The Fake Economy: How Lies Became a Trillion-Dollar Industry

Ajouté : 2026-04-28

[00:00:01]As misinformation and so-called fake news continues to be rapidly distributed on the internet, our reality has become [clears throat] increasingly shaped by false information. [music] The so-called fake news and fake news you are fake news. Discussions of democracy and [music] discussions of propaganda have always gone together. The digital space in general, when websites were sort of [music] coming about, had a massive change. Social changed things even more in the sense that there was a lot that people could come across by chance and by others sharing [music] with them. If we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, >> [music] >> then we have problems.

[00:00:36]You know, what does it mean to be a literate citizen in today's world? And from our [music] perspective, it's media literacy, right? We really need to understand all of [music] our communication tools, all the different types of technology. We have to be able [music] to consume and create using all of them.

[00:00:55]Imagine if you walked into a library [music] today and instead of everything being arranged, there were 2 million pieces of paper just flying around in here and you grab one of them and you had no idea who wrote it, who financed it. Is it legitimate? Is it illegitimate? That's the internet.

[00:01:14]>> [music] >> You know, it seems hard to imagine that democracy can function that well when there's widespread disagreement on basic facts. [music] The daily avalanche of legitimate news from cable TV, social media, and endless websites often includes news reports that look real, but are actually jokes or [music] hoaxes and propaganda. Given the volume of news available, how can the average person separate fact from fiction?

[00:01:54]>> [music] >> The world saw several fatalities at Sandy Hook Elementary both students and staff.

[00:02:00]The Sandy Hook [music] Elementary School shooting shocked the country and for a moment, like other tragic [music] events in our recent history, brought the country together.

[00:02:10]Unfortunately, it [music] didn't take long before Alex Jones, the founder of InfoWars, began to peddle a conspiracy theory about the shooting. Jones has repeatedly claimed the massacre was a giant hoax carried out by [music] crisis actors in a broad scheme to trample on Second Amendment rights. Whether Jones' actions were motivated by greed, [music] malice, or as he later claimed, psychosis, his story exposed [music] the risks of misinformation in a deeply divided environment where the breaking news cycle is thriving and [music] tech companies control how we receive and distribute information.

[00:02:49]Two families of children who died in the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary shooting are now suing radio host Alex Jones for defamation. The controversial host of InfoWars has long suggested the media faked information about the shooting. I stayed Sandy Hook. The evidence is just overwhelming. It took me about a year with Sandy Hook to come to grips with the fact that the whole thing was fake.

[00:03:12]It's almost political theater. It's, you know, agitprop kind of performance art in the most bastardized and sadistic way. They've got the kids going in circles in and out of the building with their hands up. I've watched the footage and it looks like a drill. Ultimately, someone like Alex Jones, given the architecture of the internet, is probably going to make more money as an outrage influencer than he would as a small local news organization. It's not actually about children anymore. It's stripped of any notes of empathy or sympathy or cognitive understanding about how things happen, but what happens is there's an alternate framing that attempts to make sense out of, you know, an event in a way that fits their own worldview. Given how crazy this stuff seems, why is it that people could come to believe it? Shouldn't our reasoning abilities allow us to to see that this content is obviously not true?

[00:04:14]This classic effect from cognitive psychology called the illusory truth effect is the finding that just hearing a statement repeated makes it seem more plausible.

[00:04:32]We have people read some stories, then do some distractor tasks, fill out some random surveys for 5 minutes, and then we have them rate the accuracy of a bigger set of stories, some of which we showed them in the beginning and some of which we didn't. And they rate the ones that we showed them at the beginning as more accurate than the ones that don't.

[00:04:50][music] If they hadn't seen the headline before, about 18% of the headlines got rated as true. But if they had just been shown it 5 minutes earlier, that went up to 24%.

[00:05:01]When it comes to the kind of partisan misinformation that circulates on social media, which is what we've been focusing on, it's really not that reasoning powers are getting hijacked, it's just that people are not bothering to reason in the first place. And people are just kind of going with their intuitive gut responses and what we found is when people stop and think a little bit more, they're actually a substantially better at telling what's true versus false.

[00:05:26]>> [music] >> One perspective of fake news when it comes to democracy is that it's just about electoral manipulation. It's about like duping [music] voters and trying to steal elections. I think fake news [music] and its effects are powerful, but also much more sophisticated and and a little bit more subtle than that. [music] We're here today to discuss online imposters and disinformation.

[00:05:56]Researchers generally define misinformation as information that is false, but promulgated with sincerity by a person who believes it [music] is true.

[00:06:06]Disinformation, on the other hand, is shared with a deliberate intent [music] to deceive.

[00:06:12]Members of the committee, thank you for having me here today. [music] As you know, this problem is nuanced and complex. I've been looking at disinformation campaigns [music] for many years. I want to highlight that while we tend to focus on fake content, the most sophisticated actors I have seen operate online actually [music] tend to use authentic content weaponized against their targets. [music] Today, I think there's so many different ways that an organized group can manipulate a conversation.

[00:06:43]What we use internally is called ABC framework. And basically what it says is there are three different ways in which something could be disinformation.

