Organic Chemistry and Haber Process Revised GCE Science Paper 2 2024

[00:00:00]Uh, good evening everyone.

[00:00:01]>> [sighs] >> So, welcome to another session of this particular tutorial.

[00:00:07]And of course, do not skip this lesson.

[00:00:10]Please do not skip this lesson. This lesson is very, very important. I'm going to teach two things, organic chemistry and Haber process.

[00:00:21]These two topics are very important, especially for your exams.

[00:00:26]Now, I'm going to simplify them so that you can understand them even at a low, low level. If you didn't understand, it's all If you didn't understand in class or at your tuitions or as you started, it's okay. Now, you're going to understand. If it's your first time on this particular channel, consider subscribing, hitting the like button, and don't forget to share.

[00:00:49]Now, the first question which is being said, "Ammonia is manufactured indust- industrially in the Haber process."

[00:00:59]Okay? Then they say, "State the chemical formula for ammonia." Okay? So, there is a difference between a chemical equation and a chemical formula. A chemical formula, I'll show you how it's going to look like. So, ammonia, basically, the chemical formula of ammonia is just N H 3. Right? That is the chemical formula of ammonia.

[00:01:24]The second question is saying, The second question is The second question is actually saying, "Is ammonia an element, [clears throat] a compound, or a mixture?"

[00:01:41]Okay?

[00:01:42]Give a reason for your answer.

[00:01:44]Now, look at this.

[00:01:46]It is actually containing two elements.

[00:01:50]Okay? Two elements.

[00:01:53]An element is something you can't break.

[00:01:56]Okay? For example, hydrogen. Hydrogen is an element. Nitrogen. Nitrogen is an element. Carbon. Carbon is an element.

[00:02:02]You cannot reduce it in its uh simpler uh forms.

[00:02:07]But when you look at a mixture, a mixture is not chemically combi- combined. It it's mixed, so you are able to separate it.

[00:02:16]But when we talk about a compound, it is something containing of two elements that are chemically combined.

[00:02:24]So, is ammonia an element? No. Is it a compound? Yes.

[00:02:29]Is it a mixture? No. So, we say ammonia is a compound.

[00:02:38]What is the reason? Because it consists of two elements.

[00:02:53]Two elements Sorry.

[00:02:59]Because it consists of two elements that are chemically combined.

[00:03:10]What are the two elements?

[00:03:13]It is simply nitrogen and hydrogen. Very good. Now, they say, "Write a balanced chemical equation that takes place during the Haber process." Now, this is the equation I want you to remember.

[00:03:24]Please, make sure you remember this equation.

[00:03:27]You are reacting nitrogen to hydrogen.

[00:03:31]So, nitrogen two hydrogen two. Make sure you put your gas your gas state. Now, this is where many people miss it.

[00:03:41]It's a reversible reaction. So, you put these arrows to show that it's a reversible reaction. Then what you're going to produce is ammonia.

[00:03:51]Okay? Ammonia is still a gas. Now, let's balance it.

[00:03:56]How many nitrogen do we have? We have two nitrogen, so we can put a two here.

[00:04:00]Nitrogen is balanced. How many hydrogen do we have? We have two hydrogen this side on my uh left. So, I just need to put three here and then it gets balanced. So, we have six hydrogen, six hydrogen on the left, six hydrogen on the right. And then you have balanced the equation.

[00:04:19]Then it says, "State any two conditions that are necessary to maximize the yield of ammonia during the Haber process."

[00:04:27]There are basically two most important things that must be there to maximize how much ammonia you're going to produce. Number one, you're going to talk in terms of the temperature and also talk in terms of the pressure.

[00:04:41]Okay? So, what about the pressure? So, the first condition is you must have high pressure of at least 200 atmospheres.

[00:04:59]Okay?

[00:05:00]That is the first condition. The second condition is you must have a low temperature or a concise temperature of about 450°.

[00:05:12]Okay?

[00:05:16]Concise temperature of about 450° C.

[00:05:30]So, at these two particular conditions, very, very important conditions that you should know, you are going to produce a high amount of ammonia. Now, should the temperature reduce or should the temperature go about above 450, the temperature should always be reducing.

