Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma technology enables uniform discharge characterized by single peaks per half-cycle of applied voltage, with plasma properties measured spectroscopically using collisional radiative models and helium line intensity ratios. Microwave attenuation serves as an effective diagnostic method for plasma density measurement, achieving approximately 0.3 dB attenuation in experimental setups. DBD plasma configurations (parallel plate, planar, co-planar, and coaxial) have diverse applications including plasma stealth technology for radar evasion, plasma display panels, biomedical treatments, and agricultural applications. The plasma jet configuration demonstrates different discharge characteristics between helium (uniform, laminar) and argon (filamentary, turbulent) gases, with applications in sterilization, wound healing, and seed treatment.
Journal- IJIRG Live Stream 5th GLOBAL CONFERENCE PMCoE Govt. Vivekanand PG College, Maihar (M.P.)
Added:Uniform discharge is initiated and uh in the discharge current waveform we will see a single peak per half cycle of the applied voltage that is indication of uniform discharge.
This is the spectroscopic method through which we measure the plasma properties like density and temperature of electron. So this is uh generally we use a collisional radiative model. This is uh using the helium line intensity ratio and we just by comparing these line ratios we are able to find out the density and temperature. So in our case we we are having the density in the range of 10 [clears throat] to ^ 11 per cc and temperature in few electron volts and this is again uh the indication of non-thermal cold plasma.
Then we explored application of the plasma the DVD plasma in the plasma technology. In the stealth technology basically u we can have a plasma layer that is created on a flying object so that the waves the microwaves coming from the radar cannot uh observe the the object and uh uh they cannot identify that there is any fighter plane available nearby or not. So this is dependent on the the the the four parameters that the microwave attunuation. So one is the plasma frequency, the collisional frequency of electron neutral, then uh the microwave launching frequency and the plasma thickness.
So what uh we have generally started this work with a parallel plate electrode because we are not having a very thick plasma initially so that we can identify large attenuation. So what we did we did the experiment with a parallel pin electrodes and we launched the microwave from this side and it propagates along this length of around 10 to 15 cm and the received by the detector. So we were we will we will be able to obtain uh that in micro attinuation of around.3 db in our experiments and uh then we have compared uh the the density coming out of this attinuation with the spectroscopic observation and that matches very well.
So u this experiment was wonderful and uh we have obtained that uh whatever the the plasma parameters that we are having in our experiments the corresponding attinuation we are able to achieve.
But uh [clears throat] certainly if you want a more attenuation of microwaves then you have to create a thick plasma uh on a surface of a on the aircraft or somewhere else. But somehow uh this technique is also used as a di diagnostic method to find out the the plasma density over here.
Then we switch to the planer DVD plasma because we want to create a plasma over a surface. So we use this type of electrode system over here that this is a dialectric sheet and then we mounted the electrode like a connected spirals.
Then you can see this is a E state electric field simulation.
So the here the between the electrodes uh the electric field is very strong but as we move away the the field is diminishes that you can also observe in this discharge current waveform that initially it is very slow but finally it goes a sharp peak over here. So we are able to create uh this type of planer plasma sheet on a on a surface of but certainly we have created but the plasma thickness was not very great. So that uh we have also done the experiment on micro attenuation later but not for uh the plasma stealth point of view.
We have also observed some of the properties like a plasma spot formation regular patterning on on the planer plasma sheet. So for a lower voltage we are able to observe that uh the the plasma spot pattern is initiated that we just reduce the voltage from 2 KV to 1.4 KV the uniform plasma converts to other plasma sports because of the uneven charge distribution on the dialectric surface.
Then we have also studied the the ionization waves in the planer surface DVD and we were able to observe that we are a there is initiation of the negative wave with a displacement dispersion relation of omega k is equal to constant type of relation. So this is the the first time we have observed uh in our experiment that there is a the stripe fluctuations in in the form of the ization.
Then we have also obtained the square latice pattern in the planer DVD plasma uh by just changing the frequency of uh applied voltage. So if I reduce the frequency from 10 kHz to go go to the 2 kHz then uh the random plasma spots are converted [clears throat] to a the square latice and uh we have analyzed all the things over here and uh we the perfect latice was observed over.
We did the the application of microwattation over here in the in the planer plasma also. uh but uh the the attinuation that we are able to observe uh over is always 03 dB because the plasma thickness was very very small over here. So but this is actually established as a very good diagnostic method to obtain the plasma density in by the microwave attenuation measurement. So this is this was a paper published in 2023.
Then the third uh geometry that we have done the work on this DVD is a co-planer DVD plasma and this is basically the plasma display cell or the plasma television where this is basically three electrode device and uh the plasma is produced uh between the two electrodes like this is here are the the same plane and the two electrodes are mounted in same plane. So when the potential is applied between these two, the discharge is ignited over here and uh the UV radiation that are emitted from the plasma is interacting with the phosphor layers over here to produce the white light. There's a combination of RGB and we are able to obtain the the the color grades or the variations based on the different signals that from the third electrode. So this is how we are able to get the micro discharge uh in the in the plasma panel in the plasma display panels. The gases that we use over here is the zenon and neon combination. The the wavelength that we obtain for the UV is 147 nanometer 173.
We have done a lot of different configurations and uh devices for the micro DBD plasmas. So they are basically all the applied for the patents lifted electrode structure single uh plate electrode structure fence electrode and grooved electric structures. So major object approaches that we obtained the optimized cell capacitors long discharge gap faceto-face discharge and cost and cost is basically a very important factor over here. So that leads to the high efficiency of the discharge in the plasma display pencil.
Finally uh the fourth configuration that we uh did uh this coaxial DVD plasma that in the form of plasma jet here in the plasma jet we are having the the single pin electrode and also one electrode that is in the form of a ring.
So when you you use a flowing gas over here and apply a potential between the electrodes then generally there is a spray of the the discharge is coming out in the form of plasma plume that we treat as a and this plasma jet is proposed for the biomedical applications like skin dental treatment cancerous cells wound healing sterilization etc. And then finally in the agriculture for the seed growth, germination, nitrogen fixation, material processing, food sterilization etc. So they are the prominent applications of the plasma jet that the people are using nowadays.
There are different configurations of plasma jet that are reported from various papers.
In our experiment, we have also produced the the plasma jet by this pin to ring electrode configuration. And uh these are the you can the charge current and voltage diagram where you can see that the in the case of helium we will able to see a single peak but in the case of argan there's a multiple peaks in the current that is more filamentary nature.
Over here these are the pictures of the helium and the argan. In the case of helium the the plume is very uniform but in the case of argan it is you can say it's like a turbulent um type of stream is obtained you can see uh if I increase the voltage you can just consider 1.4 KV to 4.6 KV there is a linear increase in the in the length of the plasma proof uh we will able to get 28.5 mm of the length at 4.6 6 KVM in the helium but it is not in the case of argan. In the case of argan initially the increases and again it decreases also the discharge quickly converts to the the turbulent mode or you can say the chaotic mode uh if you just increase the gas flow rate or increase the potential but there is a you can say the the game between these two. The helium is a costly gas. Argan is a is having a low cost. So generally people use argan because the helium manage managing the helium at regular experiments is very very difficult.
This is uh the reord number analysis for giving the laminina and turbulent modes in the plasma jet. So in the case of helium uh the value is very very less in all the range of the flow rates. So always remains laminina but in the case of organ for some cases it remains laminer and again it going to the the turbulent mode for higher flow rates.
We have also measured the the the plume temperature and its variation along uh the length of this plume. So that uh having at at a tip we are having a maximum temperature and then it reduces as we move away from the tip. But in the case of helium it again increases after some time because of the thermal conductivity of helium.
We have also did some experiments on the the plasma dialectric interaction using the plasma jet in order to get the the plasma processing application. uh some of the basic studies and we're trying to get something we have uh also measured the the temperature of the dialectric after the plasma treatment and it follows a uh the trend t is equal to t e to the power minus kx type of variation from plasma medicine different people are working in different different labs across the world and uh the major part that is played over here is the the reactive species ROS and RNS and a lot of air plasma chemistry works because uh the discharge interact with the the ambient air after coming out of the jet.
So there are also a few of the applications where the UV radiation impact uh different type of so major is a germicidal wavelength this is 240 to 280 nanometer that is produced in the plasma by some the combination of the gases over here and lot more applications with the different other wavelengths in the UV range at BIT Japur we have produced the the plasma jet in the helium and argan by using this type of setup.
And uh we are trying to obtain some of the prominent applications like plasma activated water and the biomedical applications.
We have also uh tested the E.coli bacterial growth by using our helium and argon plasma and we are able to get that the most of the the E.coli coli is not growing after the treatment but uh the organ gas is giving more effect as compared to the helium there there's a quick um interactions in the case of there are the few events that we have organized at our campus uh in 2021 we have organized the 36 national symposium on plasma science and technology then uh In 2022 we have organized uh the plasma gan. This is basically the event for the school and college students uh about the plasma the awareness of the plasma technology.
[music] Then recently in last year we have organized international workshop on cold plasma technology and applications during uh 6th to 8th February and uh there is a very nice uh presentations and from the worldwide.
So thank you very much uh for your kind kind attention. Uh we are uh we are celebrating our 70 uh now the 72 year presently the platinum jubilee celebration for bitachi So uh any question if someone want to ask [music] Yeah.
Thank you. Uh, okay. Thank you. Thank you.
Thank you. Thank you sir. Is my presentation visible?
Okay. So good morning uh respected colleagues, distinguished delegates and students. Uh I'm Dr. professor at Paranra University. It's an absolute privilege uh for me to welcome you all uh to this conference session uh that is focused on silent carriers understanding the epidermiology of seedborn plant pathogens.
Uh in this session uh we'll explore the microscopic yet profound uh threats that seaborn diseases pose to uh global agriculture and food security uh when plant biocurity and international trade.
Is my slide moving? Can someone confirm?
>> Yes, it is moving.
>> Yeah. Let's begin uh by looking at the scale of global seed movement. Today's agricultural economy uh relies heavily on the international movement of high value seeds uh especially vegetables, ornamentals and hybrid crops. However, as trade borders uh become more porous, seeds in inadvertently act as primary vectors for phytoenic microorganisms.
When an infected seed seed lot travels across continents and crosses the geographical boundaries, it carries the potential to introduce novel and new pathogens into pristine agricultural ecosystems and that may lead to sudden disease outbreaks, sever losses and monumental biocurity costs.
To systematically analyze seedborn threats, we must ground our uh discussion in core epidemiological principles. plant epidem epidemology uh specifically known as plant AP uh AP phyto phytologology. It examines how disease incidence, prevalence and uh spread evolve within plant populations across space and time. At the heart of this discipline is the classic disease triangle. The interaction among susceptible host, a violent pathogen and a favorable environment over a certain period of time. In seed pathology, the seed itself serves as the primary column reservoir initiating the infection cycle right at the moment of planting.
What exactly defines a seedbone pathogen? Scientifically uh it refers to any infectious agent. It may be fungi, bacteria, vices or nematodes uh that are associated with seeds that retains the potential to cause the disease.
uh there can be uh surface contaminants that are external to the seeds or maybe deep-seated tissue infections internal to the uh seed. The direct consequences are devastating including reduced germination uh pre and postemergence damping off and UD reactions ranging from 15 to as much as 90%. Uh furthermore uh seed contamination introduces microtoxins like aphlotoxis uh into the food supply posing severe public health hazards. So understanding our current diagnostic tools requires appreciating the history of seed pathology. Uh the discipline began in uh nest with the predict knobs publication of hand san in 1876 and the founding of international sea testing association in 1924.