[00:06:52]It can be disinformation because it's deceptive actors, right? [music] Perhaps it looks like it's a just normal activist, but in reality it's a >> [music] >> Russian military officer. That's a deceptive actor. Or it could be disinformation because of a deceptive behavior, right? [music] Perhaps the actor is exactly who they say they are, but the way the campaign is amplified, the way the message is amplified, is what makes it disinformation. [music] That's when you use a troll farm in order to like flood the internet with messages to make it look like there's some collective action, but really there is there is not, right? It's coordinated. And then there's C for content. [music] Sometimes the content itself is deceptive, right? It could be a fake image. It could be a fake video, something in which the content itself >> [music] >> is the vector for deception. So, in reality it's a lot of different ways [music] to do disinformation.

[00:07:49]In the run-up to the 2020 presidential election, the United States is headed into what could be one of the most extraordinary years of claims and counterclaims, misinformation, and a renewed public perception that our democracy and truth itself are under attack. When we asked Americans about made-up news themselves, is that 50% say that it's a very big problem facing the country today. And that places it above things like the environment or terrorism or some of these other major issues. So, they definitely see it as a very big problem. They think it's getting in the way of the country being able to function well, of leaders being able to effectively make decisions and do their work, of Americans being able to stay informed about current events. This is not a simple problem and it's not a new problem. It's the problem that so much of democratic political theory in its 2,000-plus years has been devoted to addressing.

[00:08:47]>> pandemic of malicious fake news.

[00:08:50]>> We know that the Russians were promulgating fake news through Facebook and other outlets. The expression [music] fake news is a terrible expression and should never be used.

[00:08:59]Fake news suggests that there's some new thing that wasn't there before. What we face is the problem of propaganda.

[00:09:07]>> [music] >> Propaganda as a concept begins at the very beginning [music] of discussions of democratic political philosophy. In the 20th century, we have propaganda arising in the First World War. In wartime, propaganda is always needed in order to represent the enemy as some uncommon villain that is so beyond the pale and so fearsome that you need to risk your life in order to protect your family. Then we have the National Socialists who turned propaganda into an art form.

[00:09:44]>> [music] >> So, the problem of propaganda has always been central to any discussion of democracy because democracy allows people to say what they want. Plato, in Book 8 of The Republic, says that democracy will lead immediately to tyranny because democracy has at its core freedom of speech.

[00:10:05]You can't have democracy without the freedom of speech. How do we [music] deal with this consistently with remaining a democracy? So, this is the central problem of democracy.

[00:10:24]We can actually remove a lot of the partisan politics [music] from this and say it's not about the left, it's not about the right, it's about [music] being able to trust your sources of information. The public puts most of that [music] onus on journalists and the news media to sort of solve that problem of made up news. Although, >> [music] >> most of the public thinks it will get worse over the next 5 years than think it will get better.

[00:10:49]>> [music] >> Decades earlier, we could all rely on and trust the fact that what news anchors were telling us on television was socially accepted [music] fact. But, with the rise of social media and going from web 1.0 to 2.0 to web 3.0 [music] where anyone can create a social footprint that mirrors that of a media organization, [music] the ability to trust that information is almost completely lost on us.

[00:11:21]As tech giants and media conglomerates fight for control of the 24-hour cycle, independent [music] newspapers, the backbone of local and regional journalism, remain the most trusted source of news around the country.

[00:11:34]Is it the threat of Russian [music] maneuvering or the death of trusted local journalism that poses the biggest risk to reliable news in America? Even [music] the best local newspapers have struggled to fully adapt their business models and newsrooms to this new media landscape. Thousands of reporters and editors have been cut in [music] the past decade, greatly diminishing the capacity of independent newspapers to consistently cover their communities in depth.

[00:12:00]The Gazette has been around for 125 years. We just celebrated our 125th and it has been a family newspaper the whole time. Right now, we're owned and controlled by a brother and a sister. We really, I think, are the quintessential, you know, locally owned family business.

[00:12:19]It's definitely the worst it's ever been in terms of questioning whether the media is is in bed with somebody or is corrupt.

[00:12:29]>> When you ask questions about trust, you'd see you ask about local news organizations and they tend to get the highest level of trust from Americans about 25% that would say they have a lot of trust.

[00:12:40]National drops down to close to 20%, but when you ask about social media specifically, you're down in the single digits when it comes to trust.

[00:12:49]There's still not a lot of understanding once you pull back the curtain on the newspaper business or I'd say the media business in general. As a reporter, I don't have an opinion, it's not my job to have an opinion.

[00:13:00]Um you know, my job is just to present the facts.

[00:13:06]A newspaper has an opinion section, which is different than editorial section. Not many people understand that that's not the opinion of the reporters, which is a small group of people who form those. Head southwest on Maxon Road extension toward Vanderburg.

[00:13:21]>> Schenectady is uh it's classic American Rust Belt city.

[00:13:25]A lot of the you know, sub the housing stock in some of the city's neighborhoods is substandard. We've been reporting on on these issues because several prominent buildings have been condemned.

[00:13:36]And we find that people are still living there despite safety issues, but where can they go if they're if they're low income? You know somebody's home because we saw them come out as we were driving by.

[00:13:52]Just kids inside. This is local reporting, man. It's a lot of just waiting on people's porches and being inconvenient.

