Explosive Chemical Reactions! | Science Experiments | Science Max

[00:00:00]This is science max experiments at large.

[00:00:05]SCIENCE [music] MAX.

[00:00:09]OKAY, SCIENCE MAXIMITES, PREPARE TO HURT THROUGH THE COSMOS. I AM CAPTAIN PHIL and today we're going to be building ROCKETS ON SCIENCE MAX. NOW, WE'VE WE'VE BUILT ROCKETS BEFORE, LIKE THIS ONE, POWERED by air pressure, AND THIS ONE, STOMP ROCKETS, WHICH WERE ALSO TECHNICALLY POWERED by air pressure, AIR PRESSURE ROCKET.

[00:00:36]But today, science maximizes, we are going to be building rockets powered by chemistry. Chemical powered rockets.

[00:00:45]AWAY.

[00:00:49]OKAY, I PROMISE IT'LL BE MORE exciting than that because today science maximizes we are going to be looking at chemistry. Chemistry is when two molecules combine to make another molecule.

[00:01:04]Like magic. Oo. So let's take a look at what will be powering our chemical rocket.

[00:01:11]This it's an ant acid tablet. When you put an an acid tablet in water, it makes little bubbles of carbon dioxide [music] gas. This happens because of a reaction between two kinds of molecules called acids and bases, like vinegar and baking soda, but all contained in a small package that won't start working until you put it in water. If we contain the reaction, the carbon dioxide gas builds up and creates pressure. High five for science. All right, so let's look at our chemicalpowered rocket. What you need is one of these. This is a This is a film canister. And ask your parents what that actually means because they're not used for holding film anymore. You can get these at craft stores though to hold paint or little things. But really, all you need is a plastic container with a good lid that snaps [music] on nice and tight and keeps the air in. And then, of course, what you need are your ant acid tablets and a little bit of water. So, pour in some water and then put in your ant acid tablet and snap the lid on. Flip it over and wait for the carbon dioxide gas to build up, which will build up pressure, which will launch your rocket. So, there you go. A chemical powered rocket. Come on, let's max it out. So, first I need an expert to help me. Um, let's Oh, Lisa from Logix's Academy. Of course, Logix's Academy people have helped me launch all the rockets on Science Max. This is going to be great. Oh, I'm going to get my helmet first.

[00:02:45]Okay, LET'S PUT LET'S LAUNCH SOME ROCKETS.

[00:02:50]Let's [screaming] go.

[00:02:57]>> Whoa. Wow, it's really dark in this room. I can't see anything. Lisa. Bill.

[00:03:02]>> Lisa, Bill.

[00:03:09]Where did this come from? I guess the portal's malfunctioning. Hey, Lisa.

[00:03:14]>> Hi.

[00:03:14]>> From Logix's Academy. Great to have you here.

[00:03:16]>> Great to be here.

[00:03:17]>> Let's put this over there.

[00:03:20]>> We are here to max out the CHEMISTRY ROCKET. [cheering] >> WHAT IS THAT?

[00:03:25]>> It's just a small plastic container, but when we put an am acid tablet in there and some water, >> ah, we get a chemical reaction.

[00:03:34]>> We get a chemical reaction. And so that's what creates the pressure. And then that pops the lid off and we get a little rocket.

[00:03:40]>> Kaboom.

[00:03:40]>> But now we're going to max it out. Get a bigger container and more.

[00:03:44]>> What?

[00:03:45]>> How about if we launch a whole bunch of them?

[00:03:48]>> Ooh. So we just get a lot of the small one >> and we launch them all at the same time.

[00:03:53]>> Exactly.

[00:03:53]>> Okay, great. So we just need a whole bunch of these and a whole bunch of >> And a whole bunch of science acid.

[00:03:57]>> Yeah. Well, that's okay. I get them both in bulk. Come on. Let's go. Put it together.

[00:04:10]I'm an ACID AND I'M A BASE AND WE ARE ENEMIES.

[00:04:15]WELL, WE'RE not really enemies. Yeah, that's true. It's all about how we react chemically. You see, as an acid, I really want to give protons away.

[00:04:24]Protons. Who needs your protons? Get your protons here. Protons. I got more than I want. I don't need them anymore.

[00:04:30]and bases. We need protons. We'll do anything to get them. Protons. Are you giving protons away? I'll take some.

[00:04:36]I'll take some protons. You think that when you get these two together, you'd have some pretty great chemistry. But the truth is, when they're together, they often don't react.

[00:04:46]That is until water gets involved. Once you have water, acids and bases react.

[00:04:53]>> Here, TAKE SOME PROTONS. ALL YOUR BASE ARE BELONG TO US. TAKE THEM. TAKE some protons. I don't need more. I want more.

[00:04:58]I want some of those.

[00:05:00]>> Water is a solvent, allowing the chemical reactions to take place.

[00:05:04]>> Depending on the strength of the acids [music] and bases, that reaction can be mild. Would you like a proton?

[00:05:11]>> Oh, no. Really, I could.

[00:05:12]>> Please, please take it.

[00:05:13]>> Oh, well, thank you. That's very generous.

[00:05:14]>> Have another.

[00:05:15]>> No, perhaps, maybe I will. Here's one.

[00:05:16]Um, maybe just one.

[00:05:18]>> But if the acids and bases are strong, the chemical reaction can be really extreme. [screaming] >> This is what's going on in the ant acid tablet. And why without water?

[00:05:30]>> Nothing happens.

[00:05:32]>> Oh, water.

[00:05:33]>> Water.

[00:05:34]>> Come on.

[00:05:35]>> What' you do?

[00:05:44]>> And that's the last one.

[00:05:47]>> Lisa and I are maxing out our [music] chemicalpowered rocket, not by making it bigger, but by making more of them. How many more? 400 caps all glued down. 400 ant acid tablets or part of Yep.

[00:06:00]>> all glued down and they're glued on this fancy pancy spinning surface. So, we rotate this part upside down. We fill each container with a little water and snap it on underneath. This way, the antacid tablet and the water don't mix until we flip it back over. It also allows us time to [music] snap them all on. Okay. Ready?

[00:06:20]>> Ready.

[00:06:21]>> All right. 400 containers. Here we go.

[00:06:24]>> Let's do it. Once we flipped the board back over, the reaction started taking place, building up carbon dioxide [music] gas and increasing the pressure until Oh yeah.

[00:06:44]Oh yeah.

[00:06:47]Oh my goodness.

[00:06:48]>> Good luck if you catch one.

[00:07:06]Wow, that one went REALLY HIGH.

[00:07:09]>> AWESOME. THAT TOTALLY WAS GREAT. WOW.

[00:07:12]OKAY, so high fives on that. That worked spectacularly.