The mid- 20th century was defined by the Paul by Paul Neagard the father of seed pathology who standardized several methods including blott and aar testing methods for detection of various seedb fungi and bacteria. By the year of 1980s and 90s uh the field underwent a molecular revolution with risen PCR being integrated with uh this uh detection of plant pathogenic microorganisms in seeds that enabled unprecedented diagnostic sensitivity and specificity uh to the procedures. The economic matrices uh surrounding seedborn diseases are staggering on a global trade. uh see global scale crop diseases uh cause an estimated 20 to 40% loss every year translating to uh approximately more than uh 220 billion in direct losses as illustrated on this slide. Uh staple food crops like uh rice and wheat they face catastrophic reductions during severe outbreaks. Beyond direct crop destruction, farmers face secondary expenses in chemical treatments, uh replanting costs and export rejections due to strict quarantine uh barriers by uh importing countries. Uh coming to uh the importance of seed health, ensuring uh seed health is literally the foundation of sustainable agriculture.
healthy and pathogen-free seeds. They guarantee high germination rates and uniform seedling establishment.
Optimum plant population, optimizing water and fertilizer uh utilization.
From a plant protection perspective, uh certified clean seed is our primary line of defense, preventing disease introduction rather than relying on reactical sprays that uh we have we may have to do later in the season.
uh it's also mandatory for meeting uh the tough hydroary standards for uh international trades. As we look to the future, four major emerging challenges threaten seed biocurity. First, climate change is altering path geographical ranges and accelerating outbreaks severity. Second, overuse of fungicides and bacteria sites has led to antimicrobial resistance among pathogens uh rendering traditional treatments ineffective. Third, complex global supply chains facilitate longd distance spread of novel pathogens. And finally, the fourth, aggressive chemical seed treatments risk disrupting the natural seed microbiome and thereby weakening the crop's innate defenses.
Uh before moving forward, let's clarify uh some key terminology. For seed bond means a pathogen that is present on or in the seed whereas seed transmitted means the pathogen successfully passing from seed to the next plant generation to cause disease.
Second vertical transmission occurs from parent to offspring via seed while horizontal transmission refers to the environmental spread between neighboring plants. In the same season, we must also recognize bacterial bofilms and corum sensing which regulate initial tissue colonization.
Uh we now transition to the second section epidemological foundations. In this section, we'll dissect the biological mechanisms that allow seedborn pathogens to survive inside dry seeds, activate during germination, and fuel exponential disease epidemics across entire agricultural landscapes.
uh revisiting revisiting the disease triangle in detail. An epidemic occurs only when all three components align over a certain period of time. So time has been considered to the as a fourth component and this triangle is now being translated as a pyramid. So host factors include genetic susceptibility and growth stage. Pathogen factors they center on density and virus.
Seed born pathogens provide the initial seed money for infection and uh environmental factors such as soil moisture and storage temperatures they dictate whether the pathogen remains latent or explodes into active disease upon planting. How do pathogens survive for years inside dormant desiccated seeds that have very low water content?
They utilize in fact specialized survival mechanisms. Fungi from thick water sports are sclerosia. Bacteria enter metabolic dormancy or form protective biophilms. Zerohilic capabilities allow survival under extremely low water activity.
Furthermore, pagans nest within deep micro niches such as inner seed coat or embriionic tissue protecting them from surface chemical bracings and UV radiation and whatever treatment we are applying externally.
Pathogen latency makes seeds the ultimate projen horses of agriculture.
During seed storage and transport, the pathogen exhibits zero metabolic activity and produces no visible symptoms. However, as soon as the seed embibes water during planting, cell signals trigger pathogen germination alongside the seedling. This synchronized activation ensures the pathogen is perfectly positioned to infect tender seedling tissues as it emerges.
uh how inoculum dynamics dictate how epidemics are built. Primary inoculum are originates from the seedborn propules or crop residues and uh causes the initial scattered infection in the field uh for the first time in the season. Secondary inoculum consists of spores or bacterial ooze produced on these primary infected plants which then spread rapidly via wind, rain and insect vectors and are uh the main main main causes for uh epidemiology epidemics.
Management of primary requires exclusion and sea treatment whereas secondary control ut sanitation. Even a tiny percentage of seed infection can trigger a devastating regional epidemic. A seed lot with just.1% of infection means 100 infected plants per hectare. So under favorable conditions these 100 facail produce billions of secondary spores infecting neighboring fields across entire countries.
Now uh this exponential uh amplification highlights why zero tolerance thresholds are enforced by major seaborn prisoners.
Uh the present slide illustrates the complete disease cycle. Stage one, the primary nylum resides in the seed cope or embryo. Stage two, germination leads to systemic seedling infection. Stage three, the mature plant expresses symptoms producing secondary spores that infect neighboring crops. Stage four, pathogens invade floral structures are developing pots infecting the next generation of seeds. Interventions must occur at every stage starting with seed treatments followed by field ruging post harvest management. Graphing disease seated over time is the classic model polycyclic disease curve. Now in this and light phase you can see seborn primary diabolum causes initial scattered infection during sewing and emergence. In the log phase, secondary spread drives exponential disease loop during vegetative and flowering stages.
Finally, the stationary phase post tissue exhaustion or drying weather limits uh further spread of a path and controlling seed health minimizes uh primary flattening the entire epidemic.
So epidemics fall into two main mathematical categories monocyclic and polycyclic. We all know monocyclic DJs such as serial smarts complete only one infection cycle per season. Their severity depends entirely on the initial celinapulum level and polycyclic diseases such as leaf bllightes and bacterial spots repeat multiple infection cycles per season have cycles over cycles over cycles in a single season and in a very little time they have uh they have the capability and potential to devastate the entire field.
For monocyclic pathogens, seed treatments provide nearly 100% uh production of or control. Whereas polycyclic pathogens, they require both clean seeds as well as seasonal field monitoring and treatment. Vertical transmission represents the ultimate biological strategy for pathogen persistence. In this process, the pathogen systematically invades the parent plants vascular network uh growing directly into developing orals, gametes or embryos.
Research in rice seed microbiomes shows that dozens of core bacterial and fungal species are vertically transmitted across generations ensuring uh continuous survival without needing external environmental reservoirs.
Conversely, horizont horizontal transmission occurs when initially see healthy seeds become contaminated from external sources during crop development or harvest. Airborne fung sports can land on mature parts. Bacteria ooze can spread via rain splash onto open flowers or insect vectors like aids and ths.
They can transmit viruses during feeding. Contaminated fishing machinery and storage containers also cause widespread horizontal seed lot contamination covered smart of barley is one of the major examples. Pathogens colonized seeds via four primary roots. Direct floral entry through flowering like a stag systemic vascular transport through the puniculus seen in the xenomorous tempestries.
External surface contamination during harvest as occurs in tilatia carries and indirect mechanical entry through wounds or natural openings as uh is exemplified by uh infection from fuserium farming.
Understanding these entry mechanisms dictates precise seed treatment strategies. It is vital to remember that seeds are not sterile vessels. They host a vibrant complex microbial ecosystem and microbiome known as seed microbiome.
uh vertically transmitted cortex both bacteria and fungi colonize the sea coat and inner tissues. Many of these microbes are beneficial into pites that promote uh seedling vigor and produce antipathogenic compounds. Modern seed pathology aims to protect these beneficial taxa while eliminating seedborn pathogens.
Seed germination represents the most critical window for disease establishment. During inhibition of water, seeds exudate uh sugars, amino acids and organic acids into the surrounding soil and these ex exodates.
They trigger dormant pathogens, spores and bacteria lying by attracting them towards the germinating radical. Peak or low vigor seeds remain in the vulnerable transition phase longer dramatically increasing their risk of uh fatal seedling blight and damping off. The incubation period the time elapse between pathogen infection and first symptom expression. It varies widely from days to months. A symptomatic carrier seeds pose greatest threat to plant quarantine. Uh a seed dot may appear pristine clean during visual inspection at customs if it may harbor latent bacterial or viral infections that manifest only beads after planting in a farmer's fleet feed after import.
When infected seeds are planted, the consequences unfold rapidly. Primary impacts include seed rot, pre-emergence damping off, uh post-emergent stamping off and uh survival uh surviving seedlings suffer from systemic stunting, vascular wilt and reduced leaf area leading to severe penalties that uh cannot be recovered later in the season.
To summarize uh this section the epidemological foundations seeds are highly efficient survival structures and primary non sources uh though vertical transmission and latency pathogens survive storage and travel long distances undetected controlling diseases at this initial stage is mathematically and economically the most powerful intervention available in plant pathology.
Uh the next section is that on pathogen biology we'll begin with fungal pathogens. Largest group of seed bondens key gen include fuserium causing seed rots and head blaria causing leaf leaf spots and black points in cereals. Escoa causing destructive bllights in pulse stocks particularly in chickpea and polyryum that is responsible for anthropos diseases across vegetables and legumes. It has wide range of its host.
Major seedborn pathogens are categorized into fungi, bacteria and viruses or others. Key threats includes furium causing blight, synthes inducing bacterial bllightes and seed transmitted viruses or neotopes. All of which severely impact crop health, seed quality and agricultural aid.
Uh this slide as you can see covers fungal seed born pathogens. Key gena likeia and fuserium affect seals and vegetables by infecting the seed coat externally or embedding internally in the endosperm. They cause severe effects like seed rot damping off and reduce germination surviving harsh conditions by specialized instructions like sclerosia or dantelia.
Here we can see key fungal pathogens affecting beans, [music] carrots, small grains and maze in the slide. Uh please pay close attention to the unique diagnostic indicators for each like orange spores or pinkish mycelia.
Remember definitive identification requires combining visual inspections with laboratory incubation methods like plot or aragar tests. As outlined in the current slide we focus on four primary fungal seedborn pathogens groups. Notice how fizerium causes severe rot and blight while alternia results in seed staining and quality losses.
Furthermore, escopita specifically damages pulse crops like shifties and lentils whereas politryum it induces destructive across key vegetables and pulses. There are smut and b fungi like stago and dellayia. They are specialized obligate seedborn patches of immense economic importance. The tio spores replace healthy grain kernels with dark powder spore masses. Smelling of trimethylamine that is fishy smell, stinking smell and tilio sport survive for years on the seed coat for inside uh storage facilities uh germinating alongside the seed to inade the shoot effects uh epically bacterial pathogens account for 20% of global crop losses al uh and important species include suloni gentoonas and fiber migosis bacterial path Pathogens often persists inside seats or vascular tissues as latent infections producing slimy vascular rues and severe leaf bling emerge under warm and humid conditions.
Uh this slide breaks down major bacterial pathogens by crop host. Key diagnostics include yellow or on beans, V-shaped leaf ledges on brassikas, greasy fruit spots on cooker bits and distinctive birdsiz spots on tomatoes.
Keep in mind these bacteria are typically transmitted internally through the muscular systems or carried on seat surfaces. Seed bond bacterial pathogens can trigger severity losses exceeding uh 20% often hiding as latent infections as shown in the slide. Key drivers include uh sudoma syringe causing angular leaf spot and seed staining, zenthoma species behind uh bacterial bllightes and leaf spots and climate vector Michiganis that causes ws and damaging uh systemic infections.
