Grade 12 Computer Science 2083 Most Important Questions 🔥 | Full Answers & Solutions Part 1

追加: 2026-05-09

[00:00:00]So hey guys, welcome back to my channel.

[00:00:02]So computer science final exam most important question number one. So question number one difference between database and DVMS with example.

[00:00:36]Database is a collection of interrelated data of objects or entities stored in table form.

[00:00:47]Interjects or entities table form.

[00:00:53]Database gives us very useful information for an organization during data manipulation and decision making.

[00:01:01]So decision computerized record keeping system. It it is a software that defines manipulates manages database. So you manages the database. It allows to access the files update the records and retrieve data as requested. So most important difference between database and DBMS database management system. So database is a collection of connected information about people, locations or things. So DBMS database management system DBMS is a collection of programs that allow you to create, manage and operate a database storage. Besides computers, databases can even be maintained by physical ledgers. Maintained in physical ledgers, books or papers.

[00:02:16]DVMS in a DVMS database management system. DBMS all the computers or the records are maintained only on a computer data retrieval. The retrieval of information from the databases can be done manually through queries or by using programs C, C++, Java. It is we can retrieve the data from the database management system through queries return in SQL SQL database from the data from the database management system.

[00:02:55]speed. So speed comput databases can be handled manually or by computers. When SQL is not used to retrieve the information, it can be very slow for database retrieval.

[00:03:16]Computer system is involved in the database management system. The retrieval of information is very quick.

[00:03:23]SQL The databases are not designed for a large number of people who can access uh data at the same time rather it is designed for a small very small number of people preferable of few people who access data at a different time. So limited few number of people DBMS the database management system is designed for a large number of people who can access the data at the same time. So DBMS number two question number two define DBMS write its advantages and disadvantages database management most important second question database management system DBMS MS is computerized record keeping system.

[00:04:34]It is a software that defines, manipulates and manages the database. It allows to assess the files, update the records and retrieve data as requested.

[00:04:44]Advantage.

[00:04:46]Advantages of DBMS. Features or objectives of DBMS.

[00:04:52]Sharing data. Data stored in a database can be shared.

[00:04:57]It refers to the capacity that makes data simultaneously accessible by many users without any interference most of the users.

[00:05:17]Many users at the same time reduced data redundancy. The same data may be duplicated at many times or places is called data redundancy. DVMS reduces such type of duplication of data from database. On CMS data backup and recovery DVMS provides backup facilities to store data for future use. If any files or data lost in any computer, it is possible to restore them from database server. So data backup and recovery. So deem as an inconsistency avoided when the same data is duplicated and changes are made at one side and not on other sides. It causes data inconsistency. DVMS avoided such type of data inconsistency on EMA data integrity. Data integrity means data accuracy, consistency and up to date or DBMS should provide capabilities for defining and enforcing constants for data integrity on E of M data security in a database system. An authoriz an unauthorized person cannot access data from database. Although various departments may share data in database access to specific information that can be limited to selected users. So department access to specific information limited to selected users. So data security independence data independence description of the data schema is stored in one central place. Therefore applications do not have to recompile when the format of the data changes. Yes multiple user interfaces. DVMS provides variety of interfaces for various users. It provides query language interface forms and command interfaces so that users pro interact easily with the database. This is IM process complex query. It provides different methods such as view, trigger, index, etc. to process complex queries.

[00:07:23]This disadvantages of DBMS one hour expensive database software is very expensive for large computer systems. It also requires overhead costs for maintaining and integrating functions.

[00:07:37]This two number changing technology. It is fast changing technology. Fastanging technology needs technical training. It is complex to understand in implement.

[00:07:54]So proper training is required to for staff to work properly in the database system. So proper training staff to work properly in a database system backup is needed. It needs explicit backup. Backup this adds costs as new storage space are needed to hold the data. Explain the network database model with a suitable diagram network database model it replaced heral network database model due to some limitations on the model. Suppose if an employee relates to two departments then the hierarchical database model cannot able to arrange records in proper place.