[00:07:15]>> That was awesome.

[00:07:16]>> So, we've done this.

[00:07:18]>> Let's go bigger.

[00:07:18]>> Let's go bigger. Okay, so let's go and we'll clean this up afterwards. Okay.

[00:07:22]Okay, let it go.

[00:07:29]>> Mini Max.

[00:07:31]>> This is a balloon and this is an orange.

[00:07:35]When you put them together, a chemical reaction happens.

[00:07:40]Ah, had you going in there for a minute, didn't I? No. No. All right. Well, you can actually do a chemical reaction between a balloon and an orange. You see, balloons are made of latex, which is a kind of polymer that's very, very stretchy. And orange peels contain a chemical called lmonine. Lmonine breaks down latex.

[00:08:06][laughter] So, we have three questions. The first is why does this happen? Well, like I said, it's all chemistry. You see, balloons are made of polymers. Chains of molecules held together by chemical bonds. A lmonine molecule attacks those bondsom.

[00:08:27]Delicious. And breaks it. That separates the polymers and that pops the balloon.

[00:08:33]But remember, it only works with natural latex.

[00:08:37]So, make sure you're using natural latex balloons.

[00:08:41]Second question, why do they call it lmonine when it's in orange peels? I mean, yes, it's in lime peels and lemon peels, but the chemical itself smells like oranges. They should call it orinine or or citrus fruinide or anyway, third question. Should we max it out? Of course we should. Come on. 200 balloons versus two bottles of lmonine. Ready? GO!

[00:09:26]HEAT!

[00:09:41]SCIENCE.

[00:09:51]Our first attempt to max out our chemical rocket was 400 plastic containers. Oh yeah, that worked well. But now it's time to make the container larger.

[00:10:03]Whoa. Giant maxed out chemistry rocket canister. I have a big plastic container with a groovy lid that sits there on airtight, which is great.

[00:10:14]>> And I have a giant jar of ant acid.

[00:10:17]>> How many was like 60 ant acid tablets or something?

[00:10:19]>> At least.

[00:10:20]>> This works exactly the same as our smaller containers. We dump the ant acid in, seal the lid airtight, then flip it over.

[00:10:27]>> And now would be a good time to mention not to try this at home.

[00:10:33]Okay. Oh, it's not going to take long.

[00:10:43]>> All right. So, that was the canister version. Now, we need the pop bottle version. The rocket version.

[00:10:48]>> Yes.

[00:10:49]>> Okay. Let's go make that.

[00:10:50]>> Let's do it.

[00:10:50]>> Okay.

[00:10:55]>> Mini.

[00:10:57]>> This is a light stick. It creates light using a chemical reaction. There's a liquid chemical inside and also a glass container that holds another chemical.

[00:11:08]When you bend the light stick, you break open the container and the two chemicals mix, creating light. There you go. Light sticks. Chemical reaction. And [music] yes, of course, we're going to max it out.

[00:11:22]This is a whole bunch of the two chemicals in a light stick. Let's max it out.

[00:11:32]So, how does a chemical reaction produce light? Well, a lot of chemical reactions produce energy. You might think of a chemical reaction producing heat. Well, heat is a kind of energy. This chemical reaction also produces energy, just energy in the form of light. It's just a different kind of energy. WHOA, THAT LIGHT STICK. [laughter] And now for a Science Max quiz. Chemical change or not? What's a chemical change?

[00:12:04]Well, let's demonstrate. Look at this.

[00:12:06]It's a happy little molecule of iron.

[00:12:09]And here's another molecule of oxygen.

[00:12:13]If they were to have a chemical change, they would react and form different molecules. Look, it's a molecule of rust. Rust is a different chemical than either iron or oxygen. It's a chemical change. Now, if these molecules mixed and did not change, then it's not a chemical change, it's a physical change.

[00:12:33]Sometimes it's hard to tell if it's a chemical change just by looking. But asking what kind of change it is leads to good science. So, let's look at some examples.

[00:12:42]Vinegar and baking soda. Is it a chemical change? Yes. Vinegar and baking soda react to form different chemicals.

[00:12:48]Sodium acetate, [music] that's the white stuff that's left over, and carbon dioxide, which makes the bubbles. How about a nucleation fountain with diet cola and mints? Haha. A lot of people think that's a chemical change, but it's not. The mints cause carbonation, the bubbles, to escape faster, but in the end, you still have cola and mints.

[00:13:07][music] No new chemicals. And without the carbonation, nothing happens. So, it's a physical change. Take a guess at this one. Glow stick chemicals. Well, producing light or heat is usually a sign of a chemical change. How about mixing sugar and water to make a sugar pop? That's a physical change. You start with sugar and water. You mix them. And when you have a sugar pop, what chemicals are you left with? Well, sugar and water. So, no chemical change. It can be hard to tell sometimes. But whenever two things mix, think to yourself if it's a chemical change or a physical change. And now you know it's either one or the other. And that's the first step to good science. Thanks for playing our Science Max quiz. Our maxed out [music] rocket worked great.

[00:14:00][screaming] [laughter] >> Now to make it look more like a rocket.

[00:14:06]>> So we have a mesh bag here to [music] put the ant acid in.

[00:14:09]>> Right.

[00:14:10]>> And we have um some paper clips attached to it.

[00:14:12]>> And what are the paper clips for?

[00:14:14]>> Well, Phil, we have a magnet.

[00:14:16]>> Ah.

[00:14:17]>> And so the magnet sticks to the paper clip. And so that's what we have here.

[00:14:20]You see the bag is full of the ant acid tablets which we put through the mouth of the bottle and the [music] magnet is holding the paper clips on the other side of the plastic. So we can sort of move it along. So we can start with the bag over here where the water's down there. But now we attach the launcher like so. All this effort is to keep the reaction from happening until the bottle's on the launcher and we're ready to go. And [music] then as we pull the bottle over, we bring the bag up. this side and there the water and the ant acid have never touched.

[00:14:54]>> No reaction.

[00:14:55]>> All you need to do now is just we pull this magnet away and the bag will fall into the water [music] and then we will have the launcher down here and we pull the release and the rocket will go. We add some weight to the launcher to help keep [music] it in place.

[00:15:08]>> Okay. Right. Wait. Glass in.

[00:15:09]>> Safety first.

[00:15:12]>> Okay. Ready? And then we pull the string with the magnet that drops the bag of ant acid tablets in the water and starts the chemical reaction. Because we have a latch holding the bottle down, we can wait until the chemical reaction happens fully. And there's a lot [music] of gas pressure in the rocket before >> 3 2 1.

[00:15:37][laughter] >> That worked.

[00:15:39]>> Yeah, I hit the ceiling. Uh, I think we need to do this outside.