How do bacteria maintain long-term associations with seeds? They rely on adherence mechanisms and bofilm formation. Bacteria secrete extracellular polymer substances that form a protective matrix around cellures on the seed surface. This bofilm protects bacterial cells from desiccation. Chemical seed treatments and hold host immune responses. While type three secretionist systems inject viralous proteins directly into the host cells upon germination.
Violent transmission through seeds is a complex and highly regulated biological process. Viruses invade seeds either directly through parental vascular tissues via plasma transism or by infecting floral gamts pollen and ovals before fertilization. While not all plant viruses are se transmitted those that are such as tobomo virus and body viruses they pass devastating early season system at mosaic and stunt. The family portability that originates from potato virus Y is the largest and most economically destructive family of plant viruses. It enco encompasses over 200 recognized species of viruses. See transmission rates in 40 viruses. It varies widely from 1% to 80%. Depending on the specific host cultivar and viral strain viruses like bean common mosaic virus, vimi and latus mo virus are classic examples where seed health testing is vital to prevent total crop loss. In serial crops, seed transmitted viruses interact synergistically with insect vectors. For example, wheat street mosaic virus is carried in wheat tree. Early emerging infected seedlings serve as immediate reservoirs for wheat and wheat curl mites uh which then spreads the virus across millions of acres. Biocurity programs must monitor both seed health and vector populations to prevent widespread uh virs voids and persistent viruses as specific pathogens. uh vibroids like phospides in solenacious seeds are highly stable naked RNA molecules without any protein code subject to zero tolerance regulatory testing. Conversely, persistent viruses rely strictly on viral vertical transmission causing a symptomatic infections that may offer stress tolerance or interact with acute viruses.
This slide covers nematode and um seeds which are less commonly born organisms.
New and crypting uh cryptic pathogens are continuously emerging international sea trade passage as climate shown shifts and exotic crop varieties are introduced. Previously benign indoes are localized pathogens mutate and adopt to new host becoming pathogenic. Asytomatic carrier seeds present a severe challenge as they show no visual symptoms during shipping. It may cause severe plates and when planted warm and no environment. In seed pathology, we strictly distinguish between pathogenicity, the quality of the organism to cause diseases and virance. Virance measures the quantitative degree or severity of that disease. Environmental stress during seed storage such as high humidity or temperature fluctuations can alter pathogen virance turning mild related infections into highly aggressive strains upon germination. A single commercial seed lot can harbor multiple races or bio types of pathogen simultaneously.
This genetic diversity poses a grave threat to plant breeding programs. When a seed lot containing diverse pathogen races is distributed across regions, it introduces rare viralized host crop resistance genes and that may lead to sudden breakdown of disease resistance that uh is being hard to offer. When infected seed lots are stored under subtropical uh humid conditions, seed surface fungi produce massive quantities of airborne spores.
During seed conditioning, grading and packaging, mechanical agitation releases these spores into the air and that contaminates adjacent clean seed lots and creates occupational health aars for seed factory personnel. Beyond directlosis, seedborn fungi like esperilus, fizerium and penicylium. This inside dangerous secondary metabolites that are known toxins uh triothesines and fimonos cause severe epitoxicity and cancer in humans and livestock. Uh regulatory frameworks enforce strict threshold limits for microtoxins in grains making seed health the major public health issue.
Seeds are rarely infected by a single organism. They frequently carry complex multipath complexes. Co-infecting fungi and bacteria engage in competitive exclusion of metabolic facilitation. For example, co- infection by fuserium and aran area in serial seeds can amplify total tissue rod and microtoxin accumulation for beyond what either pathogen produces alone. There is a synic effect between these two fungal pathogens.
How long can pathogen survive in slow seeds? Fungal tilio spores of smut species can remain viable inside stored grains for several decades. Can you believe? So bacterial cells and plant viral RNA survives inside embryo tissues as long as the seed embryo itself remains viable. So storage environments designed to extend seed longevity, cold temperatures and low moisture simultaneously extend the survival of the passage.
Environmental conditions during international shipping dictate whether latent seed infections remain dormant or trigger severe seed decay. Code storage uh I mean temperatures between 2 to 4°C.
It preserves seed vigor and suppresses bacterial growth but moisture condensation inside shipping containers uh by this full temperature creates ideal micro environments for fungal spor germination and decay in transit.
Climate change is fundamentally altering plant pathogen epidemology. Warmer winters alter rainfall patterns and extreme weather events allow tropical seedbound paths to establish in traditionally temperate agricultural zones. Further unpredictable weather stretches traditional seed production windows increasing crop exposure to seed contamination pathogens for a longer time. Summarizing this section, uh, fungi, bacteria and viruses utilize sophisticated evolutionary adopted mechanisms from deep embryo colonization to biohilms as poor longevity to uh, ensure survival in seeds. Controlling these diverse threats requires tailored specific uh, diagnostic and management tools. Coming to the next section, mechanisms of seed infection.
Uh, seed systems and biocurity. uh we formally uh distinguish between seed born and seed associated passages. There are two terms. Seed born paths are integrated into seed uh tissues internally. Uh for example embryo render sperm and transmit systemically to the progeny seed associated pages are external contaminants attached to the seal coat or debris which can often be removed by physical cleaning or surface disinfectation.
There are certain differences among seed contamination and seed infection. A comparison is presented in present slide and uh these are the external roots of contamination, environmental deposition, harvest and crossing contact and insect mediated transmission. The internal infection roots include floral pathway, vascular entry, direct penetration and systemic root. A brief chart of all the roots is presented in the slide. Global seed circulation occurs across four four distinct seed systems. each carrying unique biocurity risk profiles. Formal commercial systems feature strict testing, certification, traceability.
Farmer safe systems uh rely on local knowledge but lack diagnostic oversight.
Informal relief uh seed rate prioritizes volume during emergencies often bypassing testing. Finally, e-commerce represents an unregulated frontier where small packages bypass border inspections that formal seed certification operates under rigorous international frameworks established by international seed testing association and national certification agencies. Uh this multi-step process includes uh we inspections of seed crop stands, post-h harvest laboratory seed health issues, purity testing and germination scoring seed plot melting uh the meeting these standards received blue or orange certificates granting international market access infirmal and farmer safe seed system supply over 8% of crops in developing nations while essential for local food security and biocurity biodiversity preservation.
These systems operate without diagnostic strain. Pathogens accumulate over successive generations of phenomenal uh known as seed generation uh resulting in declining properties over time. Uh can I know how much time I have?
Pardon?
Okay. Should I conclude?
Okay. So, uh uh quickly coming to the management management methods uh part detection. Let's come to the management uh of all these uh seed treatment. This final section is that integrated management of and future directions.
Seed healthy status is uh determined.
Appropriate treatments must be applied.
Chemical treatments including systemic funides like metalagil and broadsp spectrum contact tracings. Physical treatments such as hot water therapy 50 to 35° sh of temperature water or thermotherapy effectively eliminates internal bacterial uh and viral pathogens from seed course without chemical residues providing uh temperature collaboration is exact. By there are bio control agents and see the microbiome. Uh uh these are the tailored mixture of complent compl complimentary bacteria and fungi and uh genetic resistance plant resistance is one of the important bases of management and uh coming to systems approach integrated management because no single intervention strategy is foolproof.
Sustainable seed health requires holistic systems. Uh this framework integrates clean foundation seed, genetic cultivar resistance, speed sanitation, cultural rotation, target seed treatment and climate control stage. Combining multiple defenses layers ensures that if one barrier fails, secondary layers prevent widespread disease outbreak. Uh these are some new uh methods. There are emerging technologies. And uh coming to research gaps and priorities quantifying uh seed infection rates across crops and regions uh scientific community must focus on these uh four points. Unraveling molecular triggers that activate latent patterns during inhibition optimizing synthetic microbial community stability of seagds and uh fourth uh modeling climate change impacts on seedborn epidemiology.
Concluding uh seedborn plant paths represent quite yet formidable threats to global food security, agriculture sustainability and international trade as well. Protecting our agricultural future requires uniting cutting edge molecular diagnostics, sustainable microbiome management, rigorous quarantine policy and international cooperation. By securing the health of the sea, we secure the future of global food supplies. and thank you very much for your time, attention, dedication to advancing uh seed health and plant bio security. I would like to extend my heartfelt thank and gratitude to the conference organizers for the university and all collaborating institutions. I'm now open to any questions, comments or discussions. Thank you.
role in advertising India planetary exploratory programs and served as the principal investigator for the key scientist instrument of the Chandrean 1 Mars Orbiter missions m Chandrean Chandraan 3 and Aditi L1. His pioneering research in planetary atmosphere, solar system explor explorations and X-ray astronomy has earned international reason. Professor Bharaj has published 220 research paper and is a recipient of the prestigious Shanti Suru Batnaga Prize, Infosys Prize and COP P Vikram Sarabhai Medal among many others national and international honors. So sir welcome you. I invited to you take over the session sir.
Sir, >> thank you. Can you hear me?
>> Yes sir. Yes sir.
>> Can you hear me well? And you can see my slides.
>> Yes sir.
>> Okay. Good. So good morning. Namaskar to everyone all the viewers and to the organizers and uh thanks for organizing this uh conference and inviting me.
So I'm going to take you to the moon. As you all know very well.
And uh my talk is very preliminary in nature to tell you what is happening with respect to Indian exploration program of the moon and what we are planning to do in the future.
So this uh talk is organized uh in terms of uh showing you some glimpses of what we have achieved and what we want to do in the future. So this slide you must be seeing it very well shows the the Indian lunar exploration program starting from the chandan one chandan 2 chandan 3 the launch vehicle the communication which we do using the big tele antennas and things like that but uh this whole thing is based on how the space program in the country started under the leadership of Dr. becomes Sarah. Uh let me see the slides are moving or not. I hope the slides are moving.
Can you see the change in the slides?
>> Yes sir, it's moving.
>> Okay, great.
Perfect. So Dr. Dr. Vikram Saraba you started uh the physical research laboratory from where I'm talking to you right now and uh it started uh very soon within few months of our independence in the year 1947 to be precise on 11th of November 1947 Dr. Prasara established PRL and that's why PRL is called as a cred of space research in India because when you talk about the rocket program you talk about the satellite program you talk about uh the ballooning program application program everything started under the leadership of Dr. Vikram Sarabay and here you are seeing this photograph with Dr. Sarabay in the center and this is uh former president of India IPJ Abdul Kalam who was actually working with Dr. Sarabai in PRL in Ahmedabad before he was sent to Tiruanapuram or Tumba to start the rocket.
So the first rocket launch which actually took place from Tumba in the year 1969 63 uh on 21st of November carried experiments developed in PRF. Okay. and uh the the program which led to the development of ISRO which actually happened in the year 1969.
So PRL was formed in 1947 and ISRO came into existence in 1969. Okay. So that's why PRL is called as also the mother of ISRO. PRL currently has four major campuses. The main campus you are seeing in the top left we have another campus in Ahmedabad which is called Tales campus and then we have two observatory campus one in Mount Abu in Rajasthan where we have big telescopes. It also has a 2.5 m telescope which is the second largest in India and we have Udapur solar observity which is in the middle of the lake Fatasaga lake which is the largest solar telescope in India.
Talking about uh the lunar exploration program, as you may be knowing very well that it all started uh in the year 2008 when we had the launch of the Chandan 1.