[00:08:44]So network database model was emerged to arranged non-heretical database. The structure of database is more like graph rather than tree structure. A network database model is a database model that allows multiple records to be linked the same on our file. The network model allows each child to have multiple parents science examination, library, faculties, books, the students, it accepts many to many relationships.

[00:09:21]So it is more flexible.

[00:09:23]Second point, the searching is faster because of multiirection model is simple and easy to design.

[00:09:35]Network models simple easy to design it reduces the red.

[00:09:43]It is difficult to handle the relationship in complex program. complex program there is less security because of sharing data less security it increases the processing overhead due to the complex relationship so complex relationship explain the database model with a diagramical database model. This is one of the oldest types of database models. In this model, data is represented in the form of records.

[00:10:35]tree like structure. So dats is called parent child relationship.

[00:10:48]Relationship in which any child records relates to only a single parent type any child record relates to only a single parent type record. So science, humanities, management, chemistry, physics, biology.

[00:11:14]It is the easiest model. Searching is fast and easy.

[00:11:36]Searching is fast and easy if parent is known.

[00:11:40]It is very efficient in handling one to one and one to many relationships.

[00:11:45]Disadvantages.

[00:11:47]It is old and outdated database model.

[00:11:52]Database model.

[00:11:54]It does not support many to many relationships. Many to many relationship support it increases the red because same data is repeated in different places different places who is DBA explain his or her roles and responsibilities.

[00:12:22]DBA is the most responsible person in an organization with sound knowledge of DBMS. He or she is the overall administrator of the system. He or she has the maximum amount of privileges, permission to access database for assessing database, settings of system and defining the role of the new employees which use the system. The main goal of the DVA is to keep the database server up to date, secure and provides information to users on demand. So qualities of a good DBA he or she must have a sound knowledge about database systems, database design, normalization process, SQL commands, form and database report and he or she should have depth knowledge in operating system OS in which database server is running. Your C should have sound knowledge of good database design. Good database design knowledge.

[00:13:24]Your C should have sound understanding of network architecture. Network architecture sound understanding. This next point your C should have good knowledge of database server. So database server good knowledge your must be familiar with modern database packages.

[00:13:42]MSXs, MSSQL server, MS MySQL database responsibilities of DBA.

[00:13:56]DBA defines data security, data integrity, schemas, forms, reports, relationships and user privileges. This DBA has responsibility to install, monitor and upgrade database server.

[00:14:09]This she or he provides different facilities for data retrieving and making reports as required. This she or he creates user manuals, gives training, describes the entire facilities offered by the system and provides facilities to make effective use. Digory she or he has a responsibility to maintain database security, backup recovery strategy and documentation of data dictionary.

[00:14:37]She or he supervising all the activities in the system the addition the modification and deletion data from the database. Question number six.

[00:14:47]Define normalization with its purpose.

[00:14:50]Explain 1NF, 2NF and 3F.

[00:14:54]Normalization is the process of organizing a database in a way that reduces redundancy and dependency. It is a systematic approach to design the database structure so that data is stored in a way that is easy to maintain and assess normalization usually involves breaking a large table into smaller more specialized tables and defining relationships between them. So purpose of normalization to minimize data redundancy to minimize data dependency I to improve data integrity to improve data security to improve data access and performance to simplify database design and maintenance.

[00:15:49]teacher nameal first.

[00:16:10]Once we have unnormalized data sets, we arrange them in first normal form by making their each attribute atomic which means in one there should not be repeated data group. So teacher name the above tables is in the first first normal form 1f second form after arranging given data sets in 1 and we eliminate functionally dependent attributes that is in this case subject depends upon the teacher not on the as and address. Similarly, as and address also depends upon teacher not on subject. So in tof we remove such functional dependencies by introducing primary key and foreign key. In order to identify records uniquely, we assigned a key value which is known as primary key.