[00:14:03]>> [music] >> Our paper, like a lot of papers, once upon a time made a lot of profit from from our print advertising [music] business. We had tons of very loyal advertisers. There was this shift to digital journalism. We were slow to respond.

[00:14:18]>> The digital space in general, when websites were sort [music] of coming about, had a massive change to the way news was structured and sort of breaking up that bundle. But, social [music] changed things even more in the sense that there was a lot more that that people could come across by chance and by others sharing with them. Sort of sort of that network [music] of sharers and the bumping into news as opposed to sort of one specific time I was going to sit down and take it in through this [music] dedicated, organized fashion.

[00:14:46]>> fewer resources, that's a reality. We have fewer far fewer editors.

[00:14:51]>> And so, there's in many cases in newsrooms far fewer [music] staff than used to exist. And the news cycle itself has become minute by minute.

[00:15:00]>> Breaking news tonight, the drama unfolding on Capitol [music] Hill. We are breaking in on a very busy news day.

[00:15:05]Busy news night, busy news week.

[00:15:07]Fast-moving developments on fast-moving fires. [music] Breaking news And so, there's a constant feel of the need to stay up to date with whatever is breaking or happening at the moment. And with fewer staff, being able to sort of turn away and spend time on a [music] focused, dedicated story becomes harder for news organizations to be able to do.

[00:15:27]It would be impossible to understand today's news environment without understanding the role and impact of satire and late-night comedy in the current 24-hour news cycle. Thank you.

[00:15:39]And what kind of real news have you heard out there?

[00:15:44]We've always wanted to do an exhibit about the power of satire and free expression in the First Amendment and this gave us a perfect opportunity to do it. What better moment than the year before a major presidential election to talk about the power of politics and satire. And now, for our continued, comprehensive coverage of the final blow.

[00:16:05]>> [music] >> You're out of order. He's out of order.

[00:16:10]This whole trial is sexy.

[00:16:14]President Clinton's historic impeachment trial begins Thursday and the most important issue facing the United >> It does seem like a very innocent time back 20 years ago when Jon Stewart started doing his show and people dubbed him fake news because they weren't real journalists. They were doing sort of reporting. They were interviewing people, they were gathering facts and adding humor to it and people called it fake news. Well, that term has become a much more malevolent term these days.

[00:16:40]Waterboarding is how we baptize terrorists.

[00:16:52]Huh?

[00:16:55]We start this exhibit actually back at the beginning of our country. British colonists were making fun of the British rule and of King George. So, sort of that element of wanting to make fun of people in power is part of our American DNA. And so, Jon Stewart comes on the scene in 1999 and kind of makes it into a real cultural powerhouse.

[00:17:19]>> [music] >> I think it evolved. Early on was doing, I guess you could kind of say a little bit that juvenile humor that, you know, is so much a part of you know, shows like Saturday Night Live and others. And then, he really kind of twisted it to kind of get it into like, let's talk about some more important issues. Well, that See, that's what [music] I want to get to is that that vision of what 21st century government looks like [music] outside of the politization of it. How do you Individuals have to be really careful about the way [music] that they experience information. Does the headline support the facts? Is the story even a legitimate story? You have to ask, what's the source of this information? Does this sound exaggerated? Does this sound ridiculous?

[00:18:06]And then, search a little bit more, review it and think critically about it.

[00:18:09]And I think that's what shows like The Daily Show and John Oliver and Sam Bee and Hasan Minhaj are trying to get people to do. Take a look at the facts and then really think about it. Really look at the hypocritical nature that politicians [music] have in some cases.

[00:18:24]Really ask hard questions about the information that you're getting and about the people who are telling you things.

[00:18:33]If I walk over there and sit next to Mr. Johnson and carry my phone, does Google know that I was sitting here and then I moved over there?

[00:18:44]I genuinely don't know without knowing what's up.

[00:18:47]>> you don't know.

[00:18:49]I think Google obviously does. Are you familiar with the General Data Protection Regulation by the European >> I think the fear of what happened with the social media platforms, the fear that people now have of like privacy issues and data mining and all of these things has just led people to find ways to counteract the problems that we're seeing and a lot of people are turning to media literacy and the media literacy educators and community to be that answer. Um okay, so first things first, can let's get your folders.

[00:19:24]It's kind of a new, enhanced version of literacy, right? So, it's really asking the question, what does it mean to be a literate citizen in today's world?

[00:19:33]>> The idea is that you're teaching people to not just learn how to read and write, but you're learning you're teaching them how to be able to negotiate all sorts of media forms.

[00:19:43]>> All of our communication tools, all the different types of technology, we have to be able to consume and create using all of them. If you're going to start teaching about reading and writing, you should be teaching about how the digital environment operates and you know, you should be teaching all of that with an eye towards critical understanding.

[00:20:02]>> [music] >> As students spend more and more time in the digital [music] world, the concept of digital citizenship is seen as an important area of educational knowledge, [music] not only in the United States, but around the world.

[00:20:18]>> [music] >> So, digital learning, the general definition, is any type of learning that incorporates technology usage within it.

[00:20:24]Or a more practical use of digital learning, or how digital learning is more formally known across education, is in the [music] type of practices of teaching kids how to use computers in a responsible and respectful manner. Go ahead and minimize the game so that we can see your code, Maya. And team, let's get ready to share some shout-outs and suggestions for Maya. I see several students want to give you a shout-out and suggestion. They don't know how to use this technology. [music] And when they get online and you start to use the internet, there's a whole world that's open to them, right?