Uh this was followed by almost a decade later on the Chandan 2 mission and then the most celebrated Chandan 3 mission where we landed for the first time in the southern polar regions. So I will give you brief glimpses of all these three uh as I move forward.
So talking about the Chandan 1 mission we had the launch on 22nd of October 2008 arriving on moon on 8th of November and carrying 11 experiment on board. It was a truly international with 10 different countries participating. And if you look at this satellite, I hope you may be seeing this picture. These are all experiments or payloads we call and they were meant to do science on the moon. And I was directly involved with the instrument called SAR subk atom reflecting analyzer which are sitting on the top deck of this chandan. [music] It also had a gray box which you see in the top you know absolutely top and uh that was the one which was actually released from the mother spacecraft the Chandaran orbiter and landed into the southern polar region uh very close to the south pole making uh MIP the first man-made object to land into the south pole of the moon and putting the Indian flag which happened on 14th of November 2008. 8 okay in in evening around 2036 hour Indian time so India had actually put its uh flag on the lunar south pole on 14th of November 2008 it said okay now talking about what science has come out and I'm just putting one slide here just to give you glimpses but the most important science result is discovery of water till that time you are not knowing that water exists on the moon But Chyanon mission only told that water exists on the moon. It is there beneath the surface, on the surface and above the surface. And of course a lot of new science has come out which has been published in more than 250 scientific publications talking about uh validating the how moon got formed which we call as lunar magma hypothesis. Uh sputtering or scattering happening of the solar wind.
New minerals were found. volcanic vents uh and lava tubes have been discovered and how the solar wind interacts with them. Many of them actually made the cover pages of various international journals like science geohysical letter which is published by American geohysical union and of course our own current science journals.
Let me talk about the Chandan 2 mission which was much more complex and complicated. Why? because it not only had the orital lectan one but it also had a lander to land on the lunar surface called Vikrram lander uh named behind Dr. Vikam Sarabai the father of Indian space program and it also had a praan rover which is sitting inside the lander. Now you all know very well that uh what happened on 7th of September 2019 early morning when we attempted to land on the lunar surface by the vicam lander but we could not achieve success.
But the orbiter, the Chandan 2 orbiter carrying eight experiments on board is still in orbit around the moon after close to 7 years and providing us excellent quality of data. And one of the instrument called ORC or optical high resolution camera is the one which decided the landing site for the Chandan 3 mission. And this instrument is now being used by various space agencies including NASA, ISA, JAXA, you know, different countries around the world which are planning to land on the lunar surface is utilizing the data from this optical hydration camera of India on the Chandan 2 orbiter. Why? Because it is providing us resolution of almost like 1 ft from 100 kilometer on the lunar surface. And that's why everybody is asking for images from this mission for their choosing the landing site. We also had a dual frequency synthetic aperture radar alas band and this provide you information beneath the surface to few meters. So not only you get the information above the surface or at the surface but what is there beneath the surface also we had many other instruments like uh chase 2 IR or class which is providing the distribution of elements on the lunar surface distribution of water on the lunar surface elements or distribution of argon for example across very close to the lunar surface.
Now let me quickly go to Chandan 3 and tell you about how we go went about it because this is of course a very important mission from India where we achieved the landing using the vicam lander and the prian rover came out from the lander and moved onto the lunar surface. So the launch of this happened uh on 14th of July 2023. So it's about 3 years back at middle of the day using the GSL Mari which is the heaviest liftoff vehicle. So here you can see the uh the lander the vicam lander sitting over the top of the propulsion module.
Why we went with the propulsion module?
Because Chandan 2 orbiter with eight experiment are still in orbit. So we don't want an orbiter. We want only a vehicle the module to carry the Vikram lander in orbit around the moon so that we can do the landing. So this is in the clean room where you are seeing this uh Chandan 2 Chandan 3 lander become lander sitting on the top of the propulsion module. And uh this uh Chandan 3 lander had three experiments in addition to of course the NASA's lunar retroreflector and uh we had two experiments on the rover and uh PRL has instrument called APXS alpha particle access instrument to determine the elemental composition the lunar surface on the rover but also on the lander we had an instrument called chaste which is like a thermometer going inside the lunar surface up to a depth of 10 cm to look at the temperature distributions in the top 10 cm. We also have a sysmometer ISA and also a langar probe which is providing us the plasma distribution very close to the lunar surface at a height of about 2 m.
So these were the instruments on the rover as well as on the lander. But we also have a small instrument called shape uh which was there on the propulsion module because propulsion module went on into an orbit around the moon for for more than 2 years and this also has been used to understand lot of science of how the earth will look like from the moon so that we can use that to understand how exoplanets or planets outside our own solar system will be.
Now talking about uh uh the launch uh I hope you can see this slide very well where I'm showing you the Shihari Kota the launchpad of India and you are seeing this uh uh GSLV Mark III which we call as LMV3 with the Chandan 3 uh uh lander along with the propulsion module sitting on the top. So you see here the launch vehicle and the top portion you see the heat shields which is there and inside that is the wam lander sitting there and uh let me see if I can show you the the launch if it is possible. Uh y okay so you are able to see the launch which happened on 14th of July 2023 in the middle of the day and uh just confirm to me I'm going to show you the real launch of how it takes place.
Please confirm if you are able to see it. Okay.
And also listen to the voice.
>> 1.
>> Are you able to see it?
>> Yes sir.
>> And listen to the voice.
>> Here we have a majestic lift of rocket.
>> So this was the launch of the Chandan 3.
>> This is how the rocket launch takes place.
LBM3.
Are you able to listen to the sound?
Okay, good.
is soaring through the gear sky every second moving closer to the accomplishment of the most important milestone in its mission to move.
>> Okay, so this was the launch and after the launch we end to an orbit around the earth then went into a lunar transport trajectory then went into a lunar orbit and finally we went into a 100 kilometer circular polar orbit and then came down to 100 by 30. So the landing actually started from 30 kilometer down to the lunar surface and you know that it happened on 23rd of August 2023 which we now celebrate as the national space day.
So I'm now going to show you this was the scene in the mission control. I was also present there watching very keenly.
You can see the current chairman the former chairman all center directors of ISOs units centers sitting there. So now I will show you the last part of this uh mission profile where we are waiting eagerly to see how the launch takes place. We are quite confident but then of course this is always a challenge. So I'm going to show you this uh as a live.
Okay.
>> At this point are providing confirmation of the safety of the landing site >> as expected.
>> Oops.
>> The retargeting is going on and this is a very good signature for the lander.
56 m.
>> So this is about just 63 m above the surface. We started from 30 kilome right. So you have come very close to the lunar surface and about to land.
Prime Minister of India was there in South Africa during that time. So he was watching live from there.
So we are coming very close to the lunar surface just 50 m above >> and in the middle you must be seeing the lunar surface how the lender was actually seeing the lunar surface. the honorable prime minister Narendra Modi who is here to encourage us and he is critically looking at the visuals.
>> So we are very close to the surface now and we have landing.
in the body >> people are applauding. Let us all wait to hear from the secretary department of space and chairman ISRO PSA.
>> So this moment always gave us gave me the goosebumps. Why? Because I was also there in the mission control watching it live and we were absolutely jubilant. So everybody was feeling it over the moon.
So I also felt over the moon and I took the self fee with the vicam lender and pyan rover. But then how was the world actually responding on this? Okay, just listen to this small clippings from different news channel around the world.
>> India has done it. It has become now the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the moon after the US and China and the former Soviet Union just moments ago.
What are we talking?
>> India has made space history becoming the first nation to soft land a spacecraft on the moon's south pole.
India has become the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft near the south pole of the moon. Countries PN Nendra Bodi has praised the achievement saying that mission success belongs to all of humanity. The spacecraft Chanderion 3 is attempting to be one of the first to land on the moon's south pole.
>> Yeah, they're the first country in the world to land a spacecraft near the moon's south pole. They moment official for the country. It was a tense final six minutes as it descended onto the lunar surface. Let's show you the moment. First of all, let's take this agency is celebrating the successful moon landing of it Chandrean 3 spacecraft.
>> Okay. Now, India's lunar probe Chandraan 3 has landed on the moon south. India is the first country to touch down on this part of the moon which believe to hold pockets. We begin with some historic news. India has become the first country in the world to successfully land a craft near the moon's south pole. Prime Minister Narendra Modi was watching the mission from South Africa and congratulated the team back home. Let's take a closer look at why.
>> So this is how you know the whole world was celebrating the success of the Chandan 3 landing which made India the first continued world to land into the south pole of the moon.
Now after the landing we are all not very jubilant because we had to have the next step which is taking out the prian rover after the landing. So here you see in the mission controls in the in the clean room in Bangalore. We have done several test will come out and roll down to lunar surface but now we have to do it on the lunar surface right and this was the first time we are doing it. So we are all very excited but also very nervous to see how things will unfold.
So I will now show you how it actually happened that the rover came out on the lunar surface.
So this is the rover it is getting released. This is happening on the lunar surface you know and we are all sitting in the mission control watching it live.
You can see the shadow of the rover. You can see the Indian flag and the Indian uh symbol emblem.
So the rover started rolling down and uh we could see you know the tracks formed by the lunar rover the pyan of the lunar surface and then the rover took the selfie of the lander and this is a very unique photograph of Indian shyan two become lander sitting on the lunar surface at the shashaki point. After this we deployed different instrument on the lander to do the science. So you see here in the bottom the chass instrument which has gone down to 10 cm to lunar surface. Elsa which is providing the sesma city and the ramba LP which is basically to sense the plasma distribution around the landing site.
And we all know that this landing site is now known as Shiv Shaki and it has been now confirmed by international astronomical union that this landing site of Indian Chandan 3 will be called as ship shaki.
Now the rover which has come out has moved onto the lunar surface. So this is how you are seeing the actual track of this rover. We started moving to one side. We found a big crater in the front. We moved back. We started going to the east but then there were lot of planetary scientists, planetary geologists, mission controllers and these geologists said no we should go to the west side because there's a new crater which is sitting here on the on the on the left and therefore we started moving to that direction. So this whole track which you see is almost like 103.5 m which was covered in about 10 days of the pagan rover moving onto the lunar surface and this payloads which has uh gone on the lander as well as rover has provided us high quality of science data more than 50 scientific publications in very reputed international journals has come out.
There's just a glimpse of what science has come out uh from the instrument. For example, the top left you are seeing the temperature as you go down. So you're seeing from the top to almost like uh when you go uh to a depth of about uh 10 cm you are able to see a temperature distribution of about 50° Kelvin which in turn means that the temperature from the top or the heat from top is not going down. We saw a lot of cysmic activities. So you are seeing Ilsa results. uh you're seeing the lips result providing a spectrum or the Ramba LP providing what kind of plasma densities are there very close to lunar surface though the moon is not having much atmosphere but still there is a plasma very close to lunar surface of a densities of about thousand particles per cc and APXS which is an instrument developed in PRL uh has provided us various elements present around the landing site so you can see here the rover and this instrument was right sitting in the front and this plate which you're seeing used to get deployed uh as uh we want to take the measurements. So when the rover was stable this plate will be deployed down it will take measurements for couple of hours and then the plate will come back and the rover will move. So we made measurements at almost 30 different locations on the strike which you have seen which I have shown you uh providing us elemental composition around the landing side and this results have now been published uh last year in the journal nature where we have showed that what is the actual distribution of elements at the lunar site landing site of the Chandan 3 and has also showed that there's a larger amount front of magnesium which is quite a surprise telling that probably material from the inside probably from the south pole atken basin has come at this landing site showing a higher distribution of magnesium so I'm not going to go into details of the science because it is more like a popular talk but what we want to do next very quickly next two minutes now the future is for the Chandan 4 mission where we are talking about the sample town. So that means we have orbited, we have landed, we have moved onto lunar surface. Now we want to bring back sample to the earth from the moon.
