The Karuna-Narvik railway line, built in 1898-1903 in the Arctic region of northern Norway and Sweden, became strategically vital during World War II because it transported iron ore from Swedish mines to the Norwegian port of Narvik, which was essential for Germany's war machine as iron ore was crucial for manufacturing steel, tanks, battleships, and munitions. The railway's construction required overcoming extreme Arctic conditions, and its strategic importance led to the Battle of Narvik in April 1940, where German forces launched a surprise attack to secure the iron ore supplies. The line's deliberate vulnerability, including the Nordal Bridge built to be destroyed, demonstrates how military strategy influenced infrastructure design. The railway's continued operation today, with modern trains carrying 68 wagons of 100 tons, shows how this infrastructure evolved from a wartime necessity to a peacetime economic lifeline.
The Arctic Railway That Helped Win World War Two | Secrets of the Railway | S1E4 | Full Episode
Added:A railway line in the middle of nowhere that changed the course of World War II.
This is seriously insane. Hitler was mad in many ways and this is just another way in which he was crazy.
>> A bloody battle to control its precious cargo.
This >> vast cantaliva bridge was built to be blown up.
>> Up there. a machine gun bunker protecting the bridge >> and a town on the move.
>> There is a real threat of collapse with this mega mine underneath the town. It's not your usual place to live.
>> The station and the entire town around it are having to be moved.
This is the Karuna to Narvik railway line. And here is its hidden story.
In this series, we explore some of the greatest railways in the world and the secrets surrounding them.
From the ancient hills of Europe to the wastess of the Yukon Valley in North [music] America, their dark and forgotten pasts have left their mark on history.
Out in the fjords of northern Norway lies a railway line in some of the harshest terrain on Earth.
This line is built in one of the most remote parts of the world.
It's almost 100 miles north of the Arctic Circle.
>> Several months a year, it's light or it's dark.
It's really in many ways not the most pleasant place to live.
These are icy wastelands. Only people who'd been there really before the railway prospectors [music] turned up with the Sammy people and that was just their way of life. to build this railway and then work in these conditions that took people of a real certain type.
>> High in the Arctic Circle in the northern reaches of Scandinavia, this line straddles both Sweden and Norway, linking the coast of the Norwegian [music] Sea with the rich resources of inland Sweden.
It sprung up out of nowhere at the turn of the 20th century.
>> [music] >> and it now serves two thriving towns, Narvik and Kiruna.
Karuna is one of the oddest places you can imagine. Compasses don't work there, but yet the local people seem really quite comfortable with it all and take it all into their stride.
>> And beneath the town, a secret mega city spraws underground.
This extraordinary place gave birth to a remarkable railway line.
>> This railway line is quite fascinating from the point of locomotives. They're pulling 100 tons, 68 wagons. That's a huge, huge amount.
>> But its most fascinating secrets are hidden from view.
If you really want to understand why this railway line is so important, you got to go off the railway tracks and look and find what's at the bottom of the Narvik fjord and what is beneath the waves.
Today we think of Narvik as being this somewhat obscure port in the north of Norway. That's indeed if anybody's heard of it. But actually sunk there are scores of battleships, destroyers, yubot, all of which are testament to the absolute strategic vitality of that port.
It's an incredibly eerie and poignant site to see all those battleships still there just on the fjorded bed.
These wrecks date back to World War II.
But what happened here in the quiet waters around Narvik.
What were they fighting for?
Norwegian underwater photographer Frank Bang explores these sunken tombs.
The 9th of April 1940. In the early morning, 10 destroyers came into Norway.
There were tons of ships waiting to get to the port. It was snowing that day, so they couldn't see anything. They were hearing some noise outside when the German destroyers sent some torpedoes and send most of the Norwegian boats down to the death. It's like a graveyard.
The reason for this lethal attack lies in the ground at the other end of the railway line.
It's one of the raw materials that changed the world.
Iron ore.
The mineral had been discovered in Karuna in the 17th century, although its remote location prevented it from being mined.
But with the onset of the industrial revolution 100 years later, the world was crying out for it.
Engineers were going to have to find a way to exploit the ore.
And this called for building works on a massive scale.