[00:20:52]There's so many things that they're exposed to. And there's so many things that they can explore. [music] And unfortunately, without the proper guidance, kids tend to make bad decisions. They tend to not understand how their actions in the internet will affect them later on in their life. A lot of times we have the misconception that because our kids are so exposed [music] to technology, that they automatically know how to use it and know what to do. And that is false. Kids need [music] guidance in how to use the technology just like anything else.

[00:21:19]As we examine the role of media literacy in the lives of our children, we must also reconsider [music] its position in the lives of our parents and grandparents who've witnessed the drastic shift from a print culture to a social media culture, vulnerable to similar [music] threat. I think that there is something very much to be said about the generational gap of how people have used the internet over time. I remember using Napster as a kid and also understanding like what is above board and what is not. You know, for older generations, and this is what we've seen in a lot of the academic literature, there is more of kind of a susceptibility or vulnerability to um kind of consuming more of it and then also over time believing it. And that's not to say that older generations are searching for this content by any means, they are being targeted repeatedly. Over 65, that population shared more fake information than any other population during the 2016 election. And I think culturally and generationally, they grew up in a time where, you know, if you read it, it was true. Right? So, I'm going to rest my finger where it says open 7 days a week.

[00:22:34]Right on the word open and I'm going to let go.

[00:22:38]And now what I've done is The dirty word that nobody wants to use is ageism, right? We live in a society where we have a bombardment of negative stereotypes about people who are older and we have uh kind of accepted that somehow we're going to segregate our society on the basis of age. You know, maybe 15 or 20 years ago, seniors and older adults were driving a lot of our community and and our civic dialogues.

[00:23:01]So, when you went to a a public meeting or a a political event, it was 70-year-olds who were often the people that had the experience and the confidence to speak out on policy issues. But today we've had this sort of moment where all of those dialogues have shifted online and a lot of the tools and environments that people are using are now digital. The speed at which technology changes um puts a challenge on us as a population and as a society to continue to educate people outside of formal education. So, the question is how do we how do we teach, you know, how do we deal with that divide because it's there.

[00:23:37]I read, I learn how to do things that I'm interested in. If I'm looking for news, I go to look for news stories that I'm interested in. I use it, you know, for my daily life.

[00:23:50]Pulling that right handle either to the right and down or What we need today is to get seniors trained and empowered and included in the digital conversations about our country and our communities' futures so that they can bring those perspectives back in. I think that a lot of media literacy education is focused on messages and the importance of interpreting messages and being mindful of the messages that you create. Or her claim is that we perceive the printed word as more credible than the visual text. Do we agree with that?

[00:24:29]One of the reasons I love media literacy, I love teaching media literacy, I love talking about media literacy, is because it is so broad and there's so many different ways to practice it. But of course, that makes it hard to scale, right? Cuz I can't just go into a school district and say, "This is the way you have to do media literacy."

[00:24:50]Um with that said though, the fact that it is adaptable, the fact that it can be flexible for different communities and different contexts, is a positive.

[00:24:59]>> [music] >> When we're online, we already have the notion that a lot of things are like fake news or like not every we can't like trust what we see online. Okay. But when it comes to printed, I feel like there's so many people that look over it over and over and over again before [music] it gets printed. So, I feel like I guess it's it may not even be 100% true that printed has more accurate news, but I think it's a perceived notion that it is. It's a very interesting point that you just made.

[00:25:24][music] The process that something like this goes through to get to print versus the ease at which we can share information online, [music] I think it's a it's an excellent point.

[00:25:35]The challenges of scaling media literacy often kind of show up in this idea of, "Oh, teachers have too much to do."

[00:25:42]Teachers that are, you [music] know, in elementary school or middle school or high school in the United States have so much on their plate that they can't also on top of it give [music] them media literacy to teach. So, the way that we frame it is [music] media literacy is a way to teach, it's not a subject to teach.

[00:26:00]What's been so interesting about the fake news conversation and the misinformation and disinformation conversation is that we're making an assumption that the problem is the misinformation and disinformation. The problem is much broader than that. Even if we eliminated everything that's fake, even if if Facebook could magically, you know, make all the disinformation disappear, we would still need media literacy. We still have so much to understand. We we should have always been asking questions around journalism just because It's hard to unify the country though with the news media being so split up. Ever said anything negative. He won't answer that. He doesn't doesn't represent He does not represent the president and he doesn't People tend to be connected to other similar-minded people and so then that that can lead to polarization uh because, you know, if the two separate groups are only talking to each other, they can, you know, sort of get feedback loops where they get more and more extreme. If you have two parties in echo chambers, but one party is able to draw some members of the other party into their own echo chamber, then the people that get drawn in, even though they don't like that party, they're more likely to vote in that direction because they think everybody else is going to vote that way. But it is important to point out what is a blatant left-wing double standard in this country. The hypocrisy [music] on the Republican side for the last few years, I I can't even fathom.

[00:27:27]>> [music] >> As adults continue to find new ways to disagree, some kids are working hard to learn better ways to communicate and debate the more challenging topics of our time.