[00:17:11]Here we will give unique ID for each teacher. Since is and address depend upon teacher not on subject we further break table of one and f as follows. So teacher ID teacher name is address. So one 25 teacher ID teacher name is address two teacher ID subject one computer one math two English three the key which was primary key is now considered as foreign key in this table in general foreign key are the same key as the primary key of one table used by several other tables to establish relationship. So 3F we normalize till 2NF. Now to achieve 3 NF we have to overcome some more issues associated with 2NF. Let us see in above table if one teacher left the job then in this table as functional dependencies are eliminate and it will not affect other data. So table teacher ID teacher name age or address one ram 25 sab 26 27 but in the table below if teacher is changed it will affect subject change in one effect order this is known as transitive functional dependencies functional dependencies one computer one math two English three Nepali. So to prevent loss of information due to transitive functional dependencies we assign separate subject code for each subject so that even change in the teacher will not affect the subject. So subject ID on subject.

[00:19:07]So subject one computer math one math English one English one like this way 3NF can be achieved after elim eliminating transitive functional dependencies.

[00:19:20]Hence it reduces all three insertion, updation and deletion anomalies. So question number seven, explain the centralized and distributed database system. Answer centralized database system database system where data and information are stored in a in the centralized server or centralized database system.

[00:19:43]Centralized database system. The data stored in the databases are assessed from different locations through several applications. The information data is stored in the at a centralized location and the users from different locations can access this data. This third point this type of database contains application procedures that help the users to access the data even from a remote location.

[00:20:12]It decreases risk of data. Manipulation that is manipulation of data will not affect the core data. This very second point data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.

[00:20:26]It provides better data quality which enables organizations to establish data standards.

[00:20:33]It is less costly as fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.

[00:20:38]Disadvantages the size of centralized database is large which increases the response time of fetching data. This second point if it is difficult to update the centralized database. Third point if server gets damaged inter data will be lost. Basically distributed database system. So distributed database doesn't store all data and information into a sing into the single bot. It store the store on various sites or places which are connected by the help of communication links which helps them to assess the distributed data easily.

[00:21:13]Basically in uh distributed database various portions of a database are stored in multiple different locations along with the application procedures which are replicated and distributed among various points in network.

[00:21:29]The system can be expanded by including new computers and connecting them to the distributed system. Next point distributed database is more reliable than centralized database. Third point the performance and service are better.

[00:21:42]Fourth number large numbers of comput users are supported. Fifth one server failure will not affect the entire data set.

[00:21:51]Disadvantages it is difficult to administrate and manage the database.

[00:21:57]It is expensive to set up.

[00:22:00]This database has high risk of hacking and data theft.

[00:22:05]working. So long answer question number one difference between client server and peer-to-peer with diagram an arrangement of computers to resource sharing and communicate each other through a central device server to all workstations clients is called client server architecture. One or more computers in the network act as server which provides services to other computers which are called clients. In peer-to-peer architecture, computers are connected individually in peer onetoone connection. A peer-to-peer network is the type of network in which all computers in the network act both a client and a server that is all computers can both request and provide services. So difference between client server and peerto-peer client server.

[00:22:58]So client server first point it is also known as centralized or server based network it is also known as distributed network server it has central server computer peerto-peer m there is no central computer server server computer third point the central server manages organize and coordinate all network clients on the network peer-to-peer peer peers are equally privileged and equal participants in the applications.

[00:23:30]Peer-to-peer network has a client server. So client server network are more expensive. Peer-to-peer network are generally simpler and less expensive.

[00:23:40]This it has high security. It is less security. So if server crashes there is a chance of data loss. Data and information is shared around the network. So less chance of data loss.

