FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TEST OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS . Episode 2

[00:00:00]So good morning students welcome to the next episode of functional group text.

[00:00:06]In this episode I will start with alhales.

[00:00:12]Now there is a text that we can use to confirm the functional group of alkhales and the reagent that is used is silver nitrate solution.

[00:00:23]We use this reagent silver nitrate solution. This is the reagent that we normally use to confirm the presence of alhales.

[00:00:36]So if the sample of the organic compound or we say add add silver nitrate add silver nitrate solution. Add silver nitrate solution.

[00:00:58]You open a bracket Agno3 to the suspected ales to the suspected what a lines and we are going to see what will happen to confirm whether if it is an alihel or not.

[00:01:21]In this text, I am going to observe a yellow I'm going to observe a yellow precipitate.

[00:01:30]I'm going to observe a yellow precipitate or white.

[00:01:38]I'm going to observe a yellow precipitate or white what precipitate.

[00:01:45]So this indicates that ahel is present.

[00:01:52]Am I communicating? So we can say presence of what? Ali helites.

[00:02:03]You know that this yellow precipitate and white precipitates confirm the presence of a helise that there is a helise added to the alan. So we have confirmed this using this particular text.

[00:02:20]Now we know that alkalhales are divided into three. We have the primary alhales.

[00:02:30]We have the primary alhales.

[00:02:33]We have the secondary ali and we have the tiary alais.

[00:02:41]So there is a particular text we can use to distinguish between these three classes of alihelites and this text is called a lucas. This is called a lucas text.

[00:02:56]Lucas text we normally make use of lucas reagent and you know that lucas reagent is a mixture of zinc chloride and concentrated hex. It takes a mixture of this and what con hexa this is local reagent. You may be asked that local reagent is a mixture of dash and dash.

[00:03:22]It is a mixture of unhydrox chloride and the concentrated hexa.

[00:03:32]So if we add example of the alihales, if I have add ah hely if I add a helide to silver nitrate oh sorry to look at reagents to look at reagents and then I observe what will happen class you know that Among the aihalides the tertiary ahalides react readily with locas reagent. The same thing happens to the aenaut. In a canot the tertiary a canots react readily with locas reagent which means that it react fast. So we are going to observe an immediate toodity or an immediate precipitate. That's exactly what we are going to observe within a specs within a specs of 1 to 3 minutes you are going to observe this. So if we observe immediate If we observe immediate tobidity, if we observe immediate tobidity, this simply means that the ahel that is present is tiary is tiary ahel tiary ahel. ize its presence.

[00:05:13]But if on the process we did not observe an immediate tobidity precipitate, maybe the tobidity appears after 3 to 5 minutes.

[00:05:25]So we have a tobidity after 3 to 5 minutes.

[00:05:36]The aihel that is present is secondary.

[00:05:41]So secondary ali helise present then but if there is no change you did not observe any tobility.

[00:05:56]One can say no change or you can write no tobility.

[00:06:02]It is what primary.

[00:06:05]So this is primary key headlines. So don't forget in exam they can ask you to use a text to describe how you would distinguish between the primary, secondary and tertiary ahelis.

[00:06:20]This particular text is exactly what you are going to give them in exam.

[00:06:25]So ahelis can also undergo hydraysis.

[00:06:31]We can use hydraulysics to know whether if there is an ahela is present.

[00:06:37]Whenever you hear hydraysis the first thing that will come to your mind is addiction of water. So under hydraysis under hydraysis we say that a suspected organic compound you add it with water.

[00:06:56]You must add water and then do what?

[00:06:59]Heat. Sometimes we can equally add hex as an acid and then we do what we heat.

[00:07:07]So if I want to add it, I will say add water.

[00:07:13]Add water to suspected suspected a keyh then you do what you hit. So when you carry out this test what you are going to observe or you will say is that it under goes hydraysis.

[00:07:44]It undergo hydraulysis and then on your inference this indicates the presence of ahelites. So you can say ah hely present.