[00:15:43]>> Yeah, I think we definitely have to do it outside.

[00:15:45]>> All right, totally great.

[00:15:49]>> Weird. Anyway, I was saying we should put three or four of >> 3 2 1 GO.

[00:16:01][laughter] >> There it is.

[00:16:04]>> Yeah, we tried it outside and it worked great. The only thing left was to max it out even more. So larger chamber.

[00:16:13]>> Yep. More ant acid.

[00:16:14]>> More ant acid. More air. More water.

[00:16:16]>> Absolutely.

[00:16:17]>> Bigger rocket. Okay. So, you know what?

[00:16:18]I know how to splice two bottles together. We can increase the size of the chamber.

[00:16:28]>> This is sodium acetate. How do you get sodium acetate? Well, when you do a vinegar and baking soda reaction, what you have left once the reaction is finished is sodium acetate. It's a crystal, and you can do something fun with it that may seem familiar. You make a super saturated solution of sodium acetate by heating water and dissolving as much as you can, and then when it cools, you can get the crystals to reform. Now, if you did this with sugar, you could make a sugar pop, which we've done before. If you do it with salt, you could make a salt pop, which is less appealing. And if you do it with sodium acetate, you can do this. Just like with the sugar pop, all it needs is a seed crystal to get the crystals to reform.

[00:17:12]But unlike sugar, which takes a [music] few days, sodium acetate recrystallizes right before your eyes.

[00:17:20]Because we heated the water, it allowed more crystals to dissolve in it. Ooh.

[00:17:25]But then it cooled down afterward.

[00:17:27]There's more crystals sitting around in this water than there should be at this temperature.

[00:17:33]They want to turn back into crystals, and all they need is something to start them going. I've colored this one green because I don't know, science. Maybe it'll look cool. A tiny crystal on the end of the stick is all we need to start the reaction happening.

[00:17:50]Wow. And there you go. SODIUM ACETATE.

[00:17:57]H. That one wasn't done yet.

[00:18:05]We've gone from small containers. Oh, yeah.

[00:18:09]To a large CONTAINER [screaming] [laughter] to a rocket. [screaming] >> Yeah.

[00:18:17]>> So, what's next?

[00:18:19]>> SUPER MAXED OUT ROCKET.

[00:18:21]12 2 L bottles all spliced together to give us a very large chamber to build up pressure with. So the chamber is all the same. So it's all one big hollow tube.

[00:18:32]And now we're going to fire it off.

[00:18:33]LET'S GO.

[00:18:35]>> Awesome rocket.

[00:18:38][screaming] >> Lisa and I follow the same procedure as before. We use a bag of antacid tablets [music] held up inside the rocket with a magnet. And once it's sealed on the launcher, we pull it off, let the ant acid mix with the water, let the chemical reaction happen for a while to produce enough gas pressure, and then we fire it. Okay, here we go. Three, two, one, GO. [screaming] >> Oh my god.

[00:19:14]>> Oh no. Oh no. Oh no.

[00:19:17]Wonderful.

[00:19:18]>> That is the highest I think we've ever shot a rocket on Science Max.

[00:19:21]>> That's amazing.

[00:19:22]>> Well done. Chemical reaction rocket.

[00:19:24]Thank you very much for joining us on Science Mask [music] Experiments at large. We should build another rocket cuz that one is probably broken.

[00:19:30]>> That's done.

[00:19:30]>> Okay, let's go.

[00:19:31]>> Let's do it.

[00:19:33]>> All right. So, this time I think what we need to do IS >> Oh no, it's nothing but garbage cans in there. We got to TURN THE PORTAL OFF.

[00:19:44]COME ON. WE GOT TO GET >> [screaming] >> GREETINGS, SCIENCE MAXIMITES. My name is Phil McCordic, and the name of the show is Science Max, Experiments at Large.

[00:19:56]Today, we're taking a closer look at chemistry. Oo. Chemistry is the science of atoms and molecules, the things that make up all matter, and how they interact with each other.

[00:20:08]Take for example this glow stick.

[00:20:11]Actually, don't take it because I I I kind of need it. The glow stick doesn't glow until you um The glow stick doesn't glow until [music] you break the barrier and mix the two chemicals and they start to glow, huh? Pretty cool, huh? Chemistry.

[00:20:33]Now, the chemical reaction we're looking at today is the old vinegar and baking soda volcano. But this reaction doesn't have anything to do with volcanoes.

[00:20:43]It's chemistry. Now, this experiment is totally safe, but I do recommend you [music] get an adult's permission before you do it because it's very messy. Uh, yeah.

[00:20:57]First, you're going to want baking soda and vinegar. These are your two main ingredients. But you'll also want dish soap and red food coloring if you want it to look a little bit more like lava.

[00:21:09]Now, I like to mix the baking soda, red food coloring, and dish soap together with a little warm water. So, all you have to do is add the vinegar. And when you do, this [music] is what happens.

[00:21:26]And there you go. Chemical reaction.

[00:21:28]Now, I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, Phil, how much vinegar or baking soda do I use? Well, I'm not going to tell you. This is where you can be science maximites. Try [music] different amounts. More vinegar, more baking soda, more dish soap, who knows?

[00:21:44]Write down the amounts each time you use it and find out what amounts work best.

[00:21:48]That's called science. And that's what we're going to be looking at today.

[00:21:52]Chemistry in all its forms. And of course, because it is science [music] max experiments at large, we're going to max out the vinegar and baking soda volcano. So, I'm off to the center for skills development and training. Come on.

[00:22:23]>> Hey, [music] Tina. Hi, Phil.

[00:22:24]>> How you doing?

[00:22:25]>> Good. How are you?

[00:22:25]>> Good. This is Telina. She's going for her PhD in chemistry from McMaster, right?

[00:22:29]>> Yep.

[00:22:29]>> Awesome. Which means you can help me max out the baking soda and vinegar. We need vinegar and vinegar volcano. [music] So, what happens when we mix these two chemicals?

[00:22:39]>> Well, vinegar is an acid and baking soda is a base and when you mix them, they neutralize each other to produce carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct.

[00:22:47]>> Hm. So, acids and bases are kind of like opposites.

[00:22:50]>> Yep.

[00:22:51]>> So, I guess that makes sense when you put them together. Crazy stuff happens.

[00:22:54]Yeah.

[00:22:54]>> Awesome chemistry. Okay. So, I want to use this much vinegar and this much baking soda.

[00:23:01]>> What's with the fish tank?

[00:23:02]>> The fish tank is where I want to mix it all together. What do you think?

[00:23:06]>> Awesome.

[00:23:06]>> Maxed out. Okay. Uh, let's move the fish tank somewhere where we won't make a huge mess.