[00:23:54]Just the example Google server, Yahoo server and bank etc. is go example example one to one computer and Bluetooth connectivity. So question number two question number two define computer network right its advantages and disadvantages. Answer m computer network defined as the collection of two or more autonomous computers which are interconnected together for sharing resources with the help of transmission media and set of protocols. So advantage of computer networking resources faster and cheaper communication centralized control backup and recovery remote and mobile access. So disadvantages of computer network. So one expensive number security problems needs technical portions. It is very difficult to install and operate good computer network. This question number three explain bounded and unbounded media in one wide or guided media or bounded bound transmission media. So the transmission of data and information from source to destination by using physical medium like wires are called bounded transmission media it twisted cable STP and UTP cable and thick fiber optics. So twisted pair molecule a pair of copper wires is twisted to each other in a helical path making the same structure as a DNA molecule. So one the reason for twisting is to reduce electrical interference.

[00:25:51]It is the cheapest and easily available wire it is mostly used in telephone system it is cheaper than other cables.

[00:26:04]It is thin and light so it is flexible for it can travel data in short distance with higher bandwidth. Disadvantages it is only used for short distance transmission.

[00:26:19]It can be affected by electrical and magnetic field.

[00:26:23]It is slower type of transmission media compared to other cables. So cable cable consist of a thick copper wire in the core surrounded by an insulating plastic with a net of thin copper wires used as earthling and in the outermost part. Just for example TV cabling system. So advantages it is faster and reliable than twister twisted pair cable.

[00:26:51]It can transfer data over medium range of distance. Disadvantages it is not appropriate for relatively larger distance.

[00:27:01]It is expensive than twisted cable.

[00:27:04]It is rarely used in computer network.

[00:27:07]Fiber optics. It is the most advanced media in communication which uses light rather than electricity to transmit information. Optical fiber is very thin media which is measured in microns and is very hard to identify with our naked eye. So advantages it has higher bandwidth that means it can handle large volume of data. Two this medium can be used for long distance transmission. Three number it is the most secure and error-free transmission medium. This disadvantages one number it is one of the expensive type of transmission media. Two it is not used for short distance transmission only highly qualified and technical manpower are required to operate on fiber optics. This two wireless or unguided media or onbound transmission media. Onbound transmission is also called wireless or unguided media. If there is no physical connectors or wires between the two communicating devices is called wireless transmission media. Its types are as flows.

[00:28:26]Radio waves are prevalent and well understood. We are just beginning to realize their enormous potential as a networking medium. This microwaves microwave in contrast have been used in data communications for a long time.

[00:28:39]This question number four topology explain any four of them with figure and their pros and cons.

[00:28:49]Network topology refers to the physical layout of the network. It uh shows the geographical representation of all the links and linking devices also called nodes. It is the shape of the network.

[00:29:01]The main objectives of the network topology is to find out the most economical and efficient way of transmission channel. So it types it types are boss topology computers are connected to a single continuous cable that is called boss. It acts as backbone. It is based on client server network architecture.

[00:29:22]Advantage it is simple and easy to set up and extend the network on it required less cable. Disadvantage data traffic is very high in boss. If there is problem in main cable then internet network goes down. Third point it is very difficult to find out the fault on the boss. This start topology computers in the network are connected to each other with the help of central connecting device of or switch or server. It is based on client server architecture. It is the most popular and widely used topology for LAN advantage m. It is simple, reliable and easy to set up and reconfiguration. And it is flexible to connect new computer and remove existing computer in the network.

[00:30:06]It is very easy to find out fault. If any computer go in the network goes down then other computers can continue their functions. This disadvantages it requires very large amount of cables. It is expensive topology. This fourth point, third point. If there is any problem in central switch or switch then the entire network will be down. This fourth point the data traffic is high in central device hub. This third ring computers are interconnected to each other by making a closed circular structure. That means each computer is connected to other two adjacent computers in either network architecture. Advantages it is simple and inexpensive topology. There is less chance of data collision because of unidirectional data transmission. Third point there is no server. So each computer has equal SS facilities to the resources. Fourth number its performance is better than boss topology for smalls size network. So disadvantages it is not flexible topology. So it is difficult for adding and removing new nodes on it is not suitable for large network large size network. This third point if there is a problem in any computer or connection then the entire network goes down. Fourth point it is very difficult to find out the errors in the network. So fourth number topology every computer in the network has pointto-point connection to all other computers by using multiport connector.