So this is a mission called Chandan 4 which is going to be very complex mission because we are going to have two launch vehicles carrying different modules and these modules will go into an orbit around the earth. Then they will go into an orbit around the moon.
Some part will be in orbit around the moon. Some part will land on the lunar surface. then collect the sample. A small ascent module will come back to the orbiting module around the moon and then that will bring it back to the earth's orbit and then finally onto the earth's surface. So this is a very very very complex mission. But uh this is also uh technologically challenging because there's lot of docking and undocking happening in the orbit around the earth and around the moon and we want to try this mission as a Chandan 4 mission. We are quite confident that we'll be able to achieve this and this will bring back the samples from the lunar surface. The next mission is the Chandan 5 mission which is also ISRO Jaka or India Japan joint missions where we actually want to land into the south pole of the you see here uh uh the arrow along with this latitude longitude given - 89.44 44. So - 19 is exactly four, right? But here we want to land into very narrow strip which is eliminated by sunlight because we need sunlight to produce power on the spacecraft on the lander and the rover which has to go inside into this permanently shadowed regions to provide us absolutely new data because nobody has gone inside this permanently shadowed regions where sunlight never reaches. Because in the poles if you go and the moon is almost vertical right it is not tilted like earth 23 and a2°. So in [clears throat] the case of moon if you have craters in the polar regions they never see the sunlight and therefore these regions are called permanent shadow regions where the temperatures could be as low as almost like 50 kel and the idea is to go inside and to see what is there. So therefore, ISRO is providing the lander.
Uh the JAXA is providing the rover and the launcher. And we have instruments on the rover both from India and from Japan. And this is going to be a joint operation mission by India and Japan where there are science payloads coming from other agencies like NASA and European space agencies. So this is also a very very complex and very important mission for not only from the science perspective but from humanity perspective because we'll be landing for the first time very close to the solar.
We are also talking about future missions like Venus orbiter mission and Mars lander missions where we are going to orbit Venus for the first time to do a lot of new science which has not been achieved by any mission previously and also talking about landing onto lunar sur uh to the Martian surface. So these are all missions in the future which you must have also heard about uh through media as well as uh from ISRO and uh so there's a lot of bright future for youngsters who are interested to join the exploration program of the country where we have now road map going to go to the moon not just for the Chandan four and five we are talking about uh Chandan 6 7 and 8 we are also talking about the Bhartiant station and Indian landing onto the lunar surface by 2040.
So the future is quite bright and I thank you all for listening to this talk very patiently and uh invite you to join the space ecosystem and space program of the country. Thank you. Thank you very much.
>> Thank you so much professor Anil. On behalf of the organizing committee, I extend our heartfelt gratitude to you for delivering such an enlightening and inspiring session on Chandrean. Uh anybody has any queries or question want to ask to sir anything all the participants or >> good morning sir. Uh and I would like to ask one question three.
>> Yeah go ahead. Uh sir uh is there any plasma experiment is deployed in the Chandan 3 mission? There was an instrument called Ramba LP which I was just mentioning which was there on the lander and uh it was sitting at the top deck of the lander to measure the plasma or basically the electron density is very close to the lunar surface at a height of about 2 m and what we have seen is that densities of about few thousand particles per cc is present there.
So this is a very unique and the first observation of its kind in the whole world.
>> So what type of temperature we will have that?
>> Uh sir you are not audible professor.
>> Okay. Can you hear me now?
>> Yes.
>> Yes.
>> Okay. So are you able to hear me? The last answer.
>> No sir. No sir. Kindly repeat.
>> Okay. So the plasma distribution at the landing site has come out from the Chandan uh three lander instrument called Ramba LP which provide us information telling that uh plasma of about few thousand particle per cc is present at a height of about 2 m from the lunar surface.
>> Okay. about the temperature distribution. It has come out from the instrument called chaste which is there on the lander. It has gone inside the lunar surface of a depth of 10 cm and almost like every 1 cm we have the temperature measurements and that has one which has told that the heat is not propagating down because the lunar regulate or the lunar soil is highly nonconducted. So there are publications which has come out you can simply search in Google Chandan and you will see all the science lessons.
>> Thank you. Thank you sir.
>> Okay. Thank you so much. Uh because I have to go for another meeting.
>> Yes. Yes. Thank you so much sir.
>> Okay. Thank you. Take care. Bye-bye.
>> Okay. Thank you sir. Uh now we will move forward to our next session.
Good morning all the distingued chair and co-chair presenters and participants. It is my pleasure to welcome you all to the presentation session 9 day two of the fifth global conference on emerging trends in research and development ETR 2026 being organized in hybrid mode. I am Dr. Rika Sharma and today I'm having the privilege of serving as a moderator for today's virtual technical session 9. We are honored to have with us Dr. Shiva Sony as chair and Dr. Sharin Sahu as co-chair. Uh now I would like to introduce our chair and co-chair. Uh Dr. Shiva Sony is an associate professor in the department of physics at Punima University, Japur, Rajasthan, India. She earned her PhD in physics with a specialization in space physics from Avesh Pratab Singh University in 2015.
With more than 15 years of teaching and research experience, she has made significant contributions to the fields of space physics, astrophysics and astronomy, solar astronomy, and plasma physics. Dr. Sony has published over 60 research articles and has presented her work at numerous national and international conferences and seminars.
She has actively participated in faculty development programs, workshops, and short-term courses and has contributed to academic events as a session chair, organizing committee member, keynote speaker, and editorial board member of reputed journals. Her teaching expertise include quantum mechanics, nuclear and particle physics, atomic and molecular physics, laser, and spectroscopy.
She received the young scientist award 2022 and the distinguished research award ETR 2023 from the international journal of innovative research and growth.
Our co-chair Dr. Sharin Sahu is an assistant professor in the department of zoology at government Viveanand PG college Madhya Pradesh. He has published 20 research papers in reputed national and international journals and has actively participated in several conferences, seminars and workshops. Dr. Dr. Zahu is actively engaged in teaching, research and mentoring students contributing to academic excellence and interdisciplinary research. On behalf of the organizing committee, I also extend a very warm welcome to all our presenters and attendees joining us from different institution and locations. Now we will move forward. Today's session will feature our poster presentations covering diverse and emerging areas of science, technology and interdisiplinary research. Now keep your microphones muted unless invited to speak. Turn on your cameras during presentation and if possible adhere to the allotted time and reserve the final minute for your questions and comments from the chair and co-chair.
Now I would like to invite our first poster presenter.
Are you here with us?
Okay, next is Ammon Aran Sharma.
Uh >> yes ma'am I am on Ayan summer team but he was not able to come today.
Okay.
>> Due to some reason I'm going to present.
>> Okay. Gorabati.
>> Yes ma'am.
>> Okay. You'll have to wait just two more particular before your turn. Sorup Chhaturvei Ganeshwari Singh Depraura I guess they yet to join. Okay, Gorab, you present your post.
>> Okay, ma'am.
Ma'am, my screen is visible.
>> No.
No, >> not yet.
I still can't see anything.
>> Maybe now it is visible but just light.
Nothing else is showing.
It's not showing anything. It's just a gray blank slide >> from my side. It was like I try to share it again.
I think this one I don't know what this Okay.
Is it visible now?
>> Uh, no. Gav, it's still not visible.
>> Are you sharing?
Yeah, now it is visible.
>> Yes, ma'am. I'm sharing.
>> Yeah, it's the digital number system.
>> Yes, ma'am. It is digital number system.
The way proper name was or optimize healthare workflow with Salforce CRM.
>> You're just everyone.
>> Shiva ma'am.
>> Yes ma'am.
>> Uh ma'am just wait for a second. IDM ma'am 267185.
>> Okay.
Okay. Now Gorov you can start.
Ma'am, my ID was 267143.
>> It's Goravi, right? Ma'am, >> so Gorab Buri.
>> Gorov Bri.
>> Ma'am, I am Ma'am, I am on Arian Sarma team.
>> Okay. Ar presenting on behalf of Aran.
>> Yes ma'am. Due to some reason he can't able to present right now.
Okay. So 267143.
>> Yes ma'am.
>> Okay. Fine.
>> So good morning everyone. I am Gorabi and today I am presenting on our project our optimization healthcare workflow with Salforce. This is presentation will explain the current problem in healthcare management and how Salesforce can help improve it.
So in hiddencast fragmented optimization in many healthcare organization systems are discontinued because of patient record uh scheduling inventory billing and etc. Together smoothly this create delay increasing manual work and affect patent care.
So as we can see traditional method were not uh proper properly used. It was very lengthy and in a Salforce based system ex existing systems have limited automation poor conditions but Salforce make it workflow automatically inventory management and centralized optimization.
Salforce make it much easier to use by anyone who was you in the system and in their in their fields. Salesforce also a unified cloud environment. How we can see in our Salesforce beginning different healthcare care functions in one unified cloud environment. Inventory of work separate departments like patient records scheduling admin administrator inventory.
Now this was our system architecture in which receptionist, doctor, pharmacist or administrator also patient can be access this program and use their respective areas like in like laboratory receptionist area or medical laboratories. This was fully automated and make workflow easier and make all the process interconnected.
So in this field director this page here hospital function are matched with Salforce technology. Example, appointment management doctor requirement are established in a percentage. It was uh it was calculated by a Salforce cloud system which can used with uh Salforce flow and AEX class also with trigger and validation rules. This can make work work more fluently and give a automation suggestion for the user and the applicant.
Here hospital functions are much with Salforce technology for example appointment doctor requirement uh admission billing etc. Sal force trigger flow are much helpful in this program to make it automatic and connect with everyone. It also generate alert when inventory or some kind of mishap is occurred. This this function on sales force make hospital system a much better for using for everyone.
Uh this slide fours on appointment scheduling and admission handling. Salesforce flu trigger help providing duplicate booking and automationally assigned deate beds based on emergency priorities.
Alert based inventory management is very unique in this system.
This if medical staff goes below a set limit, the system send an alert to administrator to help avoid storage shortage and ensure the improved medical medicines are available there. It also uh give alert when some kind of emergency are appeared in the customer health or and on many more.
This slide explain how billing become easier with automation. Charge for consultancy, medicine and lab service are counseling automation which reduce manual work and provide billing uh billing error >> process automate. Yes ma'am >> uh your slide is not moving and also try to conclude in next two minutes because we have time constraint.
>> Okay.
So I'm now conclude Salforce creates strong function for future healthcare.
It supports central CRM workflow automation pro predictive analysis and better health hospital management.
Thank you. And and >> are you done g?
>> Yes ma'am. Uh >> any Okay. I would like to ask now panel all the participants if they want to ask anything.
>> Yes. Anyone from the panel or the participants?
>> Okay. Thank you so much Goro for the presentation.
>> Thank you ma'am.
>> Okay. Okay, next I would like to repeat again the names who are absent if you have joined the meeting.
Deepanchu Anam Sorab Chhaturvei Ganeshwari Singh Depraura Goravi >> Yes ma'am I'm here.