[00:23:12]That's a little heavy with all that. We going to No, we're going to have to We're going to have to take a couple trips. That's kind of heavy. Okay. Okay.

[00:23:19]So, we'll take this and that and then this and and that. No, hold on. I can do it. One more. Okay, good. Okay, good.

[00:23:29]Yeah, I took too much. I took too much.

[00:23:31]Uh-oh. Uh-oh.

[00:23:43]That's good. Ramona, put it in the Put it in the background. Put the sign in the background. Yeah. Yeah. And the BG.

[00:23:49]I love the BG. Chemicals. Chemicals.

[00:23:52]Chemicals. Chemicals. CHEMICALS. WHAT ARE CHEMICALS? Are they things you have in a lab in a jar that say chemical on them? Well, yes. But if that's all you think chemicals are, then you need to KNOW YOUR CHEMICALS. TURNS OUT THE stuff in the jar is a chemical. But the jar itself also made of chemicals. The table I'm putting it on made of chemicals. My lunch chemicals. Roller escape chemicals. MY JACKET CHEMICALS. THIS GUITAR CHEMICALS. MY SHOE CHEMICALS.

[00:24:25]THIS WATCH CHEMICALS. This fish chemicals. Chemicals. Chemicals.

[00:24:30]Chemicals. Chemicals. ME. CHEMICALS.

[00:24:33]YOU. CHEMICALS. RAMONA. CHEMICALS. NO, I SAID YOUR CHEMICALS. CHEM. NEVER MIND.

[00:24:41]This is it. The periodic table of the elements. All matter in the universe is made up of these pure elements. They go together in different ways to make up everything. All matter. Think of it like building blocks. These little atoms are some of the elements on this periodic table. You got one oxygen, two hydrogen.

[00:25:02]Bam, you got a water molecule. One carbon, two oxygen. Hey, IT'S CARBON DIOXIDE. TWO CARBON, TWO OXYGEN, four hydrogen. Scoosh. Vinegar. ONE SODIUM, ONE CHLORINE. HEY, that's some all matter in the universe is just the stuff on here combining into these. And now you know your chemicals, m sugar.

[00:25:31]Let's take a closer look at what's going on when we mix vinegar and baking soda.

[00:25:36]All chemicals are made of atoms. There's only four types in our reaction. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and sodium. When they go together like this, this is a molecule of vinegar or acetic acid. And this is a molecule of baking soda or sodium bicarbonate. When chemicals react, they switch atoms. That one goes there. This one goes over here. And then this one turns into this. And then what you end up with are new molecules. This one is called sodium [music] acetate.

[00:26:10]And this one is carbon dioxide gas, the gas you breathe out. And do you recognize this one? Right. Water, H2O.

[00:26:18]Why all this happens gets complicated, but the study of chemistry is all about how molecules are built and react with other molecules.

[00:26:30]>> All right, Telina, are you ready?

[00:26:31]>> Yeah.

[00:26:32]>> You're going to pour all your baking soda in the fish tank, and I'm going to pour the vinegar into this bucket because you don't want to don't want to pour them together right away. Okay. You ready?

[00:26:40]>> Yep.

[00:26:40]>> Okay. Go for it.

[00:26:43]>> When you're doing your PhD in chemistry, you get to do stuff [music] like this.

[00:26:47]>> Yeah.

[00:26:48]>> Really?

[00:26:48]>> Got to do a lot of fun reactions in the lab.

[00:26:51]>> Oh, that's I'm I'm jealous. Have you ever done this much vinegar and baking soda in one time?

[00:26:56]>> I can't say I ever have.

[00:26:57]>> There you go. That's what I like to hear. I already put the soap in the bucket so it would mix with the vinegar when I poured it in.

[00:27:04]>> Are you done your baking soda already? I am. I'll pour faster. It smells fresher.

[00:27:10]>> Smells vinegary.

[00:27:11]>> It smells vinegary. Makes me want French fries. Okay, Telina, [music] you take this very full bucket of vinegar and dish soap.

[00:27:18]>> Thank you.

[00:27:18]>> I will take this one. Uh oh, we still have our third bucket. Okay, I'm going to I'll do these both at the same time.

[00:27:23]Okay, ready? On the count of three. One, two, three.

[00:27:34]WHOA, >> OKAY. [laughter] >> That's awesome. So, the one thing it didn't do, it didn't shoot up in the air, though.

[00:27:45]>> Yeah. [music] It's because the top is quite open. So, you would need to constrict it to get it to shoot up.

[00:27:50]>> Oh, yeah. Cuz we're using just sort of a square a rectangular [music] prism container. We should get something that's maybe something more like our vinegar bottle, right?

[00:28:00]But then it tighter opening at the top there like a volcano. [music] >> And what else can we do to make it even more powerful to max it out?

[00:28:10]>> Vinegar is only 5% acid. The rest is water. So you could try using 100%.

[00:28:14][music] >> So what kind of acid is vinegar?

[00:28:16]>> It's acetic acid.

[00:28:17]>> So vinegar is actually only 5% acetic acid and 95% [music] water. So you can get 100% acetic acid.

[00:28:23]>> Yeah.

[00:28:24]>> Can you get 100% acetic acid?

[00:28:26]>> Yeah.

[00:28:26]>> Awesome. Why don't we get a container that's sort of shaped like a funnel, like a [music] volcano, and 100% acetic acid. We'll do it again.

[00:28:33]>> Sounds good.

[00:28:34]>> All right, let's do it.

[00:28:38]>> Our vinegar and baking soda reaction went pretty well, but now we're going to try it with a much stronger type of the same kind of acid you find in vinegar.

[00:28:49]>> Carefully putting this down. And watch out for the baking soda. You never know when it'll get out. And well, I guess that's just baking soda, huh? Yeah, that's pretty sink.

[00:28:57]>> Yeah. Okay, good. So, this is baking soda vinegar volcano version two.

[00:29:01][music] We have this differently shaped glass.

[00:29:05]What do you call this again?

[00:29:05]>> That's an errand meer flask.

[00:29:07]>> Why is it called that?

[00:29:08]>> It's actually named after a scientist.

[00:29:10]>> Did he look like that? Was he sort of shaped like this?

[00:29:12]>> No.

[00:29:12]>> No. Was he just [music] a good chemist?

[00:29:14]>> Good scientist. And I think he designed the glass.

[00:29:16]>> Oh, see there you go. So, if you want to have a glass named after you, [music] be a good chemist and design a glass. I want to make a fill beaker. So, this is 100% acetic [music] acid.

[00:29:27]>> Y.

[00:29:28]>> And what's the difference between this and vinegar?

[00:29:30]>> Vinegar has 5% of this and 95% water.

[00:29:33]But this is 100%. So, it's much stronger.