[00:31:42]It is also based on peer-to-peer architecture. So it's advantage. It is fastest and most reliable topology in any computer or transmission media does not affect the rest of the network.

[00:31:55]There is less amount of data traffic due to multiple paths. Disadvantages m it is very much most complex and most expensive topology. Second point it is difficult to find and error in the network. Third point it is difficult to add and remove nodes in the network. So it is not flexible.

[00:32:15]It requires maximum amount of cables and multiport connectors.

[00:32:21]Web technology define JavaScript write item language. It is designed for creating networkcentric applications. It is complimementary to and integrated with Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is in integrated with HTML. It is open and crossplatform.

[00:32:50]So features that JavaScript is a lightweight interpreted programming language designed for creating network ccentric applications complimentary to and integrated with Java. Complimentary to and integrated with HTML. It is case-sensitive language. JavaScript is supportable in operating system. It provides good control to the users over the web browsers. So question number two, write methods of adding JavaScript in HTML document with examples.

[00:33:23]JavaScript also known as GS is one of the scripting client side scripting languages that is usually used in web development to create modern interactive web pages.

[00:33:35]one embedding code inline code and external file. So write a function to add subtract multiply division of two numbers in JavaScript.

[00:34:04]HTML head script function calculate operation JavaScript functionals enter any number= to% prompt enter any results to a b= a This case multiply result= to a into b if b is not equals to z then result is equals to a by b else cannot divided by z return last default alert invalid operation return operation 0.2 Two upper case plus operation slice one plus result buttonulate addition button button on clickulate subtractulate subtraction button button on click is equals to calculate multiply calculate multiplication button divide number four. Write a function to find the factorial of any given number in JavaScript.

[00:36:02]HTML to prompt enter any number this where fact is equals to 1 for where i is equals to 1 i is less than i ++ into i document write factorial of floss is plus Define form validation. Write an example of basic form validation. Answer. Form validation is the process of ensuring that the data entered into a form by a user meets certain criteria or constraints before it is submitted to a server or processed. Further, the goal of form validation is to improve the accuracy and completeness of the data submitted by users, reducing errors and enhancing the overall user experience.

[00:36:58]So question number six, what is wave technology? Wave technology explain client and server side scripting language.

[00:37:07]Wave technology is the tools and techniques which enables two or more computing devices to communicate over a network that is internet. So client side in scripting programming Client side scripting is performed to generate a code that can run on the client side that is front end browser without needing the server side backend processing. Basically client side scripts are placed inside an HTML document. Advantages of client side scripting immediate response to users enhance the appearance of websites more more responsive design and interaction with the user.

[00:37:46]It does not need to send requests to the server. Hence reduces the load on server. Disadvantages of client server is client side scripting.

[00:37:56]All browsers may not support client side support script. The code is not secure because anyone can look at the code.

[00:38:05]Users can disable the client side script. So required content may not be displayed.

[00:38:11]Database connection is not possible with client side scripting.

[00:38:16]Dynamic content cannot be displayed.

[00:38:18]Server side scripting programming.

[00:38:22]Server side scripting also known as back end runs on the server where the application is hosted. Server side is used to serve content depending upon the user request. Some of the popular server side backend scripting language are ASP, JavaScript using CSS, JS example, NodeJS, Paul, PHP, Ruby, Python.

[00:38:46]You can create dynamic pages. You connect to database that resides on the web server.

[00:38:53]Can access files from the server to client browser. Users are not able to block the contents from server. So disadvantages scripting software has to be installed on the server.

[00:39:07]The script takes more time to execute.

[00:39:09]It requires a large amount of memory especially in the server computer.

[00:39:14]Implementation cost is high.

[00:39:17]If a lot of users are accessing server data, server may crash due to overload.

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