>> Goravati >> yes ma'am. Uh yes start your presentation ma'am ID is 267185 >> yes ma'am 185 yes ma'am 185 >> okay start >> okay now I'm sharing this >> you have 5 minutes just try to conclude in 5 minutes >> okay ma'am okay you can now Right.
Ma'am, I'm unable to share screen at the time.
>> Try it one more time.
Yes, your presentation is visible. Okay.
>> My presentation is visible or not ma'am?
Yes, it is visible.
Okay, >> thank you.
Uh very good morning to all of you. My name is Goravati.
I'm a research scholar in a Bhagwand University, Ajmi, Rajasthan. My research guide is Dr. Rakashani.
My topic is a radio selective synthesis of novel thazole derivative and spectral characterization with potential medical applicant.
Now introduction this is thazole. Hzole is a five membered heterrocyclic organic compound bearing both nitrogen and sulfur at position one and three.
Azizole is a important intermediate in chemical synthesis, drugs, dyes and in all other bioactivities.
Thole is using thazole derivative is used as a anti-cancer anti- and many other disease thol derivative used and our main objective is to synthesize thosol derivative whether the presence of three group in the same molecule and increase its antioxidant effect to synthesize thyold derivative characterized them by the proton NMR LCMS technique and purified by HLC or column chromatography toolate has all antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and this is our main scheme firstly we started with acid and then in step One we we made acetamide by using thyol chloride and ammonium hydroxide.
We successfully got intermediate 2. Then we made thomide by using the lossence reagent.
Intermediate 3 is a purified by column chromatography.
Now in step three we made the thio thazole ring by using ethile chloroacettoacetate as a reagent in ethanol and we made intermediate for this is our uh you can see this is our thazole ring. Then we hydrayed it and formed acid.
And again we doing amidation reaction on intermediate 5 with different different amines and synthesized compound one and other different compounds.
Intermediate 4 is also used for next step by using reduction reaction followed by chlorination by using theyl chloride and made a common intermediate which is further used for the next final compounds.
Here R is different different benzile group R1 and R2 uh which is not disclosed at that time.
So the structure and functional group of synthesized compounds were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and LCMS. HRMS analysis was performed to verify molecular weight and the melting point of synthesized compounds were checked for purity and stability determination.
So thole mates have occupied a pivotal position in modern organic and medicinal chemistry due to its broad spectrum and pharmacological or medicinal activities such as antimicrobial anti-cancer antioxidant.
The presence of thio ring in many drugs such as penseline, thazofurine, melloxyam and nisatine motivates the chemist to design new thazole scaffolds for biological activities is uh awaited about uh this compound.
This is in progress.
So that's all. Thank you.
Okay, thank you so much Goro for the presentation.
Any queries from the panel or the participants?
>> Gorov actually.
>> Yes sir.
>> Can you define thyol's actual function?
What's their function in cell division?
How it >> sorry sir you are not clearly audible.
Actually I'm saying to you the actual function of thyole in the cancerous cell what their physical activity how prevent their cell division or their replication transcription translation.
>> Sorry sir I'm not getting your question.
Thai >> hello yes >> I'm at evil hello >> sir very little bit I'm not clearly hearing you >> sir so your voice echoing >> actually I'm saying to you what is the actual function of thyole how to prevent cancerous cell thyol how to prevent cancerous Madam if you listen the question then can you translate ma'am could you please explain what sir is asking >> I'm asking about anti-cancer anti-cancer section >> ma'am I'm not I'm not able to hear clearly ma'am >> okay >> yes sir please ask again >> what What is the actual function of thole >> in asking? The >> thazole derivative is used in many drugs we synthesized earlier and many drugs are patented.
So tho our main motive is to do research on thole derivative because we got different different drugs earlier have made earlier by using thazole and you can see such as penseline mexica chem. So our main aim is to make an theole derivative drug and see the biological activity in different different compounds.
>> Okay. Thank you.
>> Okay. Thank you so much sir and thank you so much Goro. Now we have come to the end of our presentation chess night.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the presented uh presenters for sharing their valuable research work and insightful presentations. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to our respected chair Dr. Shiva Sony and co-chair Dr. Sherin Sahu.
I now request our respected chair kindly provide his concluding remarks or observation on today's presentation.
Please mute yourself.
I would now request to Dr. Sharin Sahu to kindly provide his concluding remarks.
>> Hello.
Am I able?
>> Yes sir. Actually, Okay, thank you everyone for your enthusiastic participation and cooperation. We wish you all your continuous success in your academic and research endeavors. Have a pleasant day ahead. Thank you everyone.
Sure.
Next session speaker.
Okay. And this session will be ended.
Now we are going to the physical sections. So online section getting be closed right now. Uh we are going to for physical sections right now.
>> Okay sir. Thank you. Okay.
Dr. Depender Hammon sir be presented here Dr. Depender Hammon. Yeah. Now I requested to Dr. Himemenz sir please present here. Now the Good morning everyone.
Uh it is privilege for me to be here today as a special guest at international conference on emerging trends in research and development 2026 ETR 2026. I sincerely thank the organizer Viveanandha PG College Mayer Madhya Pradesh for their kind invitation and warm hospitality. Thank you. Uh now I'm going to present my uh research uh relativistic tight binding models for hexagonal latice application to graphine and extension to magnetic field effect.
Uh so as you know uh in recent year graphin has got a much more attention from the researcher because of its unique electrical thermal and mechanical properties that makes it a promising material for future. electronic devices.
However, the detailed investigation of its properties has not been revealed at for optimizing its uh electronic devices.
So as you know graphine is uh due to this property this is the unique material one atom carbon atom extordinal elective honeycomb zero band gap near direct drag point strong and flexible material high melting and boiling point mass drain optically transparent material high carrier mobility large specific surface area unique quantum phenomena.
So up to now the isolation of graph beginning of the research start uh in graphin is 2004. Uh after few years six year uh this material got Nobel prize.
Uh in 200 these are the graphin up to 2026. Uh 2013 graphin emerged as a promising material for flexible and transparent electronic devices. and 2018 uh the discovery of the superconductivity in twisters blayer graphin uh by magic twist angles. So in 2021 graphin advances the quantum technologies uh through the development of high performance quantum devices.
uh in 2024 uh it enables uh faster energy efficient electronic and opto electronic devices.
So I think uh graphin is a driving next gener generation of AI hardware and quantum technologies.
So application of graphin uh is because of its unique properties. Uh it is high speed. We can make high speeded electronic devices. Uh and we can make gas and bio sensors and high energy density due to high energy density and fast moving charge. We can make uh nano devices. Uh it has we can also make the super capacitor uh flexible and transparent display. Uh we can make uh solar cell efficient and transparent by efficient and transparent conducting electro electrodes. Uh it can we can also use in photonic and opeleronic quantum devices and computing. Uh we can use in spin based devices too. Uh so it is the composite material like stronger, lighter and more durable material. It has also the biomedical application too.
So how I motivated is uh we develop uh a novel models theoretical models uh that is used in the sil two dimension material and we applied this method to for the silicon which is relativistic we developed the relativistic tight binding uh models uh which is applied for two-dimensional material. Uh now we are trying to apply this method to graphin. We already applied this method to graphin at zero magnetic field. Uh now we are planning to try this method uh in graphin in the presence of graphin to study the different electrical and quantum transfer phenomena.
So there are some method uh there are some tight binding method non-relativistic and relativistic tight binding method already present uh in some method non-relativistic meth tide binding method uh applied to some material with zero magnetic field and in the presence of magnetic field and there are also some relativistic tide binding method in the presence zero magnetic field. But there are no no such a method which has both spin orbit or in spin orbit interaction and magnetic field. So we thought to develop a new method which contain both relativistic effect or spin orbit interaction and magnetic field. So we develop a method which contain both effect simultaneously.
So this is the non-relativistic tide binding method to find the electronic structure of material uh by using the solener's equation. SI is equals to EI SI is equals to EI where the Hamiltonian of the atom is given by this equation. Uh now the solid equation for the an electron that moves an electric that moves in a crystal with periodic potential is given by last equation in our slide. Uh so after rigorous mathematical calculation we get the Hamiltonian of the matrix by this equation where uh t is the hoping integer. This means coupling strength between the latest sides.
Uh so why need the relativistic relativistic model? Because since the tide binding operation method solve the non-relativistic solenas equation the relative effect like spin orbit interaction and magnetic field are not uh taken into consideration. So in order to have more accurate uh coherent tide binding models uh incorporating both magnetic field and relativistic effect.
So we need uh to start uh from the relativistic uh solid equation called the drag equation.
So we develop the direct Hamiltonian by using the drag equation. The relativity effect light is orbit interaction will inherently included in our calculation. So obtained electronic structure will be relative relativistic electronic structure. So this is one of the no male method which calculate the electronic structure of two dimensional material. Uh so in relativistic tide advantage improvisation we use uh the senious equation is equals to ei where the Hamiltonian is the here the direct Hamiltonian is given by c alpha p beta mc² uh and this is the potential so where alpha and beta are the uh 4 into 4 matrices will which helps the this hamilton Hamiltonian to make the relativistic one. So using blocks theorem and writing the atomic orbital we get the crystal wave function is given last of this equation.
So I do not go mathematical part through uh and after the uh rigorous calculation we get Hamiltonian of this uh matrix. Uh so we apply this method uh this Hamiltonian in uh two conditions uh at origin and and at somewhere else the atom first initially atom is at origin and another is atom at somewhere.
So this is the final equation after much more calculation we get final equation simultaneous equation. This is our uh we apply tight binding method to graphin and we consider unit cell. Unit cell consider two atoms uh at a position rn and r n + di from our origin.
So this is the latest side a we shall this is the mathematical calculation.
uh the we after constructing the Hamiltonian and overlap matrix uh of the nearest neighbor interaction we get the final Hamiltonian and overlap matrix we get the final equation plus it is given uh SI is SI.
So finally we calculate the electronic structure. Uh for before calculating the electronic structure we need the high symmetry point in K space. Uh so we choose the I symmetry point in k space with uh gamma m and k with coordinates is given here. Uh so in our calculation we make the counter counter k gamma mk as chosen.
So this is uh the energy band calculation in our method. Uh at the K point the conduction band and balance band meets with each other zero band. So graphin is also called the zero band semiconductor.
So this figure just so the at direct point we get the two direct cones.
So why magnetic field is because the magnetic field is strongly modify the graphin's property.
So why magnetic field is needed? Because the magnetic field strongly modifies graphin's electronic properties. Uh it help uh to quantize the electron motion.
Uh which is called the land level. Uh it gives the very precise electrical resence standard used in quantum methology. Uh it helps to search the fundamental quantum physics size like direct formion and b phase. Uh it is split the electronic spin into energy level. Control the electron transport by tuning magnetic field. Controls the electron spin for spinronic application and use for quantum electronic devices.
Magnetic sensor and spinronic research.
So this is the we currently exchange before uh we use our method in graphin in the presence of in the absence of magnetic field. Now we are planning to extend extend our method in the presence of magnetic field. Uh left side figure just show in the absence of magnetic field. This is the graph in uh energy band. Uh and after magnetic field the energy band uh looks like in discrete.
So major discovery up to now in graphin is graphin is zero electrical resistance as magnetic twist angle quantum hall effect is observed at room temperature.
