydrogen and carbon only I should have said that so compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only and examples of hydrocarbons who knows this time around they give you give examples of hydrocarbons. So examples of hydrocarbons we have members of alanes members of alkenes members of alkyes although we don't look at alkyes so alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons so very important that you understand this okay then name the name the we are on to the second question name the that is big question please homologus to which the above hydrocarbon belong. Name the homologous series to which the above hydrocarbon belong. Where do they belong?

[00:04:31]So looking at the compound surely you should be able to tell you should be able to tell where they are coming from.

[00:04:42]So where do they belong?

[00:04:46]So if you look at these the homologus series to which these belong is actually alkanes.

[00:04:55]Alanes. Okay. So they are alanes.

[00:04:58]Compound with molecular formula CH4.

[00:05:00]Name the compound with molecular formula CH4. What do you call the compound with molecular formula CH4?

[00:05:10]what do you call the compound um with molecular formula CH4 so this is known as butane this is known as what butane okay it's known as butane then draw the structural formula of a hydrocarbon which has four carbon atom draw the structure formula of the hydrocarbon which have or which has four hydro I mean which has four atoms.

[00:05:44]Okay. So the structure formula when they ask you the structure formula they want you to put up a structure.

[00:05:51]They want you to put up a structure. So for butane so butane has four carbons.

[00:05:57]So alkanes they have single bond throughout. So you put hydrogens's around hydrogens's hydrogens's hydrogens's hydrogens's hydrogen throughout. And remember each carbon should be bonded to four. So that is how a butane will look like. That is how a butane will look like.

[00:06:21]Okay. I guess that is fine. I guess that is fine.

[00:06:28]All right.

[00:06:29]Then which of the given hydrocarbon has the highest boiling point?

[00:06:35]Which one has the highest boiling point?

[00:06:39]Which one has the highest boiling point?

[00:06:43]Of the four that we have, some of you are able to see them. Or the four that we have, I mean the three that we have here, which one has highest boiling point? Which of these has highest boiling point?

[00:06:57]Pentin where is pentin coming from please?

[00:07:05]Where is pentin coming from?

[00:07:09]This is not pentin. So here you don't need to really give the name. You just write the formula. So ch 10 uh ch10 that is ch 1022.

[00:07:24]CH1022 is the one with the highest boiling point. So the way it is with this as the number of carbon increases also their boiling point melting point also increases.

[00:07:38]So as the number of carbon increases so also their boiling point melting point and all that also increases. Okay. So that is the way it is with u this I guess we are together up to this point. No one has a problem.

[00:07:57]I guess no one has a problem.

[00:08:01]Okay.

[00:08:07]All right. We look at question two.

[00:08:10]So for question two, petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.

[00:08:16]Petroleum is the source of many fuel.

[00:08:19]Petroleum is a source of many fuel.

[00:08:22]Define a fuel.

[00:08:25]Define a fuel. So, let me see someone defining a fuel right here. What is a fuel?

[00:08:33]What is a fuel?

[00:08:37]So a fuel is simply a substance when bend produces produces heat energy or produces energy. That is what we call a fuel. So a substance which when bent produce uh heat energy. What is meant by the term hydrocarbon? Surely this question we've answered it where we are coming from.

[00:09:09]We have answered this question where we are coming from.

[00:09:14]Okay.

[00:09:17]Anything that can be bent to produce energy, right? That is what that is energy. I mean that is u that is a fuel. Petroleum is separated by fraction distration. Name the fraction with the lowest boiling point.

[00:09:33]Petroleum is separated with um Petroleum is separated by fraction distression. Name the fraction with one lowest boiling point. Which one has the lowest boiling point?

[00:09:48]So the one with highest boiling point if you look at separation of this fraction the one with lowest boiling point is um that is refinary refinary gas or refinary gases they are the ones that has or they are the ones that have lowest then highest you are talking of betamin betain Then state the use of petrol.

[00:10:21]State the use of petrol. What is the use of petrol?

[00:10:27]What is the use of petrol?

[00:10:34]What is the use of petrol?

[00:10:38]So if I look at the use of petrol, petrol is used in car based petrol based cars. So used in petrol based cars. Used in petrol-based what?

[00:10:57]Petrol-based cars. Then what about palafhin waxes?

[00:11:03]What is the use of palaphin waxes?

[00:11:11]What is the use of palafin waxes?

[00:11:14]So palafin waxes are used in making polish.

[00:11:25]Okay. Used in making polish. Kendall also you can put also used in making candles. also polish.

[00:11:35]Okay. An alkan molecule is cracked and it use the two molecules C5 H12 and C3 I mean C 3 H6.

[00:11:48]What is meant by the term cracking?