[00:29:35]>> Much stronger. Can you put this on your French fries?

[00:29:37]>> No, I wouldn't be putting it on your French fries.

[00:29:39]>> No. As chemicals go, how dangerous is this?

[00:29:41]>> It's not too dangerous, but you [music] definitely don't want to be breathing it in and you don't want to be eating it >> or getting it on your skin. That's why I'm wearing these fancy pancy gloves.

[00:29:49]So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to pour the acetic acid in this. What's this called?

[00:29:53]>> That is a graduated cylinder >> because it finished school. [laughter] So, it graduated. Now, you're going to mix water and food coloring and soap all together.

[00:30:00]>> Yep.

[00:30:01]>> And pour it into there.

[00:30:02]>> It'll help dissolve some of the baking soda. So, hopefully it'll react [music] better with the acid.

[00:30:07]>> Sounds good. Face protection.

[00:30:08]>> Oh.

[00:30:14]>> All right. That's good.

[00:30:18]And now when we do it, I want to add the funnel. at the end to like accentuate the concentration of but I don't know if it's going to go so fast that I won't be able to get it in there. But we'll try it.

[00:30:30]>> We'll try it.

[00:30:30]>> Vinegar, baking soda, volcano version two.

[00:30:42][laughter] >> Good thing you got the mask.

[00:30:44]>> It smells a lot like vinegar. It's really strong.

[00:30:47]>> Oh, >> that was pretty good. But what what can we do to make it even bigger?

[00:30:51]>> Well, you could try using a different chemical reaction.

[00:30:54]>> Oh, okay. Like what?

[00:30:55]>> The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produces oxygen gas. And so that one's pretty vigorous if you use a catalyst.

[00:31:00]>> So, we want something that makes a lot of gas so that it makes a lot of bubbles when you put the soap in it.

[00:31:04]>> Yep.

[00:31:04]>> Great. Let's do it. And the sooner we leave that smell, the better, I think, for my for my taste.

[00:31:13]>> Today, we're combining two different chemicals to create a reaction.

[00:31:16]Sometimes chemicals can combine in a way that makes them very different from how [music] they started out. For example, this is sodium or Na on the periodic table. Now, the sodium tablets are in mineral oil because sodium reacts very strongly with water. Even the water in the air or especially the water in my skin. Watch what happens when [music] I drop a sodium tablet into this beaker of water.

[00:31:53]very cool and very dangerous.

[00:31:58]>> And this is chlorine or CL on the periodic table. Chlorine gas is very poisonous.

[00:32:06]So, so what happens if we combine these two deadly substances? Do we create some sort of super poison? Something more deadly than anything else known to science that causes fear and CHAOS AND CHEMISTRY LABS all over the land? No. We create salt. Good old normal table salt.

[00:32:27]These two substances combine to make N A C L salt. Something completely and totally safe.

[00:32:37]cover.

[00:32:47]We've gone from vinegar and baking soda to 100% acetic acid and baking soda. And now we're doing the vinegar and baking soda volcano version three. No longer vinegar and baking soda.

[00:32:59]>> No.

[00:33:00]>> What are we using this time?

[00:33:01]>> So, here we have some hydrogen peroxide.

[00:33:04]>> Oh, that's the stuff you use at home to put on a cut, right? Yeah, but the stuff at home is only 3%. [music] This one's 30.

[00:33:09]>> So much much stronger. 10 times stronger.

[00:33:12]>> Yes.

[00:33:12]>> And is this more dangerous?

[00:33:14]>> It's definitely corrosive. So, wear your gloves.

[00:33:17]>> Corrosive means it could eat your skin.

[00:33:18]>> It can burn your skin a little bit, >> which is why we are wearing gloves and blast shield. What's going to mix with this?

[00:33:23]>> So, here we have some potassium iodide, which [music] is a salt, and it's mixed in with some water. The most important part of this reaction is the fact that it creates gas, which makes bubbles when you put in dish soap, right? [music] >> Yep.

[00:33:38]>> So, one big squirt of dish soap like that.

[00:33:43]>> Mix it up. Now, we go over to the blast zone.

[00:33:52]>> That's plenty.

[00:33:53]>> All right.

[00:34:01]>> [laughter] >> Now that's a reaction. Looks like there's steam coming off here. Why is that happening?

[00:34:06]>> Well, it is an exothermic reaction. So, heat is being generated as the reaction proceeds.

[00:34:11]>> Oh, cool. Can we lift our visors now?

[00:34:12]>> Yep.

[00:34:13]>> Awesome. And what's being released?

[00:34:15]What's the gas that's coming off here?

[00:34:17]>> So, it's oxygen gas that's being produced.

[00:34:19]>> Oxygen. [sighs] What we want to do is make this even bigger. But first, can we do it again?

[00:34:25]>> Sure.

[00:34:25]>> Cuz I have an idea. Hold on.

[00:34:29]I think we should repurpose our old volcano. What do you think?

[00:34:35]>> Sounds like a good idea.

[00:34:36]>> Okay, so if we put it over here. All right. Volcano version 3.5.

[00:34:42]V hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide.

[00:34:46]Right. Here we go.

[00:34:53]Whoa.

[00:34:56]Looks like lava.

[00:34:57]>> Whoa.

[00:35:01]Look at that.

[00:35:03]That now that is a big volcano eruption.

[00:35:06]>> Just covered the town.

[00:35:07]>> That is [music] completely the Yes, that town is going to be very clean because it's all soap bubbles. It's the cleanest volcano this side of Science Maxville.

[00:35:17]So, I still think we can do this bigger [music] though, right?

[00:35:19]>> I agree.

[00:35:20]>> Um Oh, I know. What if we use some sort of a tube like like like maybe one of these, right? And then we attach it to like an air compressor.

[00:35:30]>> I think you'd get some height.

[00:35:31]>> Yeah. And we go outside.

[00:35:34]>> The atom in 60 seconds.

[00:35:38]The atom is the smallest unit in a chemical element. Atoms are made of three parts. Part number one are these guys, protons. They have a positive charge. The number of protons determines the element. One is hydrogen. two is helium, three is lithium, and so on. The protons fit in the middle here, which is called the nucleus. They sit in here with part number two, these guys.

[00:36:00]They're neutrons, and they have a neutral charge. Now, I've got eight protons and eight neutrons in this nucleus, making this an atom of oxygen.

[00:36:10]Orbiting around the nucleus are these tiny guys. They're electrons, and they have a negative charge. I will demonstrate using kittens.

[00:36:22]Kittens are perfect because just like electrons, kittens are really small. And just like electrons, kittens move around randomly. You never know where they're going to be. But an oxygen atom should have eight kittens or electrons somewhere inside. These kittens are constantly escaping. But guess what?