They had to think about how they were going to get it out. How were they going to transport it worldwide?
So the railway is the first step.
But actually it's not just the transportation. [music] It's about processing law, providing support for the workers. Where were they going to live? What were they going to do?
The whole system they created [music] from nothing. The iron or mines, the railway, and the harbor together are actually one giant mega system. They're one piece of [music] infrastructure.
They are one and the same.
In addition to the railway line and the towns of Karuna and Narvik, the mega system also included a power station and a port in Sweden.
All of these were needed [music] to mine the vast amounts of iron ore.
But the Swedish harbor was icebound for several months of the year, whereas Narvik, thanks to the Gulfream, never freezes.
That meant that everything depended on the Karuna to Narvik [music] railway line.
Construction began in 1898.
Norwegian guide Stein Grimneve has expert knowledge about the workers who made it happen.
There were 5,000 of them working here in the mountain and they were very difficult conditions. There's a lot of high mountains and when they started to make the line, they have to be hanging rope down the mountain side to try to drill out stone.
One of the techniques at the time was to insert explosives into a hole in the rock face.
It was an efficient method, but extremely dangerous.
And the difficult terrain was only part of the challenge.
For half of the year, workers had to contend with the freezing weather during Arctic winters that were icy, snowcovered, and brutally cold.
You could wake up one morning and there is two or 3 m snow on the place you used to work. So you have to use more or less the whole day removing snow [music] before you could start with the work again.
It's got really really hard.
They made a line in 4 years.
That is fantastic.
And remember this was the first time they have built a railway so far north in the world.
The line was opened in 1903 [music] and it was originally serviced by steam engines but soon electric trains were introduced.
The extreme weather conditions at this latitude demanded special machines.
One of these was [music] a rotating snow plow which was fitted to the front of the train.
But if the weather was one obstacle, there was another more human threat on the mind of the railway engineers.
At the time of construction, the enemy of the Norwegian people were actually the Russians.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Finland was part of the Russian Empire, and building a railway line across Sweden and Norway exposed both countries to a potential threat.
In peace time, you hope for the best.
But in the back of everybody's mind was the fact that this railway line could [music] be used in a time of war, and they needed a get out clause.
The military decided that this is a very important line and they want to protect it against enemies from east.
They said that if you build a line, you have to have one point to break the line.
The solution was to build a bridge with an explosive secret.
the Nordell Bridge. It's eerie and it's just clinging in there in the valley, but it's beautiful as well.
It looks from a distance incredibly spindly. It's made up of lots of tiny different elements, but don't be fooled.
It's incredibly strong.
At 130 ft high and 590 ft long, the bridge had to carry the heavily loaded iron ore trains while serving [music] a darker purpose.
Up there you can see a bunker and this is a machine gun bunker protecting the bridge against east.
Now, the Nordal Bridge goes over a bit of water, [music] which isn't even necessary. They could have bypassed it by a very, very simple curve. It sounds crazy, but it was a purpose-built Achilles heel in the railways construction.
The bridge took a year to build. An incredible effort for a structure that wasn't even needed in the first place.
>> [music] >> Not many people now today looking at it realize that this great big bridge, this vast cantaliva bridge was built to be blown up.
The challenge was how to construct it so it could be destroyed at will.
Engineers don't normally think about how to demolish their things. That's someone else's job. But to actually go for it, you'd have to blow up the foundations.
If you destroyed individual pieces, well, that's all relatively easy to put back together. You'd have to go for the foundations.
>> And go for the foundations. They did.
>> When they build this huge bridge, they make mine chambers to put explosive in.
So, they put it in here. It's 1 m and 40 deep. At the same time, they build stockhouse for explosive on the end of the bridge over there.
>> Everything was geared for an attack from the east, but in the end, the threat would actually [music] come from the west.
Decades after the bridge was built, the region would face the might of the Vermachar.
During the 1930s, Germany built a mighty fighting force of planes, tanks, and ships, and trained an army of 1 and a half million men as it prepared for war.
It also imported 22 million tons of iron ore per year, 45% of which was from Karuna.
But why was this mineral so crucial to the Nazi cause?