Electrons move with exceptionally high speed conductive and nearly transparent for opto electronic. Enables battery charging speed and performance. Enables high speed terahertz communication and imaging.
opens new uh I think it opens new possibility for future quantum technology.
So this is the how the graphin is expected to become one of the most important advanced material for future technology. This graph shows that.
So why graphin is most important?
Because we compare the property of silicon and graphin. So graphins is the silicon has band gap 1.12 electron volt but it has graphin has zero band gap no natural band gap. So it is also called the uh zero band gap semiconductor.
Silicon has the moderate mobility. It has very high and speed is also electron speed is high and is ultra high. It is built. It is two times stronger than steel. Moderate and extremely high thermal conductivity which is rigid silicon. uh but it graphin has flexical and bendable material.
So uh with this much more application it has some also limitation to so it limits uh switching application uh because of the zero band gap large scale production remains much more expensive I think uniform and defect-free growth is very difficult uh metal contact reduces the device performance we hope so so grab devices are difficult to integrate with existing silicon based uh C mess complimentary metal oxide semiconductor technology I think it needs new technology.
So in conclusion uh uh we developed the relative basic tide binding uh method uh which contain both magnetic field and spin orbit coupling effect uh and applied to silicon with zero magnetic field case uh now we are planning to this method to in magnetic field. So gra I think graphin remains one of the most remarkable promising material for future technologies. So understanding this magnetic field may contribute the quantum electronic uh and spinronic devices in future.
Thank you.
Anyone can ask any question.
Thank you for such a giving a lovely speech. Uh now I invited for uh next uh planetary speaker Dr. Shankar Pash Chimora. Now I requested to Dr. Shankut Pash Jima sir to be delivered the lecture here.
Okay. Good afternoon.
First of all, I'd like to thank you for organization committee.
Uh this is my second visit uh in my art and uh this special thanks goes to the organizing committee for their nice hospitality and uh accommodation.
uh I'm going to deliver my talk on the topics Josephson junctions uh which is ultimate devices for AI enhancement.
Uh this is actually why we need this Joseph junction.
uh nowadays uh the present uh situation we are on the era of artificial intelligence that's the reasons uh we should change our the present uh network systems with based on the simos that's the reasons uh we should uh be motivated uh to modify the presence from the network systems. Then artificial intelligence is uh revolutionized the health sector, education, transportation, defense and scientific discovery. However, there is a uh there there is a hidden problem.
The problem are the presence uh uh simo systems networking is the problems and uh artificial intelligence demands the high computation high data processing uh because uh the globally most of the people's most of the organizations are using uh this uh uh new technology artificial intelligence. So there should be the many problems.
uh this requires the thousands of GPUs running continually for weeks or months to train the near uh that means uh [clears throat] for a for a computation we need a long a large number of GPUs or simos systems in order to compute The large number have been duty data uh which AI demands for different for running different modules and the challenge are energy efficiency.
The presence energy efficiency is the uh AI is scaling uh and uh uses of many more silicon devices.
Uh so many researcher are believing to answer.
Uh therefore alternative computing technology capable of delivering higher performance with a dramatically lower energy consumptions must be explored.
Then sir actually scientists or researchers are doing the doing uh for the uh energy efficience and fast computing uh devices. So we need to choose another and then a new competing paradism for a D by D decay the semiconductor induc industry followed Mory's law that Mor's law means uh in years the number of transistor becomes double and then nowadays it becomes uh the uh saturation state. So we have to improve uh the technology computer technology in the new new era uh new dimension.
Today we are approaching the physical limit. That's the reasons uh the major barrier have energies emerging emerges.
First the power wall that is increasing transistor density produces the excessive heat. Then uh today's data centers are producing many significantly high high amount of heat. uh that also affect the even the climate climate temperature and so second the memory was data transfer transfer between the processor and memory consumes the more energy. Yeah, simo systems one process and then uh data transferred to the memory and at that time the energy is used and third is scaling limit.
Furthermore, miniaturizations becomes increasingly difficult and expansive.
Future AI systems require hardware that operate different from traditional computing architecture.
Uh so we need to go the new hardware systems and let's enter into the Josephson junction. Uh sorry for interruption.
Okay. Uh Josephson junction it there is two layer of superconductor separated by a thin insulator.
Uh superconductor I think uh many knows about the superconductor. Superconductor is the material uh either low temperature uh which shows the zero resistivity behavior uh high conduct almost infinitely high conductivity and uh the basic uh things of the superconduct is the Cooper pair. When the temperature load and load and ruin load the then the electrons are uh interact each other to make a cooper pair and new types of the entities that is cooper pair which is completely different in uh the in behavior rather than electrons. Both of them destroy their behavior that is permunic behavior to the bionic behavior. Cooper pair is purely the bionic in nature. uh there is many theories of pairing process uh I'm not going to deep about that anyway uh the cooper pair forms when the temperature is becomes critical becomes lower than the critical value uh so uh the phenomenon is completely different uh the thermodynamic phenomenon electronic phenomenon uh mechanic uh other phenomenon also completely different in the case of the superconducting nature And uh when the Josephson junction based uh is constructed the Josephson junctions are of various type of Joseph junction can be developed. uh that may be the planner Josephson junction, annular Josephson junction, even the linear type of Joseph junction we may call this as the long Josephson junctions you know almost all Joseph's junction the uh different from one Joseph junction to another Joseph junctions in whatever way they forms the behavior are typically different and in general the Josephson junction there are two type of joson effect one is the DC Josephson effect another is AC Josephson effect. Uh in DC Josephson effect the uh current we call the Josephson current flows from one layer to another layer.
Even in the zero bias voltage uh the current flows from the junction uh that is DC effect and another is the when the constant bias voltage is applied the AC current will developed uh that is the uh that is another effect which are given in the figure second and for third and fourth uh when the Joseph Johnson some type of Jose is are irritated irritated ated by the oscillating magnetic field. Then another new types of phenomenon also exist in the Josephson system the that is not displayed here and uh the phenomenon is completely nonlinear and the governing model governing equations are different we call sin Gordon equation at that times I not I didn't mention here but all these Josephson junctions they they can be used uh as electronic device to replace the present electronics devices.
Uh another is Josephson can be model in different way. One is the RCSJ model that is resistively capacitively sedative junction. Then uh each junction each Joseph's junctions can be equivalent into resistive nature and capacitive nature as well as the Josephson part that is typically different from uh these two when uh resistance and capacitor are connected that is RC circuit we say and the mathematics or any derivation uh any uh current rel related is different in case of the Joseph junction. So uh there is a resistive part, capacitor part and Josephson effect part are parall to the capacitor here and this is actually what we call the RC Josephson junctions. The governing equation is given by IB bias current that is IC sin theta is the Joseph part B by R is the uh the current through on the resistance and C DV by DT is the current uh crossing the capacitor part. uh this is actually the model it's a model can be used for the joson to describe the joson effect and another advantage of Josephson uh junctions are Josephson junction can switch in pose second to auto second uh even even less for when we iridated uh by the main field then uh the switching uh mode or even can be decreased from auto second to uh their operating frequencies can reach t or even 100 per 100 of ghz energy dissipation can be significantly lower than conventional transistor. Uh and uh why why little energy is lost? Sorry, very is little energy is lost as a heat in world where energy is consuming is becoming a critical issue. This advantage alone makes a Josephson junction technology is highly attractive.
In case of the energy only the this uh uh only this point also very attractive for this rapid signal uh signal flux transistor logic here actually the entities which uh help us for the uh to replace the bit conventional bit here actually we use the Q bit. Cubit uh can be generated in different way.
In case of the superc conducting systems there are four type of cubit. One is char cubit, transmon cubit. Another is fluxon cubit and cat cubit too. In case of the fluxon or fluxonium cubid the flux uh when in a superconductor the flux quintized in the superconducting devices uh the quantum of flux is flux weight flux flux one and this is given by yes 2 e yes by 2 e yes is the plant constant is the electrons this is actually the entities which plays the vital role indicate the to replace the bit to cubit quantum bit. AI hardware requires massive parallel processing.
Modern AI requires massive parallel processing, fast communication, efficient memory access, adaptive learning. These are the required.
Actually nature has solved this problem by making the brain. Our brain is brilliant.
It consist of 100 billion of neutron 100 trillion of synaptic neuron.
Neuron as the connector uh neuron are the memory processing unit and synaptic are the connector from one neuron to another neuron.
Uh the brain operate only about 20 watt 20 watt power. This inefficiency is extraordinary that is nature have solved the problem of making the uh human intelligence for making you know human intelligence.
Uh the nature had designed our brain using neuron and synaptics like this. So Neuromorphic computing. Neuromorphic computing means we need to deise uh we we need to dei develop or devices hardware that works like brain uh biological neuron system.
Traditional computers separate memory and processing.
In in case of me uh traditional computer first uh process and then store in data in memory and for next process data may take from memory and use for processing that is uh the separate process separately done not at once but brain does not brain do that simultaneously.
uh neuromorphic systems uh attempts to mimic the brain brain behavior brain like behavior. The goal is not merely faster computation but more efficient computation.
Faster is better but first we should prioritize for the efficient efficient computation. precise computation.
The this paradism is considered one of the most promising direction for future AI hardware.
Josephson junction as artificial neuron.
Uh the main advantage are the signals uh obtained in the Josephson junctions remains can controlled the signal may can be can remain at rest generate spikes can osillate can exit exhibit threshold behavior that in case of the jose junction the fluxon and antiflux or fluxonium antiflux ium can super once.
Uh that is actually the uh concept of the sorry quantum computing. In case of the conventional computing system zero and one are in the separate state but in case of the quantum computing zero level and uh one level can superpose it once.
We need such entities which can superpose. In case of the voltage case, voltage low and voltage high case, we cannot superpose the voltage high and voltage low 8 at once. But in case of in case of the cubit, both both situation can be uh superposed at once and so can so we can store more data as compared to the conventional uh system.
Joseph junctions as artificial intelligence.
The Joseph junction can be detached can be used as synapses and neurons.
Synapsis determines the strength of the of connections between the neurons.
Uh super conducting circuit can implement adjustable synaptic weight.
Uh recent Josephson biased Josephson based synapses exhibit plasticity.
Plasticity means once it used it can be continue for uh ever in in the same state.
This is the physical basis of the learning. Therefore, Josephson circuit potentially perform both computation and learning directly in the hardware superconducting neural network.
It its benefit are uh ultra fast operation, massive parallelism, minimal minimal energy consumption because of the low resistance we can uh has have this type of benefit from the superconducting neuron network.
Superconducting neuron network mean Joseph Johnson can be used as a neuron and uh the same uh superconductor can also be used as a synapses by setting the different physical physically or uh controlling the thickness and dimension etc. We can make them as neuron as a synapsis.
This could dramatically accelerate AI application.
Recent breakthrough uh research in the area has accelerated significantly over the last few last last few years. Scientists have demonstrated programmable superconducting neurons.
That programmable means superconducting light not exactly superconducting uh that is uh on the basis of the algorithm uh they are doing so synaptic uh plastic uh in memory computing large scale SFQ single quantum circuit the reset Recent devices have achieved operation operational frequencies exit 40 GHz while consumpt extremely small amount of energy.
This advantage suggests that the practical superconducting AI hardware may become feasible within the comp coming decade that is we need dive into the Josephson junctions. Anyway, uh there are many Josephson Josephson based AI accelerator where these where might these systems be used potentially uh application used scientific computing where large simulations requires enormous computational power then all data centers need this autonomous systems that require real time decision making. Realtime decision making means the processing and memorization should be uh done by simultaneously otherwise it takes times.