[00:36:41]That happens with electrons, too.

[00:36:44]There you go. The atom, a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by randomly moving electrons. Cutest science ever.

[00:36:54]How do you guys feel? Did you learn something? Huh?

[00:36:58]Pause up. Who learned something? H.

[00:37:10]Tina and I have made a bunch of chemical reactions, but in our quest to max things out, we've got a new plan.

[00:37:19]Hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide create gas. One way to max out the reaction is to contain the gas in something like a tube. We're going to put the hydrogen peroxide in the tube first. Then, we're going to put in the potassium iodide in the top through a one-way valve. Then, we're going to pressurize the container. When it finally reacts, it will shoot up through the valve and we'll see how high we can get our stream of bubbles to go. But be warned, capping anything and not letting it escape is never a good idea. So, we've got a release valve to make sure things work out. This is one of those experiments that's definitely on the list of don't try this at home.

[00:38:02]vinegar, baking soda, volcano version four, hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide. And what we're going to do this time is we're going to put it in this tube. Hydrogen peroxide goes in here.

[00:38:16]And we've got Telina, do you have the potassium iodide and syringes?

[00:38:20]>> Yep. Two syringes full.

[00:38:22]>> Two syringes full. About there is good.

[00:38:26]And then soap.

[00:38:32]good amount of soap in there. And so what we're going to do is we're going to close this off and tighten it up.

[00:38:39][music] And then we're going to pressurize the whole system. And then we're going to add the potassium iodide.

[00:38:44]And it's going to be spectacular. We hope. Okay, that's on tight. This is all good. Putting this down here. And potassium iodide goes in here.

[00:38:56]>> Ready.

[00:38:56]>> Puts down. Ready.

[00:38:59]One, two, three, go.

[00:39:05]And we back away slowly.

[00:39:10]Whoa. Whoa.

[00:39:25]>> [laughter] >> Yeah, that's what I'm talking about.

[00:39:28]Okay, let's check it out.

[00:39:30]Woo!

[00:39:32]All right, there you go. Vinegar and baking soda volcano maxed out. Thank you, Karina. That was great. If you guys want any instructions for the stuff that we've done today, they're all on the website. [music] And thank you very much for watching ScienceMax Experiments at Large. We kind of need to clean up a lot, don't we? Yeah, >> we have out here we have the other room.

[00:39:51]So, tell you what, uh, you get a mop. I will get the hose and a wheelbarrow for this.

[00:39:58]>> Greetings, Science Maximites. My name is Phil and welcome to Science Max experiments at Large. Today, we're going to be looking at air pressure and friction and simple machines like levers, pulleys, and gears. We're gonna look at some rotational energy, um, some spring TENSION and gravity. We need all those things because we're building RUBE GOLDBERG MACHINE.

[00:40:22]>> RUB GOLDBERG MACHINE.

[00:40:23]>> RUB GOLDBERG MACHINE.

[00:40:24]>> RUB GOLDBERG MACHINES. RUB GOLDBERG. You heard me say Rub Goldberg machine. Okay, we got that part. Okay, good. Rube Goldberg was a cartoonist who came up with the idea of having a simple task done by a machine that was extremely complicated. There are Rube Goldberg competitions all over the world and there's only a few rules. First, a human can only touch it once by starting the whole thing off and then the machine has to work all on its own. I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, Phil, what's the science behind a Rube Goldberg machine? Well, it's all about changing energy. Remember, you start the whole thing off with just a little push.

[00:40:58]But if you want the machine to keep going and going and going, you have to come up with clever ways to add more energy to the system. So you've got more energy to keep the machine going. So check this out. A bunch of stacked dominoes which will start a chain reaction that leads to this mouse trap which has all of its energy stored in this spring tension which will release the balling.

[00:41:21]Check this one out. It's a bunch of pulleys and there's a rope that goes up and down and up attached to this lever where there's a ball and there's a big heavy weight here. And when the weight gets knocked off the table, the ball falls into the hole and then goes down the tube and so on. Check this one out. Here's a great way to change the direction of something. Say the ball falls on this lever. Well, it's weighted on this end, but then the weight falls off. The ball goes this way. And uh-oh, uh, the portal turned on. Uh, I got to pick an expert. Okay, hold on a second.

[00:41:53]Uh, 10 seconds before the portal resets.

[00:41:55]Ah, Sonia from the Ontario Science Center. Perfect. And there we go. Tons of time. Three, two, one.

[00:42:11]>> Oh, >> Sonia.

[00:42:12]>> Hey.

[00:42:12]>> I pled in three blocks away. I had to run here.

[00:42:15]>> Okay, you're here now.

[00:42:16]>> Yeah, I didn't put the coordinates in when I left. Anyway, >> it's okay. It's okay.

[00:42:19]>> Sonia from the Ontario Science Center.

[00:42:21]I'm glad you're here because we are going to build A RUBE GOLDBERG MACHINE.

[00:42:24]>> REALLY?

[00:42:25]>> OH MY GOSH, I'M SO EXCITED.

[00:42:26]>> YEAH, >> I am excited, too. Check it out. this giant room. We I've never done anything with it. So, why don't we build a giant machine in here, right?

[00:42:34]>> Okay. So, here's the rules. The root gold machine has to start with one simple thing, right? So, we are going to start with this marble and we send it on its way and then a whole bunch of stuff happens and at the end we press that button.

[00:42:46]>> That button? What What does it do?

[00:42:48]>> I've never used it before, but when we hit that button, we get cake.

[00:42:52]>> Cake.

[00:42:53]>> A cake will portal in and we'll have cake.

[00:42:55]>> Oh my goodness. Can we get chocolate cake? We could totally have chocolate cake.

[00:42:58]>> All right. Now, I'm really, really excited.

[00:43:00]>> Okay. So, can I start?

[00:43:01]>> Absolutely.

[00:43:02]>> Great. Cuz I saw some stuff over here.

[00:43:03]>> Okay.

[00:43:11]>> This is a pendulum.

[00:43:13]It's a weight that swings. It swings back and forth. Pendulums are pretty simple. It It swings back and forth.

[00:43:22]Predicting the path of a pendulum, pretty simple. It's going to swing back and forth. But wait, as I make it so much more complex by adding a pendulum.

[00:43:32]Now I've got a pendulum down here, and that one swings back and forth. And I've got a pendulum up here that swings back and forth. What will happen to this part of the pendulum when I let it go? Can you predict? Let's find out.

[00:43:46]This is a double pendulum. And predicting the path of a double pendulum is really difficult. It's still simple physics, but because there's a moving part attached to a moving part, it makes it way more complex. So, the question is, [music] can we max it out even more?