[00:08:00]You can write this ahel is present. This is because akihelis undergo hydraysis and because they undergo hydrarolysis you can use this text to explain how it undergo hydraysis.

[00:08:17]So the next one we are going to discuss is text for phen.

[00:08:22]Text for phenol.

[00:08:24]Text for phenom. For test for phenol this text is called feric chloride text.

[00:08:35]This is called feric chloride text because we are going to use this as the reagent.

[00:08:42]So any place you see this reagent know that you are testing for the presence of phenol.

[00:08:48]So if I have this I say add add feric chloride to the suspected phenol to the suspected phenol and see what will happen. So if there is a color change, if there is a color change observe, we know that phenol is present.

[00:09:19]So one can say that phenol is what?

[00:09:22]Present.

[00:09:24]But if there is no color change, you should also try to understand that pheno is absent. So this is a text that we can use to confirm for the presence of what? Phenom. Look at it. That is a text we can use to confirm for the presence of phenom.

[00:09:47]So the next text is going to be text for a for a big text is called the iodop text.

[00:09:57]iodop what text where we use a solution of iodine plus sodium hydroxide that's why we call it iodoam vort text.

[00:10:14]So you can say add iodine plus sodium hydroxide to suspected a cano and then you see what will happen. So if there is a yellow precipitate, if there is yellow precipitate that is observed.

[00:10:44]If there is a yellow precipitate that is observed, we should conclude that a is present.

[00:10:51]Ao is what? Present.

[00:10:56]as long as there is a yellow precipitate.

[00:10:59]But if there is nothing like a yellow precipitated, you should know that a cano is absent. So this text here is very very important. Don't worry towards the end I am going to give you a likely question and then you see how we can combine all these text together and use it to answer some questions. But for now I want you to know all these text one after the other and then we continue.

[00:11:28]So we say that for a that what we normally use is what? This is the reagent that we normally sorry this one is for phenol.

[00:11:40]For phenol we said for phenol you use this particular reagent. For phenol this is what we normally use. And here if there is a color change it means phenol is present. And then for a canal for a canal we use what? Iodine plus sodium hydroide.

[00:12:04]This is iodo text. And if there is a yellow precipitate we conclude that what a is present. Now remember that aos we have primary aenos, secondary aenos and tertiary aenos.

[00:12:24]So these three aenos can be distinguished using a particular text and the reagent that we normally apply is called a lucass reagent.

[00:12:37]So lucas reagent can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary agono. Oxo can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary akihalides.

[00:12:51]Bix eight local reagent.

[00:12:55]Bix zinc chloride in the presence of what? Hex and this HCL must be con. So let us see how we can use or apply this text. Let me say add Lucas reagent.

[00:13:15]You open a bracket. Lucas reagent is a mixture of what? Zinc chloride in the presence of what? con Hex to suspected a cano and see what will happen if there is an immediate white precipitate or we say immediate tobidity.

[00:13:41]We are going to confirm the presence of a tertiary arenol. Reason is because tertiary aren react fast. they react readily with local reagents. So if I have that what I have here it's immediate if there is immediate toidity immediate toidity we are going to say that tiary tiary canon it's what present but if the tobidity appears after 3 to 5 meanings it is secondary a canon.

[00:14:26]So we say toidity appears after 3 to 5 minutes.

[00:14:40]What I'm going to confirm is SW secondary a canot.

[00:14:45]I'm going to confirm secondary a cannot.

[00:14:49]And when we have no change or one can say no tobidity, no tobidity.

[00:15:01]Immediately after 3 to 5 minutes, one can now confirm what that aano that is present is primary aano.

[00:15:13]The aano that is present is primary aano.

[00:15:17]So this is exactly how you can distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary aenodes.

[00:15:25]Okay, we move down to the next text which is aoic acid.

[00:15:32]Aanoic acid which is a caroxilic acid text.

[00:15:38]So for the caroxilic acid text for the caroxilic caroxilic acid text everyone know that the reagent that we normally use here is sodium what bicarbonate this is a sodium bicarbonate text and which we say that in our solubility in our solubility class we said that it is soluble with a strong ephecent.