Space explorations where power resolution are limited.
So actually in the space systems power is matter does matter because only the solar power can be used as the electricity in the space systems I think. Uh sorry.
Another is defense and security applications.
Data is very large.
Uh as age as AI systems require ultra low energy consumption that is almost approach to the brain like brain-like systems.
synergy with quantum computing.
[snorts] Another fascinating aspect is the connection between Joseph Johnson and quantum computing. Quantum computing is another pioneering technology, pioneering field which we are going we are using uh on the basis of the various algorithm like s growers etc. uh but uh still the quantum computing is not uh has the opportunity for device applicable only the algorithm based quantum computing is going on.
Most superconducting quantum computers use Josephson junctions as their fundamental building blocks.
There is another way of using quantum com using uh cubit in quantum computing that is photonic cubit, laser cubit uh other cubid also can be generated but uh it is uh not very uh energy less consumption as compared to the Josephson junction devices.
Uh so uh so I I wrote I in my titles I wrote ultimate that is ultimate. uh in present days uh the any more research also is going on to further another further uh quantum computing with another type of cubit like photonic qu laser cubit but Josephson junction has four types of cubit I already mentioned that uh one is char cubit transmon cubit uh and foxon cubit.
Next one is cat cubit. Cat cubit is hybrid type of cubit.
Uh but in case of the Josephson junctions depending on the dimension depending on the uh layer thickness uh geometrical parameters we can design the different type of cubit. We can also transit from one cubit to one type of cubid to another type of cubit. That is actually the uh pioneering properties of the Josephson junctions that is the cubit depends on the uh layer thickness dimension dimensions uh etc and even the nature of the material tool.
Uh if you if we use magnesium diabetite then there are the two gap gap not actually like a band gap superconducting gap type of that is ordering they perform in case of some uh superconductor the ordering is one type in case of another state the ordering are one and two types simultaneously then uh two gap three gap superconductor can also be uh developed And some type of superconductor as topological superconductor uh two layer two dimensional superconductor also uh are interesting.
So uh sorry what happened?
the these are actually the superconducting behavior uh what I'm saying that uh actually uh most usable or cubid is the flux zone fluxone Fluxon, antiflux uh these are governed by the sin Gordon equation.
This can be obtained in the long Josephson junction. In case in case of the long Josephson junction there are the fluxction. Fluxion is the cubit for that.
The challenge is still there is still the challenge.
The most uh obvious challenge is creating cooling.
In one way we have the advantages for data processing uh and uh fast computing we have the benefit from one way. On the other hand, there is still the challenge either we need to have the room room temperature superconductor or we need to have the clear unique systems to make a superconducting state of the of our desired material which we choose the materials. What materials we choose? uh depending on that materials we should cool the materials below critical temperature in order to have the superc conducting nature. Uh first of all we fabricate the devices and the devices is in the uh is cooled under the critical temperature below the critical temperature.
Uh superco computer requires very low temperatures.
So fabrication technology are also less matter than simos manufacturer.
Then we have to improve the new technology of for the fabrication. That is that is another challenge. It is also still going on how to set up that type of fabrication technology and new softwares and programs framework must be developed for the present quantum computing. The Grover S algorithm are developed. But when we fabricate the superconducting uh superconductor computation superconducting network systems we should uh develop another type of algorithm someone will may come after that in order to modify the present uh algorithm a new software and programming framework must be developed.
The history of technology. History of technology shows that revolutionary technology often begin with significant engineering.
So in one way there is there are the many benefit but uh in the other way there is also the challenge mentioned like u challenges mentioned like in this slide.
Future road map.
uh looking ahead I envision three stages in the near term that is uh first decade I think hybrid simos superconducting systems will emerge uh we cannot we will not jump directly into the superconducting systems first step wise we should go we should achieve that ultimate uh systems first of all we should uh h we should make the hybrid mode and then in the next uh decade I think I may in the next next decades let me say uh about 2040 the medium terms dedicated superco computing AI accelators may becomes commercial commercially available like the present hardware systems like uh present desktop present uh uh hardware systems, present, mobile system, present any any uh systems will be replaced by the superconducting systems uh uh in the next decade and then in the longer terms large scale neuromorphic superconducting processes neuromorphic superconducting processes means at that stage all the processes uh work I didn't uh almost identically with the brain biological network systems looks like biological network systems.
So this is the break the road map.
The converging of AI superc conductivity and quantum technology may define the next era of computing.
Why Joseph junction may become the ultimate AI devices as which I made uh which I according to my title it is why it is ultimate.
There is other devices also which can be used as a computing systems which can be used as a cubit quantum computing cubit uh as as I said photonic cubit laser cubit and other also we can generate the cubit but why Josephson junction's cubit is ultimate so it has a quantum functionality Other cubid may not be the quantum functionality. Josephson junction is compositively quantum functionality that a little bit change in the parameters.
There is the dramatical change in the entit formation that is I said cubit ultra high speed. It speed is very high.
Ultra low power consumption. The power consumption should meet the uh brain like brain like a power consump only 20 watt is consumed by our brain.
We have to develop uh if we are going to achieve we are going to synchronize the brain like brain like devices systems the power consumption should be near about that limit ultra low power consumption that is a natural neuron like dynamic another is compatible with neuromorphic computing Neuromorphic computing means any data are processing how the how our brain is done by that. Okay, finished means. Uh thank you for your attention. Uh I look forward to your questions and discussions. These are some references and uh uh this is I conclude my uh talk saying that the 20th century was built on semiconductor transistor. The 21st century artificial intelligence be powered by Joseph S. Johnson. That is 21st century is the century of Joseph S.
Johnson. Thank you. Uh any queries?
Thank you sir for giving uh such a lovely uh presentation. Thank you sir.
>> Sir sir sir sir please come on stage sir.
I requested sir.
Sir, I requested to you please come on a stage.
Sir, I requested to you to please come on a stage.
Uh now I requested >> I'm requesting proper real BMAN professor sto for to facilitated with the token of amount as a certificate to sir.
Okay. Now I requested to Dr. Deepender Hamil sir to be come on a stage Dr. the Pendra Ham sir now I requested to Dr. Raj Raju Kunal sir A big round of applause, guys.
Uh now I invited to Dr. Punit Kumar Sastas our next palentry speaker from University of Lucknau in the department of physics. Now mic is yours sir.
Good afternoon.
I'll be uh talking to you about quantum plasma which is the fourth state of matter in the quantum regime.
I am coming from uh Lucknau and I'm working in the department of physics.
This is my department and this is my lab.
This is the work group with me and basically when we talk of plasma we talk of three kinds of plasma. The first one is the classical plasma of which Langur was the pioneer. The second is the dusty plasma of which professor Padmakan Shukla was a pioneer. And the third one is the quantum plasma and professor Manfredi is the poeer in this and I have been fortunate to work with the two legends. So Padmakan Shukla and Manfred is my collaborator.
So when we talk of classical plasma that's a high temperature low density plasma and as the density increases the degeneracy comes into picture and the plasma becomes quantum.
The applications of quantum plasma rise from astrophysical bodies to inertial confinement fusion the semiconductor plasma.
So basically in the white dwarfs and neutron stars and cores of the giant planets we find these quantum plasma.
In the laboratory system we have in the laser produced plasmas in the inertial confinement plasma in the condensed matter system in semiconductors and all the high pressure systems.
Apart from these the uh gluon plasma which was uh generated just after the big bang is also a degenerate quantum plasma and the applications in the future of such plasmas will be in nanotechnological devices in photonic devices in advanced materials and in the fundamental physics while studying the big bang.
So basically the occurrences in the course of the jovian planets the white dw and neutron stars the quantum electron gas quum crystals and all the nano scale devices in the semiconductors the spentronics nanot tubes quantum when this plasma comes in the influence of the magnetic field the spin polarization comes into picture and there are numerous effects the spin affects these quantum plasmas. So the spin polarized environments are the semiconductor plasma, the laser magnetized nano plasma and the spinord ones. So basically when we start to define the quantum plasma it is a high density plasma and the plas it's so much dense that the inter particle distance becomes of the order of the debrogley wavelength and the wave functions overlap then these quantum effects come into picture.
So there are numerous factors like the statistics which govern these plasmas is the fmy direct statistics and the statistical pressure is the fmy pressure. The particle distribution is the firmy direct and this is the book which has been authored by me on quantum plasma. This is a fundamental book in which we have I have tackled right from the basic electronamics to the frontiers of quantum plasma. This had been published last year by Springer.
So why quantum plasma theory is necessary?
We have seen the numerous applications to explain the physics behind this. We need to develop a theory and this is the primary theoretical framework that is required for such kind of plasmas.
There are numerous models but till now the most prominent one was the quantum hydrodnamic model which is a classical model converted into quantum one but since it is not purely quantum and the relativistic effects are not taken into account. The model is classical. So there was a need to develop a quantum model for it and we went for developing a relativistic model for quantum plasma.
So this paper was published last year in the review letters.
So basically we constructed the propagator with the quantum uh equations and these were the uler equations that we came across.
You may notice that all the fields are quantized but we were able to have a quantum system. But one thing you will notice that we took the electromagnetic wave as a wave. But if we want a system to be purely quantum so that wave nature should be absent. So we went further and we constructed a new model taking the electromagnetic field the electromagnetic wave to be a field coming from a photon and the mathematics required was not classical it was a podulki uh photonic field that we took and we developed this model.
So these were the equations, these were the photonic fields.
So apart from developing this model, we went for studying the semiconductor physics the uh from the quantum plasma angle the quantum how the quantum plasma effects govern the semiconductor conductivity and especially the po electric effects because all the sensors now that we are using in the nano electronics are based on po electric crystals.
Secondly, we went for the kapa distribution like professor Anil Bhadwaj was talking in the morning about the plasma distribution uh near the moon. So that's a kapa distribution. So we went for those studies for the uh uh kapa distributed quantum plasmas.
These were some classical studies that we performed with the QHD model.
These are the latest uh uh studies apart from the theoretical uh work that we have done. We have done with the uh study of the millets with the plasma activated water and the how the fuel uh enhancement can be done how the blending of the fuel can be done using a plasma blender. So these are the latest publications which are being published this month only in various journals and the cross-disciplinary applications are the quantum information nanopotonics fusion and acceleration and biio medicine like uh the earlier talk was on artificial intelligence the quantum plasmonics will play a crucial role in developing the quantum computers.
So these are the emerging paradigms.
There's a quantum thermodynamics, cosmology, gravity and machine learning.
And the questions for the future are the we have to go for the non-pert permitive dynamics the classical quantum classical transition then the quantum vacuum engineering that is to be explored and I end my talk with this that the quantum plasma defines matter at its fundamental limits from the origin to the universe to its ultimate destiny. Thank you.
Thank you sir for giving us such a lovely uh and knowledgeful lecture. Now I requested to professor uh AK Shivasta sir and professor solo sir to come on the stage and facilitate to Dr. Punit Shivasta sir.
Now guy a big round of applause for Dr. Punisho sir delivering a such good lecture on the quantum physics.
Uh so now lunch is ready to be uh now the section is getting be ended.
Now lunch is ready. Now go for lunch.
The online section should also be ended here. The ceremony was about distribution ceremony started at 1:00 after the lunch 1:30.
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