[00:27:37]The New Haven Urban Debate League, [music] a student organization at Yale University, provides free debate and communication skills, [music] critical thinking, teamwork, and advocacy that students will use for the rest [music] of their lives. This practice is a little bit different than than most of our practices just because we're done in terms of tournament for the semester.

[00:27:58]Um it's going to be a little bit more laid back. We'll go over what we saw in the last tournament and kind of uh what we learned a lot of it. They want to win the round and they want to succeed. So, even if that means arguing against something they really believe in, they're going to try their best to see the argument from that side. So, I think in that way the the competitive drive is helpful.

[00:28:25]So, you guys know that we're that was it. That was our last tournament of the semester.

[00:28:30]>> [applause] >> Debate is, you know, exactly what fights polarization. We have two kids debating against two kids. They get about 15 minutes to prep their arguments before they debate against each other. Uh they don't get to choose which side of the argument they're on. Um the issues that we give them, we talk about them in advance. Um but they don't actually know the resolution, what they're arguing until right before the round. Debate is learning how learning about both sides of the argument. Um so, you know, no matter what you believe in, you're going to have to get up and talk about something um and and try your hardest to win the argument from that side. Like it let's say that, you know, you get something wrong online about like a political candidate or something. That can affect how you vote in elections and that can like really damage the um like kind of coherency of of our news sources. There's a competitive incentive to win, so you're trying your hardest to find the best arguments for and against your position. And our first contention was that uh banning fake news or censoring fake news destroys the purpose of social media.

[00:29:34]So, we defined Awesome. Okay, so if you have notes from your last round, we're going to do like a quick look at how their final round went and what they said, the arguments that they made, and then we'll go over into what everybody else did, if that's good. How did everyone else at.

[00:29:49]>> [music] >> Debate is about being able to justify your opinions. So, you know, I remember in high school having really strong opinions [music] about things and then you go into a debate and you really have to explain why. Um and so I think that gives [music] people a really healthy way of looking at their own opinions and the opinions of others. And I think also a really [music] really important part of debate is learning effective communication. Um I see a lot of adults who get very riled up when they speak about [music] something that they believe in and they they, you know, they jump to arguments that really aren't arguments and they start jabbing at others. And and what I've learned is it's not just learning [music] the information, understanding how to utilize that, how to process it very quickly. It's also how to affect how to very effectively communicate that. So, you know, not only are you getting your point across, but you're creating a good conversation. I think we're very aware that we are the generation that is going to see the consequences [music] of what happens to our democracy, what happens to our planet. Um and there is a growing [music] sense of urgency. It's really up front and personal in terms of in terms of them realizing that, you know, things that they're debating right now are things that are [music] in their hands currently. At the same time, I could be doing something about this if I wanted to because I can tell right now that I have the brainpower to be doing something about this. So, maybe I should. The work [music] that they're doing for an extracurricular activity kind of forces them to look at to look at reality.

[00:31:14]You know, we look around the industry and we're I mean, for lack of a better word, horrified about what we see in in terms of, you know, involvement of hedge funds or or anybody who maybe is interested in the business for a purely business standpoint. The Daily Gazette has about 200 employees altogether. It's a mix of part-time and full-time.

[00:31:37]We still have to, you know, pay attention to the finances, but we're also exploring other avenues and we're not alone in this about finding ways to pay for reporters and staff members through various grant money. Right now, we're in discussions with a few different um philanthropies. So, we're looking at all these kind of models um that that might help.

[00:32:00]We're going to do as long as we can do it and um we're going to try to, you know, do it independently as much as possible. Uh the traditional media forgot two things in the last 20 years.

[00:32:10]First of all, they forgot that their content is valuable and therefore if it's valuable, they should not be giving it away for free. Once you give it away for free, you become solely dependent on advertising, which brings us to the second problem, which is if you're solely dependent on advertising, the most important thing is to have some catchy or deceptive headline in order to get a page view. Capitalism makes news deviate from their mission. Under successful democratic times, the news is boring. People are making concessions.

[00:32:46]One group wants this, another group wants this. The politician says, "Okay, everybody can have half of what they want." No one's going to turn on the news to watch that. There is no money to be made in straightforwardly doing your democratic job.

[00:33:01]>> And it's only [music] $4.99 per month.

[00:33:04]Now you can watch One American News Network live [music] anytime, anywhere in the world. Go to our Facebook page and click here to become a supporter today. One of the things about the architecture of the internet is that it provides a series of spaces for content creators to monetize not only the content that they create, but also the visitors that they bring to those websites. But if this bill were to pass, would this uh prohibit the sale of the Bible that teaches these things about sexual morality?

[00:33:34]Well, literally according to how this law is written, yes, it would. This is The misinformation factory model is so successful because it can be easily replicated, [music] streamlined, and often requires very little expertise to operate. Meanwhile, legitimate local news organizations, >> [music] >> which often rely on similar ad-supported infrastructure and industries for their livelihood, are suffering. [music] So, often times a lot of the hyper-partisan social media pages and sites that portray [music] themselves as news-like, but are actually just pushing disinformation, are able [music] to use social media to bring people to the website, which then brings them money through paid [music] banner advertisements that are usually programmatically placed by big ad exchanges [music] like Google. The structure of the social networks controls what information you have access to. People who get into it for [music] political reasons can make it much more of their career >> [music] >> because of the financial prospects that are often involved.