Iron or is a vital part of the manufacturing process for munitions, armaments, you name it. Without it, Hitler's war machine is almost crippled.
Iron is the main component of steel, and steel makes tanks, battleships, and shells.
But after war broke out, Germany found itself cut off from its usual sources of iron ore.
This railway line is an absolutely vital part of Hitler's war plan. Why? because he needs the iron ore from Karuna in Sweden to be shipped along the railway line to Narvik, the Norwegian port.
From there, it can be taken to the heart of the Third Reich.
It's an absolutely strategically vital part of Hitler's war plan.
Hitler knew as Britain knew that if the supplies of iron ore were choked off, German industry could only last for months. And so Norway became vitally important to Hitler. He had to seize it in order to ensure that the war materials of Germany kept functioning, that the wheels of the factories kept turning.
>> Hitler sent the pride of the German Navy to attack the ports of Norway.
and Narvik was top of the list.
>> It was a surprise attack. They arrived in the middle of the night. The Norwegians weren't expecting them. They attacked by destroyers transporting troops by sea.
>> 10 German destroyers came in here at uh a little before 5:00 in the morning on 9th of April, 1940.
There were two Norwegian Navy ships sitting in the harbor, the eight soul and the Nora. They were both sunk instantly. They were torpedoed by the Germans and 282 sailors died.
>> It took only a very short time for the Germans to sink those ships and take the port of Narvik.
But any jubilation was to be short-lived.
What they had done was to fire the opening shots in what were to be two major naval battles.
Five British warships descended on Narvik.
The battles that followed on April 10th and April 13th, 1940 saw some of the most bitter fighting of the war so far.
Meanwhile, a group of Norwegian soldiers boarded a train.
Their mission to blow up the railway line's weakest link, the Nordal Bridge.
Norwegian saboturs attempted to destroy the bridge.
conditions were so unfavorable that the damage they managed to do to it was minimal.
What was meant to be straightforward, explode the Nord Bridge that had been built to be blown up in the first place turned out to be a fiasco.
For one thing, there was not enough dynamite in the on-site reserves, and that was just the beginning of the problems.
this mining chamber. They put explosive in what I should do, but the mining chamber was filled with ice. They didn't succeed.
Blowing up the Nordal Bridge may have been a failure, but back in Narvik, the naval battle was in full flow.
The railway line was badly damaged and many ships were sunk during the fighting.
Today, poignant reminders of the battle still capture the scene.
Hidden beneath the surface are the haunting wrecks of more than 40 sunken ships.
These wrecks are still there [music] in the waters and the fields of northern Norway, still waiting to be explored.
>> We have two wrecks underneath us.
Strosa, this Swedish iron ore ship and Marta Henrik Fisser is the German iron ore ship. It's a one of the most famous wrecks to dive when people come to Narvik.
Shipwrecks are like gold for historians.
They tell you so much.
This is history buried underneath that fjord. So, you know, for historian to to to look under the water and and see what's there, you know, it's it's it's almost like a birthday and Christmas at the same time.
In 2011, Frank Bank found what was perhaps Narvik's most precious underwater secret.
A Nazi bronze eagle.
This had to go to a museum if it's still there because there are treasure hunters all over the world and it sells on the black market for thousands and millions of crowns. So me and my friends we did two days of searching.
The second day we found it.
The eagle belonged to the destroyer Eric Giza which was sunk on the 13th of April, the final day of the battle.
On that day, the four remaining German destroyers ran out of fuel and ran ground in the nearby Rombax fjord.
The surviving German officers escaped the wreck and ran up to the railway line in the hope of securing it.
It was a victory for the Allies, at least at sea.
British forces had landed at Narvik and fought a long battle along with their French and Norwegian allies to try and hang on to that vital port.
On the Swedish side, a secret weapon was being deployed on the train tracks.
In May 1940, in the mines's workshops, work was completed on two enormous armored trains, the Karuna and the Bowden.
They were made from iron or carts which were covered with armor plates [music] and fitted with anti-aircraft machine guns.
These were huge destructive machines.
Only a few days after construction was completed, the Karuna was in action a few miles outside Narvik, exchanging fire with German aircraft.