[00:16:09]So if I have this and this is what I have on my text, I want to confirm whether if it contains caroxilic acid. So I will say add sodium bicarbonate to the suspected carosilic acid.

[00:16:44]What am I going to have?

[00:16:46]We are going to have that it is soluble.

[00:16:50]Am I communicating? So we are going to observe a strong Feense.

[00:16:57]It's going to be soluble with strong Feense.

[00:17:00]So what we have here is missable with what?

[00:17:08]Strong Fence is miserable with strong Fent which means that caroxyic acid is present which means that caroxyic acid is present. So this text is exactly used to confirm the presence of caroxilic functional group caroxilic acid functional group. This is a text that we normally use to confirm it.

[00:17:47]So the next text is text for a and aon which are called the what? These are called the adihides and this one is called the ketones.

[00:18:09]So for a can we use tolings we use to link text and also we equally use the fain text to confirm this.

[00:18:28]Now the reagent that we normally use are three one we can use the to text we can use this we can equally use 24 d N text to confirm for the presence of this. So these three reagent can be used and let's see what will happen when we use them one after the other. The first one I'm going to discuss is the tooline text.

[00:18:59]So for tooling text for tooline we can say add to reagent and you know what is tooline's reagent silver nitrate in ammonia to suspected.

[00:19:21]Let me talk about Akana to the suspected aana and we see what we are going to have. So there will be formation formation of we are going to observe formation of a silver mirror.

[00:19:45]Okay.

[00:19:47]On the text tube. This exactly what we are going to observe which means that aana is what present which means that aana is present. Okay.

[00:20:04]So remember that aanon cannot undergo oxidation and they cannot react with it.

[00:20:09]So if 16 is a known what I'm going to have is no visible what reaction.

[00:20:16]So for the fing text for the felings text also the ar can also be identified using the this text. So you can say add felings reagent to the aana and see what will happen. So here we are going to observe a brick red precipitate which means that a canana is what present this is what I'm going to observe.

[00:21:05]Remember also that the aanas and that of the aanone they belong to carbonic functional groups but the aanas can react with oxidizing agent while the aanon cannot undergo oxidation.

[00:21:27]So this person can react with a but aano it cannot react with aanone.

[00:21:35]So in this case if you add 24 dn to the compound and then you observe yellow or orange precipitate or you have orange precipitated.

[00:21:53]This means that a comma ketone present So these texts can be used to confirm the presence of these two persons. And then if you now want to distinguish between this aana and ketone, you are going to be using tolen reagent which I said that to reagent react with aranas but they cannot react with what aan.

[00:22:26]Now if I use this 24D NPH to the compound and I observe yellow or orange precipitated it means that aa or ketone are present. Now if I now want to further you know verify whether if it is arana or ketone I should use the toine reagent or I can use the iodform text. I can use this iodoform text.

[00:22:55]I can use iodiform text in this iodform text add a solution of iodine plus sodium hydroxide. Remember this text can be used to confirm that of aos. So I want to use it here again. Now if the precipitate is yellow you know that what is present is ketone.

[00:23:15]So we say presence of what meti me what ketone.

[00:23:24]So this is exactly what I'm going to have if I use this iodo text. If I use this iodop text I am going to confirm presence of meticones.

[00:23:36]But only this text cannot confirm that of aa or ketones. It will give you aa or ketones. And then when you want to distinguish between these two, you carry out this text. This text will enable us to produce a ketone or alternatively I can use that of the tolerance reagent.

[00:23:58]Remember that tolerance reagent they react with aas and they do not react with ketones.

[00:24:06]So I want you to just subscribe to this YouTube channel. If you have not subscribed, pause the video and subscribe so that you can receive the next episode of this functional group. This functional group text is too many. So but we are going to be taking it episode by episode. So I want you to stop here and then go to the next episode. Thank you. And God bless you. I love you guys.