[00:34:44]>> Sometimes, what you really need is just good investigative journalism, right? A lot of these campaigns are exposed by investigative journalists and by the media and what they've done is to follow the money, is to pick up the phone, is to try and understand who's really behind something.

[00:35:01]>> [music] >> I 100% support everyone's right to free speech, but freedom of speech [music] doesn't mean you're entitled to profit from that work. We've entered an era where brands don't know where their ad dollars are going. When a brand purchases an ad with Google, it uses [music] an algorithm based on keywords to target consumers.

[00:35:25]However, sometimes these ads can be placed on websites that are unfavorable without the brand [music] knowing. There was a study that came out earlier this year from the Global Disinformation Index that found that $235 million every year [music] is going to fund disinformation. Each dollar that's going to fund disinformation is a dollar that is not going to fund [music] legitimate sources of news and that's really prob- problematic. The other thing is that brands never asked to be on disinformation [music] sites. So, how is it that that much money is going towards disinformation? There's something up.

[00:36:02]I went on uh Breitbart uh news, breitbart.com, for the first time um after hearing about it throughout the election cycle and I wanted to see for myself what this website was about. And when I went on the site for the first time, I was shocked to see ads for uh brands and companies that I shop with, that I um that I frequent, that I'm a customer of, advertising on this website. And I I had a hunch, a very strong feeling, that they had no idea they were on um on this website. So, uh I started by writing a Medium article, um like just a blog post online, um bringing attention to the fact and uh and that's how I met my partner, Matt Rivitz, who uh who'd already started an account couple weeks before called Sleeping Giants. We would just take a screenshot of their ad on Breitbart. We would, you know, we would just tweet at them with that screenshot saying, "Hey, did you know you're appearing on this racist website?" And uh and it really was just a question. Uh it turns out nobody knew. Not a single brand was aware that their ads were were appearing on that site, but almost across the board, they were horrified to find out that they were. So, um we we generally got responses pretty quickly. Um brands would just It it was Twitter, so they would just respond to us saying, "You know, thanks for letting us know. We will be sure to take it down." Breitbart lost [clears throat] 90% of its ad revenue within 3 months.

[00:37:22]Um it hit them really hard. Uh we had no idea we were that effective. What we did know is that uh brands were slowly sort of waking up to where their advertising was going.

[00:37:34]>> [music] >> When they sign up and turn on their Google ads or their Facebook ads, those companies have promised them that they will not serve their ads on any website or any publication that is objectionable or hateful. Um and they've they've really reneged on that promise.

[00:37:50]>> [music] >> With Breitbart, that was the first time that a lot of brands understood this, but um with the bigger problem here that that that I see is that there's hundreds of thousands >> [music] >> of more Breitbarts out there that tech companies are not doing anything about, that they're not paying attention to.

[00:38:06]And unfortunately, a lot of brands still don't understand [music] um just how massive this problem is.

[00:38:12]Uh I think on a more structural level, you know, this is about freedom of speech versus freedom of reach.

[00:38:19]>> [music] >> Um do you have the right to say something online?

[00:38:23]Sure, one could argue that. However, [music] do you have the right to monetize and amplify it by breaking the rules? That is an area that I think that we can make significant progress [music] on. You know, we have a lot more power than we did um 5 or 10 years ago.

[00:38:41]Consumers need to understand that we we can make that difference just by speaking up. There's definitely this tension in the United States between the freedom to access and publish information and the desire to have, you know, the the the issue of made-up news somehow be addressed. And there's a a real tension that exists there. And in most cases, um when we asked, the public did not want the government to take these kinds of steps if it was going to be a risk to the freedom to access and publish information. They were more willing for technology companies to do so.

[00:39:14]One man with [music] total control of billions of people's stolen data, all their secrets, their lives, their futures.

[00:39:22]As you may have already realized, this is not Mark Zuckerberg.

[00:39:26]Computer-generated videos like this one are known as [music] deepfakes after a 2017 Reddit user of the same name began posting doctored videos on the site.

[00:39:36]>> to address their concerns, their hopes, and their dreams. [music] Obviously, the the potential for serious harm of these deep fakes is quite great on elections, international states, for diplomatic [music] purposes, and even for our private lives. That's why we as a country need to take swift action and invest in the research and the tools for identifying and combating [music] deep fakes, and create a national strategy immediately, especially for electoral integrity and ahead of the 2020 presidential election. We already know of [music] Russia's intentional campaign to spread disinformation throughout the last one, and I don't even want to imagine what Russia [music] or China or just private players, the havoc they could wreak on our elections and on personal lives. Cheryl, for bringing attention [music] to the problems of deep fake technology.

[00:40:19]And go Navy, beat Army. So, I will say media manipulation is really not a new thing. As I mentioned, you know, this we have some examples in the 1860s.

[00:40:31]That was about 20 years after the first photography was ever made for in human history. You know, about 100 years later, with the computers, with internet, and digital camera, we have Photoshops, and then we start to see fake fake photographs, and and making photograph photographs is much easier.

[00:40:49]You know, First Company is one famous example where they actually put company into this video sequence.

[00:40:57]Congratulations. How do you feel?