Now the tables were turned and the Germans had lost the advantage. It was their turn to try and sabotage the railway line by bringing down the power lines.
The fighting around Narvik continued until June 1940.
The Battle of Narvik was something of a draw. Although the Allies won and managed to repulse the German forces, the Allies then had to withdraw to use their ships for [music] Dunkirk. So left the area for the Germans to retake.
>> So ultimately [music] it was a German victory, but at what cost?
In the long-term history of the war, it probably made the invasion of Britain impossible because 50% of the [music] German destroyers were destroyed in the Norway campaign by the Royal Navy.
But for now, the Germans were able to savor their victory.
They repaired the damage to the railway line, and it seemed nothing could stop them.
The failure by the British only leaves Hitler much stronger. It now means he's got access to all that iron ore. He controls the railway line.
But this wasn't enough for Hitler. He was ambitious. He was confident. And he wanted more.
And so he green lit a scheme to take the railway line to another level.
Today, traces of that project can be seen from the motorway south of Narvik.
[music] Stig Olaf Johansson knows these well.
When I [music] was a loaded driver, I discovered tunnels near the road that led to nothing.
And I thought that was [music] mysterious and started the my own investigation.
What Stig discovered is not written in the history books.
He found a railway line with a very grim past.
Hitler had a on paper a very logical idea to build a railway line that would link Narvik all the way to the south of Norway uh and therefore enable him to easily transport all this iron or you know near to Germany.
Hitler's dream was to build a railway line that would stretch from Oslo to the border with Russia, just 1,400 miles south [music] of the North Pole.
That would allow the Germans to move iron ore and troops wherever and whenever they wanted.
The new line would be called the Polar Barnon or simply the Polar Line.
It's very difficult building railway lines in a country like Norway. But Hitler was very ambitious, crazily ambitious, and wanted to build a 2,000 kilometer railway line in just 2 years.
This is seriously insane. You know, Hitler was mad in many ways, and this [music] is just another way in which he was crazy.
Hitler was planning to use the existing railway lines wherever possible.
But there was still a long section that had to be constructed.
A large number of fjords had to be crossed and many tunnels had to be built.
It seemed an impossible project and from day one there were problems.
Hitler entrusted the building of the polar mannon to the Todd organization which was a military and civilian engineering conglomerate that built many of the pieces of infrastructure in the Third Reich. And to do the actual building, they employed prisoners of war, slave labor in effect.
In total, 30,000 Soviet prisoners of war worked on the Polar Barnon project.
slave labor he uses takes a long time to get there. And when it gets there, it doesn't have the expertise, the materials, or indeed the time needed to produce what would be one of the most incredible engineering feats in railway history.
People today don't realize they drive through that landscape. They're actually driving past a chunk of history. You can still see lots of dotted about parts, the civil engineering.
>> Just some tunnels, some tracks, a few buildings, vestages, really. It's a ghostly reminder of what once was and what could have been.
A short walk from the motorway, people can still find the remains of the polar line.
That was a [music] bridge from one tunnel to another.
You see one of the the stones in that wall weighs over 200 kilos.
How did they get a stone there? By lifting. Many prisoners of war lifted it in place.
The conditions in which the poor people who worked on that railway line, the forced laborers, the prisoners of war, slaves essentially, were absolutely dreadful.
In this tiny creek, 500 workers slaved away under the watch of armed guards.
Many of them froze to death during the Arctic winter.
But the cold was not the only danger.
They drilled here and uh put dynamite in here and blasted.
It was very dangerous because sometimes they didn't get all the stones to fell down and they went inside the tunnel and suddenly a block came down and killed one of the workers.
Many people got killed. Tragically, it is estimated that the number of prisoners who died working on the polar line was as many as 15,000.
But this line [music] was not the only grandiose project Hitler had in mind for this part of the world. An abandoned fortress 32 mi west of the polar barnon is there to prove it, as World War II expert Stenar O knows.
Hitler actually was very obsessed by this idea that Norway was the zone of destiny. So it was very dramatically speaking and he had this idea that the northern flanks of his occupied region was easy to invade.
This is a German map showing all the fortifications they built during the Second World War to try to cover the defense lines of these areas and the FJs which could give access to the railway in the inland.