[00:05:47]The more the temperature reduces, the more you produce more ammonia. It should not proceed or it should not exceed 450.

[00:05:56]Please take note of that. We come to my favorite topic. This is organic uh chemistry. Now, listen, in the following are organic compounds, which of the structures A, B, or C can decolorize aqueous bromine? Now, I'm going to revise you organic chemistry and how to name them just from this.

[00:06:16]Now, look at this. For this particular compound A, we have a double bond. So, the moment you see a double bond between two carbon atoms, what must come first to your mind is simply this family of organic compounds. So, these are the alkenes.

[00:06:36]Okay, alkene. Now, how many number of carbon atoms do you have? So, you count.

[00:06:42]We have one, two, three. So, because you have three carbon atoms, you know that this is going to be your prop.

[00:06:56]Okay? Now, whenever you want to name a an organic compound, you get the last word.

[00:07:04]What are my last words here? So, you just get the in, right? Then you get the prop, right? So, this is going to be, if you want to name it, this is going to be propene.

[00:07:22]Okay?

[00:07:26]Propene. [snorts] So, this one is going to be propene.

[00:07:34]We [snorts] come to the second one. This one, we have one, two, three, but notice that we We this particular family. This family is, of course, alcohol.

[00:07:45]Okay?

[00:07:48]Alcohol.

[00:07:49]So, 1 2 3 is simply prop, but since we have this alcohol family, what do you What do you call it? It will be propanol.

[00:08:01]So, this one becomes propanol.

[00:08:04]Okay?

[00:08:05]This is alcohol or alkanol.

[00:08:09]Okay? The other term is easy, alkanol.

[00:08:12]So, you just get the last term and include it to the prop, it becomes propanol.

[00:08:19]Now, for this one, we have 1 2 3, so it is still prop, but because we have this family, this family, what do you call it? Very good. I know you knew that one, carboxylic acid.

[00:08:34]Carboxylic acid family.

[00:08:39]Now, because [snorts] it's a carboxylic acid, it will instead of being propanol, it is going to be propanoic acid. So, this is propanoic acid.

[00:08:54]So, this is propanoic acid.

[00:08:57]Now, the question is saying which of the structures A, B, or C can discolorize bromine?

[00:09:04]It's actually very simple. The moment you just know this, it becomes simple because it is actually an alkene that can discolorize bromine via what we call displacement reaction. Okay?

[00:09:18]Displacement reaction. So, this double bond can react with bromine, and then it is going to break. Once it breaks, this space that you see here is going to hold the bromine atom. Okay?

[00:09:36]It is going to hold a bromine atom and then it becomes bromo propane.

[00:09:41]From propene to bromo propane via displacement reaction. So, of course, it is going to be A.

[00:09:50]We go to B. Is used as a disinfectant.

[00:09:54]Of course, it's going to be your your your your alcohol, okay? So, of course, your alcohol, your your your alcohol is going to act as a dis- disinfectant. How do I know?

[00:10:10]Well, come on, guys. Remember that whenever you go to the barber shop, after they cut your hair, they have to add spirit so that because spirit is a disinfectant. It's capable of killing uh microorganisms that may cause you uh whichever uh disease on your on your skin.

[00:10:31]So, spirit is actually propanol. It is an alcohol.

[00:10:37]Okay? It is an alcohol. So, B is acting as a dis- uh disinfectant.

[00:10:47]So, just go broad and and find your answers.

[00:10:51]It's actually very simple. We go to uh B.

[00:10:56]Okay?

[00:10:59]We go to B.

[00:11:02]What are they saying?

[00:11:04]Identify any two structures that can combine to form a compound used in making perfumes.

[00:11:11]Two structures must combine together.

[00:11:14]When they combine, they must form what we call an ester.

[00:11:20]An ester.

[00:11:21]Esters are what we use to make very nice scents.

[00:11:27]Very nice scents. Scents that you can add even in food.

[00:11:33]But they can only do that when we react an alcohol and an acid. So when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid combine, you form an ester.

[00:11:45]Not ester, but an ester.

[00:11:49]Now, it is this ester that we use to make perfumes. So which one, of course, it's going to be your B and your C.

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