[00:40:59]I got to pee.

[00:41:01]I believe he said he had to go pee.

[00:41:03]Making fake videos are difficult, but it's also possible. So, it's usually what Hollywood big studios can make them with big budgets. My general research interest is in computer vision and machine learning with a special focus on digital media forensics.

[00:41:21]Which is essentially tell if a piece of digital media, including image, video, or audio, it has been manipulated digitally in some way.

[00:41:32]With the abundance of online media which we share, anyone is a potential target of a deep fake attack. Blinking is a subconscious activity that normal person usually blinks between, you know, 8 seconds, [music] 6 seconds to 10 seconds. And if you have a longer video that nobody that person doesn't stop blink, this [music] probably give out some kind of some some cue that this this may not be a real video. The face, the heart is moving in 3D, but the face is actually pasted on with a 2D transform. And the 2D transform always some discrepancy. Well, I think there's no [music] doubt that this technology going to grow as the year as as time goes [music] by.

[00:42:19]And there's a huge amount of interest actually on this on the research side of generating more realistic images [music] as close as possible to human voice or human faces. It can be used in [music] either good way or bad way, depends on who's going to use it.

[00:42:42]It's really hard to give a sense of the growing and global scale of the issue, but here are a few recent examples.

[00:42:48]Today, a report by my colleagues over at the Oxford Internet Institute highlighted that more than 70 countries currently use computational propaganda techniques to manipulate public opinion online.

[00:43:00]Since October 2018, Twitter has disclosed information around more than 25,000 accounts associated with information operations in 10 different countries. On Facebook, over 40 million users have followed pages that Facebook has taken down for being involved in what they call coordinated inauthentic behavior. Now, politicians increase their spends, increase their budget for social media operations. And there's a budget for the legitimate official campaigns. So, these are the maintenance of the official profile on Facebook, but also Instagram, and Twitter, and YouTube. But they also have budget for these underground black ops operations where it's about creating these communities. In reality, if I'm a government trying to manipulate social media, what I want to do is I really want to hide inside organic groups of people, right? And it's going to be really hard to go and look at a group and say, "Actually, those accounts are are not real people, are not part of an organic campaign. They're part of an information operation that a state is conducting. So, in order to do that, we look at patterns at a large scale because if you have a small number of accounts who are trying to replicate the organic diversity of a large number of accounts, [music] there are different ways in which they're going to fail. And we say, "Okay, well, that campaign doesn't move like an organic campaign [music] of people just coming online together." And so, sometimes you have, >> [music] >> you know, a campaign with people who are behind it who didn't try to hide there much. And so, for instance, you can look at the email addresses that are behind an account or the IP address when they're coming from. But sometimes it can be really difficult because you can have actors who are really keen to hide their identities.

[00:45:01]In cybersecurity, we call it opsec, operational security. [music] It can be very difficult to tell who's behind an account. Digital forensics can be can be can be quite hard in some cases. To what's being called a bold move by Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announcing plans to ban all political ads as the 2020 campaigns ramp up. Would I be able to run advertisements on Facebook targeting Republicans in primary saying that they voted for the Green New Deal?

[00:45:28]I mean, if you're not fact-checking political advertisements, I'm just trying to understand the bounds here.

[00:45:33]What's fair game?

[00:45:34]>> Congresswoman, I I don't know the answer to that off the top of my head. I think So, you don't know if I'll be able to do that. You know, we we talk about the disruptions in media climate over the past 15 years, and you know, Facebook has been a huge contributor to that. You know, it's the the fact that it's played like a universal role in people's lives. What is the right intervention here? And one advocate is, "Let's just ban these people. Let's just take this down. Let's lobby Facebook to invest in content moderation." Which is precisely about finding like hurtful words and banning those people forever from the platform.

[00:46:12]And we say that that's important. That's one component of it, but [snorts] that's also about taking down content and fake news that is already out there. And it's already out in the wild, that has already been circulated, right? This could be easily weaponized, particularly in communities, in national contexts where there's authoritarian aspiring leaders. I think Duterte has taken out all the rules. He has green-lighted extrajudicial executions. He has harassed and bullied opponents. He's insulted the president of the United States and the United Nations. We see this in Malaysia, we see this in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines where there are attempts to regulate fake news, and the solution to fake news is actually even [music] worse than the actual disease. To actually silence the opposition, to muffle people who are expressing [music] political dissent. And that's why in our research we're trying to argue against content [music] regulation, which we can't rely on the government to tell us what is fake news or [music] not. And so, the trust level, that sort of gut reaction to trusting the news I get on social media is very low. We also ask about sort of, "Do you think it's generally accurate [music] or inaccurate?" And you have more people that would say it's largely inaccurate. It's a majority that also say it's not really helping [music] me to be more informed about the events of the day.

[00:47:44]But at the same time, they turn to it, and the main reason they say they turn to it is for convenience. You know, there are there sort of these caution flags that people may have in their head, but they're definitely still going to use it.

[00:47:56]>> In the newspaper, you could skip from story to story, but the default is once you start reading a story, the default thing is keep reading that story.