[music] These coastal artillery batteries were part of the [music] Atlantic War, the defense system built by the Germans to protect the occupied territories that stretched all the way from Spain to the tip of Norway.
It was possibly the greatest single construction project undertaken during the 20th century.
see that topography of Norway and the geography of Norway is quite different than Denmark and France. You can't cover all the coast because there are fjords, there are rugged coastlines, and there are islands all over the place.
>> Hitler had [music] spent all sorts of money and energy in fortifying a country that never needed to be fortified.
[music] There were approximately 100,000 [music] Soviet prisoners of war in Norway. They were ruthlessly exploited by the Nazis to build more than 200 bunkers along the coast to form part of the Atlantic War.
But using them for the construction of the Polar Line was not as successful.
Hitler's mad ambition had come up against reality.
The terrible Arctic conditions along with a workforce with no expertise and no allegiance to the Reich meant progress was extremely slow.
This railway was never completed. Only about 30 to 40 km the line was ever constructed. It didn't ever see out the Second World War.
>> The Polar line may have been a failure, but it arguably played an important role in the outcome of the war.
Hitler was so obsessed with Norway [music] that he kept an extraordinary large number of troops, whole divisions there throughout the war who were uselessly occupied in just sitting there when they were [music] desperately needed. For example, on the Eastern front, it became an absolute eaya fix for Hitler.
He wanted to hang on to it at any cost even when there were no Allied plans to invade it.
In 1945, there were still 400,000 German troops in Norway as a result of [music] Hitler's direct orders.
It was an army that could have been deployed elsewhere.
An army that could have changed the course of history.
Once the war ended, the railway line continued to carry iron ore and it went from strength to strength.
Ironically, it was during a time of peace that the Nordau Bridge eventually met its end.
Today, train travelers can still see the abandoned structure from their windows.
A remarkable but obsolete piece of engineering, which simply became a victim of progress and change.
One of the reasons the bridge been [music] taken out of service is because it can't cope with the size of the trains today.
Today's trains on the Karuna line are actually some of the biggest electric powered trains [music] in the world.
>> They are pulling huge, huge loads. 68 wagons, 100 tons over quite steep gradients. That's a lot of power in that loco.
>> When they were first introduced, electric trains on the line were only able to pull,900 tons.
Incredibly, today the capacity is 6,800 tons.
Every day 10 trains run from Karuna to Narvik, each filled with enough iron ore to manufacture [music] 70,000 cars.
They are able to travel through rough, difficult mountain terrain in all weathers.
But luckily, the last leg of the journey is downhill.
>> Cleverly, they use the braking system to recharge the batteries, and they get so much power from that. Once they've unloaded the oil, they can take that train back up under that saved power.
>> Thanks to this, the trains are able to use the [music] thousands of kows they produce to travel all the way back to the Swedish border.
This mega train has allowed the mine to go into overdrive.
What started as a well hole in the ground is now one of the most sophisticated mines anywhere in the world. They've gone from opencast mining and removing the top of the mountain to going over a kilometer underneath.
And underneath there is a whole world in itself. [snorts] It's a huge huge city but underground.
>> The mining operation at Karuna is absolutely vast. There are something like 400 km of roads and routes underneath and there are even trains inside that mine.
The technological mega system may have been a grand project at the turn of the 20th century, but its engineers would have been hard pushed to guess just how big [music] and high techch the mine would be today.
Over the past 100 years, out of everyone's sight, level after level have been dug in order to reach the precious iron ore.
And it now takes an astonishing 20 minutes to get to the heart of the mine.
>> I remember the first time I uh went down the mine. It was 8 years ago. I heard some stories about the old levels from the 70s and 80s that we left behind and closed like dining rooms who haven't been touched in the 40 years. Of course, there are stories about ghosts and people who had been disappeared. It's a mine is dark place. I don't know if if it's true.
>> Ghosts or no ghosts, business continues as usual.
At nearly a mile deep, the main holage level is pivotal to the whole operation.
Here, the remotely controlled trains run back and forth every day carrying newly extracted iron ore before dumping it into giant crushers.
There are no storage facilities here, so it's crucial that the mineral is continually on the move.
