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SOLUTION | LECTURE - 04 BY SOURAVA SIR | CLASS - XII CHEMISTRY | PPM | NORMALITY

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111 views17likes56:45Pratibhae-GurukulOriginal Release: 2026-07-17

PPM (Parts Per Million) is a concentration term defined as the number of parts of solute present in 10^6 parts of solution, expressed through mass/mass, mass/volume, or volume/volume formulas. Normality (N) represents the number of gram equivalents of solute dissolved in 1000 ml of solution, calculated as N = (mass of solute / equivalent mass) × (1000 / volume in ml). The relationship between molarity and normality is N = n-factor × M, where n-factor is the valency factor (number of H+ ions for acids, OH- ions for bases, or total charge for salts). For example, H2SO4 has n-factor 2, making its normality twice its molarity.