[00:48:05]Whereas in social media, the default is get immediately on to the next story, and you have to put in extra effort to then click out, open it up, and go through, you know, the story in its entirety. A lot of things in that space come to you as opposed to you needing to seek them out. I think it's hard for the artificial intelligence algorithms to keep up with the continually changing target of what makes something misinformation. Every time we detect a new technique, we see people inventing another technique. What we have been working on a lot is the power of the wisdom of crowds.

[00:48:42]The classic example of this was, you know, from the early 1900s, but at some like county fair, there was an ox, >> [music] >> and a guy went and had people guess what's the weight of the ox. And any individual person had no idea. Once he averaged the answers of a whole bunch of people, it was exactly right.

[00:49:00]>> [music] >> And this has been shown in all different kinds of domains. And so, I think the big question right now is how well does the wisdom of crowds work [music] in identifying fake news and misinformation. But I think that the advantage of the crowd approach is you don't need trained experts. If you're Facebook, for example, you have a lot of money to throw at this problem if you were so inclined. And so, you can hire a big crowd if the crowd doesn't have any have to have any particular expertise or skills.

[00:49:33]Right now, we have the destruction of truth itself. Right now, we have people trying to say there is no truth. It's just which side are you on? That's just treating the information space as a complete game. There are always going to be very loud voices on the fringes of both sides advocating things that will generate you know conversation, but if we focus on how you know they can sustain financial operations by doing this, that's an area that I think that everyone can agree on deserves action.

[00:50:07]It has to be human first, machine second. On the one hand, there is a role for automation, for artificial intelligence, for machine learning because the scale of the problem calls for that. But on the other hand, like it has to be guided by by humans of course, right? Like by deep expertise, by people who truly understand the nuances of the problem and the trade-offs that come with it.

[00:50:37]Okay.

[00:50:38]NewsGuard is a browser plug-in currently and it works on Safari and Chrome and Firefox and Edge and it's the result of humans looking at news and information websites and trying to figure out whether or not those websites are credible or transparent.

[00:50:53]>> What we try to do at NewsGuard is to restore some order and some sense of context. We've hired dozens of journalists who read and review and rate websites. It's a process that typically involves five or six layers of people starting with the person who drafts what we call the nutrition label and the rating. These different shields, these are our reviews and if you hover over it, you can see that we think this website, usnews.com, is generally reliable and we explain the different criteria whether it's a yes or no for those things.

[00:51:33]And we also have a full report. We call it a nutrition label. We've rated about 3,700 news sites in the United States, Italy, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom and in each of those countries those sites are responsible for at least 90% of the news and information consumed online in those countries.

[00:51:57]If you come to a website maybe you're not familiar with, you'll see our red shield. And so we think that this website severely violates basic standards of credibility and transparency.

[00:52:10]And again, we sort of explain all our rationale for any of those nos. It also shows up in Facebook feeds and Twitter feeds. So if you come across a website in a headline that you've not heard about or don't know anything about, we've probably rated it and you can you know make your own decision if you think that website is reliable or not.

[00:52:31]What we've designed this whole thing to be is the opposite of an algorithm.

[00:52:36]First of all, we're completely accountable.

[00:52:38]Every all of our work is right there.

[00:52:41]We're completely transparent.

[00:52:43]We call for comment if any news site seems not to be living up to even one of the nine criteria, even if it's relatively minor, we call for comment.

[00:52:54]The last difference is unlike an algorithm, we want people to game our system. We want news sites to see well gee, if I did this, if I had a corrections policy for example, I can get a higher score from NewsGuard. And so far over 600 different news sites here and around the world have changed something about what they do [music] in order to get a higher score.

[00:53:20]As the volume of data grows, so does the chance of handling misinformation [music] that challenges both the machine and human ability to uncover the truth. So it's really important I think to to [music] zoom out and look at this problem set as something that's really about consumer [music] protections and access to information. Too many factors, too many viewpoints, too many arguments.

[00:53:45]But what if there were right answers?

[00:53:47]What if they've been right here under our noses all this time [music] and we've been too busy trying to prove ourselves right to notice? The role of consumers >> [music] >> is to become more knowledgeable consumers of information, to be more knowledgeable about all those [music] headlines that they see on their newsfeed.

[00:54:07]That's the always the important piece of it. You need to be asking a lot [music] of questions about what it is that you're doing. What are you engaging with? Whether it's a [music] written text, a video text, a sound text. I'm hoping that a lot of this resources and strategies is more accessible to all schools and all schools understand how to implement it better. [music] If we pretend that the problem is entirely new, we will forget the old solutions. The old solutions tell us to eliminate inequality, to address poverty, to educate our citizenry, [music] to make people less susceptible to fear and anxiety.

[00:54:47]Information campaigns [music] right before elections are problematic and have been problematic for a long time.

[00:54:52]It's like social media didn't invent that, but it's certainly possible that social media exacerbates it by making it easier for things to really spread widely. [music] Everyone is really intent on limiting the actual impact of these kinds of disinformation [music] networks. However, the landscape is constantly changing on a regular basis, so it's [music] a constant arms race between the disinformation networks and the ad exchanges and other kind of platforms that do not want [music] disinformation spreading across the internet. Going forward, if you're going to deal with these informational problems, you're going to have to make the people [music] less susceptible to them.

[00:55:43]>> [music] [music] [music] [music] >> This program is made possible with support from Connecticut Humanities.