[00:44:03]Of course, we can. These are chaos pendulums. This one's a lever, and it's got another lever on the end. Wo! And this one here is a perfectly balanced lever, and it's got a pendulum on either side.

[00:44:20]Scientists and engineers have always said that the more moving parts something has, the more complex they are. Science.

[00:44:30]Sonia and I are taking turns building our Rube Goldberg machine. The first section was my turn and I explained it to Sonia. Right here we have what is known as a ramp. Yeah, I know. You know, fancy, >> right? So, we put a marble on the ramp.

[00:44:42]It rolls along this thing into what is known as a pylon. And then we've got these guys right here which are dominoes. And when that falls off the table, it'll pull on the string and then it's attached to this. Now this is the release mechanism. So when that string gets pulled, it will let go and it will fire this which is a trebuche.

[00:45:03]>> All right. Should should we test it out?

[00:45:04]>> Absolutely. You want to try it, please.

[00:45:06]Okay.

[00:45:06]>> Okay. Three, two, ONE.

[00:45:14]>> HUH?

[00:45:15]>> WAIT.

[00:45:17]H the >> didn't didn't didn't go >> the >> why didn't >> Well, the domino doesn't seem to be heavy enough to make this contraption fire.

[00:45:27]>> You know what, Phil?

[00:45:28]>> What?

[00:45:28]>> I have an idea.

[00:45:29]>> Oh, yeah.

[00:45:30]>> Maxed out dominoes.

[00:45:31]>> Maxed out dominoes. I love that idea.

[00:45:33]Why are they maxed out? Do they do they glow in the dark?

[00:45:36]>> We'll see.

[00:45:36]>> Do they produce electricity?

[00:45:37]>> We'll see.

[00:45:38]>> Do they talk to animals?

[00:45:39]>> We will see.

[00:45:39]>> Do they DISSOLVE IN WATER?

[00:45:42]>> MAXED out domino.

[00:45:44]>> That's what I'm talking about. These are very maxed out. Okay. So now >> we started off with this domino.

[00:45:50]>> Then we went bigger.

[00:45:51]>> Yeah.

[00:45:51]>> Bigger. Bigger. Bigger. Bigger. Bigger.

[00:45:53]Bigger. And we went to the biggest. And this is where we're going to get the most weight, which is going to trigger it and release.

[00:46:00]>> Here we go. 3 2 1.

[00:46:02]>> Here we go.

[00:46:06]>> The one thing to remember about Rube Goldberg machines is they never work perfectly every time.

[00:46:12]>> Didn't didn't go. But we tweaked it and adjusted things. And then >> here we go.

[00:46:17]>> 3 2 1.

[00:46:26]>> That was pretty far.

[00:46:27]>> Yeah. Check this out. Okay. So now >> now that we've got the trebuche firing, the ball is going over there.

[00:46:36]>> We need to get the ball going over here >> to >> the >> cake button.

[00:46:42]>> Cake button. I can't wait for the cake.

[00:46:44]So, I have an idea. Come on.

[00:46:46]>> No, wait. Changing direction stuff is overrun.

[00:46:48]>> Okay, >> now we're going to talk about tension.

[00:46:57]What's tension? One more than nine. Get it? has tension and nine that's okay I'll um cuz tension is the force that we usually talk about when we think about pulling a rope or a chain or something like that because you know the old expression you can't push a rope but today we are going to push a rope I have a rope right here and I'm going to push it using another force called flexion I've got some pieces of plastic here and they bend or flex. And when they do, they want to spring back. But I'm going to prevent them from springing back by putting them in between these knots. Huh. And look, the rope now stays up. I take another piece and I stick it on this knot. And then I bend it all the way. This is not terrifying. Really, it's not terrifying at all. Okay, good. And then I take this piece and I put it here and I bend it around. And so now we have a rope that's being pushed and we're defying gravity and we're making a cool art sculpture. All right, one more here. Okay, here we go.

[00:48:15]And and flexing and Ha! There you go. I've pushed a rope, defied gravity, and made a cool art sculpture. Okay. Well, I guess technically I haven't really pushed the rope because we're still pulling from each knot. And I guess I haven't really defied gravity cuz that one's sitting on the table and all the others are sitting on top of that. But you can't argue that I made a cool art sculpture.

[00:48:46]Art, I mean science.

[00:48:52]Sonia and I are maxing out a Rube Goldberg machine.

[00:48:58][screaming] >> The first part worked pretty well and now we need to change the ball's direction. So it's trebushe trebushe fires the ball, right?

[00:49:05]>> Yeah.

[00:49:05]>> Right now I want to tell you the story of the ball. First it goes through this fancy film of tin foil.

[00:49:12]>> Uh aluminum foil, >> right? Aluminum foil cuz it's Yeah, you're right. It's made of aluminum. It enters this large receptacle.

[00:49:19]>> Uh a garbage can.

[00:49:21]You also could be called a garbage can.

[00:49:23]It falls into this conular coner um device.

[00:49:27]>> A funnel.

[00:49:27]>> A funnel. Yes, you could call it a funnel. And then it enters the change directionatic which is a lever. There's a weight on that end. Then it falls off.

[00:49:37]Then the ball goes this way.

[00:49:38]>> Um >> or that way. The one thing you need most of all when making a Rube Goldberg machine is patience. Ball goes in the funnel. Knocks that off, changes direction, and then it goes this way.

[00:49:53]>> Okay.

[00:49:53]>> And that's all I got so far.

[00:49:55]>> So, not bad. But we really want to get closer to that way, >> right? Because that's the button that gives us cake.

[00:50:02]>> How about we use some chemical energy for this?

[00:50:04]>> Ooh, chemical energy.

[00:50:05]>> I have an idea for this one. Let me go get it.

[00:50:06]>> This is my idea. Ball's actually going to roll down the tube.

[00:50:10]>> Oh, yeah. Cuz this is a rat trap, right?

[00:50:12]Which is like bigger than a mouse trap.

[00:50:13]>> And then it's going to hit it.

[00:50:16]>> Nice.

[00:50:16]>> So, this flips around.

[00:50:17]>> Exactly.

[00:50:18]>> And what's this? That is something called an ant acid tablet. Some water >> ant acid and the water react.

[00:50:25]>> It blew. [laughter] >> Do you want to test it out?

[00:50:28]>> Sure. Can I?

[00:50:28]>> Okay.

[00:50:29]>> Okay. Ball comes through this, goes down there, comes out of this and [music] on the ramp >> onto the trap and and >> ah so then >> fires up >> and hits something else and something something button cake.

[00:50:47]>> H. So, we got a lot of different energies, but you know what? One we're missing.

[00:50:51]>> What >> is electrical energy?

[00:50:52]>> Yeah, you're actually right.

[00:50:54]>> I've got a great idea. Hold on. Hold on.