If you look at the bigger picture like what we do here in a few hours or like a day, this or will be in a boat.
Mining here never stops. They extract 75,000 tons of iron ore every [music] single day of the year.
That's roughly the amount needed to build a 12story building.
I find the scale of this mine absolutely mind-boggling. And the mine is king.
There is no doubt about that. The the town is people's homes and people's lives, but the mine is the reason they are there. And to be dominated by that one huge industry is incredible.
>> But the town is paying a high price for the success of the mine and its railway line.
Iron or may have made Karuna a lot of money, but also it's ultimately destroying the town. The Swedes have excavated so much iron ore that now the town is literally sinking.
In 1898 when they set out to build Karuna, they wanted to make the perfect town. They thought about the civic planning, the direction of the streets and the architecture and the extra buildings that people would need, the churches, the shops, and they put it in place. And for over a hundred years, it worked.
Who could predict that the mine would get so huge? It's spread out underneath the town. And now what was a safe place to be is actually being literally undermined.
Already huge swavthes of land have collapsed and the inhabited areas are now in danger.
dotted around on the roads and the buildings, there are various monitoring devices and even just marks measuring how far things are cracking and what's moving. Quite an eerie place to live.
>> This dramatic situation has also affected the railway line.
>> The entire history of the train line has never been dull. [music] But now one of the most extraordinary things in its life is happening, which is that the station and the entire town around it are having to be moved 3 km to the east.
Such is the extent of the collapse [music] of the mine underneath that is no longer stable at ground level.
The railway station built well over a century ago and that was once at the heart of the town is now a pile of rubble.
Raasmus Noring explains, >> "Right now, we look at the old uh railroad platforms. We look at the pile of brick that's left from the old station and we look at the for uh previous station area.
>> The railway station was so close to the mine that it was one of the first buildings to have to go.
What I find extraordinary is that Karuna is this weird place and the people there are very kind of laidback and blas about what's happening to their town. You know, they've got cracks on the walls, their houses are falling down, yet they just kind of shrug their shoulders and think that somehow it'll be okay.
>> The historic station has [music] been replaced by a temporary one built in a safer location.
Eventually, there will be a new town center 2 miles down the road.
It's an epic project for a town in which 20,000 people live.
The whole thing makes for a bittersweet experience.
As humans, we get attached to our environment, and the people of Karuna are no different. So although the town is collapsing, we can't save all the buildings and the masonry ones never going to move. But things made up of timber, they can be moved.
The construction team are literally moving the town's houses and iconic buildings down the road.
It's strange and a little surreal, but it's working.
It's not the ideal solution. Nobody wants to move. But being able to take those focal buildings and rebuild your town around them is fantastic for the human spirit.
>> It's an event. Every time a house rolled, there are people standing on the way to follow it while it moves to its new location. It's not every day that you see your house rolled by on the street. So, of course, it's a big thing.
Some of the town's favorite buildings can't be moved, though. One is the old town hall.
It may have received a prize for its beautiful architecture in 1964, but it has to go.
Unfortunately, there is no way of saving the Italian marble and designer [music] staircases, which have all been earmarked for demolition.
But thankfully, the beautiful Karuna church will be saved.
In fact, they're hoping to move the vast building in one go.
In peace and war, the town of Karuna is forever linked to the mine and its railway line.
The reason for the mega system, the iron ore, that's always going to be at the heart of the decision-making process.
That's what the town exists to protect.
It's there to get the ore out of the ground and away.
For the past 100 years, the Karuna Tanavic [music] trains have brought over 1 billion tons of iron ore to the world.
But success came alongside [music] some dark times. Proof of which lies in the rubble of Karuna, in the remains of the Nordau Bridge, in the graveyards of the Polar Line and in the sunken [music] wrecks of Narvik's fjords.
However, it is now reborn and the Arctic railway line is as strong as ever.
The railway was built to carry iron ore, but it since found fame with tourists since [music] who flocked to it and its spectacular views alongside the fjords and up across towards the mines.
Today, its iron or trains have some of the most powerful locomotives in the world.
But with such a precious cargo, who knows what its future holds?
>> [music] [music]
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