[00:11:52]What is meant by the term cracking? What is cracking?

[00:11:59]So when you talk of cracking, cracking is simply the breakdown of large molecules. Breakdown of large molecules into simpler ones into simpler ones. That is what cracking is.

[00:12:29]Then state two types of cracking. We have thermo cracking. We have thermoc cracking and catalytic cracking.

[00:12:42]So thermoc cracking and catalytic cracking.

[00:12:48]Okay. Thermocring and catalytic cracking. Someone said making of candles and all that.

[00:12:55]So that's how we look at it.

[00:12:57]Thermocring. Yeah. Someone is giving us thermoc. Then the other one is catalytic what? Catalytic cracking. Thermocring.

[00:13:05]What is thermocring? So thermoc cracking requires application of heat. Okay. Lots of heat.

[00:13:14]And catalytic cracking requires just a bit of heat. But of course we have a catalyst in this case. And you should know the name of the catalyst. So these are types of cracking. Now write down the two possible product when the compound C11 is cracked. What will be the two possible compound when C11 H24 is cracked?

[00:13:38]Okay. So C11 H24.

[00:13:42]So make up the alkenes that will be produced from this or alkanes.

[00:13:50]So what are we going to have here? Let us say if we to see this is 11 11 if I to say okay C 5 which means H will be 10 then C6 H will be uh what remains out of it will be 14.

[00:14:10]So this is epentine.

[00:14:14]This is um heptine.

[00:14:23]Hexen, not hepten. Hexen hexen.

[00:14:30]Okay, let's see what others are saying in terms of uh what will be produced.

[00:14:38]So that is what is produced. Please.

[00:14:43]Okay.

[00:14:46]Give too many reasons for cracking. What are the two main reasons for cracking?

[00:14:52]Two main reasons for cracking. What are the two main reasons for cracking?

[00:14:59]Two main reasons for cracking. We have to meet demand.

[00:15:06]to meet demand for smaller hydrocarbons. To meet demand for smaller hydrocarbons.

[00:15:18]Then the other one is um to meet demand for smaller hydrocarbons.

[00:15:27]Then also we look at um to manufacture manufacture hydrogen needed in making of or manufacture of ammonia.

[00:15:50]Okay. This hydrogen also can be used to convert maraline into um I mean to convert vegetable oil or into maline. What are the uses of cracking? What is the importance of cracking? I can't seem to see people putting up answers. What are the importance of cracking?

[00:16:09]What are the importance of cracking?

[00:16:20]What are the importance of cracking you people? What are the importance of cracking?

[00:16:31]And by the way, um before we even proceed to answer some more questions, those that are willing or those that are interested to join us uh for revisions over the weekend, I have the WhatsApp group of which we are going to revise uh intensively that is physics and chemistry up to Monday. Okay. So 3 days you just pay 100 quatcher going through past papers all the way from 2018 to 2025. So please if you're interested to join uh do get in touch. I can give you uh the number is plus 260976425.

[00:17:15]Okay. So you can WhatsApp me on this number and of course you can be added to the group. It's 100 quer please. It's not for um yeah it's not for free. So those that are interested you can join us. just contact that number, you'll be added to the group. Do as early as possible because tomorrow we start. So you you want to start with us.

[00:17:39]So please if you're interested just get in touch on that number.

[00:17:43]Okay. So one of the reason why cracking is done is to meet demand for smaller hydrocarbons also to manufacture hydrogen needed during harbor process.

[00:17:53]Quite a number also to break down just a large molecule into a smaller one. So that is the reason why it's needed.

[00:18:00]Okay. Then give the give that molecular formula of a compound which was cracked to produce two compounds. Which two compounds are those? So two compounds that we have mentioned in the first one there. What was the large compound that was cracked? So just add this as how many? uh five then of course 8 then 12 then uh we have 12 + 6 that is 18 is it 18 so you're going to have um C8 H should be 16 yeah no 18 okay so that is what we are going to uh have describe how you distinguish between an alkan and an alken. How can you distinguish an alkan and an alken? How can you distinguish me? How can you differentiate them?

[00:18:59]How can you differentiate them?

[00:19:02]So an alken has a double bond while an alkan has a what? Has a single bond between a carbon. So there's a double bond in our canes. I mean alenes then a single bond in alkanes then draw the structure formula of an alkan and an alken so you can put let's say propane like this propane this is so I'm drawing the structure of an alkan this is propane then we have again let's see an alen which is propin So now it's u propin. So this is propin. So you're saying give the structure of one alken and one alken. Give the upupac name for alken. So upupac name just means the name of an alken.

[00:20:07]Okay. So an alen is propin here in terms of a name.

[00:20:12]Okay.

[00:20:15]So that is how this question is going to or that answers