[00:50:55]>> All right, let's see what he comes up with.

[00:51:04]>> This is a chain of beads. And this is uh glass. Now, if I was to drop the chain of beads, what'll happen? It will fall.

[00:51:12]Yes, that's right. It'll fall because of gravity. But watch this.

[00:51:18]This side goes up. Why? Because of gravity. Wait a minute. Wait a minute.

[00:51:23]Why does one side go up? Because of gravity. Well, it gets a little complicated, but I can explain. Um, but I think I should I have to put the beads back in the glass. Okay. So, what's going on? Well, when this part of the chain starts falling out, it gets longer and longer and it has more mass than this side of the chain. And if it has more mass, then it has more inertia. And when it starts yanking out very hard, this side of the chain gets yanked up out of the glass very quickly. When it gets yanked up hard, it flies into the air. But then, of course, the direction has to change. So, it goes around a curve and then goes back down. Because of the speed that it's going, that curve starts lifting up over the top of the glass. And that's how it works. There's a big difference in energy because this chain falls far. I try it from here and it doesn't work as well. Why? Because the drop from here to here isn't as big.

[00:52:18]You want lots of force acting on the falling chain. Which means the higher you do it from, the better it works. So maybe we should max it out. Yeah. But wait, we should wait for it to stop.

[00:52:35]And now let's max it out. This is a really long chain. And this is a REALLY LONG DROP. LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS.

[00:52:52]WHOA, look at that.

[00:53:00]WA! SUPER MAXED OUT SCIENCE.

[00:53:06]Sony and I have used potential energy, the lever, and chemical energy. But you know what? One we're missing is electrical energy. Electromagnetism. So watch the chemical rockets which we've had from before. They'll fire up.

[00:53:21]They'll hit the underside of this tray.

[00:53:23]The marbles will fall and flick this switch. See that sledgehammer?

[00:53:30]>> This is an electromagnet. And it will attract the the metal in the sledgehammer. Watch this. Ready?

[00:53:37]>> There. Magnetize. electromagnetism.

[00:53:41]Now, when the marbles fall, it'll turn the electromagnet off and the hammer will fall.

[00:53:47]>> Oh, that's pretty cool, actually.

[00:53:49]>> Right. So, let's let's try it. Here's something we didn't know. Predicting the flight path of an ant acid rocket canister is almost impossible.

[00:53:59]We had them aim the same way every time, but we stuck with it and being patient is key. And eventually [laughter] eventually it worked. The chemical rockets fire, they hit the tricks.

[00:54:15]All >> right, >> that's pretty cool.

[00:54:18]>> Yeah. So, now we just need hammer hits something and then something something something button cake.

[00:54:25]>> I have an idea.

[00:54:26]>> All right.

[00:54:29]Take any minute now.

[00:54:36]This is a basketball. It bounces.

[00:54:40]This is a golf ball. It bounces, but it never bounces as high as where I dropped it from. But watch as I put the golf ball on top of the basketball.

[00:54:53]Whoa. Why does the golf ball bounce higher than where I dropped it from? How is this possible? I only bounce the golf ball from 1 m high. So, what's going on?

[00:55:03]Well, as the basketball hits the ground, it compresses, storing the potential energy of its bounce, about to give that energy back as it bounces up again. But this energy works as a springboard for the golf ball. And since the golf ball has a lot less mass than the basketball, the upwards kinetic energy of the basketball is given to the golf ball.

[00:55:23]So, let's max it out. Ball on a ball on a ball. Three ball bounce.

[00:55:41]Did you see that? Ball on a ball on a ball on a ball. Quadruple ball bounce.

[00:55:58]Don't wait.

[00:56:02]Turns out getting four balls to drop straight down on top of each other is pretty difficult. So, we know the mass of the ball is important. Why don't we max it out in a different way?

[00:56:16]This is a Swiss ball for exercising. It has a lot more mass than a golf ball.

[00:56:22]So, let's try it out.

[00:56:29]There you go. The transfer of energy between balls. A great way to lose golf balls.

[00:56:45]Sonia has added one more step to our Rube Goldberg machine. A stomp rocket.

[00:56:50]It's a hammer rocket.

[00:56:51]>> Exactly. So, what's going to happen is the hammer is going to hit our bottle, which is going to release all that air that's built up inside of it. It's going to hit that button.

[00:56:57]>> Wait, wait, wait, wait. The rocket hits the button >> and then we get some >> cake.

[00:57:02]>> Cake.

[00:57:02]>> Cake. Oh. So, this is it.

[00:57:04]>> So, we're done the Rube Goldberg machine with this last step.

[00:57:08]>> Okay.

[00:57:08]>> Do you want to do it? I think WE SHOULD DO IT.

[00:57:10]>> READY?

[00:57:11]>> READY.

[00:57:12]>> THREE, TWO, ONE.

[00:57:36]>> YEAH.

[00:57:37]>> YEAH.

[00:57:39]Let's pause here just before the cake portals in and recap the science. A marble on top of this ramp has potential energy. As it rolls down, that changes to kinetic energy, which transfers to some stacked dominoes. They fall in a chain reaction, finally causing bigger and bigger dominoes to fall, giving the last domino enough mass to pull a string, attach through some pulleys to a quick release on a trebuche. Now, a trebuche is a first class lever with a weight on one side and a sling and a ball on the other. If the weight falls, the sling releases the ball at the right moment and it sails through the air.

[00:58:17]It's caught in a garbage can and changes directions on a few ramps and another lever as a teeter totter. Finally, it falls onto a rat trap which has more energy stored in the tension of the spring. The rat trap smacks [music] another lever which flips around turning over some ant acid rockets. This allows the ant acid to mix with the [music] water and start a chemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide which eventually builds up enough pressure to fire the container to another lever which tips dropping [music] some marbles on a string attached to a switch that turns off the electricity to our electromagnet. [music] And when an electromagnet doesn't have electricity, it stops being a magnet. So our sledgehammer starts to fall. Now our sledgehammer is heavy, so it has both mass and speed when it hits this plastic bottle.

[00:59:04]All that inertia crushes the bottle, reducing its volume. The air gets put under pressure and pushes out through a tube, which takes our stomp rocket with it. The stomp rocket flies through the air and hits our cake button, [music] which then portals in some cake.

[00:59:21]>> Uhoh.

[00:59:22]>> Uh uh. Huh. Guess we really didn't think that through, huh? The cake should have laid me landed on a table or something.

[00:59:30]>> Would have been nice.

[00:59:31]>> There you go. Science Max experiments at large. Rube Goldberg machine. Are you sure you don't want some of this cake?

[00:59:36]>> No. Let's Let's >> But but let's go.

[00:59:42][laughter]